Tesis sobre el tema "Iniquità"

O presente trabalho investigou o efeito de histórias de cooperação e não-cooperação sobre a escolha de um participante entre uma alternativa de cooperação e uma alternativa individual. Os participantes formaram duplas com um confederado e ambos escolheram entre cartões azuis e verdes. Cooperação foi definida como o participante e o confederado escolherem o cartão azul e a alternativa individual foi definida como um ou ambos escolherem o cartão verde. Os participantes foram expostos a três fases experimentais: Fase Inicial, Fase de História e Fase de Teste. Na Fase Inicial (4 tentativas) e na Fase de História (15 tentativas), quando o participante e confederado escolhiam o cartão azul, o participante recebia 5 pontos e o confederado 2 pontos. Quando um dos dois ou ambos escolhiam o cartão verde, ambos recebiam 2 pontos. Na Fase de Teste (15 tentativas), quando o participante e confederado escolhiam o cartão azul, o confederado recebia 5 pontos e o participante 2 pontos. Caso um ou ambos escolhessem o cartão verde, os dois recebiam 2 pontos. Os participantes foram distribuídos em dois grupos (Cooperação e Individual) que se diferenciavam pela escolha do confederado. Em ambos os grupos, na Fase Inicial, o confederado escolheu o cartão verde e azul alternadamente. Na Fase de História e na Fase de Teste do Grupo Cooperação, o confederado escolheu o cartão azul em todas as tentativas. Enquanto que no Grupo Individual, o confederado escolheu o cartão verde na Fase de História e o cartão azul na Fase de Teste. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes do Grupo Cooperação escolheram o cartão azul em aproximadamente 11 de 15 tentativas na Fase de Teste, produzindo iniquidade desfavorável para ele, enquanto os do Grupo Individual escolheram o cartão azul aproximadamente em 1 de 15 tentativas. Conclui-se que a escolha de um dos participantes (ou confederado) de uma dupla entre produzir ou não iniquidade favorável para o outro participante precisa ser cuidadosamente considerada nos estudos sobre cooperação, já que pode alterar inclusive a função da iniquidade de reforços
This study aimed to investigate what is the effect of different stories of cooperation and non-cooperation on the choice of a participant of a cooperation alternative and a single alternative. Participants worked in pairs with a confederate, and each pair had the task of choosing between a blue card and a green card. If the participant and the confederate chose the blue card, cooperation alternative came into effect; if either or both choose the green card, the individual alternative entered into force. Participants were exposed to three experimental phases: Initial Phase, Phase History and Test Phase. In the Initial Phase (four attempts) and History Phase (fifteen attempts), when the participant and confederate chose the blue card, the participant received 5 points and the confederate 2 points. When either or both chose green cards, both received 2 points. In the Test Phase (fifteen attempts), when the participant and confederate chose the blue card, the confederate received 5 points and the participant 2 points. If either or both choose the green card, both received 2 points. Participants were divided into two groups (Cooperation and Single), that differed by the choice of confederate. In both groups, in the Initial Phase, the confederate chose the blue card and green alternately. In Phase History and Test Phase of Cooperation Group, the confederate chose the blue card in all attempts. While in the Individual Group the confederate chose the green card in the History Phase and the blue card in the Test Phase. Results indicated that the participants of the Cooperation Group chose the blue card more than 11 of the attempts in the Test Phase, producing unfavorable iniquity for it; while the Individual Group chose at least 2 of attempts. We conclude that the experimental history is an important variable to be considered in studies of cooperation, and the fact that the reinforcements of iniquity does or does not aversive properties depends more on other variables than necessarily of iniquity itself

Contexte. En Haïti, entre 2007 et 2013, l’Agence des États-Unis pour le développement international (USAID) a financé le Multi-Year Assistance program (MYAP) avec pour objectif principal la réduction de l’insécurité alimentaire dans les communautés les plus vulnérables. L’autonomisation économique des femmes constituait l’un des piliers du MYAP. En effet, les études ont montré qu’une croissance des revenus des femmes avait des retombées positives sur la nutrition et sur la santé du ménage. De façon générale, la participation économique des femmes est considérée comme un facteur indispensable au développement durable. Le Catholic Relief Services (CRS) implantait le MYAP dans les zones rurales du sud d’Haïti. Le CRS, étant une entité de l’Église catholique, avait mis l’équité, un principe phare qui guide sa mission et sa vision, au cœur des stratégies de mise en œuvre du MYAP. Cependant, des évaluations menées durant l’implantation et à la fin du MYAP ont suggéré que les femmes les plus défavorisées des communautés rurales étaient restées en marge des interventions. Méthodologie. Pour identifier les obstacles à l’équité durant le MYAP et explorer les meilleures stratégies qui favoriseraient l’implantation d’interventions dont l’accès est équitable, la démarche adoptée a été une étude de cas. Deux sites (2) ont été sélectionnés sur la côte sud d’Haïti, Nan kanpech et les Anglais. Nous avons utilisé une combinaison de méthodes de collecte de données, dont une analyse documentaire, 13 entrevues individuelles et trois (3) groupes de discussions avec différentes parties prenantes du MYAP. Résultats. Le lieu de résidence, la culture, l’occupation, la religion, la scolarité, le statut socio-économique, le capital social et la présence d’un handicap physique ou mental sont parmis les facteurs qui ont entravé la participation des femmes les plus vulnérables aux interventions. L’étude a identifié plusieurs obstacles catégorisés en quatre (4) dimensions interconnectés qui ont compromis l’application des principes d’équité par le CRS : 1. barrières opérationnelles : manque de données sur la pauvreté, focalisation sur l’efficacité et l’efficience au préjudice de l’équité; 2. barrières organisationnelles : manque d’autonomie et manque de redevabilité du CRS à l’égard des bénéficiaires; 3. barrières communautaires : vision divergente des acteurs sur l’équité, laxisme des parties prenantes pour exiger la reddition de comptes; difficultés pour les femmes les plus vulnérables de s’organiser alors que les plus aisées dominaient l’arène; 4. barrière systémique : la corruption. Discussion. L’application des principes d’équité verticale et horizontale est nécessaire pour parvenir à une participation équitable des femmes dans les interventions d’autonomisation économique. Les implications pour les décideurs et les meilleures pratiques pour concevoir des interventions équitables incluent : le renforcement des institutions statistiques nationales pour collecter et rendre disponible des données fiables et actualisées sur la pauvreté, la participation active des cibles dans l’identification des besoins, l’équilibre entre les objectifs d’efficacité, d’efficience et d’équité dans la mise en œuvre des interventions, une modification des procédures qui lient le CRS aux donateurs, la priorisation des interventions à long terme, le développement des outils de suivis et d’évaluation pour surveiller l’équité, le renforcement du leadership des femmes et de la cohésion communautaire et finalement, la consolidation de la politique nationale de lutte contre la corruption. Conclusion. Notre recherche est la première à notre connaissance à s’intéresser aux facteurs qui influencent l’application des principes d’équité dans une intervention implantée par une ONG en Haïti. Les résultats mettent en évidence la nécessité d’une synergie d’action entre tous les acteurs pour évincer les obstacles à l’équité qui sont complexes.

A reforma sanitária, ocorrida após a constituição de 1988, criou o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), descentralizando a gestão em saúde pública no Brasil e delegando mais autonomia e responsabilidade aos municípios. Esta descentralização traz inúmeros benefícios, pois aproxima a gestão das realidades locais. Os municípios são peculiares e podem apresentar dificuldades em atingir os mesmos padrões de serviços de saúde dos demais entes federados e, eventualmente, incorrer na desigualdade em saúde. Para garantir a integralidade no atendimento, as Redes Regionais de Atenção à Saúde (RRAS) articulam o sistema de maneira a satisfazer os diferentes níveis de complexidade. Procurou-se nesta pesquisa encontrar padrões espaciais destoantes na distribuição de recursos de saúde no estado de São Paulo, de maneira a caracterizar eventuais desigualdades em saúde. Os dados foram analisados por RRAS e por aglomerados de munícipios de atributos similares. Os resultados indicam diferenças regionais nos vários aspectos pesquisados, sobretudo na cobertura por equipes de saúde da família, no acesso aos serviços de saúde e na oferta e ocupação de leitos. Estas diferenças variam conforme se dista da capital do estado e estão associadas à renda e à presença da saúde suplementar.
The health care reformulation, which started after the constitution of 1988, created the Unified Health Care System (SUS), decentralizing the management of public health care in Brazil and delegating more autonomy and responsibility to counties.This decentralization brings numerous benefits because it approaches the county management to local area realities. Counties have different features and may have difficulties achieving the same health care standards of other federative entities and possibly create health care inequalities. To ensure comprehensiveness in health care, the Regional Health Care Networks (RRAS) articulate the system in order to provide the different levels of complexity. It is aimed in this research to find dissonant spatial patterns in health care resources distribution in the state of São Paulo, in order to characterize any inequalities. The data was analyzed by the RRAS and clusters of counties of similar attributes. Results indicate regional differences in several aspects of the research, mostly in family health care teams coverage, access to health care services and availability and bed occupancy rate. These differences vary according to how distant from the state capital the county is and are associated with income and health insurance attendance.

Diante da emergência do tema da juventude nas diversas áreas do conhecimento, em especial nas pesquisas no campo da Sociologia e da Psicologia da Educação, o presente trabalho objetiva contribuir para o entendimento da relação entre os jovens em situação social e econômica desprivilegiada e as exigências e contradições presentes na sociedade de consumo. Especialmente em um momento de altos índices de desemprego nessa faixa etária e em que as mídias enfatizam a participação de uma parcela desses jovens em atividades ilícitas, não são esclarecidas as condições que esses sujeitos têm que enfrentar, as pressões do grupo e a violência das periferias das metrópoles brasileiras. Nossa pesquisa de campo com os jovens atendidos pelo Grupo de Assistência Social Bom Caminho, localizado no distrito de Raposo Tavares, periferia da zona oeste de São Paulo/SP, foi sucitada a partir dos problemas colocados por uma discussão teórica a respeito da questão do consumo e de suas repercussões possíveis entre os jovens de baixa renda. Procuramos compreender, ao longo desse estudo, as estratégias utilizadas por esse grupo de jovens para se sentirem incluídos nesses valores sociais amplos, bem como as contradições subjetivas e objetivas daí recorrentes. Dessa forma pudemos reconhecer os limites de atuação desses jovens em meio a tantas exigências colocadas por essa sociedade, assim como a ausência da atuação do poder público, principalmente em relação à educação no sentido de oferecer para os jovens outras vias de reconhecimento de sua identidade, como alternativa ao consumismo.
Facing the emergence of the theme of youth in several areas of knowledge, specially in those of Sociology and Psychology of Education, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the relation between young people in social and economic disadvantaged situation and the requirements and contradictions of our comsumption society. These contradictions become dramatic, specially in a time of high unemployment rates among young people and of media emphasis on youth participation on illegal activities - remembering that this emphasis does not clarify the conditions surrounding them, as the pressures of the group and the violence of Brazilian suburbs. Our field research with young people assisted by the Social Assistance Group \"Bom Caminho\", which is located in the district of Raposo Tavares, a suburban area on the west side of Sao Paulo city, was suscitated from the problems placed by a theoretical discussion regarding to the question of the consumption and its possible repercussion between low-income young. We looked for to understand, with this study, the strategies used for this group of young feeling enclosed in these broader social values, as well as from there the decurrent subjective and objective contradictions. Thus we recognise the limits of action of these young people in the midst of the demands imposed by our society as well as the absence of action of the public power, particularly in the area of education, which could create and give young people other ways of recognizing their identity as an alternative to consumerism.

O presente trabalho investigou o efeito de uma história de cooperação sobre a escolha de um participante em cooperar ou trabalhar individualmente, na presença e ausência de custos. Os participantes trabalharam em um computador em uma tarefa para dois participantes, sendo que o computador simulava o desempenho do segundo participante. A cada tentativa, cada participante deveria escolher entre um cartão azul e um verde e a combinação de escolhas definia ganhos iguais ou desiguais para os participantes. Em função dos ganhos, uma resposta cooperativa foi definida como o participante escolher o cartão azul, uma resposta individual foi definida como o participante escolher o cartão verde. Isso porque o uso do cartão azul possibilitava que um dos participantes ganhasse mais em relação a uma matriz de ganhos menores, mas iguais. Os participantes foram expostos a cinco fases: Fase de Equidade, Fase de Iniquidade Favorável sem Custos, Fase de Iniquidade Desfavorável sem Custos, Fase de Iniquidade Favorável com Custos e Fase de Iniquidade Desfavorável sem Custos. O computador escolheu o cartão azul em todas as rodadas e fases do estudo e a escolha do cartão verde produzia 20 pontos para o Participante e para o computador em todas as fases do estudo. Na Fase de Equidade (10 rodadas) a escolha pelo cartão azul produzia 100 pontos para o participante e para o computador. Na Fase de Iniquidade Favorável sem Custos (16 rodadas) a escolha pelo cartão azul produzia 100 pontos para o participante e 20 para o computador. Na Fase de Iniquidade Desfavorável sem Custos (16 ou 32 rodadas) a escolha pelo cartão azul produzia 20 pontos para o participante e 100 para o computador. Na Fase de Iniquidade Favorável com Custos (16 rodadas) a escolha pelo cartão azul produzia 100 pontos para o participante e 10 para o computador. Na Fase de Iniquidade Desfavorável com Custos (16 ou 32 rodadas) a escolha pelo cartão azul produzia 10 pontos para o participante e 100 para o computador. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, que diferiam quanto a ordem em que foram expostos ao custo. Nos dois grupos, a ultima fase do estudo tinha o dobro de rodadas das demais do estudo. Os resultados indicam que o efeito do custo variou entre participantes e também dependeu da ordem em que ele era introduzido: quanto mais cedo o custo foi introduzido, maior foi efeito em diminuir a escolha pelo cartão azul (cooperar). Os resultados também mostram sinais claros de aversão a iniquidade favorável e desfavorável. Alguns participantes produzem consistentemente a iniquidade desfavorável, o que desafia modelos formais de aversão a iniquidade
The present study investigated the effect of a history of cooperation on the choice of a participant in cooperating or working individually, in the presence and absence of costs. Participants worked on one computer in a two-person task, with the computer simulating the performance of the second participant. At each try, each participant should choose between a blue and a green card and the combination of choices defined equal or unequal gains for participants. Due to gains, a cooperative response was defined as the participant choosing the blue card, an individual response was defined as the participant choosing the green card. This was because the use of the blue card enabled one of the participants to earn more against an array of smaller but equal gains. Participants were exposed to five phases: Fairness Phase, Favorable Iniquity Phase without Costs, Unfavorable Iniquity Phase without Costs, Favorable Iniquity Phase with Costs and Unfavorable Iniquity Phase without Costs. The computer chose the blue card in all rounds and phases of the study and the choice of the green card produced 20 points for the Participant and the computer in all phases of the study. In the Fairness Phase (10 rounds) the choice for the blue card produced 100 points for the participant and for the computer. In the Favorable Iniquity Phase without Costs (16 rounds) the choice for the blue card produced 100 points for the participant and 20 points for the computer. In the Unfavorable Iniquity Phase without Costs (16 or 32 rounds) the choice for the blue card produced 20 points for the participant and 100 points for the computer. In Favorable Iniquity Phase with Costs (16 rounds) the choice for the blue card produced 100 points for the participant and 10 points for the computer. In the Unfavorable Iniquity Phase with Costs (16 or 32 rounds) the choice for the blue card produced 10 points for the participant and 100 points for the computer. Participants were divided into two groups, which differed in the order in which they were exposed to cost. In both groups, the last phase of the study had twice as many rounds as the rest of the study. The results indicate that the effect of cost varied between participants and also depended on the order in which it was introduced: the earlier the cost was introduced, the greater the effect was to decrease the choice by the blue card (cooperate). The results also show clear signs of aversion to favorable and unfavorable iniquity. Some participants consistently produce unfavorable iniquity, which challenges formal models of aversion to iniquity

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Studies on the development process encompass increasingly a dimension that considers, above all, the lives of individuals. In this context, health is considered a key element of development by to link the various dimensions of social organization expressing different levels of inequality and inequity through the social determinants. Thus, this research aims to analyze the elements of development that determine inequalities and social inequities in health in the city of Campina Grande-PB. Therefore, it links to a quali-quantitative approach in which the following techniques for collecting information and data will be used: a) documentary survey and data on health territories; b) spatial data in geographic information system environment; c) development and implementation of questionnaires and individual interviews. Associated with these techniques, we highlight the content analysis and discourse as procedures for working the information acquired. It was found from the distribution of health facilities, the incidence of different types of diseases, quantity of bedridden people of substance-dependent individuals and households without sanitation, the territories Adalberto Caesar II, Jeremiah II and Mutirão II are those with the highest risk of health conditions in the city. Moreover, seeking to assess the social capital as another determinant of health, we investigated the perception of the population about the inhibitors and drivers of health in the territories. Thus, it was evidenced that the population, despite combining inhibitors and health thrusters political, socioeconomic and behavioral dimensions, and emphasized aspects of prevention and health promotion, showed an impairment of their capital in health. This fact is due to both the way the inhibitors elements and drivers were highlighted and the outstanding quantitative, as the absence in the speech of respondents important elements that directly determine the health conditions in the different territorial scales, even in that was crafted this search.
Os estudos acerca do processo de desenvolvimento abarcam cada vez mais uma dimensão que considera, sobretudo, as condições de vida dos indivíduos. Nesse contexto, a saúde é considerada elemento chave do desenvolvimento por se vincular as diversas dimensões da organização social expressando diferentes níveis de desigualdade e iniquidade através de determinantes sociais. Assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os elementos do desenvolvimento que determinam as desigualdades e iniquidades sociais em saúde na cidade de Campina Grande-PB. Para tanto, vincula-se a uma abordagem qualiquantitativa na qual serão utilizadas as seguintes técnicas de coleta de informações e dados: a) levantamento documental e dados acerca dos territórios de saúde; b) espacialização de dados em ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica; c) elaboração e aplicação de questionários e entrevistas individuais. Associadas a estas técnicas, destacam-se a análise de conteúdo e de discurso como procedimentos para trabalhar as informações adquiridas. Constatou-se, a partir da distribuição dos equipamentos de saúde, da incidência de diferentes tipos de doenças, do quantitativo de pessoas acamadas, de dependentes de substâncias psicoativas e de domicílios sem esgotamento sanitário, que os territórios Adalberto César II, Jeremias II e Mutirão II são os que apresentam as maiores condições de risco para a saúde na Cidade. Além disso, buscando avaliar o capital social como mais um determinante das condições de saúde, investigou-se a percepção da população acerca dos inibidores e propulsores da saúde nos territórios. Assim, evidenciou-se que a população, apesar de associar os inibidores e propulsores da saúde as dimensões políticas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais, além de ressaltarem aspectos de prevenção e promoção a saúde, apresentaram um comprometimento do seu capital social em saúde. Este fato decorre tanto da forma com que os elementos inibidores e propulsores foram destacados e pelo quantitativo de destaque, quanto pela ausência no discurso dos entrevistados de importantes elementos que determinam diretamente as condições de saúde nas diferentes escalas territoriais, inclusive, na que foi trabalhada nesta pesquisa.

Els sistemes tributaris d'Amèrica Llatina han experimentat canvis substancials des dels anys 80. Dos trets són característics d'aquest procés: 1) una reducció significativa dels tributs a el comerç exterior com a resultat de el procés de globalització i reducció de barreres a el comerç a nivell mundial. 2) Un increment en la recaptació de tributs interns gràcies als avenços institucionals de les administracions tributàries, dels sistemes tecnològics i la recopilació de grans quantitats de dades que van permetre tancar les bretxes d'incompliment. Aquest increment de la qualitat i quantitat d'informació, així com l'obertura de les bases de microdades per part de les administracions tributàries, han possibilitat col·lateralment un renovat debat sobre la desigualtat en la part alta de la distribució i la concentració de l'ingrés dels més rics, qüestió que era impossible de retratar només amb informació d'enquestes de llars Aquesta tesi està conformada per tres assajos que aporten a la creixent literatura empírica sobre qüestions de la política tributària i de la iniquitat de l'ingrés esmentades en el paràgraf anterior. Aprofitant l'accés a una rica base de dades de l'administració tributària equatoriana, el projecte doctoral aporta en tres àrees específiques de la literatura: 1) Els efectes de les barreres comercials en els marges de guanys de les empreses. 2) Els efectes de l'control tributari en el compliment dels contribuents. 3) Com d'subrepresentades estan les dones dins el grup dels més rics en la societat i quins factors estan determinant la seva conformació.
Los sistemas tributarios de América Latina han experimentado cambios sustanciales desde los años 80. Dos rasgos son característicos de este proceso: 1) una reducción significativa de los tributos al comercio exterior como resultado del proceso de globalización y reducción de barreras al comercio a nivel mundial . 2) Un incremento en la recaudación de tributos internos gracias a los avances institucionales de las administraciones tributarias, de los sistemas tecnológicos y la recopilación de grandes cantidades de datos que permitieron cerrar las brechas de incumplimiento . Este incremento de la calidad y cantidad de información, así como la apertura de las bases de microdatos por parte de las administraciones tributarias, han posibilitado colateralmente un renovado debate sobre la desigualdad en la parte alta de la distribución y la concentración del ingreso de los más ricos, cuestión que era imposible de retratar solo con información de encuestas de hogares Esta tesis está conformada por tres ensayos que aportan a la creciente literatura empírica sobre cuestiones de la política tributaria y de la inequidad del ingreso mencionadas en el párrafo anterior. Aprovechando el acceso a una rica base de datos de la administración tributaria ecuatoriana, el proyecto doctoral aporta en tres áreas específicas de la literatura: 1) Los efectos de las barreras comerciales en los márgenes de ganancias de las empresas. 2) Los efectos del control tributario en el cumplimiento de los contribuyentes. 3) Qué tan subrepresentadas están las mujeres dentro del grupo de los más ricos en la sociedad y cuáles factores están determinando su conformación.
The tax systems of Latin America have undergone substantial changes since the 1980s. Two features are characteristic of this process: 1) a significant reduction in taxes on foreign trade as a result of the globalization process and reduction of barriers to trade at the world level. 2) An increase in the collection of internal taxes thanks to the institutional advances of the tax administrations, technological systems and the collection of large amounts of data that allowed closing the non-compliance gaps. This increase in the quality and quantity of information, as well as the opening of the microdata bases by the tax administrations, have collaterally enabled a renewed debate on inequality in the upper part of the distribution and the concentration of income of the most wealthy, an issue that was impossible to portray only with information from household surveys This thesis is made up of three essays that contribute to the growing empirical literature on issues of tax policy and income inequality mentioned in the previous paragraph. Taking advantage of access to a rich database of the Ecuadorian tax administration, the doctoral project contributes in three specific areas of the literature: 1) The effects of trade barriers on companies' profit margins. 2) The effects of tax control on taxpayer compliance. 3) How underrepresented are women within the richest group in society and what factors are determining their conformation.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Economia Aplicada

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Os cânceres de mama e colo do útero são as neoplasias mais frequentes no sexo feminino; suas taxas de incidência e mortalidade apresentam-se de formas diferentes nas regiões do país, sendo observadas elevadas taxas de neoplasia da mama nos locais desenvolvidos e de colo do útero nos menos desenvolvidos. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a associação entre desigualdade social e mortalidade por estes dois tipos de cânceres no estado de Minas Gerais e suas microrregiões de saúde, no período de 2008 a 2012. Os métodos de investigação adotados foram: revisão integrativa de literatura e um estudo ecológico. Primeiramente, por meio de descritores, realizou-se levantamento sistemático das produções científicas sobre iniquidade social e mortalidade por câncer de mama e colo do útero. Em seguida, foram extraídos em bases de dados nacionais o número de óbitos pelas duas neoplasias e informações sobre variáveis que compõem os indicadores sociais e de saúde em Minas Gerais. Os óbitos foram corrigidos levando-se em conta as causas mal definidas; posteriormente foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade específicas por idade e as taxas padronizadas por idade para MG e suas 77 microrregiões. Para o câncer de colo do útero esse método só foi adotado após a redistribuição dos óbitos classificados como neoplasia maligna do útero sem outra especificação. Resultados apontam que a mortalidade por câncer de mama ocorre principalmente entre as mulheres residentes em áreas mais desenvolvidas, já o câncer de colo do útero apresenta padrão inverso, sendo este fato também constatado nas microrregiões de saúde de Minas Gerais. Entre as neoplasias, o câncer de mama ocupou o primeiro lugar como causa de mortalidade da população feminina e as microrregiões com maiores taxas estão localizadas nas macrorregiões do Sudeste e Centro e as variáveis que explicam as taxas encontradas são: Índice de Vulnerabilidade na Saúde, taxa de fecundidade, distância percorrida para realização de mamografia e número de médicos/1000 habitantes. Já as menores taxas foram observadas no Norte e Nordeste, onde as microrregiões apresentaram alta vulnerabilidade na saúde, baixo índice de desenvolvimento humano e grau de urbanização além de elevadas taxas de mortalidade por Câncer de Colo do Útero. Este estudo demonstra que ao se avaliar as condições de saúde da população levando em conta a incidência e mortalidade por câncer de mama e colo do útero, deve-se considerar a influência dos fatores sociais e econômicos, assim será possível estabelecer políticas e ações de saúde que atendam a mulher de forma integral e que promovam a equidade a partir da estruturação de uma rede assistencial mais igualitária, regionalizada e hierarquizada.
The breast and cervical cancer are the most frequent neoplasms in women; its incidence and mortality rates are presented differently in regions of the country being observed elevated breast cancer rates in developed sites and cervix in less developed. This study aims to investigate the association between social inequality and mortality from these two types of cancers in Minas Gerais state and their health micro-regions, between 2008 and 2012. The adopted research methods were: integrative literature review and ecological study. First, through descriptors, there was a systematic survey of scientific production on social inequality and mortality from breast and cervical cancer. The number of deaths by both cancers and information about variables that compose the social and health indicators in Minas Gerais were taken in national databases. Deaths have been corrected considering the ill-defined causes; specific mortality rates were then calculated for age and standardized rates by age for MG and its 77 micro-regions. For cervical cancer this method was only adopted after the reallocation of deaths classified as malignant neoplasm of the uterus without another specification. Results indicate that mortality from breast cancer occurs mainly among women living in more developed areas, since cervical cancer presents reverse pattern, and this fact also observed in health micro-regions of Minas Gerais. Among the neoplasms, breast cancer ranked first as cause of death of the female population and micro-regions with the highest rates are located in the the Southeast and Center and the variables that explain the rates found are: Vulnerability Index in Health, Total fertility rate, distance to mammography and number of doctors / 1000 inhabitants.The lowest rates were observed in the North and Northeast, where the micro-regions showed high vulnerability in health, low human development index and degree of urbanization in addition to high mortality rates by breast cancer. This study demonstrates that when evaluating the health conditions of the population considering the incidence and mortality by breast and cervical cancer, it should be considered the influence of social and economic factors, then it is possible to establish health policies and health actions that comply with the woman full-time and promoting equity from the structuring of a more equitable, regionalized and hierarchical health care network.

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This study aimed to analyze the incidence of hepatitis B and C, according to spatial variation, in Foz do Iguaçu, between 2010 and 2015. It is an ecological, retrospective, cross-sectional study using spatial analysis techniques. Data from hepatitis B and C cases were obtained from the hepatitis clinic of Foz do Iguaçu and the population-based information from the IBGE. Spatial analysis was performed using the GeoDaTM 1.6.7 and QGIS 2.16 softwares. A positive spatial autocorrelation (I = 0.5953 and I = 0.4798; p <0.05) was found, indicating the presence of census tracts clusters in relation to the incidence rates for hepatitis B and C, respectively. A total of 525 cases of hepatitis B were reported, distributed equally among the sex and predominance of the age range of 35 to 49 years-old. Regarding the raw incidence rate, the average was 52.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and 50 High-High type census tracts were found, mainly in the eastern, northeastern and southern districts of the municipality. In relation to hepatitis C, 177 cases were reported, predominantly in men and in the age range of 50 to 64 years-old. Regarding the raw incidence rate the average was 18.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The High-High pattern was found in 35 census tracts, mainly in the East, West, Northeast and South districts. The socioeconomic indicators that were significantly and positively related to hepatitis B were: other types of housing, per capita income between 2 and more than 10 SM and undeclared income, garbage on land or with another destination, houses with 5 inhabitants, use of water from well or other sources and houses without a bathroom, indicating relation with socioeconomically more vulnerable populations. For hepatitis C, the relation with the socioeconomic pattern was different and there was a significant and positive association with: income of the person in charge of 3 to 15 SM and per capita income of 2 to 3 SM at 5 to 10 SM, water from well, other type of water and other garbage. Significant and negative association was obtained with the variables: householder with no declared income, householder income of up to ½ SM, ½ to 1 SM and 1 to 2 SM, per capita income of ½ to 1 SM and without declared income, water in a network, '3, 5, 8 and 10 residents' and collected garbage, indicating that a higher income and more diverse population is affected. For both infections, the level of literacy of the householders was not significant. Hepatitis B reached mainly the populations of census tracts with poorer socioeconomic patterns, which did not necessarily occur with hepatitis C. In conclusion, the city has high incidence rates of hepatitis B and C, its distributions presented spatial dependence determined by socioeconomic factors of the population. The research opens new possibilities for epidemiological research on viral hepatitis, allowing the reflection about the care, prevention and surveillance of viral hepatitis in the border region.
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la incidencia de las hepatitis B y C, según variación espacial, en Foz do Iguaçu, entre 2010 y 2015. Es un estudio ecológico, retrospectivo, transversal, utilizando técnicas de análisis espacial. Los datos de los casos de hepatitis B y C fueron obtenidos en el ambulatorio de hepatitis de Foz do Iguaçu y las informaciones de base poblacional junto al IBGE. El análisis espacial se realizó utilizando los programas GeoDaTM 1.6.7 y QGIS 2.16. Se encontró una autocorrelación espacial positiva (I = 0,5953 e I = 0,4798, p <0,05), indicando la presencia de agrupaciones entre los sectores censales en relación a las tasas de incidencia por hepatitis B y C, respectivamente. Se notificaron 525 casos de hepatitis B, distribuidos equitativamente en cuanto al sexo y predominio del grupo de edad de 35 a 49 años. En cuanto a la tasa de incidencia bruta, la media fue de 52,1 casos por 100.000 habitantes, y se encontraron 50 sectores censales con padrón Alto-Alto, principalmente en los distritos Este, Nordeste y Sur del municipio. En relación a la hepatitis C, 177 casos fueron notificados, con predominio en hombres y grupo de edad de 50 a 64 años. En cuanto a la tasa de incidencia bruta, la media fue de 18,7 casos por 100.000 habitantes. El patrón Alto-Alto fue encontrado en 35 sectores censales, principalmente en los distritos Este, Oeste, Nordeste y Sur. Los indicadores socioeconómicos relacionados de forma significativa y positiva con la hepatitis B fueron: otros tipos de vivienda, renta del responsable entre hasta ½ y 2 salarios mínimos (SM), ingreso per cápita entre 2 y hasta más de 10 SM y renta no declarada, basura en terrenos o con otro destino, casas con 5 residentes, utilización de agua de pozo o de otras fuentes y casas sin baño, indicando relación con la población más vulnerable socioeconómicamente. Para la hepatitis C, la relación con el patrón socioeconómico se presentó diferentemente, donde hubo asociación significante y positiva con: rentas del responsable de 3 a 15 SM y ingreso per cápita de 2 a 3 SM a 5 a 10 SM, agua de pozo, agua otros y basura otros. La asociación significante y negativa fue obtenida con las variables: casa propia, sin renta declarada, renta del responsable hasta ½ SM, ½ a 1 SM y 1 a 2 SM, ingreso per cápita de ½ a 1 SM y sin renta declarada, agua en red, "3, 5, 8 y 10 residentes" y basura recogida, indicando que una población de mayor renta y más diversificada es afectada. Para ambas infecciones, el nivel de alfabetización del responsable no fue significativo. La hepatitis B alcanzó principalmente a las poblaciones de sectores censales con un patrón socioeconómico más pobre, lo que no ocurrió necesariamente con la hepatitis C. Se concluye que el municipio presenta altas tasas de incidencia de hepatitis B y C, que sus distribuciones presentaron dependencia espacial, determinado por factores socioeconómicos de la población. La investigación abre nuevas posibilidades de investigación epidemiológica sobre las hepatitis virales, permitiendo una reflexión acerca de la atención, prevención y vigilancia de las hepatitis virales en la región fronteriza.
Este estudo visou analisar a incidência das hepatites B e C, segundo variação espacial, em Foz do Iguaçu, entre 2010 e 2015. É um estudo ecológico, retrospectivo, transversal, utilizando técnicas de análise espacial. Os dados dos casos de hepatites B e C foram obtidos no ambulatório de hepatites de Foz do Iguaçu e as informações de base populacional junto ao IBGE. A análise espacial foi realizada utilizando-se os programas GeoDaTM 1.6.7 e QGIS 2.16. Uma autocorrelação espacial positiva (I = 0,5953 e I = 0,4798; p < 0,05) foi encontrada, indicando a presença de agrupamentos entre os setores censitários em relação às taxas de incidência por hepatite B e C, respectivamente. Foram notificados 525 casos de hepatite B, distribuídos equitativamente quanto ao sexo e predominância da faixa etária de 35 a 49 anos. Quanto à taxa de incidência bruta, a média foi de 52,1 casos por 100.000 habitantes, e foram encontrados 50 setores censitários com padrão Alto-Alto, principalmente nos distritos Leste, Nordeste e Sul do município. Em relação à hepatite C, 177 casos foram notificados, com predominância em homens e faixa etária de 50 a 64 anos. Quanto à taxa de incidência bruta a média foi 18,7 casos por 100.000 habitantes. O padrão Alto-Alto foi encontrado em 35 setores censitários principalmente nos distritos Leste, Oeste, Nordeste e Sul. Os indicadores socioeconômicos relacionados de forma significativa e positiva com a hepatite B foram: outros tipos de moradia, renda do responsável entre até ½ e 2 salários mínimos (SM), renda per capita entre 2 e até mais de 10 SM e renda não declarada, lixo em terrenos ou com outra destinação, casas com 5 moradores, utilização de água de poço ou de outras fontes e casas sem banheiro, indicando relação com população mais vulneráveis socioeconomicamente. Para a hepatite C, a relação com o padrão socioeconômico apresentou-se diferentemente, onde houve associação significante e positiva com: rendas do responsável de 3 a 15 SM e renda per capita de 2 a 3 SM a 5 a 10 SM, água de poço, água outros e lixo outros. Associação significante e negativa foi obtida com as variáveis: casa própria, sem renda declarada, renda do responsável até ½ SM, ½ a 1 SM e 1 a 2 SM, renda per capita de ½ a 1 SM e sem renda declarada, água em rede, ‘3, 5, 8 e 10 moradores’ e lixo coletado, indicando que uma população de maior renda e mais diversificada é afetada. Para ambas as infecções, o nível de alfabetização do responsável não foi significativo. A hepatite B atingiu principalmente as populações de setores censitários com padrão socioeconômico mais pobre, o que não ocorreu necessariamente com a hepatite C. Conclui-se que, o município apresenta altas taxas de incidência de hepatite B e C, que suas distribuições apresentaram dependência espacial, determinado por fatores socioeconômicos da população. A pesquisa abre novas possibilidades de investigação epidemiológica sobre as hepatites virais, permitindo uma reflexão a respeito da atenção, prevenção e vigilância das hepatites virais em região de fronteira.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la façon dont le contexte social associé à l’interaction économique et les caractéristiques des individus influencent leur prise de décision économique liée à l’équité. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé différentes approches provenant à la fois des neurosciences, de la psychologie sociale et de l'économie expérimentale. Dans une première étude, nous avons examiné les corrélats électrophysiologiques associés à la prise de décision économique dans un jeu d’ultimatum simulant une situation d’exclusion et d’inclusion. Les résultats ont démontré que les participants acceptaient plus souvent les offres inéquitables des proposeurs lorsqu'ils étaient intentionnellement sélectionnés par les proposeurs que lorsqu’ils obtenaient ces mêmes offres en étant appariés aléatoirement au proposeur par un ordinateur. Les analyses électrophysiologiques ont révélé des modulations d’amplitude de la FRN, de la P200 et de la P300 associées à la prise de décision liée à l'équité dans un contexte d'inclusion/exclusion sociale. La seconde étude visait à déterminer si les participants préféraient établir des interactions économiques de nature prosociale ou stratégique lorsqu’ils avaient la possibilité de sélectionner leurs partenaires économiques (répondeurs) dans un jeu d’ultimatum simulant un marché biologique. D’après les résultats, lorsque les participants choisissaient leurs partenaires économiques, c’était préférentiellement pour établir des interactions économiques prosociales. Par ailleurs, nous avons aussi constaté que le genre des répondeurs influençait le comportement des participants en fonction de leur propre genre mais aussi de leur niveau de sexisme et de leur représentation des inégalités hommes/femmes. Dans la troisième étude, nous avons comparé l’aversion à l’iniquité avantageuse et désavantageuse chez des jeunes adultes et des seniors. Les résultats ont montré que les jeunes adultes se comportaient de manière prosociale en égalisant à la fois leurs gains et ceux des autres joueurs. A l’inverse, les seniors se comportaient de manière plus individualiste, en privilégiant les options qui maximisaient leurs propres gains, de sorte que leur comportement traduisait une aversion moindre à l’iniquité avantageuse en comparaison avec leurs homologues plus jeunes
This doctoral thesis aims at investigating how the social context and the characteristics of individuals influence their Fairness-Related Decision Making. To this end, we used different approaches from neurosciences, social psychology and experimental economics.In a first study, we examined the electrophysiological correlates associated with economic decision-making in an ultimatum game simulating a situation of exclusion and inclusion. The results showed that participants accepted unfair offers more frequently from the proposer when they were intentionally selected by the proposer than when they obtained the same offers by being randomly paired to proposer by a computer. Electrophysiological analyzes revealed amplitude modulations of the FRN, P200 and P300 associated with Fairness-Related Decision Making in a context of social inclusion/exclusion. The purpose of our second study was to determine whether participants preferred to establish economic interactions of a prosocial or strategic nature when they had the opportunity to select their economic partners (responders) in an ultimatum game simulating a biological market. The results revealed that participants had preferences for prosocial economic interactions when social information is provided to them and when they are allowed to choose their economic partners based on this information. Gender information was also found to influence the participants’ decisions depending on their gender, but also their level of sexism and their representation of gender inequalities. The third study was designed to investigate the disadvantageous and advantageous inequity aversion of young and older adults. The results showed that young adults behaved in a pro-social way by equalizing their payoffs and those of the other player. In contrast, older adults behaved in a proself way, by preferring the options that maximized their payoffs, so that their behavior reflected less aversion to advantageous inequity compared to their younger counterparts

L'espace régional en Algérie se caractérise aujourd'hui par une grande métropole développée concentrant potentialités humaines et activités diverses, et une arrière région marginalisée vivant dans l'ombre de celle-ci. Les changements politiques et économiques ont joué un rôle important dans son évolution, sa gestion et dans son organisation. La région Nord-Centre (abritant 10 wilayas), marquée par le poids écrasant de la capitale, est la plus touchée par les iniquités territoriales. Mesurer ces iniquités et identifier leurs progressions et leurs origines, nous ont amené à une analyse de la répartition de la population (1987-2008) et des conditions socio-économiques. Les résultats ont relevé un important déséquilibre démographique et des inégalités flagrantes entre les wilayas de la région. Le milieu naturel et les choix politiques ont été à l'origine du développement inégal et son renforcement. Les conditions sociales et sécuritaires ont été ainsi des éléments déterminants dans la concentration de population et plus récemment dans le ralentissement du flux migratoire. En s'intéressant à la planification dans le Nord-Centre et à travers l'analyse qualitative de son processus, nous avons mis en évidence une mise en oeuvre inexistante ainsi qu'un certain nombre de contraintes et d'obstacles dans la phase de programmation. Nous avons également constaté l'existence d'un décalage entre les pratiques de terrain et les stratégies retenues pour l'atténuation des inégalités
Regional space in Algeria today is characterised by a large, developed metropolis, concentrating human potential and various activities; and the rest, marginalized and living in the shade of the former. The political and economic changes played a significant role in its evolution, management and organization. The Northern-Central region (encompassing 10 wilayas), marked by the crushing weight of the capital, is the most touched by territorial iniquities. Measuring these iniquities and identifying their progressions and origins led us to analyse the population repartition (1987-2008) and the socio-economic conditions. The results showed an important demographic imbalance, and obvious inequalities between the wilayas of the region. The natural environment and the political choices were at the origin of the unequal development, and its reinforcement. Social conditions and security issues were thus determining factors in the concentration of the population, and more recently in the deceleration of the migration flow. Being interested in the planning of the North-Central region, and through the qualitative analysis of its process, we highlighted the non-existent implementation as well as a certain number of constraints and obstacles in the study phase. We also noted the existence of a shift between the practices on the ground and the strategies retained for the reduction of inequalities

La figura dell’arbitraggio, disciplinata dall’art. 1349 cod. civ., prevede che le parti affidino ad un terzo - detto arbitratore - il potere di determinare, in un momento successivo alla conclusione del contratto, una delle prestazioni oggetto dello stesso. Nella prima parte della tesi mi sono concentrata sull’analisi delle caratteristiche dell’arbitraggio sia nel diritto italiano sia in quello tedesco, così da evidenziare somiglianze e differenze. Nel nostro ordinamento sono previste due differenti tipologie di arbitraggio: arbitraggio secondo equità e arbitraggio secondo mero arbitrio, le quali si distinguono per le modalità ed i criteri sulla base dei quali l’arbitratore effettua la determinazione. Nel primo caso, se la statuizione del terzo dovesse risultare manifestamente contraria ad equità, potrà essere sostituita da una determinazione che il giudice adotterà tramite sentenza. Nel caso, invece, di determinazione rimessa al mero arbitrio del terzo, questa sarà impugnabile solo ove sia provata la mala fede dell’arbitratore. Anche l’ordinamento tedesco disciplina l’arbitraggio. La suddivisione in categorie di tale istituto ha origine giurisprudenziale ed è tendenzialmente fatta corrispondere ad una tripartizione, la quale contempla arbitraggio di completamento, arbitraggio modificativo (o di adeguamento), e arbitraggio di precisazione (o ricognitivo). Il rimedio proposto dal sistema tedesco nel caso in cui la determinazione dell’arbitratore risulti manifestamente iniqua è quello della non vincolatività della stessa per le parti (§ 319 BGB) e della sua sostituzione tramite una determinazione adottata, anche qui, con sentenza del giudice. Nella seconda parte della tesi ho cercato di andare oltre una ricognizione comparatistica, per elaborare talune proposte con contenuti di originalità in ordine al “grado” della (manifesta) iniquità e ai rimedi esperibili. Infatti, sulla scorta dell’analisi degli ordinamenti italiano e tedesco, sottolineando in particolare talune analogie esistenti dal punto di vista dogmatico, la mia ricerca si è concentrata su due profili. Ho tentato, da un lato, di identificare più precisamente i criteri sulla base dei quali valutare la natura dell’iniquità della determinazione del terzo e, dall’altro lato, di individuare rimedi alternativi – rispetto a quelli ex art. 1349 cod. civ. – esperibili dal contraente pregiudicato dall’iniquità . Si è trattato, qui, di approfondire il concetto di iniquità soprattutto alla luce di alcune pronunce giurisprudenziali rilevanti. In particolare ho sottolineato gli aspetti innovativi di Cass., 30.12.2004, n. 24183, nei termini in cui propone, quale criterio per valutare l’esistenza di una manifesta iniquità della determinazione arbitrale, quello della lesione ultra dimidium di cui all’art. 1448 cod. civ. in tema di rescissione. Entrambi i profili poc'anzi richiamati si sviluppano, pur lambendo ambiti differenti, sulla base dell’assimilazione dell’iniquità della determinazione arbitrale ad una delle situazioni imprevedibili e straordinarie in presenza delle quali l’art. 1467 cod. civ. concede la risoluzione del contratto per eccessiva onerosità: determinazione iniqua da intendersi, dunque, quale circostanza tale da rendere eccessivamente oneroso, per la parte svantaggiata dalla statuizione stessa, l’adempimento della prestazione. Riflettendo sull’effettiva fondatezza della tesi sostenuta dalla Suprema Corte nella sentenza citata ho ipotizzato una soluzione alternativa ad essa, che si fonda sul parallelismo fra l’iniquità nell’arbitraggio e l’eccessiva onerosità del contratto. Affermando la sostenibilità di questa ricostruzione ho quindi concluso per l’utilizzabilità dei criteri concernenti l’eccessiva onerosità della prestazione non solo per individuare i casi di manifesta iniquità della determinazione del terzo, ma anche, sul piano rimediale, per verificare se sia possibile concedere alle parti strumenti giudiziali di difesa ulteriori a quelli previsti dalla disciplina sull’arbitraggio.
The institute “arbitraggio” is regulated in article 1349 of the Italian Civil Code and provides that the parties to a contract may give to a third party the power to determine, after the conclusion of the contract, one of the obligations contained in the contents of the contract. The first part of my PhD thesis is concerned with the analysis of the characteristics of the “arbitraggio” both in Italian law and in German law with the aim of highlighting similarities and differences. Italian law provides two different types of “Arbitraggio”: arbitrium ex bona fide and arbitrium merum. These two types may be distinguished by the different rules governing the arbitrator’s determination. In the case of arbitrium ex bona fide, if it is evident that the third party determination does not comply with equitable principles it may be replaced, if requested by a contracting party, with a new one corresponding to the judge’s decision. On the contrary, in the case of arbitrium merum a contracting party can only appeal against the third party determination if it can be proved that the arbitrator has made his decision in bad faith. German law also regulates the “arbitraggio”. Its dogmatic classification has a jurisprudential genesis and corresponds to a three-stage classification: ‘additional arbitraggio’, ‘redrafting arbitraggio’ and ‘establishing arbitraggio’. Like Italian law, German law also stipulates that unfair third party determination shall be without effect and replaced by the judge’s decision (§ 319 BGB). The second part of the thesis distinguishes for a research concerning the unfairness of third party determination. This task was based on the analysis of some dogmatic similarities between Italian and German law and developed and focused on two aspects. On the one hand it attempted to find new rules for establishing the level of unfairness of the third party determination. On the other hand it dealt with the possibility of additional remedies, besides those already provided by article 1349 c.c. in favor of the contracting party that had been put at a disadvantage by the unfair third party determination. Both these aspects were developed starting from a common premise: the unfair third party determination may be treated as one of the extraordinary circumstances that, conducing to an imbalance between the contractual obligations, are considered under Italian law as a precondition for a request to withdraw from the contract (article 1467 c.c. regarding the “risoluzione del contratto per eccessiva onerosità”). On the grounds of this parallelism between "arbitraggio" and "risoluzione del contratto per eccessiva onerosità" it is possible to argue that the same criteria normally used to identify the abnormality of the circumstances that could affect the contract, may also be used to identify the unfairness of the third party determination. Furthermore this comparison has also proved helpful in reflecting on the possibility of using, in the case of unfair determination, the remedy of “risoluzione del contratto per eccessiva onerosità” in addition to the remedy provided in art. 1349 c.c.: that means, not requesting an alternative judge’s determination but withdrawing from the contract with retroactive effect.

La ricerca indaga i processi di interazioni tra fenomeni socio-economici e ambientali nei SES del Mediterraneo, l’obiettivo è definire e descrivere particolari fenomeni di paesaggio caratterizzati dalla coesistenza di degrado ambientale e marginalizzazione sociale: i paesaggi delle eco-povertà. L'eco-povertà è una condizione causata dalla difficoltà di accesso alle risorse naturali (COWARD E. W. et. al. 1999), si manifesta come mancanza di una base di beni e servizi ambientali necessari alla sopravvivenza e allo sviluppo di una società umana (AGUDELO C. et al., 2003). I paesaggi delle eco-povertà sono la manifestazione dell'interazione tra degrado ambientale e marginalità sociale. L'indagine si focalizza sul sistema Mediterraneo, "uno dei laboratori più ricchi di esperienze del mondo di oggi.” (AYMARD M., 2003) Nell'ambito della ricerca il paesaggio è inteso quale processo culturale e sistema relazionale tra processi e forme del sistema sociale e processi e forme del sistema ambientale, esso quindi può essere utilizzato come strumento rilevante di indagine delle interazioni complesse che possono dare origine al fenomeno dei paesaggi delle eco-povertà.
The present study aims to introduce a new concept for study interactions and downward spirals between human deprivation and environmental degradation. The concept of landscape of Ecopoverty is based on two hypothesis, the first is the peculiar capacity of landscape to represent a synthesis of local specific human and nature co-evolution (Norgaard R. B., 1994), the second is the concept for which human poverty and environmental conditions are frequently connected and depend on the interaction between socio-economic and environmental factors (Boyce J. K., 1994; Duraiappha A. K., 1998, Toman M. A., 1995, Reardon T., Vosti S. A., 1995; Prakash S., 1997; Barbier E. B., 2000; Kates R. W., 2000; Martinez-Alier J., 2014; Nixon R., 2011). The article offers a logical framework that evaluates the complexity of interactions between socio-economic and environmental factors, to identify shapes and processes that may determinate the conditions for the creation of a landscape of eco-poverty.

碩士
東吳大學
社會工作學系
95
This study is base on a 6 months program, 「The Community Psychiatric Rehabilitation Program Of Coping With SARS, the PROGRAM」, which was the occurrence of 2003's SARS crisis. With the view of Phenomenology, the researcher tries to find out the essence of the community psychiatric rehabilitation by the PROGRAM. There are three purposes of this study: 1. To probe into the essence of the community psychiatric rehabilitation by the PROGRAM. 2. As a phenomenal study, to present the essence of the community psychiatric rehabilitation in Taiwan. 3. How the PROGRAM reveals itself to the inhabitants, mental patients, mental patients' family, the workers of Cih-Fang sheltered workshop and the team workers of the PROGRAM? As a community psychiatric rehabilitation, the PROGRAM has its own characteristics which are: 1. It is an emergency policy of SARS. 2. It is expected to discriminate from the medical model by empowerment. 3. It is operated in the field of Cih-Fang sheltered workshop. 4. Its team workers compose of the teacher and students of Social Work. By doing explorative research, this study has collected group records, meeting records, the records of post on Yahoo Groups, supervising records, and interview records as its data collection. With what Husserl has said, “Back to the thing itself.” To probe into the essence of the community psychiatric rehabilitation. After analyzing the PROGRAM, this study reveal as follow: the researcher's conception of empowerment was broken, the relationship between empowerment and controlling is commensalisms, the PROGRAM shows the essence is normalization, the community psychiatric rehabilitation is under the influence of the medical system, and the community psychiatric rehabilitation in Taiwan is tied to the role of workers. By the way, from the PROGRAM also reveal that absenting inhabitants, mental patients has their own stages, mental patients' family are out of consideration, the workers of Cih-Fang sheltered workshop as audiences, the team workers of the PROGRAM enjoying empowerment.

碩士
國立成功大學
歷史學系碩博士班
95
Abstract “Representing the God to Guard the World(代天巡守)” and “Pacifying the People to Punish the Iniquity(弔民伐罪) ” were the two formations of war of justice in ancient China. First of all, “Representing the God to Guard the World” was the right of saga-kings from god, which was used to order the earthen world and punish the guilty; comparatively, “Pacifying the People to Punish the Iniquity.” was the right of war from the public. Because the old formation of war, “Representing the God to Guard the World”, had collapsed, the scholars in the Warring States Period advocated to constitute a new stander by moral and public opinions. A war needs different slogan and denotation for fight. Though the war conception had distinct origins, god and public, in ancient China, the two characteristic ideas could cooperate, rival, or function along. Moreover, they believed they were the justice to punish the guilty opponents. Therefore, they used the property war cry to arouse and hope the society would support them and win the war. Through the discussion of the transition of the war conception, the thesis wants to clarify two events. First of all, the history study should take heed of the failure, non-classical, and individual unit’s belief rather than the winner. Secondary, justice is a reason to arouse and continue the war in the both sides of the war. Thus what was war conception of justice in ancient China is the thesis wants to reach.

Prendre part à un jardin communautaire ou collectif (JCC) est associé entre autres à une consommation accrue de fruits et légumes (FL) dans la littérature. Avec la popularité croissante des JCC dans les pays développés, l’impact des JCC sur les iniquités de santé demeure méconnu. Cette étude analyse 1) la répartition des JCC à Montréal en fonction de certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques des voisinages et 2) l’association entre la proximité résidentielle d’un JCC et la consommation quotidienne de FL chez les adultes. Le nombre moyen de JCC dans les voisinages de Montréal a été comparé selon la densité populationnelle, la proportion de ménages locataires, la proportion d’immigrants et les proportions de personnes à faible revenu ou sans diplôme d’études secondaires. Une régression logistique multivariée a été effectuée pour évaluer l’association entre la proximité résidentielle d’un JCC (présente si jardin à ≤ 500 m de la résidence) et la consommation quotidienne de FL (suffisante étant ≥5 fois/jour). Les analyses ont été répétées avec une proximité à 300 m et à 1 000 m. Les analyses comparatives ont révélé un nombre significativement plus élevé de JCC dans les voisinages plus denses, avec plus de locataires et avec plus de personnes à faible revenu ou sans diplôme d'études secondaires. La proximité résidentielle à un JCC s’avère non associée à la fréquence de consommation de FL chez les adultes. La répartition actuelle des JCC à Montréal favorise un accès accru dans les quartiers plus défavorisés et présente un potentiel pour réduire les iniquités de santé. Dans notre étude, vivre près d’un jardin ne serait pas associé à une consommation plus importante de FL. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer d'autres dimensions de l'accès et de l’impact sur les iniquités de santé.
Taking part in community/collective gardening has been linked to greater fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption. However, little is known regarding their impact on social health inequalities. This study aims to examine 1) the distribution of community/collective gardens in Montreal and 2) the association between residential proximity to a community garden and daily FV consumption among adults. First, the mean number of gardens within a neighbourhood was compared as a function of neighbourhood-level socio-demographic indicators. Second, a multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between FV consumption and the presence of a community/collective garden. FV consumption of individuals was classified as sufficient (≥ 5 times/day) or insufficient (< 5). Presence of a community/collective garden was dichotomized as being present (≤ 500 m from residence) or absent (> 500 m). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of modifying the cut-point using 300 m and 1000 m. Comparative analyses revealed significantly more gardens in neighbourhoods with higher population densities, higher tenancy rates, and higher proportions of people living under the low-income threshold or without a high-school diploma. There was no trend according to immigrant proportions. Our regression results showed no association between residential proximity and the frequency of FV consumption among adults. The current distribution of community/collective gardens in Montreal favours increased access in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods and shows potential to reduce health inequities. Living close to a garden doesn’t seem to be associated with the FV consumption pattern. Additional studies are needed to assess other important dimensions of access and the impact on health inequities.

Problématique : L’exposition à l’adversité socioéconomique pendant les premières années de vie peut avoir des conséquences à long terme sur la santé physique et mentale de l’enfant. La fréquentation des services d’éducation préscolaire (SEP) a été proposée comme un moyen de promouvoir le développement des enfants de familles plus défavorisées permettant ainsi de contrecarrer les conséquences négatives associées aux contextes de vie adverses auxquels ils sont exposés. Les SEP sont désormais accessibles à la population et largement utilisés par les parents pour leurs enfants d’âge préscolaire. Cependant, des processus de sélection sociale font en sorte que les enfants plus défavorisés sont moins nombreux à fréquenter les SEP. De plus, bien que les SEP soient généralement des milieux de vie cognitivement et socialement stimulants, il existe des variations importantes dans la qualité de ces services. De surcroît, ces milieux sont propices à des situations pouvant susciter du stress et l’expression de comportements perturbateurs. Objectifs : L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’examiner les associations entre l’adversité socioéconomique, la fréquentation des SEP et le développement de l’enfant selon une approche des parcours de vie, en prêtant une attention particulière aux effets de sélection sociale connus pour être présents dans les SEP. Quatre articles composent cette thèse. Les deux premiers articles examinent l’effet d’un programme d’entraînement aux habiletés sociales implanté dans des SEP de quartiers défavorisés sur la fréquence des comportements perturbateurs et les indicateurs neurophysiologiques du stress vécu par les enfants. De plus, nous avons investigué si l’adversité socioéconomique de la famille modifiait la magnitude des impacts attendus du programme. Dans le troisième article, nous examinons le rôle de la fréquentation des SEP dans la relation entre l’exposition à l’adversité au début de la vie, les habiletés cognitives de l’enfant et l’expression de comportements perturbateurs à l’adolescence. Avec le quatrième article de la thèse, nous étudions l’association entre la fréquentation des SEP et le taux de diplomation de l’école secondaire, et nous examinons si cette association est magnifiée auprès des enfants issus de mères avec un plus faible niveau d’éducation. Nous réalisons également une analyse bénéfice-coût afin d’évaluer si la subvention publique des SEP est une solution économiquement rentable. Méthodes : Les données utilisées pour les deux premiers articles proviennent d’un essai randomisé en grappes où 19 SEP (n = 362 enfants) de quartiers économiquement défavorisés ont été randomisés à la condition expérimentale : recevoir un programme d’entraînement aux habiletés sociales, ou à la condition contrôle de type liste d’attente. Dans le projet « Brindami », les comportements perturbateurs ont été mesurés par le biais de questionnaires répondus par les éducatrices alors que le stress a été quantifié par la sécrétion cortisolaire diurne mesurée dans la salive. Ces mesures ont été effectuées à deux reprises, avant et après l’intervention. Afin d’étudier l’impact du programme, des analyses multiniveaux et à mesures répétées ont été utilisées. Les effets de sélection sociale ont été considérés par l’application de critères de sélection stricts en regard de la défavorisation des SEP. Les données des troisième et quatrième articles proviennent de l’Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), où 14 451 familles ont été suivis de 1991-2020. La fréquentation des SEP et l’exposition à l’adversité socioéconomique ont été mesurées par questionnaire au cours des quatre premières années de vie de l’enfant. Les habiletés cognitives de l’enfant ont été mesurées lors d’une visite en laboratoire lorsque l’enfant était âgé de huit ans. Les comportements perturbateurs de l’enfant ont été évalués par la mère à trois reprises au cours de l’adolescence à l’aide d’un questionnaire validé. Les informations sur la diplomation de l’école obligatoire ont été obtenues grâce à l’établissement d’un lien entre la base administrative du National Pupil Database du Royaume-Uni et de l’étude ALSPAC. Des analyses de médiation modérées et des analyses de régression multinomiale ont été utilisées. Les effets de sélection ont été estimés et minimisés par le biais de l’utilisation de coefficients de propension. Résultats : Dans les deux premiers articles, nous avons montré que l’implantation d’un programme d’entraînement aux habiletés sociales était associée à 1) une diminution des comportements perturbateurs, mais seulement chez les filles, et 2) à des patrons de sécrétion cortisolaire diurnes plus normatifs, et ce, particulièrement chez les enfants de familles plus économiquement défavorisés. Les résultats issus du troisième article suggèrent que, pour les enfants exposés à de l’adversité socioéconomique, la fréquentation des SEP est associée à une diminution des comportements perturbateurs à l’adolescence via l’augmentation des habiletés cognitives de ces derniers à l’enfance. Enfin, le quatrième article présente une association entre la fréquentation des SEP et la diplomation scolaire pour les enfants de mères ayant un plus faible niveau d’éducation, et suggère que les politiques publiques visant à subventionner la fréquentation des SEP pour ces enfants sont des stratégies économiquement rentables. Implications : Cette thèse souligne l’importance de la fréquentation des SEP pour les enfants exposés à de l’adversité socioéconomique. Afin que les SEP deviennent une stratégie de réduction des iniquités de santé pour un plus grand nombre d’enfants, les futures initiatives de santé publique devront chercher à minimiser les effets de sélection sociale dans l’élaboration de leur politique.
Background: Early life adversity is associated with life-long consequences on children's physical and mental health. Early childhood education and care (ECEC) attendance has been proposed as a solution to promote the development of children from vulnerable families and thus diminishing the negative consequences associated with their early exposure to adversity. ECEC is widely available to the general population and used by working parents for their preschool children. However, because of social selection processes, vulnerable children are less likely to attend ECEC than their more advantaged counterparts. In addition, although ECEC is generally a cognitively and socially stimulating environment, there are significant variations in the quality of these services. Moreover, ECEC are conducive to situations that can be a stressful and associated with the expression of disruptive behaviors. Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to examine the associations between exposure to socioeconomic adversity, ECEC attendance, and children development while using a life-course approach and paying particular attention to social selection processes into ECEC. This thesis is divided into four papers. The first two articles examine the impact of a social skills training program implemented in ECEC facilities of low-income neighborhoods on children's levels of disruptive behaviour and stress. In addition, these papers investigate the moderating role of family socioeconomic adversity on the impact of the program. The third paper examines the moderating effect of ECEC attendance on the association between exposure to early life adversity and disruptive behaviours during adolescence via children's cognitive abilities. The fourth paper investigates whether ECEC attendance is associated with higher rates of compulsory school graduation, and whether this association is stronger among children of mothers with lower levels of education. Finally, this paper provides a benefit-cost ratio analysis to assess whether subsidising ECEC is an economically viable option. Methods: The first two papers used data from the Brindami cluster randomized trial in which 19 ECEC facilities (n = 362 children) from low-income neighborhoods were randomized to the experimental condition: receiving a social skills training program, or to the waiting list control condition. Levels of disruptive behaviours and stress levels assess with salivary cortisol were measured at pre- and post-intervention. Multi-level analysis with repeated measures were used to study the impact of the program. Social selection effects were considered through the application of strict ECEC selection criteria. For the third and fourth thesis paper, data were drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) where 14,451 families were followed from 1991-2020. ECEC attendance and exposure to early life adversity were measured by questionnaires during the child's first four years of life. Children’s cognitive abilities were measured during a laboratory visit when the child was eight years old. Children’s disruptive behaviours were assessed by the mother on three occasions during adolescence using a validated questionnaire. Information on compulsory school graduation was obtained via a linkage between the United Kingdom National Pupil Database and the children from the ALSPAC study. Moderated mediation and multinomial regression analyses were used. Social selection effects were controlled through the use of propensity scores. Results: The first two papers showed that the implementation of a social skills training program was associated with 1) a decrease in disruptive behaviours, but only among girls, and 2) with more normative diurnal cortisol secretion patterns, particularly for children of economically disadvantaged families. The third paper suggests that for children exposed to early life adversity, ECEC attendance is associated with a decrease in disruptive behaviours during adolescence via an increase in children’s cognitive abilities. Finally, the fourth paper presents a significant association between ECEC attendance and school graduation for children of mothers with lower levels of education and suggests that subsidising ECEC for these children is a cost-effective measure. Implications: This thesis highlights the importance of ECEC attendance for children exposed to socioeconomic adversity. To achieve ECEC social equalizing effect, stakeholders need to consider social selection processes into ECEC in the elaboration of their policy.