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Murase, Toshio. "The effects of participative safety and support for innovation on group creativity". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3051.
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This study examined the effects of Participative Safety (PS) and Support for Innovation (SI) on team creativity. It has been proposed that PS helps develop teamwork processes where members feel comfortable expressing and exchanging their ideas freely and SI makes a team perceive that creativity is valued. The study hypothesized that groups trained on PS score higher on creativity, feel less anxiety, have more cohesiveness, and have higher satisfaction than groups without PS training. The study also hypothesized that groups in the SI condition score higher on originality than groups in the non-SI condition. These climate conditions were created by providing a 15-minute PS training and a chance for participants to win monetary rewards. Student participants (N=123) were formed into 41 groups to write a proposal to a given problem. The proposals were analyzed by 5 graduate students. Correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between participative safety, cohesiveness, and satisfaction. However, results indicated the manipulations were ineffective and did not support all the hypotheses.
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Lafitte, Laurence. "L’Architecture scolaire participative en milieu rural comme expression d'un nouveau modèle de développement local : Étude comparative de deux projets d’école « expérimentés » dans des communes bretonnes de moins de 500 habitants". Thesis, CY Cergy Paris Université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CYUN1073.
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En tant qu’incarnation physique des principes et symboles véhiculés par l’institution scolaire et en tant que projection spatiale de son organisation, l’architecture scolaire définit en partie les comportements et les représentations individuelles et collectives. Elle s’inscrit sur le territoire à long terme et conditionne le développement des générations à venir. Dans une conjoncture de globalisation de l’éducation des enfants, de territorialisation de la question scolaire et de décentralisation de la compétence architecturale, l’architecture scolaire est aujourd’hui contrainte d’intégrer non plus uniquement les dimensions pédagogiques mais aussi les dimensions sociales, culturelles et politiques du contexte local qui s’articulent entre elles, interfèrent pour composer un projet global qui se traduit notamment par l’élargissement de l’équipe pédagogique et le développement des partenariats, la mutualisation des espaces à des activités périscolaires, l’ouverture sur la ville, le village et le territoire. Ce qui complexifie d’autant plus la commande architecturale des établissements scolaires contemporains, et rend caduque l’idée de concevoir un modèle d’école idéaltype du XXIème siècle et de penser la configuration des espaces scolaires et leurs aménagements sans y associer les usagers. Ainsi la promotion d’une école moderne, ouverte sur son environnement social et connectée au monde, laisse conjecturer la nécessité de repenser l’architecture scolaire mais aussi de revoir son modus operandi. Dans un environnement législatif propice à l’implication des citoyens dans les affaires publiques et notamment favorable à la participation citoyenne dans les projets d’infrastructures publiques et d’aménagement urbain en général, quelques communes font le choix de l’architecture participative pour la construction de leur école. Loin d’être seulement une simple échelle d’intervention, le local est un poste d’observation privilégié pour appréhender le monde global en mutation. La participation comme mode d’action local, étroitement liée au concept de démocratie participative, participe-t-elle au renforcement du pouvoir des acteurs à agir sur leur destin (empowerment) ou au contraire traduit-elle une instrumentalisation politique de la démarche à des fins consensuelles ou/et au service du processus d’individuation néolibérale ? En d’autres termes quelle est la signification éducative, sociologique et politique d’une telle démarche dans la sphère scolaire ? Ce travail de thèse se propose donc d’analyser le processus participatif donnant lieu à la construction d’une école en milieu rural afin de mettre en lumière l’importance des liens entre l’école et son territoire et de voir comment ils agissent et évoluent. Quelle peut être l’interprétation d’une relation forte au territoire de proximité dans un monde régi par la globalisation des échanges, des réseaux et l’uniformisation des modes culturels et éducatifs ? Quels peuvent être ses avantages et les réponses qu’elle peut apporter à l’offre éducative en termes d’environnement, de développement local, de citoyenneté et de vivre ensemble ? À ce titre l’architecture scolaire participative constitue-t-elle un outil de changement social du monde rural ? Autrement dit, l’élaboration collaborative d’une école en milieu rural est-elle la traduction de l’émergence d’un nouveau modèle de développement local, basé sur le mode relationnel participatif ?As a physical incarnation of the principles and symbols conveyed by the educational establishment and as a space projection of its organization, school architecture partly defines the behaviors and the individual and collective representations. It is registered on the long-term territory and influence the development of the generations to come. In an economic situation of globalisation of the education of the children, of territorialisation of the school question and decentralisation of architectural competence, school architecture is today forced to integrate either only dimensions teaching but also social dimensions, cultural and policies of the local context which are articulated between them, interfere to compose a global project which results in particular in the widening of the pedagogical team and the development of the partnerships, the mutualisation of spaces to extra-curricular activities, the opening on the city, the village and the territory. What all the more complexes the architectural order of the contemporary schools, and makes null and void the idea to design a model of school idéaltype 21st century and to think the configuration of school spaces and their installations without associating the users with it. Thus the promotion of a school modern, open on its social environment and connected to the world, lets conjecture the need for reconsidering school architecture but also for re-examining its modus operandi. In a legislative environment favourable with the implication of the citizens in the public affairs and in particular favorable to the participation citizen in the projects of public infrastructures and urban development in general, some communes make the choice of participative architecture for the construction of their school. Far from being only one simple scale of intervention, the room is an observation post privileged to apprehend the total world in change. The participation like mode of action local, closely related to the concept of participative democracy, in the reinforcement of the power of the actors to act on their destiny (empowerment) or on the contrary translates does take part a political instrumentalisation of the approach at consensual ends ou/et with the service of the process of neo-liberal individuation ? In other words which is the educational, sociological significance and policy of such a approach in the school sphere ? This work of thesis thus proposes to analyze the participative process causing construction of a school in rural environment in order to clarify the importance of the links between the school and its territory and to see how they act and evolve. Which can be the interpretation of a strong relation to the territory of proximity in a world governed by the globalisation of the exchanges, the networks and the standardization of the cultural and educational modes ? Which can be its advantages and the answers which it can give to the educational offer in terms of environment, local development, citizenship and living together ? For this reason does participative school architecture constitute a tool of social change of the rural world ? In other words, is the collaborative development of a school in rural environment the translation of the emergence of a new local development model, based on the participative relational mode ?
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Abdourahman, Djama Idyle. "La sélection participative : un mode alternatif d'innovation environnementale en agriculture : trois essais en économie". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENE014.
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La thèse présentée ici propose une analyse économique d’un mode alternatif d’innovation semencière : la sélection participative. Définis par l’implication des agriculteurs dans le processus de sélection, les projets de sélection participative consistent généralement en une collaboration entre agriculteurs et scientifiques qui deviennent des co-chercheurs. Ces programmes visent à développer des variétés locales et adaptées à une agriculture durable.Dans le secteur des semences, la règlementation joue un rôle central : pour obtenir une autorisation de mise sur le marché, les variétés doivent être conformes à un standard. De plus, les règles de commercialisation orientent la recherche semencière et limitent les échanges de variétés paysannes. Dans un premier essai, les impacts économiques de cette règlementation sont analysés. Les arguments expliquant la rationalité économique de ces instruments règlementaires ainsi que leurs limites et les alternatives envisageables sont étudiés. Le second essai consiste en une étude de cas des motivations des agriculteurs. Cette question multifactorielle, permet d’éclairer l’essentiel des enjeux économiques, environnementaux et sociétaux associés à la sélection participative. Les motivations des agriculteurs sont en effet directement liées à l’histoire de la recherche semencière, aux limites du système agricole moderne, aux impacts environnementaux de ce modèle, à la structure de l’industrie semencière ainsi qu’au cadre règlementaire. Pour finir, un modèle théorique représente les interactions stratégiques entre des semences commerciales et des semences paysannes. Les impacts en termes de prix, profits, couverture du marché, pollution et bien-être social sont analysésThis thesis provides an economic analysis of an alternative mode of innovation in the seed sector : Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB). PPB is defined as the involvement of users in the plant breeding process and typically consists in the collaboration of farmers and scientists who become co-researchers. These programs aim at developing local varieties adapted to sustainable agriculture.In the seed sector, regulation plays a key role: a stringent market approval process limits the seeds on the market to pre-defined types of varieties. Marketing rules also influence the orientation of plant breeding and limit the exchanges of farmers’ seeds. In chapter 1, the economic rationale of the seed regulation, its limits and possible alternatives are analyzed. Chapter 2 consists of a case study on the farmers’ motivations for participating in PPB projects. This multifaceted question enables to study the economic, environmental and societal issues at stake. Farmers’ motives are indeed directly related to the history of seed research, the limits of the intensive agricultural model and its environmental impacts, the seed industry’s structure and the regulatory framework. Finally, a theoretical model represents the strategic interactions between commercial and farmers’ seeds. The impacts in terms of price, profit, market coverage, pollutions and social welfare are explored
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Korsvold, Torbjørn. "Creating organizational change and innovation : An action research oriented study of participative organizational change and innovation in the Norwegian AEC industry". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-60.
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This thesis contributes to the understanding of how to create organizational change and innovation in companies of the Norwegian Architects, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. The thesis, then, inquires into the conditions necessary for how the collective practice of collaboration and execution in building projects can be changed emphasizing the emancipatory potential of conversations in arenas for dialogue. The aim is to achieve new useful collective practice in projects, which in the end entails increased competitiveness for the companies involved. This implies that organizational change and innovation ultimately encompass the total value-creating chain of all the actors involved in the building project. That means all from the finished building including the physical construction process on the building site and the end-consumers that are going to use or own it, to the initial programming stage with the first drawing sketches of the architect. The thesis will argue that organizational change and innovation in AEC companies does not emerge on its own through for instance “linear-control” oriented models of planning and subsequent plan implementation or models for increased managerial project control. To the contrary, the thesis will show that processes of change and innovation are created through active and broad participation by all actors directly involved in the project, companies as well as single individuals in arenas for dialogue. The objective of this thesis, then, is to contribute to how organizational change and innovation can be created, that is; what are the conditions necessary to achieve organizational change and innovation in AEC companies? And next; how can organizational change and innovation be spread among the companies in the Norwegian AEC industry? These are the two major research questions of the study. The thesis is an action research-oriented case study based on collaboration with a Research & Development (R&D)-program called The Integrated Building Process (the SiB – Samspillet i Byggeprosessen) jointly sponsored by four Norwegian AEC companies and the Research Council of Norway (RCN). My doctoral grant, including abroad stay as a visiting research scholar at Stanford University, California, USA, summer 1998 and fall 1999, was 100 % sponsored by the RCN, the Industry and Energy division. The field research was carried out in a 4 ½-years period from 1997 to 2001.
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Slim, épouse Kilani Hekma. "Le nouveau consommateur : une source d'enrichissement aux entreprises pour le développement de nouveaux produits ou services ?" Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131004.
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La présente thèse s’est intéressée à la modélisation de la co-création de produit et de service dans un contexte de collaboration des entreprises et des consommateurs.Dans le processus d’innovation, le modèle démontre l’intérêt de la prise en compte des 11 variables facilitatrices. Notamment, la gestion des connaissances et les catégories de consommateurs. Après un état de l’art sur la littérature, une phase qualitative a permis d’enrichir le cadre théorique et une expérimentation a été mise en oeuvre auprès de 230 entreprises innovantes. L’analyse quantitative des données a permis la validation du modèle. 20 hypothèses ont été testées dont 16 ont été validées, permettant ainsi de démontrer que la co-création avec les consommateurs permet pour les entreprises un enrichissement du processus d’innovation. L’ensemble des composantes du modèle permettent un apport pour le management et des pistes de recherche pour les entreprises innovantesThe present thesis was interested in the modeling of the co-creation of product and the service in a context of collaboration of companies and consumers. In the process of innovation, the model demonstrates the importance of taking into account 11 variables facilitators. In particular, the knowledge management and the categories of consumers. After a state of the art on the literature, a qualitative phase allowed to enrich the theretical framework experiment was implemented with 230 innovative companies. The quantitative analysis of the data allowed the validation of the model. 20 hypotheses were tested of which 16 have been completed, so allowing to demonstrate that the co-creation with the consumers allows for companies an enrichment of the process of innovation. All the components of the model allows a contribution for the management and the avenues of research for the innovative companies
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Etienne, Bouyer Fanny. "Risque trypanosomien et innovation : le cas des éleveurs d'Afrique de l’Ouest". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS107/document.
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Les trypanosomoses animales africaines transmises par les glossines sont une des principales contraintes pathologiques au développement et à l’intensification de l’élevage en Afrique sub-saharienne. Leur contrôle repose sur deux grandes stratégies : la lutte autonome par les éleveurs qui vise à contrôler la maladie de manière à permettre une production rentable, et l’intervention étatique centralisée qui vise dans la plupart des cas l’éradication du vecteur et de la maladie. Cette seconde stratégie s’est amplifiée récemment dans le cadre de la campagne pan-africaine d’éradication des glossines et des trypanosomoses (PATTEC), coordonnée par l’Union Africaine. Je me suis attachée à caractériser les capacités d’innovation des éleveurs face au risque de santé animale et réciproquement à l’effet du contrôle du risque sur les trajectoires d’innovation des éleveurs. Le terrain d’étude a concerné deux pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest: le Burkina Faso et le Sénégal. Au Sénégal, nous avons développé une approche coûts-bénéfices originale d’un projet d’éradication, et montré que les bénéfices attendus dépendent essentiellement de l’innovation, grâce aux gains de productivité dus à la transition des systèmes d’élevage utilisant la race Djakoré trypanotolérante vers des systèmes d’élevage améliorés utilisant des races plus productives trypanosensibles. Au Burkina Faso (bassin du Mouhoun), les objectifs étaient de caractériser la perception du risque par les éleveurs, les stratégies autonomes de lutte et leurs capacités à adopter une nouvelle méthode de lutte contre les glossines, le pédiluve insecticide. Enfin, pour comprendre et anticiper l’impact de l’évolution du risque trypanosomien sur les trajectoires d’innovation des éleveurs et améliorer l’évaluation économique de la campagne d’éradication au Sénégal, une analyse croisée de 10 études de cas a permis d’identifier puis de caractériser les dynamiques locales d’innovation, les logiques d’action et les indicateurs de capacités d’innovation des différents groupes d’éleveurs. Dans les deux sites d’étude, le dynamisme des réseaux socio-techniques auxquels appartiennent les éleveurs et leurs manières de le mobiliser permettent de comprendre l’impact de ce risque sanitaire sur les capacités d’innovation des éleveurs. Ces processus ont été étudiés en mobilisant une théorie de l’innovation, la SAR (sociologie de l’Acteur-Réseau) et en combinant des méthodes d’enquêtes par questionnaire, d’épidémiologie participative et une analyse compréhensive socio-technique inspirée de la méthode du GERDAL (Groupe d’Expérimentation et de Recherche, Développement et Actions Localisées). En perspective, les avancées liées à ce travail dans le domaine de l’hybridation des sciences vétérinaires et sociales sont discutées, et des pistes d’amélioration possibles sont proposées. Un des principaux enseignements de cette thèse est d’ordre méthodologique : une piste est proposée pour l’hybridation de méthodes d’épidémiologie participative et d’une analyse compréhensive socio-technique basée sur les apports de la SAR et du GERDALAfrican animal trypanosomosis, transmitted by tsetse flies, are among the main animal health constraints to the development and intensification of cattle production in sub-Saharan Africa. Their control relies on two major strategies: the farmer-based control aiming at controlling the disease in order to allow a cost-effective production, and the centralized state intervention mostly targeting the eradication of the vector and the disease. This second strategy recently spread in the framework of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), coordinated by the African Union. I aimed to characterize the innovation capacities of livestock producers facing this animal health risk and vice versa the effect of risk control on innovation trajectories of livestock farmers. The study area concerned two west african countries: Burkina Faso and Senegal. In Senegal, we developed an original cost-benefit approach of the eradication program, and showed that the expected benefits mainly relie on innovation, thanks to the productivity benefits resulting from the shift from livestock breeding systems using the trypanotolerant Djakoré breed toward improved livestock breeding systems using more productive trypanosensible cattle breeds. In Burkina Faso (Mouhoun basin), the goals were to characterize the risk assessment by livestock producers, farmer-based control strategies and their capacities to adopt a new control method against tsetse flies, the insecticide footbath. At last, in order to understand and predict the impact of the evolution of the trypanosomosis risk on innovation trajectories of livestock producers and to improve the economic analysis of the eradication campaign in Senegal, a cross-sectional analysis of 10 case studies allowed identifying and characterizing the local dynamics of innovation, the rationales for action and the indicators of innovation capacities of the different groups of livestock producers. In the two study areas, the dynamism of socio-technical networks which livestock farmers belonged to and the ways they were mobilized allowed to understand the impact of this animal health risk on innovation capacities of the livestock producers. These processes were studied by mobilizing an innovation theory, the ANT (Actor Network Theory) and combining inquiry methods by questionnaires, methods of participatory epidemiology and a comprehensive socio-technical analysis inspired from the GERDAL’s method (Groupe d’Expérimentation et de Recherche, Développement et Actions Localisées). In perspective, advances linked to this work in the field of the hybridization between veterinary and social sciences are discussed, and few potential ways of improvement are proposed. One of the mains learning of this thesis is about methods: a pathway is proposed for hybridization of methods of participatory epidemiology and a comprehensive socio-technical analysis based on the inputs of SAR and GERDAL methods
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Colomes, Jérémie. "De la concertation à la co-construction, analyse des dispositifs de conception des politiques régionales d’économie sociale et solidaire". Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT4002.
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Le cumul des Lois ESS (2014) et NOTRe (2015) a considérablement affecté le mécanisme de production des politiques publiques en matière d’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS). En créant une conférence régionale de l’ESS biennale potentiellement coconstruite, le législateur a mis en place un espace d’expression autour de la conception des politiques publiques du secteur. En contraignant à la prise en compte des conclusions de cet événement dans la conception de la partie « ESS » du schéma régional de développement de l’économie, d’innovation et d’internationalisation (SRDE2I), il conçoit une intéressante articulation entre les deux textes. Les enjeux d’une co-construction – c’est-à-dire d’une construction commune, plurielle – des politiques publiques sont nombreux. Pour le législateur, il s’agit indéniablement de répondre à une désimplication des citoyens du politique. La problématique retenue par notre propos s’appuie sur cette approche, en recherchant si la co-construction peut permettre de réimpliquer le citoyen dans la gestion des affaires publiques.Les collectivités locales ont-elles effectivement répondu à l’incitation du législateur en coconstruisant leur conférence ? Le secteur de l’ESS s’est-il mobilisé ? Qu’entend le législateur par co-construction ? Quelle a été l’interprétation des Régions ? Pour quel résultat ?The cumulation of the SSE (2014) and NOTRe (2015) laws has significantly affected the production mechanism of public policies in the social solidarity economy (SSE). By creating a potentially co-constructed biennial EBS regional conference, the legislator has set up a space for expression around the design of public policies in the sector. By constraining the inclusion of the conclusions of this event in the design of the "ESS" part of the regional scheme of development of the economy, innovation and internationalization (SRDE2I), he reveals an interesting articulation between the two texts.The stakes of a co-construction – as such as a common, plural construction - of public policies are numerous. For the legislator, the goal is to answer to a lake of involvement from the citizens regarding politics. The problematic chosen by our statement is based on this approach, by investigating whether co-construction can involve the citizen better in the management of public affairs. Have local governments responded to the legislator's encouragement by co-constructing their conference? Has the SSE sector got mobilized? What does the legislator mean by co-construction? What was the interpretation of the Regions? For what result?Keywords: participative democracy; social and solidarity economy; democratic innovation; social innovation; regional policies
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Salliou, Nicolas. "La gestion paysagère des ravageurs : exploration des verrous et leviers d'une innovation agroécologique par la modélisation participative". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0040/document.
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L’agroécologie implique la conception de systèmes agricoles intégrant autant que possible les services écosystémiques. Aux produits chimiques souvent employés contre les ravageurs de cultures peut être privilégié la régulation par leurs ennemis naturels. Des résultats en écologie indiquent que des paysages agricoles dont la composition est riche en habitats semi-naturels (bois, forets, prairies, etc) les favorisent en leur fournissant abris, sites de pontes et nourriture. Il serait donc possible de mettre en place une Gestion Paysagère des Ravageurs (GPR), c’est-à-dire de concevoir et d’aménager des paysages agricoles en faveur de ces habitats afin de favoriser les ennemis naturels et le contrôle biologique. Toutefois, l’implémentation d’une telle innovation potentielle par les acteurs de ces paysages reste largement à explorer. Dans cette thèse, dans un esprit de recherche-action, nous avons pris le parti d’explorer la conception de tels paysages régulateurs de ravageurs en s’impliquant avec des acteurs locaux et scientifiques. Nous avons initié une démarche de recherche participative avec des acteurs agricoles d’une région du Tarn-et-Garonne spécialisée dans l’arboriculture fruitière, intensive en traitements chimiques. A partir de leurs représentations et de leurs connaissances nous avons cherché à déterminer quels étaient les facteurs favorables ou non à la GPR. En particulier, nous avons qualifié les conditions dans lesquelles le paysage et les ennemis naturels étaient construit socialement par ces acteurs comme des ressources pourvoyeuses de services écosystémiques de régulation. Nous avons cherché également à identifier si ces acteurs étaient liés entre eux par des dépendances pouvant nécessiter une gestion coordonnée du paysage. Nous avons exploré la possibilité de la gestion paysagère par plusieurs cycles de modélisations participatives. La thèse a ainsi : mis à jour et qualifié la diversité des modèles mentaux des acteurs locaux sur leurs stratégies de gestion des ravageurs, co-construit des modèles Bayésien participatifs afin d’explorer via des scénarios les incertitudes autour de la question de la régulation biologique des ravageurs et, enfin, réalisé la coconstruction d’un modèle multi-agents autour de le la dynamique de population du ravageur invasif Drosophila suzukii et de sa potentielle gestion paysagère. Nous avons pu ainsi déterminer qu’en l’état actuel des représentations des acteurs, qu’ils soient scientifiques ou locaux, la composition du paysage en éléments semi-naturels leur apparaît comme faiblement reliée à un service écosystémique de régulation des ravageurs, quand bien même ce paysage est souvent favorable à la biodiversité fonctionnelle. Actuellement, faute de bénéfices agricoles clairement identifiés, les acteurs impliqués sont en conséquence peu dépendants entre eux et le besoin de se coordonner pour mettre en place une GPR est faible. La plupart des agriculteurs indiquent plutôt une nette préférence pour les solutions individuelles vis-à-vis des ravageurs, par l’utilisation de pesticides et de filets protecteurs entourant les cultures. Ce focus individuel suggère qu’innover dans l’intégration de l’activité des ennemis naturels pourrait être plus aisé au niveau de la végétation naturelle des exploitations individuelles, comme peut l’être l’inter-rang des vergers. Par ailleurs, ces résultats font apparaître le besoin d’études scientifiques liant écologie et économie qui chercheraient à mesurer explicitement les bénéfices obtenus par les acteurs agricoles par le biais de paysages favorables aux ennemis naturels. Des résultats positifs de telles études seraient mobilisateurs pour de futures recherches participatives dans ce domaine. Enfin, cette thèse participative et exploratoire nous a permis également d’identifier de nouveaux terrains et questions de recherches dans le domaine de la GPR qui pourront être poursuivisAgroecology requires the design of farming system integrating as much as possible ecosystem services. Biological control by natural enemies may substitute commonly used pesticides. Ecology findings demonstrate that farming landscapes with a high proportion of natural habitats (woods, forests meadows, etc) favor natural enemies by providing them shelter, nesting sites and food. Landscape Pest Control (LPC), i.e. the design of farming landscapes in favor of these habitats, may be implemented to foster natural enemies and biological pest control. However, how stakeholders may design such landscapes remains unexplored. In this PhD, we followed an action-research approach and explored the design of such pest regulating landscapes together with local and scientific stakeholders. We initiated a participatory approach with agricultural stakeholders in a part of the Tarn-et-Garonne region specialized in fruit production. Our research seeks to identify the factors in favor of a LPC according to stakeholders’ representations and knowledge. In particular, we qualified the conditions under which natural enemies and the landscape are socially constructed resources providing ecosystem services. We also seek to identify if these stakeholders were linked through dependencies which may necessitate a coordinated management of the landscape. We explored the possibility of a LPC through several cycle of participatory modelling. This PhD successively established mental models of local stakeholders about their pest control strategies, co-constructed participatory Bayesian models in order to explore uncertainties surrounding LPC, and finally we co-constructed an agent-based model about the population dynamic of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii and its potential landscape management. Our results show that, according to scientific and local stakeholder’s actual representations, the composition of the landscape in natural habitats is weakly related with pest regulation ecosystem services, even though the landscape is related with higher functional biodiversity. Nowadays, as stakeholders see little benefit, they don’t consider to be dependent to benefit from an enhanced biological control through a LPC strategy. Farmers rather mention their preference towards individual solutions such as pesticides or exclusion nets surrounding their orchards. This individual focus suggests that designing innovation favorable to natural enemies might be more relevant within farms, like focusing on the vegetation between rows of fruit trees. Besides, these results show the need for scientific studies relating economics and ecology to explicitly measure the benefits farmers could obtain from a landscape favorable to natural enemies. Positive results of such study would enhance further participatory research around LPC strategies. Finally, this participatory and exploratory research identified new sites for investigation and raised questions about the LPC which could be further looked into
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Steurer, Beate. "The city as a laboratory of democratic innovation: Negotiating legitimacy, technology and urban entrepreneurialism through participative online forums". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-424282.
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Knibbe, Cédric. "Concevoir avec des technologies émergentes pour la construction conjointe des pratiques et des artefacts : apports d’une méthodologie participative à l’innovation technologique et pédagogique". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CNAM1123/document.
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Les Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication pour l’Enseignement (TICE) peuvent transformer profondément les pratiques pédagogiques. Cependant, pour que ce bénéfice potentiel se réalise, il faut que les solutions produites en conception puissent à la fois s’intégrer à ces pratiques et être sources d’innovation potentielles, en termes de plus-values pour les activités d’enseignement et d’apprentissage. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en avant des facteurs de conception qui permettent d’articuler ces enjeux dans le cadre d’un projet de conception sur technologie émergente pour l’enseignement. Ainsi, la recherche s’intéresse à une démarche participative mise en œuvre dans la conception conjointe d’un système technique (l’application sur table interactive) et des pratiques enseignantes (par l’intermédiaire de scénarios pédagogiques). Nos hypothèses concernent les effets de différents facteurs sur l’élaboration d’un compromis entre des enjeux d’intégration et d’innovation : implication de futurs utilisateurs « pionniers » ; opportunités de confrontation de leurs hypothèses de conception ; cadrage du champ des possibles. Les analyses portent sur l’ensemble de la démarche de conception, afin de caractériser ces effets d’un point de vue longitudinal en les situant par rapport aux différentes méthodes mobilisées et à l’avancement des solutions de conception. En particulier, les justifications des choix de conception relatifs à certaines composantes de l’artefact en cours d’élaboration sont étudiées pour caractériser, d’une part, les facteurs de la conception qui ont contextualisé ces choix et, d’autre part, leurs liens avec les enjeux d’innovation ou d’intégration, voire les deux. Les résultats montrent que : (i) la mobilisation et la redéfinition des scénarios pédagogiques, l’implication d’enseignants en tant que co-concepteurs, la confrontation des solutions de conception sur prototype et en simulation et enfin le recueil des besoins favorisent la définition de caractéristiques techniques et l’intégration du système technique ; (ii) la définition des caractéristiques techniques de l’application, l’implication d’enseignants pionniers, l’identification de leurs besoins et la simulation des solutions favorisent l’adaptation des pratiques enseignantes aux caractéristiques de la technologie en vue d’optimiser son intégration ; (iii) les différentes formes de confrontation à la nouvelle technologie ainsi que les apprentissages mutuels en conception participative vis-à-vis du potentiel technique et interactif des tables interactives contribuent à l’exploitation de ce potentiel par les concepteurs ; (iv) les caractéristiques innovantes des tables interactives, l’anticipation de leurs usages potentiels en salle de classe, la mise en œuvre des solutions de conception en situation réelle, la participation d’enseignants futurs utilisateurs leur permettant de s’approprier la nouvelle technologie et l’identification de leurs difficultés actuelles favorisent l’innovation dans les scénarios pédagogiques et l’amélioration des activités d’enseignement et d’apprentissageInformation and Communication Technologies have the potential for deeply transforming teachers’ practices. However, this requires design solutions to be adapted to these practices and, at the same time, to foster innovations, in terms of improvements for teaching and learning activities. This thesis aims at highlighting design factors that allow the articulation between these goals, in the context of a design project with emerging technologies for education. The research focuses onthe design process: joint definition of a technical system (an application on an interactive tabletop) and of teaching practices (via pedagogical scenarios); involvement of future users; design hypothesis assessment modalities; framing the scope of design possibilities. Our hypotheses concern the potential effects of these factors on the reaching of a compromise between integration and innovation related goals.Analyses cover the entire design process, in order to longitudinally examine the various design techniques used and the design process advancement. In particular, design choices related to some of the features of the artifact are analyzed to investigate the links between design factors and integration/innovation related goals.Results show that: (i) using and redefining pedagogical scenarios, involving users as co-designers, confronting the design solutions with prototypes and simulations and identifying users’ needs facilitate the technical definition of the application and its integration in future teaching activities; (ii) defining the technical properties of an artifact, involving teachers as experimenters, identifying their needs and simulating on the design solution foster the adaptation of teachers’ practices to the specificities of the technologies and optimize its integration ; (iii) allowing participants to interact with the emerging technology in different ways and the mutual learning processes between designers, regarding tabletops technical and interactional potential,help them capitalize on this potential ; (iv) identifying the innovative features of tabletops, anticipating their potential uses, testing prototypes in real class situations and involving teachers, to let them learn how to use an emerging technology and to express the existing limits of in their teaching practices, foster innovation in their pedagogical scenarios and, thus, can improve teaching and learning activities
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Auch, Eckhard y Abtew Asmamaw Alemu. "Participative Innovation Platforms (PIP): Guideline for analysis and development of commercial forest product value chains in Sudan and Ethiopia". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-203964.
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This working paper was developed with the intention to provide a guideline for participatory analysis and development of commercial forest product value chains, in the context of developing countries. Basically, it was designed for identification and implementation of interventions or upgrading measures for the improvement of commercial forest product (Bamboo, Natural gum and resin, and Gum Arabic) value chains in Ethiopia and Sudan within the framework of a collaborative research project - CHAnces IN Sustainability: promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa (CHAINS). The PIP instrument could also be applied for other commercial non-timber forest products (NTFPs), by adjusting to the local contexts and environments. It can be an important guide for value chain analysts, especially in the process of designing and verifying upgrading actions through the application of tools like interviewing actors, group discussions, or facilitated workshops. This working paper particularly provides: - Background information on basic concepts of value chain analysis and development; - Review of methodological frameworks for participatory value chain analysis and development; - Practical details for participatory value chain analysis as implemented by the CHAINS project, including checklists, diagrams, and tools used in the participatory process; - Critical reflection on the practical application of the approachDas als Leitfaden gestaltete Arbeitspapier beschreibt Schritt für Schritt das Vorgehen bei der Implementierung von ‚Participative Innovation Platforms‘ (PIP). Das PIP Methodenpaket zur partizipativen Analyse und Entwicklung von Wertschöpfungsketten in Entwicklungsländern wird an Beispielen von kommerziellen Nichtholz-Waldprodukten aus Trockenwäldern Ostafrikas erklärt und gibt praktische Unterstützung zur Durchführung der PIP Workshops mit dem Ziel, Aktivitäten und Interventionen für Innovationen mit Relevanz für die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette gemeinsam mit den beteiligten Akteuren zu vereinbaren. Das PIP Konzept wurde im Rahmen des entwicklungsorientierten Forschungsprojekts CHAINS (CHAnces IN Sustainability: promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa) entwickelt, um Bambus -, Weihrauch- und Gummi arabicum Wertschöpfungsketten in Äthiopien und dem Sudan zu verbessern. Das PIP Instrument stellt die Akteure in den Mittelpunkt und kann deshalb sehr flexibel auch für andere Produkte angewendet werden. Der Leitfaden bietet: - Hintergrundinformationen zum Konzept von Wertschöpfungsketten; - Einführung in den methodischen Rahmen für partizipative Analyse und Entwicklung von Wertschöpfungsketten; - Praktische Anleitung für die partizipative Analyse von Wertschöpfungsketten nach dem im CHAINS Projekt entwickelten Methodenpaket, einschließlich Checklisten, Diagrammen und Methoden; - Kritische Reflektion zu Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des PIP Methodenpakets
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Coustillac, Lili. "Méthodes et outils pour soutenir l’éco-conception dans un laboratoire d’innovation industriel". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COMP2784.
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Afin de rester compétitives, les entreprises se doivent d’être innovantes et de proposer régulièrement de nouveaux produits, services, process, … Si, pendant longtemps, les innovations se sont concentrées sur la dimension technique, aujourd’hui, elles s’appuient sur trois leviers principaux : les prix, la technologie et les usages. Depuis peu, l’innovation durable, qui consiste à innover en prenant en compte les impacts environnementaux, est également considérée comme un levier d’innovation supplémentaire. Pour répondre à ces nouvelles demandes, notamment autour de l’innovation par l’usage et l’innovation durable, les entreprises ne se demandent plus si elles doivent innover mais plutôt comment le faire. Elles « cherchent à renouveler leurs modalités d’innovation et de création ». De nouvelles méthodes et de nouveaux outils sont déployés en contexte industriel. Une des pratiques proposées est la mise en place de nouveaux lieux, dédiés à l’innovation, inspirés du mouvement maker tels que les FabLabs, les Living labs, les Hackerspaces, les Makerspaces, ... Ces nouveaux espaces, portés par des acteurs divers, renouvellent les modalités d’innovation et de création par la mise en oeuvre de processus collaboratifs et itératifs. Ils ont pour objectifs de remettre les usages au coeur des processus d’innovation, de centrer le processus sur l’utilisateur et ses besoins, de donner un nouveau souffle aux processus d’exploration et d’innovation des entreprises, de revaloriser les compétences pratiques et de s’adapter à un contexte de désindustrialisation. Pour réaliser ces objectifs, ces laboratoires d’innovation s’appuient sur trois grands piliers : un lieu caractérisé par une architecture, une disposition et un décor particuliers qui influencent le comportement des occupants ; une équipe composée d’acteurs variés et hétérogènes comme des chercheurs, des ingénieurs ainsi que des experts en méthodes et outils de créativité et de prototypage et enfin des méthodes visant à faciliter et accompagner la génération d’idées et le travail de groupe, notamment à travers des sessions de co-créativité. Dans le cadre de l’innovation durable, très peu d’outils sont adaptés aux pratiques de ces nouveaux lieux d’innovation. En effet, les laboratoires d’innovation soutiennent la génération d’idées et de premiers concepts alors que les outils d’éco-innovation ou d’éco-conception tel que l’Analyse de Cycle de Vie, reposent sur l’évaluation des impacts environnementaux de produits finalisés. Nous proposons de développer un outil d’éco-créativité qui a pour objectif d’accompagner les participants d’une session de co-créativité pour générer des idées nouvelles, originales, respectueuses de l’environnement et adaptées au contexte dans lequel elles se manifestent. Pour évaluer les effets de l’introduction d’un tel outil pendant des séances de co-créativité, une méthodologie d’analyse exhaustive de ces séances a été développée. Pour réaliser ces travaux, nous avons intégré le Clean Mobility LAB, laboratoire d’innovation d’un grand groupe d’ingénierie et de production d’équipements automobiles international, FORVIA FAURECIATo remain competitive, companies must be innovative and regularly offer new products, services, processes, etc. If, for a long-time, innovation has focused on the technical dimension, today it relies on three main levers: prices, technology and uses. Recently, sustainable innovation, which consists in innovating while considering the environmental impacts, is also considered as an additional innovation lever. To meet these new demands, particularly around innovation through use and sustainable innovation, companies are no longer wondering if they should innovate but rather how to do so. They “seek to renew their methods of innovation and creation”. New methods and tools are deployed in an industrial context. One of the practices proposed is the establishment of new places, dedicated to innovation, inspired by the maker movement such as FabLabs, Living labs, Hackerspaces, Makerspaces, ... These new spaces, supported by various actors, renew the modalities of innovation and creation through the implementation of collaborative and iterative processes. Their objectives are to put uses back at the heart of innovation processes, to focus the process on the user and his needs, to give a new impetus to the exploration and innovation processes of companies, to upgrade practical skills and adapt to a context of deindustrialization. To achieve these objectives, these innovation laboratories are based on three main pillars: a place characterized by a particular architecture, layout and decor that influence the behavior of participants; a team composed of diverse and heterogeneous actors such as researchers, engineers as well as experts in methods and tools of creativity and prototyping and finally methods to facilitate and support the generation of ideas and group work, notably through co-creativity sessions. In the context of sustainable innovation, very few tools are adapted to the practices of these new places of innovation. Indeed, innovation laboratories support the generation of ideas and first concepts while eco-innovation or eco-design tools such as Life Cycle Assessment, are based on the assessment of the environmental impacts of products. We propose to develop an eco-creativity tool that aims to accompany the participants of a co-creativity session to generate new ideas, original, respectful of environment and adapted to the context in which they manifest. To evaluate the effects of the introduction of such a tool during co-creativity sessions, a comprehensive analysis methodology of these sessions was developed. To carry out this work, we have integrated the Clean Mobility LAB, innovation laboratory of a large international automotive equipment engineering and production group, FORVIA FAURECIA
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Rajala, H. K. (Hanna-Kaisa). "Enhancing innovative activities and tools for the manufacturing industry: illustrative and participative trials within work system cases". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514296833.
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Abstract There has been little improvement over the last few decades in the annual accident rate in workplaces within manufacturing industries. Viable innovative methods in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing industry are need for developing more effective ways to enhance the understanding of safety. Therefore, enterprises need new illustrative and participative trials to boost their ongoing and incomplete work. Research in to the significance of design science (DS) as a framework for enhancing health and safety issues has provided new views. One reason is most likely the macro-ergonomic comprehensive approach, however, DS is comprehensive and thus the results do not usually correlate with practical occasions. In addition to DS the work system objectives have to consider and be able to reveal the significance of health and safety issues. In this study, a work system is utilised for trialling illustrative and participative activities along with the necessary tools for supporting quality and well-being at work. In these cases, DS was used as the main guideline. This study also highlights innovation for introducing something new that can improve performance. The results of this study showed that the DS approach is applicable when developing a work system in SMEs. The innovative unification of the existing illustrative and participative methods produces new practical views for achieving improved performances. It was also shown that DS presents a new approach for modelling the development of innovations in relation to health and safety issuesTiivistelmä Työtapaturmien vuosittaiset lukumäärät ovat parantuneet vain vähän viime vuosikymmenten aikana. Tarvitaan käyttökelpoisia innovatiivisia menetelmiä valmistavassa teollisuudessa, jotta pystytään kehittämään enemmän tehokkaita keinoja turvallisuuden ymmärtämisen parantamiseksi. Siksi yritykset tarvitsevat uusia havainnollistavia ja osallistuvia kokeiluja tehostaakseen meneillään olevaa ja vaillinaista työtä. Suunnittelutieteen tutkiminen turvallisuuden ja terveellisyyden viitekehyksessä on antanut uusia näkemyksiä. Yksi syy on ehkä makroergonominen kokonaisvaltainen lähestymistapa. Kuitenkin suunnittelutiede on kokonaisvaltaista ja tulokset eivät ole välttämättä käytännön tilanteisiin sovellettavia. Suunnittelutieteen lisäksi työsysteemin objektit tuottavat tärkeitä näkemyksiä turvallisuus- ja terveellisyysasioihin. Tässä tutkimuksessa työsysteemiä hyödynnettiin havainnollistavien ja osallistuvien toimintojen ja työkalujen kokeiluun, jossa tuettiin yritysten toiminnan laatua ja työhyvinvointia. Näissä tapauksissa suunnittelutiedettä hyödynnettiin lähestymistapana. Tämä tutkimus korostaa lisäksi innovaatiota, jolla tuotetaan uutta parempaan suoriutumiseen. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että suunnittelutiede on sopiva lähestymistapa pienten ja keskisuurten yritysten työsysteemin kehittämiseen. Olemassa olevien havainnollistavien ja osallistuvien menetelmien innovatiivinen yhdistäminen tuottaa uusia käyttökelpoisia näkökulmia paremman suoriutumisen saavuttamiseksi. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin myös, että suunnittelutiede tarjoaa uuden näkökulman turvallisuuden ja terveellisyyden innovaatioiden kehittämisen mallintamiseen
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Ferraton, Mélanie. "L'approche participative au service de la gestion intégrée de la ressource en eau : l'expérience des parcs naturels régionaux du Sud-Est de la France". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAA022/document.
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Née d’un travail partenarial entre le Groupement des Amis des Parcs Naturels Régionaux du Sud-Est (GAPSE) et l’Université Savoie Mont Blanc, cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre d’une convention CIFRE, s’intéresse au volet participatif de la Gestion Intégrée de la Ressource en Eau (GIRE) dans les Parcs Naturels Régionaux de montagne du Sud-Est français.L’étude se fonde sur le retour d’expérience et l’analyse réflexive du programme de recherche-action-collaborative et participative « L’eau, entre mémoire et devenir », initié en 2008 par le GAPSE. À partir d’une méthode d’enquête auprès des acteurs clefs, elle identifie, dans ces territoires, une trentaine d’actions relevant du volet participatif de la GIRE. Le recensement et l’examen de ces actions et de leurs conditions de mise en œuvre, amènent à construire une représentation, sous forme de modèle évolutif, de cette approche participative de la GIRE. Les PNR s’inventent alors en nouveaux territoires de l’eau. En dépassant le strict cadre de la gestion par bassin, l’analyse approfondie des jeux, logiques et paysages actoriels œuvrant dans la mise en place de ces actions permet de questionner ce nouveau statut.Ce travail montre que, malgré une évolution législative liée à la réforme territoriale, restreignant les prérogatives des PNR en matière de gestion de la ressource en eau, des formes innovantes de démarches participatives s’observent, allant au-delà des dispositifs institutionnels de concertation de la GIRE.Ces initiatives volontaires, issues des collectivités, du milieu associatif ou encore de divers collectifs citoyens, sont souvent encore disparates et manquent de cohérence et de liant entre elles. L’action publique doit ainsi composer avec cette diversité d’acteurs et d’actions, aux objectifs et formes variés. Se dessine alors un enjeu d’articulation des démarches participatives et d’innovation en matière de participation citoyenne, auquel ce travail tente de répondre en proposant un guide méthodologique de mise en œuvre d’une GIRE participative fondé sur le retour d’expérience des PNR du Sud-EstThe thesis arises from a partnership work between the association “ le Groupement des Amis des Parcs Naturels Régionaux du Sud-Est ” (GAPSE) and the “Savoie Mont Blanc ” University. It was made within the CIFRE agreement (Industrial agreement of learning/training by research). The PhD focuses on the participatory component of the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in the regional nature parks in the south-east of France.The study relies on the feedback and the analysis of the participatory action research program called “L’Eau entre mémoire et devenir” (“Water between memory and future”), which has been created in 2008 by the GAPSE. Based on a survey methodology of key actors, the thesis identifies around thirty participatory actions under the IWRM. The census and analysis of these actions and of their implementation conditions led to build a dynamic model about the participatory approach of IWRM.We examine the regional nature parks status, as news water territories, beyond the narrower confines of watershed-based management, on the basis of a thorough and integrated analysis of actors’ interactions.This study shows that these territories can generate innovative participatory actions going beyond just the institutional conciliation scheme, based on a representative system. These actions arise despite the legislative change, due to a territorial reform, which restrict water prerogatives of regional nature parks.However, these voluntary initiatives implemented by the territorial authorities, associations or citizen collective organizations are still disparate and lack of coherence and coordination between them.The public action has to deal with a diversity of actors and actions with various objectives. The real issue becomes citizen participatory initiatives articulation. This PhD tries to answer to this challenge by proposing a methodological guide about the IWRM implementation, based on the regional nature parks feedbacks
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Fonias, Efstratios y Johan Rocklind. "The effect of leadership on the innovation and organizational performance of employees : A survey within technical sector companies". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-22110.
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Background: At present, the level of globalisation in technological companies requires them to incorporate innovation to retain their position and move forward and grow. In this direction, a successful leader can prove beneficial in order to help the company evolve and flourish. A leader capable of boosting an innovative spirit among the employees and motivate them to strive for the welfare of the organisation can result in increased organisational performance. This terms are not separate from each other. Leadership, employee motivation, innovative spirit and organisational performance are interconnected and they constitute key elements for ensuring the positive future of every company.Objectives: The present study aims at investigating whether and how participative leadership and transactional leadership can affect the innovation and motivation of employees and by extension whether they can affect the organisational performance. Methodology: This thesis utilises a quantitative approach for data collection and data analysis. A structural equation model (SEM) has been created for the investigation. Employees of tech companies in Sweden and Belgium have been requested to answer an online questionnaire using Google forms. The employees of the companies hold different positions, educational backgrounds and professional experience. A total of 200 answers has been collected and analysed using STATA software both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: The results of the present study showed that there is a strong relationship with transactional leader with regards to stimulating the motivation of employees along with their innovative spirit. This can by extension result in improving organisational performance. Conclusions: The thesis showed that a common leadership style in tech companies, transactional leadership, can contribute in engaging employees to demonstrate a rather innovative attitude, be motivated and improve significantly organisational performance. The effect of transactional leadership needs to be directed through goals and rewards that increase motivation and innovation to have a positive impact on organisational performance, wrong goals and rewards can instead be seen as having a negative impact. Recommendations for future research: Future work could be focused on applying the present model in different sectors and industries. In addition, different leadership styles could be examined that are more fitting to the industry under investigation. Finally, applying the current model in different or broader sample or adding different constructs could be a rather interesting starting point for future research.
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Chaabane, Rania. "La co-création de valeur dans le service public : un regard de côté via l'étude de la mise en œuvre du budget participatif dans les municipalités en Tunisie". Thesis, Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILD008.
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Les pratiques de co-création de valeur dans le service public consistent pour une organisation publique à externaliser des fonctions traditionnellement exercées en interne auprès des citoyens. C'est une stratégie d'innovation sociale ouverte aux différents acteurs (citoyens, usagers, gestionnaires publics) où leur créativité et leurs connaissances peuvent être mobilisées. Malgré l'abondante littérature sur la co-création de valeur dans le contexte du marché, celle-ci reste encore limitée pour le secteur public (Engen et al, 2021). Dans un esprit post-New Public Management où émerge la théorie du Public Value Management (Moore 1995 ; Stoker, 2006), nous proposons d'étudier un mécanisme de participation citoyenne adopté par les pouvoirs publics tunisiens et qui se situe à la croisée des dynamiques d'innovation sociale et réformes du management public : le budget participatif. Utilisant une méthodologie qualitative, ce travail explore les valeurs créées et les obstacles perçus de cette pratique de co-création de valeur publique. Afin de répondre à la question centrale, nous avons procédé à une analyse multi-niveaux (Desjeux, 2002, 2006). Nos résultats révèlent que les dispositifs participatifs génèrent des valeurs publiques à différentes échelles : Micro, Méso et Macro. Nos résultats démontrent également que les mécanismes participatifs peuvent contraindre la création de valeur publique, voire contribuer à sa destruction. Nos apports sont multiples : intérêt des mécanismes de co-création de valeur dans le domaine public, apports à la théorie du Public Value Management, et apports de l'analyse multi-niveaux pour étudier un sujet rarement traité dans la littérature sur le service publicValue co-creation practices in the public service consist for a public organization to outsource functions traditionally carried out internally to citizens. It is a social innovation strategy open to the various stakeholders (citizens, users, public managers) where their creativity and knowledge can be mobilized. Despite the wide literature on value co-creation in the market context, it is still limited for the public sector (Engen et al, 2021). In a post-New Public Management spirit where the theory of Public Value Management emerges (Moore 1995; Stoker, 2006), we propose to study a mechanism of citizen participation adopted by the Tunisian public authorities and which is at the crossroads of dynamic social innovation and public management reforms: The Participatory budgeting. Using a qualitative methodology, this work explores the values created and the perceived obstacles of this practice of co-creation of public value. In order to answer the central question, we carried out a multi-level analysis (Desjeux, 2002, 2006). Our results reveal that participatory devices generate public values at different scales: Micro, Meso and Macro. Our results also demonstrate that participatory mechanisms can constrain the creation of public value, or even contribute to its destruction. Our contributions are multiple: interest of value co-creation mechanisms in the public domain, contributions to the theory of Public Value Management, and contributions of multi-level analysis to study a topic rarely treated in the literature on public service
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Richard, Peter. "La participation des usagers au processus de conception créative de solutions de mobilité. Pratiques, impact et préconisations". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080035.
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La mobilité est aujourd’hui au cœur des préoccupations citoyennes et gouvernementales. Une explication possible à cette difficulté à résoudre les problèmes de mobilité est que les besoins réels des usagers des transports ne sont pas (ou sont faiblement) pris en compte dans la conception de nouveaux systèmes de transports. C’est pourquoi la participation des usagers dans des projets de conception se développe depuis quelques décennies. Elle est motivée par l’idée que les usagers ont une meilleure connaissance de leurs propres besoins et peuvent donc contribuer à développer des solutions innovantes. Cependant, il est nécessaire de proposer des outils qui optimisent les contributions des usagers au processus de conception créative et donc, en amont, d’identifier la nature ainsi que les leviers et les freins à la participation des usagers dans ce processus. Dans les trois études que nous avons réalisées, nous observons que les usagers contribuent principalement au processus de co-conception créative en fournissant des informations sur leurs besoins réels et leurs attentes. Mais pour que ces besoins et attentes soient réellement pris en compte, il est nécessaire d’outiller la conception créative en proposant une méthode qui permette de mettre à profit les contributions de chacun et de donner aux usagers un poids décisionnel équivalent à celui des concepteurs. Par ailleurs, le développement de logiciels de réalité virtuelle peut constituer un facilitateur de la co-conception créative, dans la mesure où il stimule la génération d’idées. De plus, la réalité virtuelle permet de créer de nouveaux environnements pouvant développer les capacités des usagers à se projeter dans un futur proche et imaginer des solutions plus créativesMobility is nowadays one of the main concerns of citizens and governments. One possible way to explain these difficulties to solve mobility problems would be that real problems of transportation users would be not (or weakly) accounted in the design of new transportation systems. In this perspective, user participation in design projects is increasingly practiced since a few decades. It is motivated by the idea that users have a better knowledge of their own needs and then may contribute to develop innovative solutions. However it is necessary to propose some tools to optimize the users’ contributions to creative design process, and then necessary to identify the nature as well as the levers and barriers to user participation in this process. In the three studies we conducted, we observe that users mainly contribute to creative co-design process by supplying information about their real needs and expectations. However, in order to really account these needs and expectations, it is necessary to tool up creative design with a method which allows to take advantage of the contributions of each participant and to give users a decision-making power equivalent to that of experts. Furthermore, the development of virtual reality software may constitute a lever for creative co-design, in so far as it stimulates the generation of solutions. Moreover, virtual reality allows creating new environments to develop users’ skills to project themselves in a near future and then imagine more creative solutions
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Carlsson, Fredrik. "Demokratisk innovation eller ett spel för gallerierna? : En demokratiteoretisk utvärdering av Participatory Budgeting i en svensk kommun". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-114430.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore the institutional design of Participatory Budgeting (PB) in Sweden and how the design may contribute to realize central democratic goods. The study records the different PB experiences in Sweden and focuses on one particular case, which is the only case that successfully qualifies as a genuine PB-process according to international standards and definitions. To examine this, the following questions are asked: which municipalities in Sweden have implemented Participatory Budgeting? How can the institutional design of Participatory Budgeting be described and to what extent does it enable the realization of central democratic goods? To what extent does the institutional design enable the realization of the democratic goods inclusion, popular control, considered judgment and transparency? To what extent does the institutional design enable the realization of the institutional goods of efficiency and transferability? The study is based on an institutional theory of democracy. The method used is a mixed method ideal type analysis that combines document analysis, surveys and interviews. The results of the study indicates that the PB-institutions has multiple flaws regarding the way it enables the realization of numerous of the democratic goods analyzed. The institutional design does not pay enough attention to inclusion of different social groups including marginalized groups, popular control is restricted to issues of low political salience and the PB process does not live up to the transparency level expected from a democratic institution. On the other hand, the institutional design of the PB process does take into account some aspects of inclusion among the youth inhabitants and the process has been effective in the sense that it has delivered physical results quickly.
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Galateau, Estelle-Fleur. "Les conditions sociales de l’adoption de comportements plus durables en matière de consommation et de gestion des déchets : analyse sociologique d’un dispositif de démocratie participative et des théories d’action en sciences humaines et sociales". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H005/document.
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Ce travail se propose d’analyser les procédés mis en place afin d’amorcer des changements de comportement, et de rendre plus durables les pratiques quotidiennes de consommation et de gestion des déchets. Nous cherchons à savoir si les valeurs, seules, plébiscitées actuellement, sont explicatives ou non, du changement, et s’il y a des contraintes fortes qui empêchent l’adoption de pratiques plus durables. Face à l’injonction participative actuelle sur les questions environnementales, nous avons étudié un atelier de démocratie participative, ayant pour objectif d’insuffler des changements de comportement chez ses participants. En une deuxième partie, nous avons analysé les théories actuelles en sciences humaines et sociales, afin de faire émerger d’autres leviers que celui de la démocratie participative.Ce travail montre que la démocratie participative émerge à partir d’acteurs intellectuels ou de militants idéalistes pour résoudre des problèmes de légitimité politique, de confiance et d’efficacité. Mais cet idéalisme, lequel est la condition du lancement de l’action, se heurte à une réalité sous contraintes qui demande de forts ajustements avec l’idéal, entrainant des changements d’usage limités, ce qui peut provoquer un découragement des pionniers/militants ou une fuite dans un imaginaire « eco-Fasciste », autoritaire ou utopique. Nous avons également pu observer, par l’analyse des théories d’action en sciences humaines et sociales, l’importance d’une réflexion portant sur les échelles d’observation pour analyser les changements de comportement. En effet, les échelles micro-Individuelle et microsociale, centrées notamment sur l’espace domestique et les usages, ne peuvent se suffire à elles-Mêmes. Elles sont encastrées dans les échelles méso et macro sociales, qui mettent en exergue des valeurs propres, des effets d’appartenances et de régulation socialeThe aim of this research is to analyze the processes established to modify behaviors and make them more sustainable, in everyday practices of consumption and waste management. We want to know whether the currently recognized values alone are explanatory of changing behaviors, and whether there are strong constraints involved in adopting more sustainable practices. In view of the current concern with environmental issues, we studied a procedure in participatory democracy designed to change participants’ behavior. Secondly, we analyzed current theories in social sciences in order to identify forces other than this political one. The research shows that participatory democracy results from intellectual actors or idealistic activists, who try to solve problems of political legitimacy, trust, and efficiency. But their idealism, which sparks the start of the action, faces strong constraints, requires adjustments to their ideal. These adjustments explain why changes of behavior are limited, which may discourage pioneers and activists, or alter the imaginary of "eco-Fascists", utopians, or authoritarians. In analyzing the theories of action in social sciences, we also observed the importance of scales of observation: the micro-Individual level and micro-Social level (in particular domestic space and practices) cannot be analyzed alone. They are embedded in the meso- and macro-Social levels, which highlight eigenvalues and the effects of membership and social regulation in daily practices
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Naudon, Frederic. "Analyses sociologique et expérimentale de la contribution de profanes-néophytes à la démocratie technique : le déploiement d’une filière hydrogène-énergie en Normandie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NORMC038.
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Une personne n’ayant pas de connaissances particulières dans un domaine — i.e. un profane-néophyte — est-elle capable d’aider un spécialiste de ce domaine à produire de nouvelles connaissances ? Cette question trouve son origine dans le croisement de deux champs disciplinaires : l’étude des effets de la vulgarisation scientifique sur les chercheurs qui vulgarisent leur propre sujet d’études et les recherches sur les dispositifs de démocratie technique de type conférence de citoyens. De nombreuses traces tangibles de pertinence de la part du « grand public » et des citoyens « ordinaires », principalement sous forme de témoignages, laissent penser que la rencontre avec des profanes-néophytes peut constituer une ressource cognitive originale. Pour explorer cette question, nous étudions la relation entre le(s) spécialiste(s) d’un domaine et des non-spécialistes de ce domaine.La première modalité de recherche est une enquête qualitative auprès des acteurs du déploiement d’une filière hydrogène-énergie en Normandie (observations directes, entretiens et analyse de documents-clés). La seconde repose sur des dispositifs expérimentaux visant à confirmer ou infirmer l’idée que les profanes-néophytes peuvent être des acteurs de la réflexion aux côtés des spécialistes, dans deux contextes réputés pour leur complexité : la recherche scientifique (réunions de laboratoire intégrant des profanes-néophytes) et l’implantation d’une nouvelle technologie dans un territoire (réunions interdisciplinaires pour le projet d’un bateau-école électrique à hydrogène dans un lycée maritime). Ce travail montre qu’un profane-néophyte possède une capacité à penser libre de certains freins liés à la connaissance du sujet et qu’il est ainsi en mesure de donner de la mobilité au spécialiste par rapport à son sujet. Le facteur limitant est du côté du spécialiste dont la posture, en particulier l’humilité et l’ouverture à l’autre, joue un rôle déterminantIs a person with no particular knowledge in a field – i.e. a layperson-neophyte – able to help a specialist in that field to produce new knowledge? This question originates from the intersection of two disciplinary fields: the study of the effects of scientific popularization on researchers who popularize their own subject of study and research on technical democracy devices such as citizen conferences. Many obvious traces of relevance from the general public and "ordinary" citizens, mainly in the form of testimonials, suggest that encounters with laypersons-neophytes can be an original cognitive resource. To explore this question, we study the relationship between field specialist(s) and non-specialists of the same field.The first research method is a qualitative survey of the actors involved in the deployment of a hydrogen-energy sector in Normandy (direct observations, interviews and analysis of key documents). The second method is based on experimental devices aiming at confirming or disproving the idea that laypersons-neophytes can be actors of reflection alongside specialists, in two contexts renowned for their complexity: scientific research (laboratory meetings integrating laypersons-neophytes) and the implementation of a new technology in a territory (interdisciplinary meetings about the project of an electric hydrogen training-boat in a professional fishing school). This work shows that a layperson-neophyte possesses a capacity to think clear of specific brakes linked to the knowledge of the subject. It shows also that the layperson is able to give the specialist more mobility in relation to his subject. The limiting factor is on the side of the specialist’s responsibility: his approach, particularly with humility and openness to others, plays a determining role
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Alves, Gisele Martins. "O projeto horizonte 2020 na rede jesuíta de educação: construindo caminhos para inovação na Educação Infantil do Colégio Anchieta, Nova Friburgo/RJ". Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7664.
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Colégio Anchieta - Rede Jesuíta de Educação
A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar a captação de ideias com a comunidade educativa do Colégio Anchieta de Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, contribuindo para a gestão participativa no processo de inovação do projeto pedagógico da Educação Infantil. O conhecimento da mudança profunda da educação que está acontecendo no Projeto Horizonte 2020, na Espanha, foi uma referência para compreender como juntos podemos transformar um projeto educativo. O estudo bibliográfico do referido projeto indicou seis âmbitos de trabalho no processo de inovação no contexto das escola jesuítas na Espanha, os quais serviram de referência para realizar, nesta investigação, a escuta da comunidade quanto às suas prioridades de inovação em relação a: métodos, conteúdos e valores; espaços educativos; alunos e professores; tempo e organização; tecnologias e recursos; família e entorno. A apresentação da proposta de investigação à comunidade e a entrega de uma Carta Convite em uma reunião de pais foi o ponto de partida para a participação da comunidade da educação infantil, que se deu por meio de um questionário, respondido por adesão. A pesquisa de campo contou com 68 participantes, de um total de 193 convidados. Quanto à análise dos resultados, além dos dados quantitativos, foi utilizado o procedimento da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD) das ideias apresentadas na questão, aberta: "Você gostaria de oferecer uma boa ideia para construirmos caminhos de inovação na Educação Infantil do Colégio Anchieta? Faça sua sugestão!". Da análise dos dados resultou o levantamento de ideias para a construção de caminhos de inovação na Educação Infantil do Colégio Anchieta, Nova Friburgo. Concluiu-se que já existem claras proposições de inovação em alguns âmbitos de trabalho, enquanto outros merecem a continuidade da escuta da comunidade. Por isso, para a devolução à comunidade, foi elaborada uma Carta Pedagógica Devolutiva da Pesquisa comunicando as principais ideias de inovação, bem como os principais questionamentos que sugerem a continuidade do diálogo. Desta forma, a pesquisa contribuiu para a reflexão sobre o que devemos mudar, mas também para a compreensão sobre a importância da criação de uma cultura participativa na escola e da necessidade de ampliação dos canais de participação da comunidade na escola.
This recent research had the goal of gathering ideas with Colegio Anchieta´s educative community, from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, adding towards participative management in the process of innovation of the pedagogic project in Children´s Education. Once getting to know the deep changes in education that are going on in Horizon 2020 project, in Spain, it has been a reference to understand and to learn how we can, together, transform an educational project. The bibliographical research done has identified six areas of work in the process of innovation that have been references in the process of listening to the ideas of the education community about their innovational priorities regarding methods, contents and values, educational facilities, students and teachers, technologies and resources, and family and surroundings. The presentation of the proposal of research and the delivery of a letter of invitation during a meeting with parents was the starting point for the participation of the children´s education community, which was operationalized by a questionary, answered by adhesion. The field research was answered by 68 people out of a total of 193 possible participants. The data analysis has also involved the discursive textual analyzsis (DTA) of the presented ideas in the open question: “Which suggestion would you like to present in order to help us building ways of innovation in the Children´s Education of Colegio Anchieta? Give us your best thoughts!”. Analysing the data received, we have developed the ideas for the construction of innovative routes in Children´s Education of Colegio Anchieta, Nova Friburgo. We have come to the conclusion that they have some crystal clear innovation proposals in some of the areas of work and there are some other that demand us to keep our ears open to the community. For this, in the return of the research, we developed an Pedagogical Letter of the research to the community where we have exposed the main ideas of innovation and also the main questions that suggest the continuous need of exchanging ideas. The research has helped us to realize what are the points that need to be changed and also the understanding about the importance of development of a of participative culture in the school and the need of having more channels of community participation.
La presente pesquisa tuvo como objetivo realizar la captación de ideas con la comunidad educativa del Colegio Anchieta de Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, contribuyendo para la gestión participativa en el proceso de innovación del proyecto pedagógico de la Educación Infantil. El conocimiento del cambio profundo de la educación que está sucediendo en el Proyecto Horizonte 2020, en España, fue una referencia para comprender como juntos podemos transformar un proyecto educativo. El estudio bibliográfico del referido proyecto indicó seis ámbitos de trabajo en el proceso de innovación en el contexto de las escuelas jesuitas en España, que sirvieron de referencia para realizar, en esta investigación, la escucha de la comunidad en cuanto a sus prioridades de innovación en relación a: métodos, contenidos y valores; espacios educativos; alumnos y maestros; tiempo y organización; tecnologías y recursos; familia y entorno. La presentación de la propuesta de investigación a la comunidad y la entrega de una Carta Invitación en una reunión de padres fue el punto de partida para la participación de la comunidad de la educación infantil, que se dio por medio de un cuestionario, respondido por adhesión. La investigación de campo contó con 68 participantes, de un total de 193 invitados. En cuanto el análisis de los resultados, además de los datos cuantitativos, se utilizó el procedimiento del Análisis Textual Discursiva (ATD) de las ideas presentadas en la cuestión, abierta: "¿Le gustaría ofrecer una buena idea para que construyamos caminos de innovación en la Educación Infantil del Colegio Anchieta? ¡Haga su sugerencia!". Del análisis de los datos resultó el levantamiento de ideas para la construcción de caminos de innovación en la Educación Infantil del Colegio Anchieta, Nova Friburgo. Se concluyó que ya existen claras proposiciones de innovación en algunos ámbitos de trabajo, mientras otros merecen la continuidad de la escucha de la comunidad. Por eso, para la devolución a la comunidad, se elaboró una Carta Pedagógica Devolutiva de la Pesquisa comunicando las principales ideas de innovación, así como los principales cuestionamientos que sugieren la continuidad del diálogo. De esta forma, la pesquisa contribuyó para la reflexión sobre lo que debemos alterar, bien como para la comprensión sobre la importancia de la creación de una cultura participativa en la escuela y de la necesidad de ampliación de los canales de participación de la comunidad en la escuela.
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Galán, Nieto Sergio Manuel. "Designing technologies for unproductive citizens". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21635.
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This is a project to design digital technologies to promote uses of public spaces challenging the social religion of productivism + consumerism. Instead I celebrate participative leisure, free time, political involvement and social relationships. Digital artefacts for what I'm calling the "unproductive city". The goal is to incorporate a different set of values where the “paid work” is not as relevant in our life as it is today.The project is focused on life in cities and works with the integration of computing technologies into everyday urban settings and lifestyles. What it is called “urban informatics”.Participative processes as well as user center design have guided the design. It comprehends different services and activities: A collaborative urban jukebox, exercises with locative media, participative design as a leisure activity, technological infrastructures for meetings and game design for public spacesThese activities are examples and explorations to find future challenges and different ways to design technologies for the unproductive city.
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De, La Burgade Emmanuel. "Industrie de service et logiques d'innovation : un modèle de conception collective et étagée. L'exemple de La Poste". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006012.
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La thèse part du postulat qu'une entreprise doit innover et créer de la valeur pour rester compétitive. L'entreprise doit donc chercher à organiser les logiques d'innovation pour favoriser tout autant des innovations autonomes que des innovations induites. La littérature a longtemps privilégié des modèles de management de l'innovation issus de l'industrie. Pourtant, si même les dernières générations de ces modèles ont proposé des améliorations notables, elles n'en gardent pas moins une vision verticale de l'entreprise qui n'est pas compatible avec les spécificités du service. Il s'avère en effet difficile de séparer, dans les activités de services, les processus de conception, de production, de distribution et de consommation. C'est dans ce contexte que la thèse cherche à identifier un modèle de conception plus approprié à ce type d'activités. À partir d'un raisonnement inductif basé sur huit innovations de service postales, elle propose une modélisation du processus de conception en identifiant trois propriétés : la personnalisation, la contractualisation à long terme et l'animation. La mise en œuvre de ces trois propriétés rend saillant l'articulation entre les différents métiers et échelons hiérarchiques dans un processus de conception collectif et étagé du service. D'un point de vue théorique, la thèse apporte une modélisation originale dont l'application demeure toutefois limitée à la fois de par sa complexité et de par les facteurs de contingence qui lui sont propres.
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La, Burgade Emmanuel De. "Industrie de service et logiques d'innovation : un modèle de conception collective et étagée : l'exemple de la Poste". Ecole nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENMP1688.
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La thèse part du postulat qu'une entreprise doit innover et créer de la valeur pour rester compétitive. L'entreprise doit donc chercher à organiser les logiques d'innovation pour favoriser tout autant des innovations autonomes que des innovations induites. La littérature a longtemps privilégié des modèles de management de l'innovation issus de l'industrie. Pourtant, si même les dernières générations de ces modèles ont proposé des améliorations notables, elles n'en gardent pas moins une vision verticale de l'entreprise qui n'est pas compatible avec les spécificités du service. Il s'avère en effet difficile de séparer, dans les activités de services, les processus de conception, de production, de distribution et de consommation. C'est dans ce contexte que la thèse cherche à identifier un modèle de conception plus approprié à ce type d'activités. À partir d'un raisonnement inductif basé sur huit innovations de service postales, elle propose une modélisation du processus de conception en identifiant trois propriétés : la personnalisation, la contractualisation à long terme et l'animation. La mise en œuvre de ces trois propriétés rend saillant l'articulation entre les différents métiers et échelons hiérarchiques dans un processus de conception collectif et étagé du service. D'un point de vue théorique, la thèse apporte une modélisation originale dont l'application demeure toutefois limitée à la fois de par sa complexité et de par les facteurs de contingence qui lui sont propres. ; The thesis postulates that a firm must innovate and create value so as to remain competitive. It should therefore organize its innovation to encourage both induced and autonomous processes of innovation. The literature has for long preferred the innovation management models that were developed for the industry. However, even if the latest generations of these models have seen considerable improvement, they have maintained a vertical view of the organisation which is not compatible with the characteristics of services. It is indeed challenging to separate one from the other the processes of design, production, delivery and consumption in service activities. The thesis therefore aims to develop a model that would fit better with the specific features of services. An inductive approach, based on eight examples of postal innovation, describes and models the process of design by identifying three properties: the degree of customization of the service; the level of long term contracting; and the level of animation (internal and external marketing). The implementation of these three properties shows the articulation between all the different functions and hierarchical levels involved in a collective and an in-stage process of design. From a theoretical viewpoint, the thesis provides an original result whose application is however limited, both because of its complexity and because of the contingency factors
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Le, Bellec Fabrice. "Reconception et évaluation des systèmes de culture - Le cas de la gestion de l'enherbement en vergers d'agrumes en Guadeloupe". Phd thesis, Université des Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646470.
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Les objectifs de développement de systèmes de culture durables imposent aux acteurs du développement rural une conception (ou reconception) et une évaluation de ces systèmes. Le prototypage peut être une méthodologie efficace de conception. Cependant, cette méthode conduit souvent les chercheurs à être seuls concepteurs alors que parallèlement l'appropriation des innovations dépend fortement de l'implication des autres acteurs dans les différentes étapes de conception et d'évaluation des nouveaux systèmes. En réponse, des approches participatives sont de plus en plus fréquentes pour pallier à cette difficulté d'appropriation tandis qu'une évaluation multicritère apporte une réponse aux objectifs d'évaluation de la durabilité des systèmes. La méthode développée dans cette thèse -nommée DISCS pour 're-Design and assessment of Innovative Sustainable Cropping Systems' - met en œuvre un processus de reconception des systèmes de culture par une approche participative tout en développant des outils d'évaluation multicritère spécifiques à chaque catégorie d'acteurs impliqués. La méthode DISCS s'inscrit tout de même dans la lignée de la méthodologie du prototypage mais se différencie par une démarche itérative à trois échelles d'étude (parcelle expérimentale, exploitation agricole et territoire) afin de s'assurer que les innovations et les critères d'évaluation répondent bien aux attentes des acteurs. A chaque étape du processus de reconception une évaluation est réalisée à l'aide d'un jeu d'indicateurs et ce aux trois échelles d'étude. DISCS a été testée sur le système de culture agrumicole en Guadeloupe (Antilles Françaises) dans un but de réduire l'utilisation des pesticides. Cinq prototypes de gestion de l'enherbement ont été conçus collectivement puis testés sur une station expérimentale selon les principes d'une approche systémique et évalués à l'aide d'indicateurs. Nous montrons dans ce travail que des systèmes de culture innovants peuvent être les produits d'une co-conception entre les producteurs et les chercheurs. DISCS permet aussi de définir explicitement le rôle de tous les différents acteurs impliqués dans le processus de reconception du système de culture. DISCS est particulièrement adaptée à la reconception des systèmes de culture pérenne notamment grâce à son processus d'amélioration pas à pas et itératif. Les outils d'évaluation multicritère développés, et notamment les indicateurs, permettent quant à eux de fournir des outils d'aide à la décision directement utilisables par les acteurs assurant ainsi un lien étroit entre la recherche et le développement. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons les premières étapes de reconception du système agrumicole guadeloupéen basée sur la méthode DISCS, à savoir du diagnostic initial pour identifier les objectifs d'amélioration du système en collaboration avec les acteurs, jusqu'à l'évaluation multicritère des prototypes de gestion de l'enherbement basée sur un jeu d'indicateurs approprié. Notre travail nous permet aujourd'hui de recommander des techniques de gestion de l'enherbement en jeunes vergers d'agrumes répondant aux contraintes actuelles de développement de systèmes de culture durable.
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Gamser, M. S. "Innovation, user participation, and forest energy development". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375856.
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The thesis examines the process of technical change in industrialized and developing country situations, and extracts lessons from this analysis for the design and implementation of forest energy development programmes. It notes how the role of technology users is of great importance in innovation" whether this process involves "high technology" development in large, competitive firms, or "appropriate technology" development to meet basic needs in poor, rural communiti~s. In reviewing the results of the past ten years of work in renewable energy programmes in developing nations, it finds that a major factor in the poor performance of such work is the lack of provision for user participation in innovation. Forest energy development programmes, which have been an important part of renewable energy development assistance, also have suffered from this insufficient attention to technology users. It is postulated that new approaches to forest energy development that provide for a more interactive relationship between R&D establishments and technology Llsers will have greater. success in bringing about innovations in this sector. The experience of charcoal production, charcoal stove, and forestry development under the Sudan Renewable Energy Project, supported by the Sudan Energy Research Council and the US Agency for International Development, demonstrates the positive results of just this sort of interactive innovation strategy. The SREP, in its ~ priori commitment to user participation, uncovers valuable resources of indigenous technical knowledge and skills, which play an integral part in the design and dissemination of these 3 forest energy technologies. The project's success provides an empirical justification of the importance of technology users to the innovation process, and its example h~s larger implications for renewable energy development, government R&D management, and development assistance policy.
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Quiedeville, Sylvain. "Ex-post assessment of impacts of research on innovations for organic farming : issues, methods, tools and instruments". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0038/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objet d’évaluer, de développer et de tester différentes méthodes qualitatives et manières d’évaluer ex-post les impacts et la contribution de la recherche sur les processus d’innovations et la société, par rapport à la transition à l’agriculture biologique.Nous avons réalisé deux cas d’études traitant de la transition à l’agriculture biologique. Le premier est le cas camarguais (en France) englobant un ensemble d’innovations techniques. Le second concerne le développement du produit biologique Ecostop pour protéger les abeilles contre la maladie de la varroatose en Bulgarie.Nous évaluons le potentiel d’une approche globale basée sur l’analyse participative du chemin de l’impact (PIPA) mais adaptée et complémentée par de nombreuses autres méthodes (premier article, partie 4), ainsi que le potentiel de l’analyse du réseau social (SNA) (deuxième article, partie 5) et de la théorie de l’acteur réseau (ANT) (troisième article, partie 6) pour l’évaluation ex-post des impacts et de la contribution de la recherche. Nous étudions les impacts de la recherche en Camargue et la manière dont ils ont été générés. Le cas Bulgare est seulement utilisé pour évaluer le potentiel d’ANT (avec le cas camarguais).L’approche basée sur PIPA permet d’évaluer avec succès les impacts et la contribution de la recherche. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la recherche a contribué au changement en Camargue à travers le développement d’interactions de co-apprentissage avec les producteurs bien que cela ne se soit pas avéré crucial pour le succès de l’innovation dans son ensemble. Les politiques agricoles, facteurs économiques, tests conduits indépendamment par les agriculteurs, et le cadre institutionnel, ont été les facteurs les plus importants et ayant eu le plus d’effets. En ce qui concerne SNA, il est apparu utile pour valider les dires des parties prenantes sur les relations entre acteurs ainsi que leurs implications sur la transition à l’agriculture biologique. Par exemple, le rôle grandissant joué par l’INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) au sein du réseau d’acteurs a été confirmé de même que sa contribution à la transition vers l’agriculture biologique. Quant à l’approche ANT, elle permet de mettre en avant les relations interpersonnelles d’acteurs et leurs effets sur le développement de l’innovation. Nous soulignons en particulier l’importance des leaders d’opinion au cours des phases d’implémentation et de diffusion ; et montrons également l’importance de problématiser les questions devant être traitées afin d’améliorer le succès des programmes de rechercheThis thesis intends to evaluate, develop and test different qualitative methods and ways of ex-post assessing the impacts and contribution of the research on innovation processes and the society, in relation to the transition to organic agriculture.We have conducted two case studies focusing on the transition to organic farming. First is the Camargue case (in France) that encompasses a broad range of technical innovations. Second is on the development of the organic product Ecostop to protect bees against the varroatosis disease in Bulgaria.We evaluate the potential of a broad approach based on the Participatory Impact Pathway Analysis (PIPA) and adapted & complemented by several other methods (first article, part 4), as well as the potential of the Social Network Analysis (SNA) (second paper, part 5) and of the Actor Network Theory (ANT) (third paper, part 6), in evaluating ex-post the impacts and contribution of the research. We study the impacts of the research in the Camargue and how they were generated. The Bulgarian case is only used to evaluate the potential of ANT (together with the Camargue case).The approach based on PIPA allows assessing successfully the impacts and contribution of the research. We could show that the research contributed to change in the Camargue by developing co-learning interactions with farmers although this was not critical to the success of the innovation as a whole. The agricultural policies, economic factors, the testing conducted independently by farmers, and the institutional framework, were the most important and influential factors. With respect to SNA, it was of interest to validate stakeholders’ views on actors’ relationships and their implications on the transition to organic farming. For example, the growing role played by INRA (National Research Agronomic Institute) within the actor network was confirmed as well as its contribution to the transition. As to ANT, it allows highlighting interpersonal actors’ relationships and their effects on the innovation development. We particularly underline the importance of opinion leaders in the phases of implementation and diffusion; and also show the importance of problematizing the issues to be tackled in order to increase the success of research programs
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Debaere, Steven. "Proactive inferior member participation management in innovation communities". Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1A012.
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Aujourd’hui, des entreprises reconnaissent de plus en plus les avantages des communautés d'innovation en ligne (IC) pour injecter des connaissances externes dans des procédures d'innovation. Malgré les avantages des ICs, garantir la viabilité pose deux défis importants. Premièrement, les ICs sont des environnements de données volumineux qui peuvent rapidement submerger les gestionnaires de communauté lorsque les membres communiquent par messages, créant ainsi des données substantielles (volumiques), rapidement extensibles (vélocité) et non structurées pouvant contenir des combinaisons linguistiques, vidéo, image et audio (variété). Deuxièmement, la plupart des communautés en ligne ne parviennent pas à générer de bons résultats car elles sont souvent incapables de tirer de la valeur des membres individuels de l'IC en raison de la participation inférieure des membres. Cette thèse doctorale s'appuie sur des stratégies de gestion de la relation client pour relever ces défis et ajoute de la valeur en introduisant un cadre proactif de gestion de la participation inférieure des membres pour réduire de manière proactive la participation inférieure des membres tout en gérant efficacement l'environnement IC. Cela prouve que la participation inférieure des membres peut être identifiée de manière proactive en analysant le style d'écriture des acteurs de la communauté. Il montre que les dépendances entre les comportements de participation des membres peuvent être exploitées pour améliorer les performances de prédiction. À l'aide d'une expérience sur le terrain, il démontre qu'une campagne d'email ciblée proactive permet de réduire efficacement la participation inférieure des membresNowadays, companies increasingly recognize the benefits of innovation communities (ICs) to inject external consumer knowledge into innovation processes. Despite the advantages of ICs, guaranteeing the viability poses two important challenges. First, ICs are big data environments that can quickly overwhelm community managers as members communicate through posts, thereby creating substantial (volume), rapidly expanding (velocity), and unstructured data that might encompass combinations of linguistic, video, image, and audio cues (variety). Second, most online communities fail to generate successful outcomes as they are often unable to derive value from individual IC members owing to members’ inferior participation. This doctoral dissertation leverages customer relationship management strategies to tackle these challenges and adds value by introducing a proactive inferior member participation management framework for community managers to proactively reduce inferior member participation, while effectively dealing with the data-rich IC environment. It proves that inferior member participation can be identified proactively by analyzing community actors’ writing style. It shows that dependencies between members’ participation behaviour can be exploited to improve prediction performance. Using a field experiment, it demonstrates that a proactive targeted email campaign allows to effectively reduce inferior member participation
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Pacillo, Grazia. "Market participation, innovation adoption and poverty in rural Ghana". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61392/.
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Agricultural commercialisation via increased market participation and innovation adoption has been widely argued to reduce poverty. However, empirical evidence suggests that both of these are persistently low in developing countries. Recent analyses suggest that different types of transaction costs and social capital may influence both market access and innovation adoption decisions. This thesis investigates these two factors in agricultural commercialisation and poverty reduction. Using data from three GLSS survey rounds, Chapter 1 investigates the determinants of the decision to sell as well as the decision of how much to sell, focusing on the role of transaction costs. The empirical analysis is carried out at household level and for a specific crop (maize). A Heckman two-step model is used to control for self-selection into market participation, using measures of fixed transaction costs as identifier variables. The overall results, although generally consistent with previous literature, show an unexpected positive relationship between remoteness and market participation, which might reflect peculiarities of Ghanaian crop marketing systems. Chapter 3 investigates the relationship between social capital and innovation using primary data on 305 Ghanaian farmers collected during field work in 2012 (described in Chapter 2). The chapter analyses innovation (the decision to adopt, its timing and intensity) at crop level, focusing on a non-traditional cash crop, exotic varieties of mango. The analysis investigates the role of different types of social capital, both in disaggregated and aggregated forms. The results suggest that social capital should not be overlooked in the innovation process, supporting recent evidence that there exists a positive relationship between the “know-who” and adoption dynamics. Finally, Chapter 4 investigates the impact of innovation adoption on objective and subjective measures of poverty. Matching techniques are used to estimate the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated, using primary data. The results show that adoption does not impact objective poverty but it does have a significant positive impact on self-perceived poverty status.
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LI, MIN. "Application of Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation in Communication Industry". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21480.
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As Chinese economy develops, service innovation has become a key element for which Chinese enterprises compete and upgrading of service industry all over China due to its influence on national economic competitiveness, among which the innovation of multi-agent service plays an important role in enterprises. This thesis mainly studies the concept of the Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation and explores the strategic role and position of the model in communication industry. The purpose of this thesis includes two parts: firstly it studies the service innovation which multi-agent such as enterprises, customers and suppliers participate in so as to establish a new theoretical framework of such service innovation. Secondly, from the perspective of strategic management of enterprises, it considers the selection of Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation in competitive strategies of the communication industry to clarify the strategic role and position of such model in management of the communication industry. Questionnaire and interview are two main data acquisition methods in this thesis. The author surveyed 100 employees from China Telecom with a questionnaire designed by herself. The data shows that customers’ demands for market and competitors’ competition in the market have a great influence on the innovation activities of enterprises. Some senior managers of China Telecom have been interviewed for this study. The interviews have shown the significance of Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation in telecommunication industry and the Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation can favorably be applied to telecommunication industry. The enterprises, customers, employees, managers and suppliers are of inseparable relationships in the model. As an innovation model of enterprises, Multi-agent Participate Model of Service Innovation can better mobilize enthusiasm of each participant of service innovation, and innovativeness of management service to clarify the strategic position of the model in enterprise management.
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Rollinson, Benedict Douglas. "Digital media to inspire and sustain sport participation in urban areas". Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33007.
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This research looks to understand the role digital media plays to inspire and sustain sports participation and how digital media could be used as a socially inclusive tool. The study explores if strategically packaged digital media could be used in a socially inclusive way to increase or sustain sports participation. This would address one of the problems facing sports organisations, as sports participation is decreasing or at least stagnating both in South Africa and on a global scale. This study followed an exploratory, inductive approach, using Self-determination Theory (SDT) developed by Deci and Ryan (1985) as a theoretical framework. The paper looks to understand what research has been done to understand how people are motivated to participate in sport and the proven theories that have been tested (Pelletier et al., 1995) to understand the role of intrinsic motivation has as a powerful indicator of intention. This study made use of a qualitative, cross-sectional design and data was collected through semi-structured interviews with active participants based in Langa, Cape Town. The findings of this study showed the participants regularly accessed digital media in a manner which strongly aligned with the literature and has been shown to increase intrinsic motivation, which leads to action. The findings further show that sports media can be used as a tool for social inclusion, despite the participants socio-economic status they regularly accessed online sports content for motivational and learning purposes. Based on the findings of this research, sports organisations need to consider digital media as a viable and socially inclusive way to sustain or even increase sports participation.
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Catalan, Pablo. "Community-based innovation dynamics in the water supply and sanitation (wss)sector". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44790.
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For most of the one billion people living in extreme poverty worldwide, access to an adequate water supply and basic sanitation (WSS) is limited, resulting in substantial health, economic and social burdens. Although the international community has actively explored solutions to this crisis, primarily focusing on bottom-up approaches in which the beneficiaries participate in the design and implementation of their own WSS solutions, significant problems remain. Innovation presents an important source of feasible solutions in this sector for those in need, but insufficient study exists to allow scholars to determine the dynamics that trigger WSS innovation. In light of the recent emphasis on a bottom-up approach to water issues and the dearth of analysis with regard to the role WSS innovation plays in seeking solutions, the present dissertation sets out to explore innovation dynamics in relation to the establishment of rural Water Supply and Sanitation Community-Based (WSS-CB). The answer comes through an application of a qualitative methodology that focuses on the implementation of two publicly-run and sustainability-oriented programs - the Blue Flag Ecological Program (BFEP) and the Sanitarian Quality Seal Program (SQSP) - in three rural communities in Costa Rica. A theoretical model based on the conceptual frameworks of Systems of Innovation (SI), Community Based/Community Management (CB/CM), and the Institutional Analysis Development (IAD) theory is proposed, including two set of hypotheses addressing the contribution of two independent variables, the participation of the community and the capacity of the community, to local sustainability and local learning. The results show that the dynamics relating to leadership and a sense of ownership do, in fact, affect both dependent variables and further identify participation and interaction at decision-making and social venues as innovation drivers.
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Vandôme, Paul. "Rendre l'innovation technologique accessible aux systèmes irrigués ˸ co-conception, évaluation et implications de la low-tech numérique pour accompagner la gestion de l'eau en agriculture". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2023. https://www.supagro.fr/theses/extranet/23-0025_Vandome.pdf.
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La durabilité de l'agriculture irriguée est menacée par une tension croissante sur la ressource en eau, dont la surexploitation conduit à une dégradation des écosystèmes, en particulier dans le bassin méditerranéen. En dépit d'investissements dans des équipements modernes coûteux, les performances des systèmes irrigués demeurent en dessous des attentes, notamment en raison d'effets induits à plus large échelle. Les technologies numériques de l'information offrent de nouvelles opportunités pour mieux comprendre et mieux gérer la ressource en eau, mais elles restent peu accessibles et peu adaptées aux contextes agraires, en particulier pour les systèmes irrigués gravitaires et dans le Sud global. Dès lors, dans quelle mesure le développement participatif de technologies numériques pour l'information peut-il aboutir à de nouveaux outils utiles et accessibles pour améliorer les performances des systèmes irrigués et contribuer à une meilleure durabilité des territoires ? Les résultats de nos travaux de thèse montrent que l'innovation numérique pour la gestion de l'irrigation n'a pas nécessairement besoin d'être complexe, onéreuse et intensive en énergie. Nous avons développé de nouveaux systèmes de mesure en temps réel et d'automatisation simples, open source, auto-constructibles et à bas coût pour accompagner la gestion de l'eau avec des agriculteurs pratiquant l'irrigation gravitaire en France et l'irrigation localisée en Tunisie. Nous avons proposé une méthode de modélisation multi-critère et multi-échelle pour simuler les effets de l'adoption de ces nouveaux outils sur les performances des systèmes irrigués. Nos résultats mettent en perspective les bénéfices des changements de pratiques liés à l'adoption des innovations, et illustrent les compromis émergeant à plus large échelle. Nous estimons que ces travaux contribueront à la démocratisation des low-tech numériques pour des systèmes irrigués plus autonomes et plus économes. Les outils et méthodes proposés sont hautement reproductibles et ouvrent la voie à de futures recherches pour la compréhension et la gestion des flux d'eau dans des contextes agro-hydrologiques variésThe sustainability of irrigated agriculture is threatened by growing pressure on water resources, whose over-exploitation is leading to the degradation of ecosystems, especially in the Mediterranean basin. Despite investment in costly modern equipment, the performance of irrigation systems remains below expectations, notably due to induced effects on a wider scale. Digital information technologies offer new opportunities for better understanding and management of water resources, but they remain relatively inaccessible and poorly adapted to agrarian contexts, particularly for surface irrigation systems and in the global South. Therefore, to what extent can the participatory design of digital information technologies result in new tools that are useful and accessible to improve the performance of irrigation systems and contribute to greater territorial sustainability? The results of our PhD thesis show that digital innovation for irrigation management does not necessarily have to be complex, expensive and energy-intensive. We developed new simple, open source, do-it-yourself and low-cost measurement and automation systems to support real-time water management with farmers practising surface irrigation in France and drip irrigation in Tunisia. We proposed a multi-criteria and multi-scale modeling method to simulate the effects of the adoption of such new tools on the performance of irrigation systems. Our results put into perspective the benefits of changes in practices resulting from the adoption of innovations, and illustrate the trade-offs emerging on a larger scale. We believe that this work will contribute to the democratisation of digital low-tech for more autonomous, energy and water-saving irrigation systems. The designed tools and methods are highly reproducible and open the way to future research on the understanding and management of water flows in various agro-hydrological contexts
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Sjödin, Carina. "User-involved service innovation : Three participating perspectives on co-creation". Licentiate thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Innovation och produktrealisering, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28699.
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The involvement of customers and other stakeholders in the innovation process is proposed to be a key success factor and something that makes companies more competitive. As a consequence, more and more organizations alter their innovation strategy accordingly. In order for a company to open up innovation processes, it is vital to foster a practice where there is openness for external ideas and knowledge. However, when external ideas meet internal innovation practices complex organizational situations appear. Creativity, for example, involves co-dependence of other persons’ strategies and actions. New roles for those involved affect hierarchies and knowledge sharing opportunities. This thesis involves three different perspectives of the same process provides an opportunity to study both individual and structural challenges. This research aims to identify on-going challenges for an organization during the transformational processes that adjustment from a traditional product innovation structure to an open service innovation culture implies. This qualitative case study involves two main cases and three supporting cases and aims to understand how users and other external parties, top management and middle managers experience open innovation processes. The results describe interactions between organizations and users or external stakeholders as well as internal interactions within the organization. Top management were dedicated to the idea of increased openness, but detected structural issues to deal with in order to implement user involved innovation. Among middle management, some individual aspects such as attitudes and relational issues matter, as well as organizational structures and practices. Users had mixed opinions about their participation in the process. Favorable experiences, such as benevolence and deepened relationships, were balanced by un-favorable experiences such as incapability and intrusion. Different dimensions of openness regarding open innovation practice are discussed. In this work a relational focus is emphasized. The findings assist managers in their work to create conditions for open innovation. Managers can benefit from this research by getting a better understanding of how different stakeholders’ experience co-creation of value. This is relevant for innovation managers in the process of redesigning innovation processes to understand different aspects of the interactions involved.KIT
SIMGIC
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Jevdokimova, Olga y Siegmund Adanitsch. "Creating favourable contexts for nurturing and managing innovations in organisations". Thesis, University of Kalmar, Baltic Business School, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-352.
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This thesis gives an overview about innovations in organisations as well as the importance of a favourable organisational microclimate for the enhancement of creativity and innovation. Generating ideas is always a very fragile process for any organisation engaged in innovative activities. In order to support good and successful ideas the companies have to have a favourable organisational microclimate. This microclimate is discussed against the background of certain conditions which organisations or rather companies should obtain in order to prevail innovations and cope with them in a successful way. The main focus of this thesis is on the conditions, which can favour and support the process of emerging innovations. The conditions are teamwork, management participation, effective communication and information flow, as well as innovative culture. During the different chapters however, some interrelations can therefore be seen.
Furthermore nine interviews with three different innovative Latvian companies support our theoretical framework of this thesis, how the different conditions are interrelated with each other in practice and their occurrence in the different companies.
In the end a discussion about the results is started, where it can be seen whether more conditions emerged.
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Stone, Leah. "Digitization, Innovation, and Participation| Digital Conviviality of the Google Cultural Institute". Thesis, Colorado State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10824526.
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The Frightful Five—Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Microsoft and Alphabet, the parent company of Google—shape the way data are generated and distributed across digital space (Manjoo, 2017). Through their technologies and increase in scope and scale, these titans provide new ways for people to create, find, and share information online. And, with such control, they have continued as well as expanded their reign over information commerce, changing the way that people and technology interact. In this way, tech giants act as gatekeepers over data, as well as serve as all-mighty-creators over technologies that arguably act on humans.
To explain, debates over whether or not technologies are employing “computational agency” (Tufecki, 2015, p. 207) have developed. One of these disputes is commonly referred to as the Great Artificial Intelligence (AI) Debate, and is currently being publicly argued between two of the most prominent tech titans: Elon Musk, founder of Tesla and SpaceX, and Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook (Narkar, 2017). On one side of the AI argument, sits tech mogul Musk, who is crying for regulatory restrictions over AI and painting doomsday pictures of robots killing humans. Conversely, on the other side of the dispute, sits tech giant Zuckerberg, who claims AI will enhance society as it makes the world a better place.
This great AI debate underscores what Illich (1973) described as organizations that practice in convivial versus non-convivial ways. In other words, as tech titans are continuing to advance technology, it can be argued that they are operating in convivial ways as they enhance society through their participatory tools that work with humans to complete a task. Alternatively, it can be debated that technology organizations may be functioning in non-convivial ways as they manipulate society for the sake of their technologies. And, while these technologies may be participating with humans (convivial) to complete a task, they may actually be working for and/or acting on humans (non-convivial) to do an activity.
The purpose of this dissertation was to establish a unique approach to studying the conviviality of technology titans and how they organize digital space, a concept the researcher coined as digital conviviality. Digital conviviality is when a technology company operates in digital convivial ways such that it: (a) builds tools for digital communication; (b) has a value proposition that, while aimed at generating a profit, is also focused on using its technology to enhance society, instead of manipulating society for the sake of its technologies; and (c) designs technological tools that work with humans, instead of tools that work for humans or tools that act on humans, to accomplish a task. To further understand this conception of digital conviviality, an investigation was piloted into a tech titan that arguably claims to promote digital conviviality at its core: Google.
Using Illich’s (1973) notion of conviviality as a guide, an exploration into Google’s approach to convivial technologies was conducted. This study sought to understand Google’s ability to shape information in the arts and culture space. Through its Google Cultural Institute (GCI) and Google Arts & Culture (GAC) initiatives, Google focused on “democratizing access to the world’s culture” (Google CI Chromecast, 2014, 00:44). In this way, the study aimed to answer the overarching question: in what ways is the GCI considered a digital convivial company, and conversely, in what ways is it not? Based on this, an explication of the concept of digital conviviality and a framework for studying such things were developed.
Drawing from several disciplines, methodologies, and theoretical frameworks (e.g., science and technology, posthumanism, actor-network theory, design science in information systems, business models, digital methods, and convivial studies), a body of theory was gathered together, synthesized, and enhanced. Next, the collected information was used to assemble and create a new methodological strategy called digital convivial tracking with a design science (DS) approach and actor-network theory (ANT) mindset. Digital convivial tracking employs traditional qualitative methods, as well as innovative digital methods, to trace important objects throughout a digital ecosystem. Because the GCI digitizes the world’s arts and culture, the iconic The Starry Night painting by Vincent van Gogh (1889d) was selected as the object to track across the institute’s ecosystem. This process helped identify the GCI’s complex and entangled business model, as well as its technological innovations. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)
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Dempsey, Kristin L. "Emerging Adult Peer Provider Specialists and Successful College Participation| An Innovation Study". Thesis, University of Southern California, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10931392.
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This study addresses the problem of low college completion rates among students formerly involved in foster care systems. This qualitative research study identified the knowledge, motivational, and organizational factors that supported college completion among eight college graduates formerly placed in foster care. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and six Storyboard online videos were also reviewed for thematic content addressing the factors that contributed to college success among the former foster youth. The resulting data will be used to create an Emerging Adult Peer Specialists curriculum to former foster youth to support other students transitioning from foster care to college. Knowledge factors contributing to successful college completion included specific knowledge on financial aid, housing, health, and academic resources, and how to access these resources, as well as self-awareness to promote self-regulation. Motivational factors that promoted self-efficacious behavior and intrinsic motivation included seeking out and identifying mentors, attitudes supportive of educational goals and behaviors, and finding ways to combat stigma were identified motivational factors supporting college completing. Programs for students with foster care histories, the safety and predictability of college campuses, and the need for increased academic preparation in independent living skills programs were identified and important organizational factors promoting college completion. The data was used to create an implementation and evaluation plan for the Emerging Adult Peer Specialist program, which is summarized at the end of the study.
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Huledal, Mattias y Li Wirström. "Factors Affecting Employees' Participation in Employee Driven Innovation A case study at Viaplay during the innovation initiative called Hack Days". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-224222.
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Milosevic, Marina. "Le Crowdfunding (ou financement participatif) comme nouveau mode de financement responsable de l'entreprise : focus sur le CrowdInvesting (financement participatif en investissement)". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E006.
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Cette thèse en sciences de Gestion se concentre sur l'étude de la relation triptyque entre le Crowdfunding axé sur I’investissement, la RSE et l'investissement socialement responsable (ISR). L'étude repose sur un modèle de recherche tridimensionnel identifiant trois dimensions de la RSE : la dimension éthique, managériale et mesurable, la dimension éthique remet en question l'engagement social de la «foule», en fonction de sa motivation d'investissement (suite l'approche ISR). La dimension managériale tente d'identifier la «foule» en tant que partie prenante par l'adaptation modèle de Mitchel et al (1997). Enfin, la dimension mesurable illustre la capacité que les plateformes ont développé ce qui concerne la mesure de l'impact des projets sélectionnés. Le modèle de recherche identifie les différents niveaux réactivité sociale des plateformes de Crowdlnvesting observées, en fonction de la présence de ces trois dimension indiquées ci-dessus. La thèse est basée sur la recherche qualitative avec un objectif exploratoire, en utilisant l'étude cas comme une méthode de recherche avec deux cas, à savoir 100/PACT et LUMO. l'analyse empirique comprend 13 entretiens semi-directifs, deux questionnaires en ligne menés sur un site Web d'enquête en ligne. La «foule» se caractérise par un «investisseur à impact actif», confirmant l'existence de la dimension éthique de la RSE. la «foule affirme posséder les caractéristiques identifiées par Mit chef et al. (! 997), et se qualifie comme «partie prenant principal» (légitimité, pouvoir et urgence) de l'entreprise dans le cas de 100/PACT et comme «partie prenante dominante» dans le cas de lUMO (légitimité et pouvoir). La dimension mesurable de la RSE apparaît comme inexistante. Notre modèle de recherche identifie les plateformes de « Social Crowdlnvesting » s'inscrivant dans u niveau » de réactivité sociale « progressive ». Toutefois, la dimension mesurable étant en phase de développement, nous ne pouvons pas confirmer de façon précise, la classification de Crowdlnvesting en tant qu' ISRThis thesis in management sciences focuses on studying the triptych relation between investment-based Crowdfunding, CSR and responsible investment (SRI). The research reposes on a three-dimensional research model identifying three dimensions of the CSR. The ethical, managerial and measurable dimension. The ethical dimension questions the social engagement of the “crowd”, based on their motivations to invest (following the “SRI approach”). The managerial dimension tries to identify the “crowd” as a stakeholder through the adaptation of the Mitchel et al (1997) model. Finally the measurable dimension illustrates the capacity that the platforms have developed with regards to measuring the impact of the projects they select for funding. The research model identifies different levels of social responsiveness of the observed CrowdInvesting platforms, according to the presence of these three above stated dimensions. The thesis is based on the qualitative research with an exploratory aim, using the case study as a research method based on a two case study design, namely 1001PACT and LUMO. The empirical analysis includes 13 semi direct interviews two online questionnaire conducted through an online survey website. The “crowd” is characterized as an “active impact investor”, confirming the existence of the Ethical CSR dimension. The “crowd” affirms to possess the characteristics of Mitchel et al. (1997) model, and qualifies as a “core stakeholder” (Legitimacy, power and urgency) of the enterprise in the case of 1001PACT, and as a “dominant stakeholder” in the case of LUMO (Legitimacy and power). The measurable CSR dimension appears as non-existent. Our research model therefore identifies “Social CrowdInvesting” platforms as integrating the category of a “progressive” level of social responsiveness. However, since the measurable CSR dimension is still in the development phase, we cannot confirm CrowdInvesting's classification as an SRI
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Chimombo, Joseph Patrick Goodson. "Implementing educational innovations : a study of free primary education in Malawi". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310250.
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The new democratic government of Malawi introduced free primary education (FPE) in the 1994/95 academic year. This major policy intervention included the removal of tuition and other school fees, and children were no longer required to wear a uniform to attend school. The main objectives ofFPE were to increase access to primary education and to eliminate inequalities in participation through reducing the direct costs, and to improve retention rates and thus reduce illiteracy. FPE is the most significant educational policy ever introduced in Malawi. Its development invited a detailed study of how participation has changed, what mechanisms were employed to improve retention and promotion, and what strategies were used to meet the need for additional human and physical resources. There are four main concerns which shaped this study: 1) The genesis of the policy- how was the policy initiated and for what reasons? 2) The policy itself- i.e. what did the policy consist of and what did the ministry of education do? 3) What happened after the introduction of FPE and how did enrolment, access and retention change over time? 4) Why did things happen the way they did and what are the reasons which help explain the effect of implementing FPE? Data were collected through grounded case studies of ten schools undertaken in different parts of Malawi. The literature indicates that judgements on the effectiveness of policy implementation require insights that can only be obtained from case study work at the local level. Those involved in the development of policy were interviewed and national level data were also analysed. Systems theory was used to examine the relationships between system components, between the system and its environment and between one system and another, and the major concepts of this theory of interdependence, integration and cohesion were used to analyse and interpret the findings of this thesis. At the macro level, the study also drew on functionalist theory. In order to examine how educational institutions perceive, manipulate and act within the structural constraints within which they find themselves, the socio-politico-cultural frameworks within which, and through which these institutions have shaped schooling under FPE were elaborated. The analysis has shown that the immediate goal of ensuring universal access to primary education has been largely achieved. Most children in Malawi have set foot inside a school of some kind. But when the implementation of FPE policy was examined within the Jomtien aspirations which included improving educational quality, ensuring greater equity in the distribution of educational resources, and improving retention and attendance, the thesis concludes that Malawi lacks the administrative and fiscal capacity to deliver primary education of minimum quality to all. This deficiency leads to system fragmentation and low cohesion in the implementation process which partly explains the limitations of FPE policy identified. The study established that schooling problems might have worsened since the introduction of FPE and that despite increased efforts towards girls education, gender disparities still remain one of the main problems. Further, the rhetorical association of schooling with economic opportunity is questionable, at least for those where the demand for schooling is weak and the benefits not apparent. A simulation modelling costs also indicates that achieving EFA is financially unsustainable in the short and medium term. The findings provide pointers about what needs to be done or strengthened in order to ensure a more effective implementation of an ambitious and worthwhile educational policy reform in Malawi, as well as the lessons that can be learned for the implementation of similar reforms.
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Teglborg, Ann-Charlotte. "Les dispositifs d'innovation participative vers une reconception réflexive à l'usage". Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010085.
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La participation informelle des salariés au processus d'innovation n'est pas nouvelle comme en témoigne l'histoire industrielle du XIXème siècle émaillée d'exemples d'innovations parfois déterminantes imaginées par de simples ouvriers (Alter, 2000). Or, le contexte socio-économique actuel tend à transformer la participation informelle des salariés en une participation ouverte et voulue à l'effort d'innovation de l'entreprise ce qui se traduit par la mise en place de dispositifs d'innovation participative. Cette thèse porte sur les technologies gestionnaires complexes que sont les dispositifs d'innovation participative suscitant, aujourd'hui, autant d'enthousiasmes que de déconvenues pour les praticiens. Nous avons développé une grille de lecture s'appuyant sur la théorie de l'acteur réseau, la littérature sur les technologies gestionnaires et le modèle de l'apprentissage organisationnel d'Argyris afin de mieux comprendre quels sont les effets d'un dispositif d'innovation participative et pourquoi et comment se transforme-t-il au fur et à mesure de son déploiement. Cette grille de lecture a permis d'analyser le cas longitudinal d'Oplysning et de montrer en quoi il y avait eu reconception à l'usage dans ce cas. Les retours d’expériences sur les dispositifs d’innovation participative rendus possibles grâce au cas Oplysning et le repérage des facteurs différenciant les vingt dispositifs d’innovation participative étudiés, nous ont permis de proposer une série de propositions relatives à des facteurs qui facilitent et qui entravent la dynamique d’innovation participative voulue par les entreprises lorsqu’elles conçoivent et déploient un dispositif d’innovation participative.
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Mooyoung, Son y Zou Dan. "Open innovation : What to open? What to close?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68995.
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Business management Paradigm is Changing. We used to have big, best, and fast and now it seems that we are having one more paradigm of “Open”. Chesbrough (2003) argued for cooperating between competitors or allies in his article “The era of open innovation”. (ChesbroughH.W, 2003) This research is about open innovation with customer participation. Many organizations built platform to motivate customers to participate the product development process. Hence, we selected three different types of platforms which are full-open, semi-open and closed platform for case study. To compare different perspective from organizations and customers, we will use both of case study of the organizations who opened competencies to the customers and survey of the customers who are creating derivative products. From that case-study and survey result, we aim to figure out what to open and what to close for the organizations that are implementing open innovation strategy. We will suggest a competency pyramid model that helps organizations to divide their competencies into two different sectors: open competency and closed competency. And finally, we will find out what factors are important to make a platform successful.
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Sweeting, David William James. "Democracy in local governance : a case study of the governance of Portsmouth". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343397.
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Le, Pendeven Benjamin. "Emerging approaches for financing innovation". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1169.
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Portés par des changements technologiques, des cadres juridiques nouveaux, une demande de financement croissante de la part des entreprises innovantes et une montée en maturité des opérateurs du marché, les professionnels du financement de l’innovation ont pour partie modifié leurs pratiques et de nouveaux outils émergent. Ces nombreuses évolutions posent des questionnements théoriques essentiels.La thèse vise à investiguer trois de ces modes de financement. Le premier, les Social Impact Bonds (autrement dénommés en France Contrats à Impact Social) sont un mode de financement de l’innovation sociale non entrepreneuriale apparu en 2010 en Grande-Bretagne. Le second outil analysé est celui du financement participatif (crowdfunding). Forme émergente de financement des projets entrepreneuriaux par la foule sur internet, il connait une croissance forte depuis une décennie. La thèse questionne l’impact du degré d’innovation sur la réussite des campagnes. Le troisième et dernier outil évoqué dans la thèse est celui des fonds de Multi Corporate Venture Capital (MCVC), et leurs formes organisationnellesDriven by technological change, new legal frameworks, growing demand for cash from start-ups, and a growing maturity of market operators, innovation finance professionals have partly modified their practices. On the one hand, traditional financing tools have modernized their organizations and methods, and on the other, new forms of financing have emerged. These numerous evolutions open essential theoretical questions, while questioning the traditional theories of the financing of innovation as well as suggesting new theoretical considerations.The thesis investigates three of these modes of financing. The first, the Social Impact Bonds (otherwise known as Contrats à Impact Social, in France) are a way of financing the non-entrepreneurial social innovation that appeared in 2010 in Great Britain. The second tool analyzed is about equity crowdfunding. Emerging form of financing entrepreneurial projects by the crowd on the internet, it knows a strong growth since a decade. The thesis analyzes the impact of innovation degree on campaigns’ success. The third and last tool mentioned in this thesis is that of the funds of Multi Corporate Venture Capital (MCVC)
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Polar, Funez Vivian del Carmen. "Participation for empowerment : an analysis of agricultural innovation in two contrasting settings of Bolivia". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2013. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20311/.
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This thesis is about the relation between participation and empowerment in two different contexts of the agricultural sector in Bolivia. It analyses the effects of a specific participatory method implemented along with technology innovation projects and depicts changes produced after a 2 year period among participating and non-participating farmers. The culture and history of the two contrasting sites - North Potosí and the Chaco regions - are analysed to evaluate their association with outcomes of the participatory implementation and changes in the sense of empowerment and asset-based components. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to identify changes in the sense of empowerment experienced by farmers, as well as changes in structure and agency evaluated through a series of asset-based components and cultural practices. Results from the study show that participatory processes were not empowering for project participants. Farmers who participated in the innovation projects with the participatory component had different perceptions of empowerment, and experienced different changes in structure and agency variables, in comparison to farmers who did not participate. Perceptions of empowerment and changes in structure and agency also varied when agriculture and market issues are analysed separately. Different types of power were manifested in different ways through agency, structure, history and culture in each study site. Cultural and historic background acted as an overarching framework affecting both participating and non-participating farmers in their sense of empowerment and the changes experienced in agency and structure. The nature and dynamics of the observed changes are used to introduce a new approach that explains how participatory processes create a 'need' or a gap of dissatisfaction when economic, social and political structures restrict participation in decision making. Based on this theory, further avenues of research are explored and new research questions posed to foster deeper understanding of the dynamics of participation, empowerment and development.
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Holliman, Stephanie Layne. "Exploring the effects of empowerment, innovation, professionalism, conflict, and participation on teacher organizational commitment". Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3468.
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Improved understanding of teacher retention depends on systematic research on working conditions, teachers' perceptions of their work environments, and the effect of condition-of-work variables on organizational commitment. The examination of organizational commitment in K-12 teachers is a construct with implications for long-term relationships in complex organizations and a significant predictor of retention.
This study examined the extent to which empowerment, innovation, professionalism, perceived level of interpersonal conflict, and participation were associated with teachers' organizational commitment at six K-12 sites in one Midwestern state. Of 2,732 teachers invited to participate, 1,463 completed the survey, for a total response rate of 54%. Overall, there was substantial evidence supporting a relationship between organizational commitment and empowerment, innovation, and professionalism. There was also some evidence of a contextual relationship between organizational commitment and perceived levels of conflict and participation. Increased conflict in varying relationships resulted in decreased organizational commitment, and increased participation in varying situations resulted in increased organizational commitment.
This study's exploration of organizational commitment may inform administrative practices designed to target teacher attrition. Educational leaders may utilize the results to better understand issues concerning teacher retention and attrition and thereby improve teacher working conditions, and strengthen the educational environment for students.
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Lenne, Lydie. "Humanicité, de l’utopie à l’hétérotopie. Recherche en Information-Communication accompagnant un projet d’innovation urbaine". Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30021/document.
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Humanicité est un nouveau quartier, né à l’initiative de l’Université Catholique de Lille qui, à travers ce projet urbain, a souhaité élargir et diversifier ses activités sanitaires et médicosociales. Il s’agit de créer un lieu empreint de mixité où sont présents tous les représentants de la société dans leur diversité y compris les personnes ayant un handicap. Ce projet utopique comporte également le souhait de co-construire avec toutes les parties prenantes, des innovations suscitées par les questions qui se posent dans ce nouveau lieu de vie. Pour en accompagner l’émergence, mais aussi organiser la participation des habitants et usagers, l’ensemble du quartier est le lieu d’un Living Lab. Cette utopie, forme de projection d’une autre société meilleure et plus juste, cherche à être traduite dans la réalité. Nous postulons, à la suite d’auteurs comme Ricœur, qu’elle est fondamentalement réalisable et pour se faire elle entre dans un processus de traduction, elle mobilise des objets, se transmet à travers la multiplication des interactions, jusqu’à se confronter, dans sa matérialisation, à la réalité. En devenant réelle, cette utopie donne naissance à une hétérotopie Humanicité, un « contre-emplacement », qui met au jour les représentations et appropriations de l’espace. Il s’agit dans ce travail de recherche et grâce à ce terrain particulier, de comprendre le processus par lequel un projet innovant d’urbanisme devient le projet des habitants, des intervenants et partenaires qui ont et auront à le vivreHumanicité is a new neighborhood, born on the initiative of the Catholic University of Lille which wanted, through this urban project, to expand and diversify its health and medico-social activities. It is about creating a place full of diversity where all the members of society are present, including people with disabilities. This utopian project is also about co-creating, with all the stakeholders involved, innovations developed in response to issues related to this new living space. To guide the emergence of this process and also to organize the participation of the inhabitants and users, the whole neighbourhood houses a Living Lab. This utopia, a projected form of another society which would be better and fairer, pursues the objective of being translated into reality. Following authors like Ricœur, we assume that utopia is fundamentally achievable and that doing so embarks on a process of translation, mobilizes objects, and spreads by the growing of interactions until it confronts the reality of becoming material. When it becomes real, this utopia creates a heterotopia - a space of otherness - which reveals the appropriations and perceptions of space. In this study the objective is to understand the process by which an urban innovation project becomes that of its inhabitants and stakeholders who have and will have to live in it
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Mohammadi, Fateme y Christina Mårtensson. "Monetary Rewards and Framing of the Problem in Crowdsourcing : Effects on Participation". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448316.
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The purpose of this study is to explore if monetary reward negatively affects people’s willingness to participate in crowdsourcing projects and to see how the relationship between monetary rewards and the framing of the crowdsourcing problem affects participation in crowdsourcing contests. A two-phase data collection method is used to answer these questions; a survey to identify the people who had participated in crowdsourcing projects and a focus group with the suitable candidates to discuss the research questions further. According to our findings, framing a crowdsourcing project as a good cause is not a strong enough motivation to convince people to participate in a challenge. People usually look for a benefit (financial or personal) in a challenge when deciding to participate. On the other hand, offering a reward for a crowdsourcing contest that is held for a good cause increases people’s willingness to participate. Potential participants react differently to a reward that is larger than usual. While more experienced participants feel extra motivated by large rewards, those who have less experience in crowdsourcing projects are more likely to see the large reward as a threat, decreasing their chances of winning, thus, reducing their willingness to participate in those challenges.
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Neshati, Ramin. "Participation in Technology Standards Development: A Decision Model for the Information and Communications Technology Industry". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1850.
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There is a dearth of decision-support models or frameworks to aid managers in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry in uniformly assessing the key factors in the decision to standardize innovative technologies. Making the proper decision is consequential and potentially fraught with risks for the firm such as competitive exposure, high expenditures with inadequate returns, restrictive inbound or outbound patent licensing obligations, and related complications.
This study presents a framework to guide managers in the ICT industry in assessing the factors that inform the decision to participate in the development of technology standards. Using multi-criteria decision analysis and judgment data from panels of experts, a robust model is developed that comprehends the essential criteria and outcomes within the context of computer interconnect technologies. The resultant, generalizable model is validated against the case of the extant Universal Serial Bus (USB) interconnect standard and found to be congruent with the assessment of the experts.
Scholarship on technology standards development is rich and multifaceted--spanning numerous streams of inquiry. This research contextualizes technology standardization within the economic, strategic, organizational, and legal perspectives. The resultant model demonstrates that strategic planning is regarded by the experts as the principal driver in the decision to participate in a technology standardization effort. Furthermore, the primacy of commitment and leadership within the standards-setting organization is unambiguously established through rigorous quantitative analysis. The proposed model verifies that the firm's desire to align its product roadmap to the emerging standard is the chief criterion in the decision to contribute to the standards development effort. Other criteria of high interest include the leveraging of network externalities to glean disruptive trends within the ecosystem, the exploration of opportunities to expand the total available market for the firm, and the availability and terms of IP licenses. Sensitivity analysis affirms the overall predictive strength and robustness of the model and its widespread applicability.
Future research on model expansion and application to other technologies, as well as the development of uniform patent valuation methods will further enrich the knowledge base.
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Griffiths, Jenkins David. "Some aspects of user participation and the application of specifications in technology mediated educational innovation". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7554.
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Aquesta tesi està constituïda per diverses activitats de recerca, entre les quals trobam principalment articles i capítols publicats. Es descriu el disseny d'una joguina robòtica que facilita la metacognició dels nens. Es detallen els nous mètodes de disseny participatiu desenvolupats per donar suport a aquest procés, com també els resultats de les experiències dins l'aula que varen validar la seva eficàcia. Aquestes experiències varen fer servir l'especificació Unit of Practice d'Apple, la qual posibilita la descripció normalitzada de de les activitats pedagògiques amb els recursos d'ensenyament tecnològics. L'enfocament de la investigació llavors se centra en les especificacions de IMS, que representen recursos i activitats pedagògiques en un format que els ordinadors poden processar. S'analitzen les eines necessàries per treballar amb aquestes especificacions. Es fa una distinció entre processos de disseny en móns tancats (dirigits a grups limitats d'usuaris) i oberts (dirigits a un grup obert o universal). Es descriuen els processos participatius de disseny en ambdós casos. Es tenen especialment en consideració les eines necessàries per treballar amb l'especificació IMS LD, i es desenvolupen models conceptuals per clarificar la tipologia de les eines i els seus usos.Es proposa la participació en les comunitats de pràctica com una metodologia per avaluar les necessitats, les eines, i l'ús de l'especificació.
This thesis is composed of a number of related research activities, which are principally represented by means of published papers. The design of a robotic toy to provide support for children's meta-cognition is described. The new participatory design methods developed to support this process are detailed, together with the results of field trials which validated its effectiveness. These trials make use of Apple's Unit of Practice specification for the consistent description of pedagogic activities with technological teaching resources. The investigation of IMS' machine readable representations of pedagogy, their use, and the tooling they require, then becomes the focus for the inquiry. A distinction is drawn between closed world design processes, addressed at a circumscribed user group, and open world design addressing a wide or universal user group. Participatory design processes in both contexts are described. A particular focus is tooling for the IMS LD specification, and conceptual models are developed to clarify its tooling and use. Engagement with communities of practice is proposed as a means of addressing open world design challenges, and this methodology is used to assess user needs, tooling and use of the specification.