Artículos de revistas: "Inherent safety analysis"

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Ee, Alvin Wei Liang, Elizaveta Kuznetsova, Tian En Jonathan Lee y Adam Tsan Sheng Ng. "Extended inherent safety index -Analysis of chemical, physical and biological inherent safety". Journal of Cleaner Production 248 (marzo de 2020): 119258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119258.

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Zuorro, Antonio, Kariana Moreno-Sader y Ángel González-Delgado. "Inherent Safety Analysis and Sustainability Evaluation of Chitosan Production from Shrimp Exoskeleton in Colombia". Water 13, n.º 4 (21 de febrero de 2021): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040553.

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Waste valorization strategies are key to achieve more sustainable production within the shrimp industry. The crustacean exoskeletons can be potentially used to obtain value-added products such as chitosan. A comprehensive analysis including both safety and sustainability aspects of chitosan production from shrimp shells is presented in this study. The inherent safety analysis and sustainability evaluation was performed using the Inherent Safety Index (ISI) methodology and the Sustainable Weighted Return on Investment Metric (SWROIM), respectively. The process was designed for a processing capacity of 57,000 t/year. The return on investment (%ROI), potential environmental impact (PEI output), exergy efficiency, and the total inherent safety index (ITI) were used as indicators to evaluate process sustainability. The total inherent safety index was estimated at 25 indicating that the process is inherently unsafe. The main process risks were given by handling of flammable substances, reactivity, and inventory subindices. The overall sustainability evaluation showed a SWROIM of 36.33% indicating that the case study showed higher weighted performance compared to the return on investment metric of 18.08%.

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González-Delgado, Ángel Darío, Janet B. García-Martínez y Andrés F. Barajas-Solano. "Inherent Safety Analysis and Sustainability Evaluation of a Vaccine Production Topology in North-East Colombia". Sustainability 14, n.º 16 (12 de agosto de 2022): 9985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169985.

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Influenza is a respiratory disease that may cause severe consequences to human health. Influenza caused between 99,000 and 200,000 deaths worldwide in 2019. Studies have reported the presence of this virus in Santander, Colombia, a region with a high humanitarian flow. An influenza vaccine production plant topology has been proposed previously. Nevertheless, the inherent safety and sustainably behavior of this topology is unknown. Process safety plays a crucial role in the evaluation of emerging technologies since it allows the identification of potential risks. Moreover, the current sustainability policies enforce the assessment of processes considering economic, social, and environmental aspects. For this reason, a safety and sustainability evaluation of a vaccine production topology is performed in this work. The inherent safety index (ISI) methodology was implemented to analyze the process. The sustainability evaluation was performed using the sustainability weighted return on investment metric (SWROIM), in which return on investment (ROI), output potential environmental impact (PEI output), total safety inherent index (ITI), and exergy efficiency were considered. The results showed that influenza vaccine production is inherently safe since the total inherent safety index was 11. The destroyed exergy was 378.69 MJ/h, the return on investment was 86%, and the SWROIM was estimated at 81%, which means slightly negative impacts on sustainability.

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Li, Xiang, Anand Zanwar, Abhishek Jayswal, Helen H. Lou y Yinlun Huang. "Incorporating Exergy Analysis and Inherent Safety Analysis for Sustainability Assessment of Biofuels". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, n.º 5 (2 de marzo de 2011): 2981–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie101660q.

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Izyanni Ahmad, Syaza, Haslenda Hashim y Mimi Haryani Hassim. "Graphical Technique for Root-Cause Analysis in Inherent Safety Assessment". Advanced Materials Research 1113 (julio de 2015): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.723.

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The aim of this research is to develop an inherent safety assessment technique for research and development stage of chemical process design through the application of logistic function. There are many current inherent safety assessment methods that are index-based. Alternative process synthesis routes to the desired product are ranked based on the total index value, which is calculated by assigning scoring numbers to process safety hazard parameters. Such approach is not sufficed to fully understand the hazards posed by each process routes as the exact cause of the hazards is unknown to the users. The technique proposed in this research will show not only the total scores and the ranks of the evaluated processes but also provide users with more detailed data on the chemical and operational properties that posed the maximum hazards to the process called the root-cause analysis. Root-cause analysis is done through graphical representation constructed from the logistic functions.

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González-Delgado, Ángel Darío, Eduardo Aguilar-Vásquez y Miguel Ramos-Olmos. "Chemical and Process Inherent Safety Analysis of Large-Scale Suspension Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Production". ChemEngineering 7, n.º 5 (24 de agosto de 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050076.

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In this work, a safety assessment was carried out for the suspension polymerization method, known for the lack of studies about its sustainable performance and long history of chemical accidents. Therefore, a safety analysis was conducted using the inherent safety methodology to assess and determine the inherent risks of the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) suspension production process using computer-aided process engineering (CAPE). The indicators were calculated using data from safety databases and the specialized literature, considering downstream stages like vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) recovery, PVC purification and PVC drying. The obtained indicators revealed that the process has a negative performance regarding inherent safety, with a total inherent safety index of 30. The chemical inherent safety index had a value of 19, with the main chemical risk of the process being presented by the vinyl chloride monomer (with a value of 11), along with the risk of the exothermic reactions. The process safety index had a value of 15, highlighting the inventory as the primary concern of the process (with a value of 5), followed by the presence of unsafe equipment such as furnaces, burners, and dryers. The safety structure index had a score of 3, categorizing the process as probably risky, with the reaction and purification stages being more susceptible to accidents. Lastly, it is recommended to reduce the size of the process inventory and to substitute out unsafe process units.

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Abdul Wahab, Nordiana, Risza Rusli y Azmi Mohd Shariff. "Evaluation of Inherent Safety Strategies Using FAHP to Reduce Human Error". Advanced Materials Research 917 (junio de 2014): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.917.332.

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Inherent safety concept has been introduced to overcome the shortcoming of traditional hazard assessments by allowing modification to be made at any stage of lifecycle of a process plant. However, most of the proposed inherent safety modifications were suitable to prevent fire, explosion and toxic hazards assessment but less attention on human and organizational factor. Therefore, this paper introduces the inherently safer analysis for human and organizational factor to be implemented during design stage or process operation. Analytic Hierarchy Process model integrated with fuzzy logic and known as FAHP was employed to rank identified inherently safer strategies. The model was applied to select inherently safer strategies to reduce collision risk of a floating production, storage and offload and the authorized vessel. The result shows that minimization of hazardous procedure when the procedure is unavoidable is the best strategy to increase human performance. It is proven that the proposed methodology is capable to select the inherently safer strategy without requiring a bunch of precise information to transfer expert judgment in human performances perspective.

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Berchtold, Florian, Lukas Arnold, Christian Knaust y Sebastian Thöns. "Uncertainty Modelling in Metamodels for Fire Risk Analysis". Safety 7, n.º 3 (23 de junio de 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7030050.

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In risk-related research of fire safety engineering, metamodels are often applied to approximate the results of complex fire and evacuation simulations. This approximation may cause epistemic uncertainties, and the inherent uncertainties of evacuation simulations may lead to aleatory uncertainties. However, neither the epistemic ‘metamodel uncertainty’ nor the aleatory ‘inherent uncertainty’ have been included in the results of the metamodels for fire safety engineering. For this reason, this paper presents a metamodel that includes metamodel uncertainty and inherent uncertainty in the results of a risk analysis. This metamodel is based on moving least squares; the metamodel uncertainty is derived from the prediction interval. The inherent uncertainty is modelled with an original approach, directly using all replications of evacuation scenarios without the assumption of a specific probability distribution. This generic metamodel was applied on a case study risk analysis of a road tunnel and showed high accuracy. It was found that metamodel uncertainty and inherent uncertainty have clear effects on the results of the risk analysis, which makes their consideration important.

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Gholamizadeh, Kamran, Esmaeil Zarei, Sohag Kabir, Abbas Mamudu, Yasaman Aala y Iraj Mohammadfam. "A Knowledge-Driven Model to Assess Inherent Safety in Process Infrastructure". Safety 9, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety9020037.

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Process safety has drawn increasing attention in recent years and has been investigated from different perspectives, such as quantitative risk analysis, consequence modeling, and regulations. However, rare attempts have been made to focus on inherent safety design assessment, despite being the most cost-effective safety tactic and its vital role in sustainable development and safe operation of process infrastructure. Accordingly, the present research proposed a knowledge-driven model to assess inherent safety in process infrastructure under uncertainty. We first developed a holistic taxonomy of contributing factors into inherent safety design considering chemical, reaction, process, equipment, human factors, and organizational concerns associated with process plants. Then, we used subject matter experts, content validity ratio (CVR), and content validity index (CVI) to validate the taxonomy and data collection tools. We then employed a fuzzy inference system and the Extent Analysis (EA) method for knowledge acquisition under uncertainty. We tested the proposed model on a steam methane-reforming plant that produces hydrogen as renewable energy. The findings revealed the most contributing factors and indicators to improve the inherent safety design in the studied plant and effectively support the decision-making process to assign proper safety countermeasures.

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González-Delgado, Angel Darío, Janet B. García-Martínez y Andrés F. Barajas-Solano. "Evaluation of Algae-Based Biodiesel Production Topologies via Inherent Safety Index (ISI)". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 6 (23 de marzo de 2021): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062854.

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Increasing energy needs have led to soaring fossil fuel consumption, which has caused several environmental problems. These environmental aspects along with the energy demand have motivated the search for new energy systems. In this context, biofuels such as biodiesel have been developing into a substitute for conventional fuels. Microalgae are considered a promising option for biodiesel production due to their high lipid content. Therefore, it is important to analyze the technical aspects of the biodiesel production system. In this work, the inherent safety analysis of three emerging topologies for biodiesel production from microalgae was performed using the inherent safety index (ISI) methodology. Selected topologies include biodiesel production via lipid extraction and transesterification, in-situ transesterification, and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The results revealed that the processes are inherently unsafe achieving total inherent safety index scores of 30, 29, and 36. The main risks in the cases were associated with the chemical safety index. Operating conditions represented no risk for topologies 1 and 2, while for topology 3 pressure and temperature were identified as critical variables. In general, topology 2 showed better performance from a safety perspective.

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González-Delgado, Angel Darío, Andrés F. Barajas-Solano y Jeffrey Leon-Pulido. "Evaluating the Sustainability and Inherent Safety of a Crude Palm Oil Production Process in North-Colombia". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 3 (25 de enero de 2021): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031046.

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The African palm is the main source of vegetable oil worldwide, representing about 29.60% of the total oil and fat production around the world. The rapid expansion of this sector has faced several concerns related to environmental and social aspects that have driven the search for sustainable alternatives. In this work, the inherent safety analysis and sustainability evaluation for the crude palm oil production process was performed using the inherent safety index (ISI) method and the sustainable weighted return on investment metric (SWROIM), respectively. The process was designed for a processing capacity of 30 t/h of palm bunches and under North-Colombian conditions. Three technical indicators were considered to evaluate the process sustainability including exergy efficiency, potential environmental impacts output (PEI output), and the total inherent safety index (ITI). The economic factor is directly considered since the SWROIM is an extension of the conventional return on investment (ROI). The resulting ITI at 11 indicated an inherently safe process, and the highest risk was observed for the process equipment safety subindex. The SWROIM reached a higher value (53%) compared to the conventional ROI (49.39%), which suggests positive impacts on sustainability. The novelty of this work lies in detecting the inherent risks and providing a decision making criteria for this project through a complete evaluation that relates economic, energy, environmental, and safety criteria.

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Shah, Nipen M., Andrew F. A. Hoadley y G. P. Rangaiah. "Inherent Safety Analysis of a Propane Precooled Gas-Phase Liquified Natural Gas Process". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, n.º 10 (20 de mayo de 2009): 4917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie8015939.

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Tian, Zhen y Zhuo Dai. "Analysis of explosion accidents with heat recirculation dryers and their inherent safety improvement". Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 45 (enero de 2017): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.12.007.

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Jonsson, Patrik y Stig-Arne Mattsson. "An inherent differentiation and system level assessment approach to inventory management". International Journal of Logistics Management 30, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2019): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-12-2017-0329.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the effects of inherent differentiation and system level performance assessment in inventory management. This is done by comparing the performance of two common safety stock methods, by considering the methods’ inherent differentiation and item group-level performance effects. Design/methodology/approach Due to the lack of analytical relationships between the two methods, the analysis is based on event-driven simulations. Data are collected from eight different case companies. Findings explain the importance of assessing safety stock performance for groups of items and not for individual items, as is common in academic studies. It explains how the methods’ inherent differentiation and planning environment characteristics affect the relative performances of the two safety stock methods. Findings The study explains the importance of assessing performance of safety stock methods on a system-level, rather than on item-level measures. It explains why the demand fill-rate method has a negative impact on the performance for groups of items, while the number-of-days method has a positive impact. The study also explains how the group-level safety stock performance is affected by five demand data characteristics. Research limitations/implications The study explains the importance of assessing performance of safety stock methods on a system-level, rather than on item-level measures. It explains why the demand fill-rate method has a negative impact on the performance for groups of items, while the number-of-days method has a positive impact. The study also explains how the group-level safety stock performance is affected by five demand data characteristics. Practical implications Understanding the necessity of system level assessment of safety stock performance, how methods inherently differentiate service levels, and how demand characteristics affect methods’ performance can guide the choice of safety stock methods in companies. Originality/value No research on the characteristics of the number-of-days safety stock method, any assessment of differentiation characteristics of and comparison with the demand fill-rate method, has been published. The variable “inherent differentiation” is also introduced and defined.

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Zaki, Su'ud. "Unprotected Loss of Flow Accident in Small Long Life Gas Cooled Fast Reactor". Applied Mechanics and Materials 751 (abril de 2015): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.751.263.

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In post Fukushima nuclear accidents inherent safety capability is necessary against some standard accidents such as unprotected loss of flow (ULOF), unprotected rod run-out transient over power (UTOP), unprotected loss of heat sink (ULOHS). Gas cooled fast reactors is one of the important candidate of 4th generation nuclear power plant and in this paper the safety analysis related to unprotected loss of flow in small long life gas cooled fast reactors has been performed. Accident analysis of unprotected loss of flow include coupled neutronic and thermal hydraulic analysis which include adiabatic model in nodal approach of time dependent multigroup diffusion equations. The thermal hydraulic model include transient model in the core, steam generator, and related systems. Natural circulation based heat removal system is important to ensure inherent safety capability during unprotected accidents. Therefore the system similar to RVACS (reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system) is investigated. As the results some simulations for small 60 MWt gas cooled fast reactors has been performed and the results show that the reactor can anticipate complete pumping failure inherently by reducing power through reactivity feedback and remove the rest of heat through natural circulations.

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PIRES, K. O., A. T. BECK, T. N. BITTENCOURT y M. M. FUTAI. "Reliability analysis of built concrete dam". Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 12, n.º 3 (junio de 2019): 551–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952019000300007.

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Abstract The conventional design of concrete gravity dams still follows the deterministic method, which does not directly quantify the effect of uncertainties on the safety of the structure. The theory of structural reliability allows the quantification of safety of these structures, from the quantification of the inherent uncertainties in resistance and loading parameters. This article illustrates application of structural reliability theory to the case study analysis of a built concrete gravity dam. Results show that reliability of the built structure is greater than that of the designed structure. The study compares reliability for design conditions, with the corresponding safety coefficients, illustrating a lack of linearity between safety coefficients and reliability. Furthermore, the study shows which are the failure modes and the design parameters with greater influence on dam safety.

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Meramo-Hurtado, Samir, Nicolas Ceballos-Arrieta, Jose Cortes-Caballero, Jeffrey Leon-Pulido, Arturo Gonzalez-Quiroga y Ángel Dario Gonzalez-Delgado. "Inherent Safety Assessment of Industrial-Scale Production of Chitosan Microbeads Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles". Biomolecules 11, n.º 4 (13 de abril de 2021): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11040568.

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In this study, the inherent safety analysis of large-scale production of chitosan microbeads modified with TiO2 nanoparticles was developed using the Inherent Safety Index (ISI) methodology. This topology was structured based on two main stages: (i) Green-based synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles based on lemongrass oil extraction and titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) hydrolysis, and (ii) Chitosan gelation and modification with nanoparticles. Stage (i) is divided into two subprocesses for accomplishing TiO2 synthesis, lemongrass oil extraction and TiO2 production. The plant was designed to produce 2033 t/year of chitosan microbeads, taking crude chitosan, lemongrass, and TTIP as the primary raw materials. The process was evaluated through the ISI methodology to identify improvement opportunity areas based on a diagnosis of process risks. This work used industrial-scale process inventory data of the analyzed production process from mass and energy balances and the process operating conditions. The ISI method comprises the Chemical Inherent Safety Index (CSI) and Process Inherent Safety Index (PSI) to assess a whole chemical process from a holistic perspective, and for this process, it reflected a global score of 28. Specifically, CSI and PSI delivered scores of 16 and 12, respectively. The analysis showed that the most significant risks are related to TTIP handling and its physical-chemical properties due to its toxicity and flammability. Insights about this process′s safety performance were obtained, indicating higher risks than those from recommended standards.

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Bochkarev, Aleksey Sergeevich, Pavel Nikolaevich Alekseev, Aleksandr Sergeyevich Korsun y Vladimir Stepanovich Kharitonov. "Modeling of natural circulation for the inherent safety analysis of sodium cooled fast reactors". Izvestiya Wysshikh Uchebnykh Zawedeniy, Yadernaya Energetika 2016, n.º 3 (octubre de 2016): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26583/npe.2016.3.13.

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Bochkarev, A. S., P. N. Alekseev, A. S. Korsun y V. S. Kharitonov. "Modeling of natural circulation for the inherent safety analysis of sodium cooled fast reactors". Nuclear Energy and Technology 2, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2016): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucet.2016.11.011.

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Qin, Yangmei, Zeyi Xiao, Shimeng Guo, Jiying Zeng, Senqing Fan y Jingyun Liu. "Inherent Safety Analysis for a Difluoro-Chloromethane (F22) Pyrolysis Process under an Unsteady State". JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 53, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2020): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.19we090.

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Srivastava, Amit, Khushboo Uniyal y Dileep Singh. "Slope Stability and Reliability Analysis of Earth Embankment Constructed for the Doubling of Railway Track". Indonesian Geotechnical Journal 3, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2024): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56144/igj.v3i1.82.

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Embankments of greater height pose threat to its stability and require geotechnical investigation and intervention. Conventionally, limit equilibrium approach is used to estimate the factor of safety of the slope to assess its stability. Over a period of time, with experience and engineering judgments, a factor of safety of 1.4 is deemed sufficient for Indian practice. In the approach, it is inherently assumed that different sources of uncertainty due to testing errors, model transformation, and inherent variability of the geo-material are taken care of with the use of single value of factor of safety. Still, a question remains, whether the suggested factor of safety is acceptable in a given environment of uncertainty or there is a need to further utilize the probabilistic approach. The present study demonstrates how combination of First Order Reliability Method (FORM), Finite Element Method (FEM) and Response Surface Method (RSM) can be useful in the probabilistic assessment of proposed construction of new earth embankment for the doubling of a railway track. It is further highlighted that conventional factor of safety approach when used in conjunction with probabilistic analysis brings rationality in decision making. Also, based on results of slope stability and reliability analysis, it is proposed to incorporate soil nailing to further improve the stability of the earth embankment.

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Su ud, Zaki. "SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED LIQUID METAL COOLED SAFETY ANALYSIS USING MULTI LEVEL COMPLEXITY MODEL". Jurnal Forum Nuklir 2, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2008): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jfn.2008.2.1.3285.

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SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED LIQUID METAL COOLED SAFETY ANALYSIS USING MULTI LEVEL COMPLEXITY MODEL Inherent safety characteristics of liquid metal cooled fast reactors is very important capital for next generation nuclear power plants. However inherent safety assessment need appropriate computer code or experiment. Here, a computer code for liquid metal cooled fast reactor accident analysis with various level of complexity has been developed. At the simplest approach, quasi-static method is adopted to get asymptotic condition during UTOP, ULOF, and UTOP-ULOF accident. Here we can get asymptotic power level, asymptotic average coolant temperature, and asymptotic fuel temperature for a certain external reactivity and natural circulation level. In the next grade, the code will simulate transient effect using point kinetic method and quasistatic approach for thermal hidraulic analysis. Here we can get time depedent power change, coolant temperature change and fuel temperature change. Finally in the rigorous analysis, coupled space dependent kinetic and transient thermal hydraulic are coupled and solved to get time depedent information of various process involved in the accident.

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Eini, Saeed, Hamidreza Shahhosseini, Navid Delgarm, Moonyong Lee y Alireza Bahadori. "Multi-objective optimization of a cascade refrigeration system: Exergetic, economic, environmental, and inherent safety analysis". Applied Thermal Engineering 107 (agosto de 2016): 804–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.013.

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Kuntoro, Iman, Surian Pinem y Tagor Malem Sembiring. "ANALYSIS OF REACTIVITY COEFFICIENT CHANGE DUE TO BURN UP IN AP1000 REACTOR CORE USING NODAL3". JURNAL TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR NUKLIR TRI DASA MEGA 19, n.º 3 (29 de octubre de 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/tdm.2017.19.3.3668.

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One of the important things in reactor safety is the value of inherent safety parameter namely reactivity coefficient. These inherent safety parameters are fuel and moderator temperature coefficients of reactivity. The objective of the study is to obtain the change of those reactivity coefficients as a function of fuel burn up during the cycle operation of AP 1000 reactor core. Fuel and moderator temperature coefficients of reactivity and in addition moderator density coefficient of reactivity were calculated using SRAC 2006 and NODAL3 computer codes. Cross section generation of all core material was done by SRAC 2006 Code. The calculation of core reactivity as a function of temperature and burn up were carried out using NODAL3 Code. The results show that all reactivity coefficients of AP 1000 reactor core are always negative during the operation cycles and the values are in a good agreement to the design. It can be concluded that the AP 1000 core has a good inherent safety of its fuelKeywords: reactivity coefficient, burn up, AP1000, NODAL3. ANALISIS PERUBAHAN KOEFISIEN REAKTIVITAS AKIBAT FRAKSI BAKAR TERAS REAKTOR AP1000 MENGGUNAKAN NODAL3. Salah satu hal yang sangat penting dalam analisis kecelakaan pada reactor daya adalah koefisien reaktivitas untuk mengontrol daya reaktor. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan koefisien reaktivitas akibat perubahan fraksi bakar pada reaktor AP1000. Koefisien reaktivitas yang akan dihitung adalah koefisien reaktivitas bahan bakar dan moderator yang sering disebut inherent factor. Selain itu juga akan dihitung koefisien konsentrasi boron dan kerapatan moderator. Semua koefisien reaktivitas ini dihitung saat terjadi perubahan fraksi bakar untuk mempertimbangkan produk fisi dan konsumsi bahan bakar. Perhitungan neutronik teras reactor disimulasi dengan menggunakan program SRAC2006 dan NODAL3. Perhitungan tampang lintang seluruh perangkat bahan bakar dan batang kendali reaktor AP1000 dilakukan dengan program SRAC2006. Perhitungan parameter neutronik sebagai fungsi temperature dan fraksi bakar dilakukan menggunakan program NODAL3. Perhitungan koefisien reaktivitas ditentukan berdasarkan perbedaan nilai reaktivitas. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa koefisien reaktivitas teras reaktor AP 1000 selalu berharga negative untuk sepanjang siklus operasinya dan mendekati harga desain. Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik adalah bahwa teras AP 10000 mempunyai keselamatan melekat yang baik.Kata kunci: koefisien reaktivitas, fraksi bakar, AP 1000, NODAL3.

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Jwaid, Mazen M., Mohammed J. Alwan, Isam Ihsan, Maher M. Jwaid, Yasir F. Muhsin, Hany A. Al-hussaniy y Mohammed K. Al iraqi. "Novel anticoagulants in the management of atrial fibrillation: A comprehensive comparative analysis". Pharmacia 71 (24 de enero de 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.555.e113097.

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Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) stands as the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, with associated risks of stroke and systemic thromboembolism. While vitamin K antagonists, specifically warfarin, have historically been the mainstay for stroke prevention in AF, they come with inherent limitations. Aim: This review seeks to offer a comprehensive analysis of the efficacy, safety, and clinical advantages of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) compared to traditional warfarin in AF management. Method: A meticulous examination of pivotal clinical trials, meta-analyses, and recent research publications was conducted. Four NOACs, namely Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, and Edoxaban, were compared against warfarin, focusing on parameters like stroke prevention, risk of bleeding, patient compliance, and drug interactions. Results: NOACs, as a collective group, demonstrated a comparable or superior efficacy profile in stroke prevention compared to warfarin. They also showcased a more predictable therapeutic range, fewer drug and food interactions, and, in certain cases, a better safety profile. The challenges associated with frequent monitoring and dose adjustments inherent to warfarin therapy were notably absent with NOACs. Conclusion: NOACs present a robust alternative to warfarin for AF management, demonstrating comparable efficacy and, in certain aspects, heightened safety and practicality. However, the choice of anticoagulant should remain individualized, taking into account patient-specific factors and clinician expertise.

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De Leo, Federica, Valerio Elia, Maria Grazia Gnoni y Fabiana Tornese. "Integrating Safety-I and Safety-II Approaches in Near Miss Management: A Critical Analysis". Sustainability 15, n.º 3 (23 de enero de 2023): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032130.

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Safety-II is a recently theorized approach, considering safety as the ability of a system to reach a positive outcome under variable conditions: analyzing “what goes right” can help to understand the dynamics of the analyzed system and improve its inherent safety level. On the contrary, a more traditional perspective, defined as Safety-I, aims at analyzing “what goes wrong”, thereby relating the safety level of a system to the number of adverse events that occurred. This study explores the potentialities of integrating these two approaches in near-miss management. Through a Safety-I approach, near-miss events are analyzed to identify the root causes generating the event chain, in order to delete them and prevent future accidents. Applying a Safety-II approach, the analysis can include elements that contributed to limiting the consequences and blocking the event chain, revealing the resilience level of the systems. This study presents a critical analysis of the two approaches and proposes a practical framework to integrate them into near-miss management systems. A test case shows the potential benefits of this integration. This work provides a tool to support the implementation of Safety-II on the operative level while suggesting a new perspective for near-miss management.

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Chang, W. P., Y. M. Kwon, H. Y. Jeong, S. D. Suk y Y. B. Lee. "INHERENT SAFETY ANALYSIS OF THE KALIMER UNDER A LOFA WITH A REDUCED PRIMARY PUMP HALVING TIME". Nuclear Engineering and Technology 43, n.º 1 (25 de febrero de 2011): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5516/net.2011.43.1.063.

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Mochizuki, M., M. Hayashi y T. Hattori. "Residual Stress Analysis by Simplified Inherent Strain at Welded Pipe Junctures in a Pressure Vessel". Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 121, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 1999): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2883714.

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We present a new and simplified method of estimating residual stress in welded structures by using inherent strain. The method makes use of elastic analysis by means of the finite element method and is used to calculate the residual stress in complicated three-dimensional structures efficiently. The inherent strain distribution in a welded joint of a small-diameter pipe penetrating a pressure vessel was assumed to be a simple distribution, and the residual stress was calculated. Inherent strain distributions were inferred from those of welded joints with simple shapes. The estimated residual stress using these inferred inherent strains agrees well with the measurements of a mock-up specimen. The proposed method is a simple way to estimate welding residual stress in three-dimensional structures of complicated shapes.

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29

Huo, Hong y Zhen Yu Xiong. "Study on the Application of Safety Assessment Model about Source of Hazardous Chemicals". Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (junio de 2010): 1925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1925.

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Safety assessment about source of hazardous chemicals is an important element in the safety production management. Its model has been introduced, moreover, a series of factors which can affect inherent hazard and real danger have been analyzed in this essay. A mathematical model can be established and put into practice. Through specific analysis of the realities of the Source of Hazardous chemical, it is easy to find that real danger has to do with many factors: Technology level, equipment level, the degree of the quality of personnel. These factors can offset and control the risk, therefore the real risk has been greatly reduced compared with the inherent risk.

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30

Moreno-Sader, Kariana Andrea, Jairo David Martínez-Consuegra y Ángel Darío González-Delgado. "Assessing the Exergetic and Inherent Safety Performance of a Shrimp-Based Biorefinery via Computer-Aided Tools". Energies 13, n.º 24 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 6688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246688.

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Although shrimp processing wastes have been studied as source of high-value products at lab-scale, no contributions are found in the literature regarding the energetic and safety performance of shrimp-based biorefineries at pilot or large-scale. This works is focused on the inherent safety assessment and exergy analysis of a pilot-scale biorefinery designed to produce shrimp meat and four by-products: chitin, chitosan, nitrogenous extract, and astaxanthin. Total irreversibilities, exergy losses, exergy of wastes and utilities were calculated for stages and the overall process using mass and energy balances of the biorefinery. The hazards associated with chemicals and process conditions were analyzed through substance properties and process data. A Numerical Descriptive Inherent Safety Technique (NuDIST) score of 557.23 suggested a moderate level of risk for the biorefinery compared to other processes, reaching chemical and process safety scores of 185.88 and 371.35, respectively. Sections (b) and (c) were identified as major hotspots from a safety point of view. The overall exergy efficiency was quantified at 25.61%, which is higher than the chitosan-from-exoskeleton linear production chain (4.58%). The highest exergy losses were found on stages as deacetylation, fresh shrimp washing and deproteinization stages. The beheading stage most contributed to irreversibilities, with 98.315%, followed by sorting, with 1.653%. These results could identify opportunities for improvement from an exergy and safety point of view by mapping less efficient and hazardous stages.

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31

González-Delgado, A. D., N. Pájaro-Gómez y R. Ortega-Toro. "Inherent safety analysis and sustainability evaluation of dual crude palm and kernel oil production in North Colombia". Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 22, n.º 3 (26 de octubre de 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/proc23121.

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32

Susilo, J., I. Husnayani, A. A. Waskita, Zuhair y S. Bakhri. "Inherent safety analysis of the UO2 fueled pebble lattice at the RDE using SRAC2006 module of PIJ". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1198, n.º 2 (abril de 2019): 022034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1198/2/022034.

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33

Muhammad, Atta, Masood Iqbal y Tayyab Mahmood. "Burn-up effect on inherent safety parameters and reactivity insertion transient analysis of Pakistan Research Reactor-1". Progress in Nuclear Energy 58 (julio de 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2012.01.003.

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34

He, Xi y Yu Jiong Gu. "Analysis on Torsional Vibration Characteristics of Turbo-Generator Units Based on Finite Element Method". Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (abril de 2014): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.22.

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The torsional vibration problems of turbo-generator shafts are increasing widespread and sever under the coupled action between the turbo-generator unit and the power grid because of the complicated power grid structure. Thus, the accurate solution of torsional vibration inherent characteristics of the shafts is of great significance to do the safety evaluation. The finite element method (FEM) with higher accuracy is adopted to calculate the torsional vibration inherent characteristics in this paper. A 1000 MW turbo-generator shaft is taken as a studying object and its torsional vibration finite element (FE) model and solving process are introduced, using ANSYS software as implementation platform of the FEM. The simulation results show that the torsional vibration characteristics calculated by FEM are accurate and reliable.

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35

Malik, Mohammed. "Critical Evaluation of Hazards Operability Versus Safety Integrity Risk Analysis Techniques". International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 7, n.º 1 (enero de 2018): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2018010103.

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Many companies follow very systematic methodology for carrying out execution of Mega projects. Project risks are identified, analyzed and proposed mitigation actions are identified and agreed upon. This activity is carried out in Project Risk Workshop. While SIL and HAZOP workshops are broadly related to the process design. HAZOP technique is a highly disciplined and systematic in nature; it attempts to identify how a process may deviate from the design intent. The emphasis in the HAZOP study is on identifying potential problems, not necessarily solving them. SIL studies is a specialized area of Instrumentation and Control systems. The requirement for the safety instrumented system (SIS) is defined by SIL Levels. It identifies and analyzes layers of protection of major process upsets and emergencies. The SIL requirement tells how reliable a safety instrumented function needs to be. SIL determination and verification are part of inherent plant design for a chemical plant. This short article discusses these key concepts one by one and addresses their correlation with one another.

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Zhao, Zheng Xu, Li Long Han y Qian Xu. "The Analysis of Multi-Rotor Attitude Simulator Based on Matlab". Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (octubre de 2014): 1350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1350.

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There exist overfrequency issues of airframe vibration, instable fight conditions, inefficient airframe survivability and undeveloped cockpit’s eject-ability insides multi-rotor aircraft flights. This paper focuses on four-rotor aircraft researches via gathering inherent rotor attitudes with the inertial motion capture device. Based-on the resulting data analyses, the relations between flight attitudes and rotor performances are clearly figured out. This research also advances multi-rotor aircraft works, such as: drawing frameworks, evaluating simulations, designing control systems, and optimizing safety and stability properties.

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37

Na, Zhao y Wang Fusheng. "The Game Analysis of Manufacturers’ Political Connections on Product Safety in Supply Chain: Evidence from China". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/695384.

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This paper studied the political connections on product safety in supply chain. In market economy, information asymmetry exists throughout the entirety of supply chains that ought to ensure product safety. Due to the existence of game relations between the government and manufacturers in the aspects of product safety and regulation, the formation of market equilibrium depends on political connections between the government and manufacturers. Based on study and analyses of a static game model and a dynamic game model, this paper reveals that governments and manufacturers must use positive political connections to achieve product protection and supervision of safety throughout the supply chain. On the other hand, negative political connections lead to losses of both governmental credibility and social profits. This study indicates that inherent mechanism of political connections exists in the supply chain; it will help to enrich the theory of supply chain.

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38

Kalman, Andras, Isabelle Caelen y Jozef Svorc. "Vitamin and Pseudovitamin Analysis with Biosensors in Food ProductsA Review". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2006): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.3.819.

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Abstract Biosensors are becoming increasingly important in the food industry for application in safety and quality control among routinely used techniques such as microbiology, chromatography, or specific enzymatic methods. Biosensors offer advantages as alternatives to conventional methods because of their inherent specificity, simplicity, and rapid response. This article presents a short review of vitamin and pseudovitamin analysis techniques using biosensor technology as applied in the food industries, with particular attention to immobilization techniques of biorecognition elements, transducers, an overview of vitamin biosensors, and some future trends.

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Arumsari, Putri, Pramuda Arya Satriya, Eri Dwi Wibawa y Annisa Dewanti Putri. "Occupational safety & health risk analysis in formwork in high-rise building projects". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1324, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2024): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012029.

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Abstract The implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Management systems remains a significant concern, particularly in the context of multi-storey building construction projects. Within the realm of these complex endeavors, the management of work-related accidents during formwork operations is of paramount importance. This research employs a rigorous methodology involving questionnaire distribution and interviews, complemented by advanced analytical tools such as the Frequency Adjusted Importance Index (FAII) and Bow Tie Analysis. The study focuses on the Indonesian Development University’s high-rise building project, systematically assessing potential hazards associated with formwork activities. Furthermore, this research evaluates the inherent risk levels and proposes comprehensive control measures to mitigate these hazards effectively. By shedding light on the intricate interplay between safety management and high-rise construction, this study contributes to the enhancement of occupational safety and health practices in the construction industry, ultimately promoting safer and more efficient work environments.

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40

Huang, Yan Xiao, Shu Ming Li y Ying Zhang. "Research on Modal Analysis of Aero-Engine Key Parts Structure Damage". Key Engineering Materials 693 (mayo de 2016): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.187.

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As the premise, exploring aero-engine structure parts damage accurately can guarantee safety of the aero-engine structure parts, which are restricted by the working condition under the high temperature, high pressure and high speed. Analyzed the structure parts modal parameters by the modal theory, and researched the facts how to influence the modal parameters based on the different damage extent of the structure parts. Then construct the different damage extent structure models on the structure junctions with the finite element analysis method. At last, constructed and verified seven models with the example of aero-engine turbine structure damage in the constant temperature. The results were shown that the characteristic parameters with the inherent frequency and the inherent frequency deviation square can explore the structure damage accurately, but have no significant influence on the structural damages. So it will be important for us to ensure reliable operation and structure damage identification timely by the proposing the structure damage parameters.

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41

Ray, Malcolm H. y Christine E. Carrigan. "Use of Risk Analysis to Minimize Adverse Consequences in Nonstandard Designs". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2521, n.º 1 (enero de 2015): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2521-12.

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Roadside safety engineers lack a quantitative method to balance the philosophies presented in AASHTO's Roadside Design Guide (RDG) with situations encountered on existing roads, especially where it is not possible to follow the guidelines in the RDG. In general, the goal of roadside design is to minimize, insofar as is practical, the chances of severe or fatal injury crashes on the roadway. Engineers are often left to use good engineering judgment to make these choices. This paper presents a risk assessment methodology and demonstrates through example problems how this methodology may be used as a more quantitative approach for measuring the inherent risk of roadside design alternatives so that engineers can identify where the greatest safety benefit can be realized. Benefit–cost methods have been used in roadside safety for more than 35 years to balance improvements in safety with implementation costs. Although the methods have been widely used, the approach has presented several challenges. This paper discusses the advantages and challenges of the use of the benefit–cost method and the proposed risk method. The two tools can be used together for better roadside designs and policy.

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42

Грановский y E. Granovskiy. "Technical Regulation of Industrial Facilities’ Safety". Safety in Technosphere 5, n.º 1 (25 de febrero de 2016): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19024.

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A comparison of approaches to industrial facilities’ safety management based on standard regulation and industrial risks management is carried out in this work. Development of technical solutions in the normative documents based on ideas of dangers inherent in object, as a matter of experience for accidents without regard to probability of these accidents realization leads to the fact that such decisions are either superfluous and don´t influence the object danger, or increase its danger. The analysis of modern approaches to statutory regulation of industrial safety and shortcomings of the existing Russian practice in this area has been presented. It has been shown that the international and national risk management standards allow pass to more effective control of safety level as to inadmissible risk absence, but not that by what decisions this level is reached.

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43

Liew, Lin-Shen, Giedre Sabaliauskaite, Nandha Kumar Kandasamy y Choong-Yew William Wong. "A Novel System-Theoretic Matrix-Based Approach to Analysing Safety and Security of Cyber-Physical Systems". Telecom 2, n.º 4 (9 de diciembre de 2021): 536–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/telecom2040030.

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Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are getting increasingly complex and interconnected. Consequently, their inherent safety risks and security risks are so intertwined that the conventional analysis approaches which address them separately may be rendered inadequate. STPA (Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis) is a top-down hazard analysis technique that has been incorporated into several recently proposed integrated Safety and Security (S&S) analysis methods. This paper presents a novel methodology that leverages not only STPA, but also custom matrices to ensure a more comprehensive S&S analysis. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a case study of particular commercial cloud-based monitoring and control system for residential energy storage systems.

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Al-Saleh, Qasim M. "Enhancing Project Management through Exploratory Factor Analysis of Safety Performance in Dubai's Construction Industry". Journal of Entrepreneurship & Project management 7, n.º 14 (7 de noviembre de 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t4220.

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The construction industry in Dubai, known for its rapid growth and towering skyscrapers, has faced significant challenges ensuring the safety of its workforce. The purpose of this study was to enhance project management practices through an exploratory factor analysis of safety performance within this sector. This research aimed to identify the underlying factors that contribute to safety outcomes and to provide a data-driven foundation for improving safety measures. Addressing the problem of frequent construction accidents and the high rate of safety incidents, this study hypothesized that a multifaceted approach to safety analysis would reveal complex interdependencies affecting worker safety. The methodology involved a comprehensive review of incident reports and safety records from various construction projects in Dubai over the past five years, coupled with surveys and interviews with industry professionals. The data underwent exploratory factor analysis to ascertain the primary variables impacting safety performance. Findings indicated that key factors affecting safety included worker training, communication efficacy, adherence to safety protocols, and the use of protective equipment. Surprisingly, statistical analysis revealed that projects with high safety investments did not always correlate with lower incident rates, suggesting the importance of qualitative factors over mere financial commitment. The study concludes that enhancing safety performance in Dubai’s construction industry requires a holistic approach that goes beyond financial investment in safety. Recommendations include implementing regular, targeted training programs, improving on-site communication channels, strict enforcement of safety protocols, and fostering a safety-centric organizational culture. In light of these conclusions, the study advocates for policy revisions at the regulatory level and a shift in the industry’s safety paradigm. The recommended strategic changes aim to not only mitigate the risks inherent in the construction industry but also to enhance the overall management of construction projects in the dynamic landscape of Dubai. Keywords. Project Management, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Safety Performance, Construction Industry, Dubai

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45

Trian, Novi, Abdul Waris, Sparisoma Viridi y Su'ud Zaki. "Preliminary Study of Safety Analysis of Pb-Bi Cooled Small Power Reactor with Natural Circulation". Advanced Materials Research 772 (septiembre de 2013): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.519.

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We report our study of the safety analysis in design of small power reactor which design based on the concept of a long-life core reactor cooled by lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). The motivation of these studies is in order to design a next generation of reactors, we need to design a type of reactor that has inherent safety. We designed the small Pb-Bi cooled reactor with MOX-Nitrate as a fuel. In order to study the safety analysis of this reactor we conducted studies of chimney length effect to coolant flow rate in natural circulation and dependency of outlet temperature with coolant flow rate. From this work we obtained the optimum height of chimney at 15 m for the lead-bismuth eutectic flow rate 3500 kg/s and also we found the dependency of outlet temperature with lead-bismuth eutectic flow rate.

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46

Jaime Miranda Junior, Denilson Sell, Lídia Neumann Potrich y Heron Jader Trierveiler. "Analysis of Critical Knowledge for Strengthening Resilience and Operational Safety". European Conference on Knowledge Management 24, n.º 1 (5 de septiembre de 2023): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/eckm.24.1.1325.

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Resilience, viewed from an engineering perspective, refers to a system's inherent ability to regulate its operation before, during, and after disruptions. Knowledge is a critical resource that enables resilient responses, as it is essential for responding, monitoring, anticipating unforeseen events, and learning from their occurrences. However, despite the importance of knowledge in promoting resilience in operational safety, there is a lack of tools in the literature that provide evidence and explanation of knowledge resources. To address this gap, this article presents the development stages of an instrument based on the Critical Decision Method to elicit critical knowledge in Operational Safety Events (OSEs). The instrument includes a set of questions that guide the identification of decision-making points and the exploration of knowledge resources mobilized at each stage, founded on situational awareness, resilience engineering, and knowledge engineering. Prospective analysis sessions and retrospective OSE analyses were conducted with teams of workers from offshore oil and gas production and exploration platforms to assess the instrument's feasibility. The instrument enabled the identification of critical knowledge in both scenarios, which served as valuable input for promoting security and resilience. The instrument also facilitated the identification of opportunities to promote organizational learning and the development of effective actions to strengthen intangible resources that influence resilient responses, thereby enabling a thorough exploration of knowledge resources in retrospective analyses or prospective sessions of accidents and severe operational safety events.

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47

Abrefah, Rex, Prince Atsu y Robert Sogbadji. "Neutronic safety analysis of proposed reactor technologies for Ghana’s nuclear power plant using the MCNP code". Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 34, n.º 3 (2019): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp190108029a.

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In pursuance of sufficient, stable and clean energy to solve the ever-looming power crisis in Ghana, the Nuclear Power Institute of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission has on the agenda to advise the government on the nuclear power to include in the country's energy mix. After consideration of several proposed nuclear reactor technologies, the Nuclear Power Institute considered a high pressure reactor or vodo-vodyanoi energetichesky reactor as the nuclear power technologies for Ghana's first nuclear power plant. As part of technology assessments, neutronic safety parameters of both reactors are investigated. The MCNP neutronic code was employed as a computational tool to analyze the reactivity temperature coefficients, moderator void coefficient, criticality and neutron behavior at various operating conditions. The high pressure reactor which is still under construction and theoretical safety analysis, showed good inherent safety features which are comparable to the already existing European pressurized reactor technology.

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Chuaiwate, Pisanu, Saravut Jaritngam, Pattamad Panedpojaman y Nirut Konkong. "Probabilistic Analysis of Slope against Uncertain Soil Parameters". Sustainability 14, n.º 21 (4 de noviembre de 2022): 14530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114530.

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The purpose of this article was to investigate the influence of uncertain soil parameters on slope stability problems using the probability method. The most important soil instability is probably the inherent spatial variability of soil properties and its influence on slope safety factors. The probability method is recognized for its validity both in practice and academic research. This method of geotechnical risk management involves uncertain parameters. In this study, randomly selected uncertain parameters were combined with traditional analysis using Bishop’s simple methodology and Monte Carlo simulation. The minimum safety factor and critical slip surface of the slope stability were analyzed by Bishop’s simple method. The influence of uncertain soil parameters was analyzed by the back analysis method with Monte Carlo simulation. The calculation was controlled by a critical slip surface, and the safety factor was equal to 1. The results of the analysis show the minimum safety factor and the significant slippery surface of slope stability with the original soil strength parameters. The new soil strength parameters were recommended by Monte Carlo simulation that was used for improving the soil strength parameters in construction. In addition, probability analysis can identify an insufficient understanding of groundwater level distribution and that the assumption of a uniform distribution increases the probability of failure. Governments can use the results of water level analysis in flood warnings and flood management projects to reduce risks to life and property.

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49

College, Polly A. y Ellen J. Bass. "Enhancing Safety in the Security and Alarm Monitoring Industry: A Case Study in the Development of Job Hazard Analyses". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2020): 1671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641406.

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Job hazard analysis is a process of identifying potential hazards for each task within an activity and enacting safety rules to eliminate or control the hazards. No studies have been published regarding their use in the security industry. Technicians working in the industry face safety challenges due to the hazards inherent in their work environments and the tasks they need to achieve. Technicians who install and service such systems for a large company in the industry were provided with a “safety bundle” of information and tools to help them avoid hazards. An observation of technicians at four locations identified a lack of adherence to this safety bundle. Subject matter experts were presented with the lack of adherence data. They also developed use cases to support identifying additional content to help technicians with a job hazard analysis approach. The content will be added to the safety bundle and evaluated.

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50

Bethke, David y Wayland Seifert. "Incorporating Comparative TDR into the Device Analysis Flow". EDFA Technical Articles 6, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2004): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2004-1.p025.

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Abstract Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is widely used to measure the electrical length of conductors. It has also proven useful for isolating failures in ICs. This article describes a variation of the method, called comparative TDR, that overcomes inherent timing limitations and simplifies use. It discusses the basic hardware requirements of the new technique and presents examples demonstrating its use on opens and shorts in ceramic flip-chip packages.

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