Tesis sobre el tema "Infections à Blastocystis – épidémiologie"
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Guilavogui, Timothé. "Parasitoses intestinales en Guinée : Epidemilologie moléculaire des Protozoaires Blastocystis et Cryptosporidium et Implication de ces microorganismes dans les modifications du microbiote intestinal". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS075.
Texto completoIntestinal parasitic infections have a major impact on public health, particularly in developing countries where these infections are endemic and remain one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in the population. Sub-Saharan African countries are the most affected, due to poor sanitation conditions and inadequate drinking water sanitation systems, combined with poverty and crowded living conditions that facilitate the transmission and spread of these parasitic infections. Yet, these infections remain largely underestimated in many African countries, such as Guinea. An initial review helped assess the situation regarding neglected tropical diseases, which are a priority for the Guinean Ministry of Health. However, this overview did not include intestinal parasitic infections, focusing instead on helminthiases. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the prevalence of these infections in Guinea. However, data on the potential impact of intestinal protozoa like Blastocystis sp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were almost non-existent. Consequently, large-scale field epidemiological surveys were conducted in the Conakry region to obtain, using molecular methods, the first prevalence rates and subtyping data for these two protozoa. A very high prevalence (78%) of Blastocystis sp. was observed in a cohort of 500 individuals, highlighting an active circulation of this parasite within the Guinean population. Additionally, subtyping of the isolates revealed a marked predominance of anthroponotic subtypes (ST1-ST4) of Blastocystis sp., indicative of extensive human-to-human transmission. In parallel, the identification of a significant number of ST14 isolates, which are adapted to cattle, suggested notable zoonotic transmission. Concerning Cryptosporidium spp., its prevalence in a group of over 800 participants was only 0.12%, with a single C. hominis isolate identified. However, this frequency aligns with those reported in other African countries when examining general populations rather than young children, who are more susceptible to this infection. In relation to the high prevalence of Blastocystis sp., the first study in Guinea was conducted on the impact of colonization by this protozoan on the intestinal microbiota. This colonization significantly impacts the bacterial gut microbiota, with a much less pronounced effect on the eukaryotic microbiota. This study thus provided new evidence of the beneficial impact of anthroponotic STs of Blastocystis sp. on the gut microbiota, as colonization by the protozoan was associated with positive effects on the diversity and bacterial composition of this ecosystem. All these epidemiological data will be available to Guinean health authorities to raise public awareness on this public health issue and implement control and prevention measures to limit the impact of intestinal parasitic infections
Cian, Amandine. "Epidémiologie, circulation, colonisation du parasite entérique unicellulaire Blastocystis sp". Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S029/document.
Texto completoDigestive protozoan infections are a major cause of morbidity, malnutrition and mortality worldwide. However, the biology of some enteric protozoa as Blastocystis is not well known and these microorganisms remain still neglected by the health authorities. Briefly, this parasite colonizes the intestinal tract of humans and various animals. Its main mode of transmission is the fecal-oral route and its prevalence can exceed 50% in developing countries. It exhibits a large genetic diversity with 17 subtypes (STs) identified to date. Recent data suggest that infection with Blastocystis is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and urticaria. As part of my thesis, epidemiological studies have been conducted in different countries (Lebanon, Senegal, France) to determine the prevalence of this parasite in the human population and identify risk factors for infection. In parallel, through a survey in French zoos, animal reservoirs of zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis have been proposed. Moreover, mechanisms involved in the colonization of the host by the parasite were studied.As part of, epidemiological, the parasite was identified in faecal samples by real-time PCR and the resulting amplicon was sequenced for subtyping. The first study conducted in Lebanon in the Tripoli area showed a prevalence of 19% in the general population but this prevalence reached 60% in a population of school children living in the same region. A prevalence of 100% was obtained in a cohort of Senegalese children. The high prevalence observed in these countries can be explained by poor hygiene conditions in connection with the faecal peril. In terms of distribution of STs, the ST3 was predominant in both countries followed by ST1 and ST2. In a multicenter study conducted in France, an overall prevalence of 18.3% was obtained with a predominance of ST3, followed by ST1, ST2 and ST4. This distribution is quite similar to that observed in most European countries. In the French study, parasite prevalence was significantly higher in summer than in winter. Other variables such as a recent trip and age have been identified as risk factors for transmission of the parasite. The contact with animals may represent another risk factor because of the zoonotic potential of the parasite. In a large epidemiological study conducted in two French zoos and including over 160 animal species, the overall prevalence of Blastocystis exceeds 30% with significant variations between animal groups. By comparing the distribution of STs between humans and different groups of animals, primates, artiodactyls (cattle and pigs) and birds represent major potential reservoirs of infection for humans.An association between infection with Blastocystis and appendicitis was demonstrated in a child in Morocco confirming the pathogenicity and invasive and inflammatory potential of the parasite. In addition, 26 other family members presented digestive symptoms suggesting waterborne outbreak of blastocystosis. The hypothesis of a relationship between Blastocystis ST and pathogenicity was suggested hence the interest of a comparative genomics study to identify virulence factors that may be present or absent for some STs. No difference was found between the ST4 genome sequenced during my thesis and the ST7 genome available in the database while these STs have different virulence in vitro. Finally, the unknown impact of colonization by Blastocystis on the composition of the human intestinal microbiota was evaluated. The compositions of the bacterial microbiota of 96 patients infected or not by Blastocystis were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and compared. A higher bacterial diversity was found in colonized patients compared to non-infected patients. These data suggest that colonization by Blastocystis would not be associated with dysbiosis generally observed in intestinal infectious diseases but rather to a healthy intestinal microbiota
El, Safadi Dima. "Epidémiologie moléculaire, facteurs de risque de transmission et pathogénicité du protiste parasite Blastocystis sp". Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S045/document.
Texto completoBlastocystis sp. is an anaerobic parasitic protozoa found in the digestive tract of humans and numerous animals. To date, it is the most common intestinal parasite found in human feces with worldwide distribution. Seventeen subtypes (ST1-ST17) have been described based on the comparison of SSU rRNA gene sequences. Blastocystis infection is associated with various gastrointestinal disorders and many studies suggest a correlation between Blastocystis STs and pathogenicity. My work was developed on three different topics. The first concerned the prevalence and the genetic biodiversity of the parasite in human populations. Epidemiological studies were conducted in France and Lebanon but also in Africa by performing the first survey of this parasite in Senegal. Subtyping of the isolates was performed by real-time PCR targeting a domain of the SSU rRNA gene followed by direct sequencing of the PCR product. In Lebanon, the prevalence of Blastocystis reached 20% in the general population and we demonstrated a correlation between ST1 infection and the presence of symptoms. In the same country, this prevalence was 60% in schoolchildren and patients presenting gastrointestinal symptoms. Strikingly, the prevalence of Blastocystis in a population of one hundred children living in a rural area reached 100% in Senegal and more than half of the infected children by the parasite presented gastrointestinal disorders. These latter studies highlighted the socioeconomic impact of blastocystosis in developing countries with poor hygiene sanitation. In France, a large-scale molecular epidemiological study was performed including patients presenting or not gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected during winter and summer in 11 hospitals spread all over the French territory. We observed a high prevalence of Blastocystis in the french population with an average of 18.2% and the predominance of ST3 followed by ST1, ST4 and ST2 as in numerous countries. We also identified seasonal variations since the average prevalence of the parasite is 13.6% in winter and 23.1% in summer. The second topic focused on the identification of the risk factors of Blastocystis transmission to humans. We searched this parasite in bovid and human stools as well as in drinking water samples consumed by bovids and breeders in a limited geographic area of North-Lebanon. 30% of human samples, 69% of water samples and 80% of bovid samples were positive for the parasite. Interestingly ST3 is predominant in human and water samples followed by ST1, ST2 and ST4. ST10 and ST14 were predominant in bovid but both STs are lacking in human and water samples. To explain the lack of ST10 and ST14 in human and water samples, we suggested a transmission of these STs occurring through direct contact between bovid and / or the absence of transmissible cystic forms of these STs. Furthermore, this parasite was searched in the stools of numerous animal groups in the zoo of La Palmyre in France. We showed that nearly 40% of the analyzed stools were positive for Blastocystis and identified new reservoirs of human infections in carnivores. The prevalence of the parasite reached 60% in primates in which the identified ST1 to ST5 are identical to those observed in humans confirming the limited host specificity of these STs. In another study, we showed that the prevalence of Blastocystis was of only 3.5% in a population of one hundred dogs in France suggesting that this pet is not a natural host of Blastocystis. Finally, to clarify the pathogenicity of this parasite, the third topic highlighted the invasive character of Blastocystis observed in a case of appendicular peritonitis in a 9-year old girl returning from Morocco. Only Blastocystis was detected in stools, appendix, peritoneal liquid and Douglas pouch of the patient. Interestingly, simultaneous gastroenteritis occurred in 26 members of the child’s family suggested an outbreak with contaminated water as probable origin
Parkar, Unaiza. "Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis infections". Thesis, Parkar, Unaiza (2016) Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis infections. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33832/.
Texto completoDubuque, Josée. "Épidémiologie des hospitalisations pour infections respiratoires". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25005/25005.pdf.
Texto completoNivoix, Yasmine. "Infections fongiques invasives : épidémiologie et optimisation thérapeutique". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA2006.
Texto completoJusot, Jean-François. "Évaluation de la prise en charge et des mesures d'hygiène dans la prévention des gastroentérites nosocomiales en pédiatrie". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10117.
Texto completoÉtienne, Manuel. "Infections urinaires : spécificités selon le terrain". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUENR02.
Texto completoBerthelot, Philippe. "Aspects épidémiologiques et physiopathologiques des infections nosocomiales sévères à bacilles à Gram négatifs non fermentants". Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STET010T.
Texto completoEloy-Gosselin, Odile. "Diagnostic et épidémiologie des infections à Candida sp. En réanimation". Paris 12, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA120018.
Texto completoThe diagnosis of deep-seated Candida infections is difficult because bloodstream cultures are often negative. The sensitivity of other diagnostic methods such as mannan (Mn) antigenemia, IgM, total anti-Candida antibodies, procalcitonin and PCR were evaluated. Mn and IgM have a specificity of 100% and detect infected patients but lack sensitivity. Mn would be more sensitive than the serum PCR, but these results warrant confirmation. Procalcitonin >0,75 ng/ml differentiate fungal and bacterial infections from viral ones. During a 2-year study of the patients of the intensive care unit of the Versailles hospital, index of colonization (IC), defined as the ratio of Candida sp. Colonized anatomical sites / tested sites, and the serological tests mentioned above were performed. Only IC had a 100% sensitivity in surgical patients. Then, we explored the epidemiology of C. Albicans among these patients using 3 polymorphic microsatellite markers and we compared the results with a study already performed at Créteil hospital. If the C. Albicans genotype's distribution had been different, that could have resulted from a nosocomial transmission or to the fact that the populations of patients were different. The patients harboured their own isolate whatever the anatomical site sampled and kept it over the study period. This confirms that there was no crossed transmission. Some genotypes were more frequent due to the fact that C. Albicans is clonal. The populations of the 2 hospitals are similar using 3 statistical tests : " genic differentiation ", " genotypic differentiation " and factorial correspondence analysis. To study the epidemiology of C. Glabrata, the second leading yeast species in intensive care units, three polymorphic microsatellite markers were characterized
Sobesky, Milko. "Epidémiologie de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 en Guyane française". Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN1B028.
Texto completoLetellier, Ann. "Épidémiologie et contrôle des infections à Salmonella spp. chez le porc". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0021/NQ57469.pdf.
Texto completoSaisonkorh, Watcharee. "Epidémiologie et physiopathologie des infections à Bartonella". Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20697.
Texto completoThe genus Bartonella now comprises more than 20 validated species worldwide. Phylogenetically the genus Bartonella is classified in the alpha subgroup of Proteobacteria, closely related to the genus Brucella, Afipia, Agrobacterium, and Rhizobium. Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are facultative intracellular bacteria. In vivo, B. Bacilliformis and B. Quintana may be observed in human red blood cells whereas B. Henselae, B. Clarridgeiae, and B. Koehlerae may be seen erythrocytes of bacteremic cats. Moreover, these bacteria had a remarkable tropism for endothelial cells, leading to angioproliferative lesions (verruga peruana for B. Bacilliformis and bacillary angiomatosis for B. Henselae and B. Quintana). Bartonellosis may affect humans and mammals and are usually transmitted by arthropods (body lice and fleas) from a human or an animal reservoir. Each Bartonella species is well adapted to a specific host from which incidental transmission may occur. The first part of our thesis is an exhaustive review of Bartonellosis that have reported and described in Asia and Australia (Article 1). The specific aims of the second part of this work were: i) to identify and to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility of B. Bovis strains isolated from animals from French Guyana, South America (Article 2); ii) to detect, identify and characterize a new Bartonella species i. E. “Candidatus Bartonella thailandensis” isolated from blood of rodents from Thailand (Article 3); iii) to identify immunodominant proteins using bidimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF useful for diagnosis of B. Henselae infections (Article 4); and iv) to sequence and study a conjugative plasmid containing encoding genes for a type IV secretion system detected in a strain of B. Rattaustraliani and showing for the first time a biological evidence of conjugation between intracellular bacteria within amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga (Article 5)
Diallo, Bassirou Labico. "Épidémie du VIH en Guinée : Prévalence, Facteurs de Risque Associés et Tendances 2001 à 2007 dans les Principaux Groupes à Haut Risque – Éléments de Classification". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28142/28142.pdf.
Texto completoObjectives: To estimate HIV prevalence, its associations with potential risk factors, and trends from 2001 to 2007, and to describe vulnerability among commercial sex-workers (CSWs) as well as among their potential clients who were truck-drivers, military army and miners from all over the country of Guinea, West Africa. Methods: 339 CSWs and 954 potential clients in 2001, 598 and 3401 respectively in 2007 were interviewed then tested for HIV over all the country. Data were analysed by multivariate log-binomial regression. Results: Among CSWs, HIV prevalence (40.7% in 2001 and 34.5% in 2007; p=0.15) was associated with illiteracy [(Prevalence Ratio noted PR)=1.41; p=0.02 in 2001 and PR=1.28; p=0.03 in 2007) and with sexually transmitted diseases [ (STDs); PR=1.89; p=0.001 in 2001]. HIV prevalence among potential clients (varying from 4.5% to 7.0% in 2001 and from 5.2% to 6.4% in 2007) was positively associated once at least, with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), alcohol consumption, declaring paying sexual partners and negatively, with reported capacity of restraining from risky sexual intercourse. Trends of indicators analysed were together not favourable for controlling epidemic with the exception of those observed among among CSWs. Conclusion: HIV prevalence was very high and strongly concentrated among CSWs and their potential clients, relatively to data obtained observed in the general population of Guinea. Sexually active networks were also observed, as well as more vulnerable sub-groups among illiterate CSWs and among potential clients who were alcohol consumers, or who declared STD symptoms. Reinforcement of prevention targeting specific sub-groups is needed.
Rabaud, Christian. "La toxoplasmose au cours de l'infection par le Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine : épidémiologie descriptive et facteurs prédictifs". Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0305_RABAUD.pdf.
Texto completoPelczar, Stephane. "Etude clinique et épidémiologiqque des patients infectés par le VIH à l'admission au centre hospitalier de Pointe-à-Pitre". Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL2M186.
Texto completoChêne, Geneviève. "Les infections urinaires nosocomiales dans un service de soins intensifs : épidémiologie,coût, prévention". Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23021.
Texto completoJacques, Jérôme. "Etude épidémiologique, virologique et physiopathologique des infections respiratoires basses par les entérovirus en pédiatrie". Reims, 2008. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000862.pdf.
Texto completoEnteroviruses (EV) (Picornaviridae) are among the most common viruses infecting human beings worldwide. These viral agents are associated with a wide range of human pathologies, including upper respiratory but also lower respiratory tract infections resulting in bronchitis, pneumonia or bronchiolitis in adults or in infants. In the first study, we assessed the potential role of the respiratory picornaviruses as causative agents of bronchiolitis in 192 infants ≤36 months of age and hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. The detection of common respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus I, II, III, and adenovirus) was performed using classical immunofluorescence antigens and cell culture detection assays in nasopharyngeal aspirates whereas the detection of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) rhinoviruses and enteroviruses was performed by molecular techniques. A potential causative virus was detected in 72. 5 % of the 192 study infants. RSV (30%), rhinovirus (21%), enterovirus (9%), influenza virus A (6%) and human metapneumovirus (4%) were the most frequent causative agents detected. Rhinoviruses or enteroviruses were detected as the only evidence of respiratory viral tract infection in 57 (30%) of 192 infants, whereas rhinovirus or enterovirus occurred in mixed viral infection detected in 25 (13%) of 192 study cases (30 vs. 13%, p<10-3). Our data suggest that respiratory picornaviruses are one of the leading etiological causes of bronchiolitis in French infants. In the second part our investigations, we analysed 252 EV-related infection cases (median age, 5. 1 years) diagnosed among 11,509 consecutive children visiting emergency departments within a 7-year period in the North of France. EV strains were isolated from nasopharyngeal samples by viral cell culture, identified by seroneutralization assay and genetically compared by partial amplification and sequencing of the VP1 gene. The respiratory syndromes (79 (31%) of 252 EV infections) appeared as the second more frequent EV induced pediatric pathologies after meningitis (111 (44%) of 252 cases) (44 vs. 31%, P<10-3), contributing to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in 43 (54%) of 79 EV respiratory infection cases. Bronchiolitis was the most frequent EV induced LRTI (34 (43%) of 79 cases, P<10-3) occurring more often in infants aged 1-12 months (P=0. 0002) with spring-fall seasonality. Viruses ECHO 11, 6 and 13 were the more frequently identified respiratory strains (24, 13 and 11%, respectively). The VP1 gene phylogenetic analysis showed the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV respiratory strains (species A or B) during the same month or annual epidemic period. Our findings indicated that respiratory tract infections accounted for appreciatively 30% of EV-induced paediatric pathologies, contributing to LRTIs in 54% of these cases. Moreover, the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV strains indicated the possibility of paediatric repeated respiratory infections within the same epidemic season. To identify the mechanisms that can regulate the development of airway mucosa inflammation during EV respiratory lower tract infection, we investigated the production of chemokines by EV-infected bronchial epithelial cells. Cultures of primary human small airway epithelial cell (SAEC) were infected by wild-type respiratory EV strains, demonstrating a replicative and productive infection by Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 strains. Exposure of SAEC to gamma interferon (INF-γ), in combination with Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 infection, induced a significant increase in RANTES production that was synergistic with respect to that obtained by EV-infection or INF-γ treatment alone. We observed that the replicative infection of the SAEC by Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 wild-type viruses induced dose and time-dependent increases in mRNA and protein secretion for RANTES, MCP-1 and IL-8. The protein secretion of these chemokines appeared to be significantly increased at 48 or 72 hours post-infection in cultures treated by low-doses of INF-γ comparatively to mock-infected cells (P<0. 001), and was correlated to the viral replication activity. SAEC-derived chemokines exhibited a strong chemotactic activity for normal human blood eosinophils. Furthermore, we observed an EV productive infection in eosinophils, which specifically released significant levels of RANTES and MCP-1, 24 hours post-infection. Therefore, the inflammatory process in EV-induced bronchiolitis appears to be triggered by the infection of epithelial cells and further amplified via mechanisms driven by INF-γ and by the secretion of eosinophil chemokines. Altogether, our findings suggest that EVs are a common cause of respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients, where they can induce the release of chemokines by bronchial epithelial cells, which may significantly contribute to the various histologic and inflammatory features of EV-induced airway disease
Defrocourt, Christophe. "L'encéphalite japonaise en 2003 : épidémiologie et nouvelles perspectives de vaccin". Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUEP008.
Texto completoPicault, Jean-Paul. "Contribution à l'étude des coronaviroses dans l'espèce Gallus gallus en France". Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11731.
Texto completoRotily, Michel. "Epidémiologie de l'infection à VIH et des hépatites virales en milieu carcéral". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30040.
Texto completoThe concomitant development of drug addictions, and health and social poverty in developed countries has contributed to the dramatic increase in imprisoned population in European countries. In this context, HIV infectionand viral hepatitis made the decision-makers and professionals facing a major public health challenge. Here is reported the experience gathered in several epidemiological studies carried out in French and European prisons. The utilisation of methodologies based upon salivary tests and risk elicitation from anonymous and self-administered questionnaires among inmates demonstrated the feasibility of a European epidemiological surveillance system in prisons, both for the prevalence of communicable diseases and related risk behaviour, together with the knowledge of routes of contamination. The statistical models performed with these data identified a set of factors related to HIV infection and viral hepatitis, and to risk behaviour as well. This work also deals with the issue of non-answers, the utilisation of complex sampling methods, and the choice and construction of statistical models in socio-behavioral epidemiology. The results of these surveys showed the persistence of risk behaviour during incarceration, and plead for targeted and innovative risk reduction policies. The cross-sectional design did not allow to quantify the risk of contamination during incarceration. Now we strongly need sizeable prospective studies. It is also urgent to implement as soon as possible epidemiological surveillance systems in prisons of developing countries where HIV and viral hepatitis are highly prevalent in the community, and life conditions in prisons are more precarious than in European prisons
Mirand, Audrey. "Infections neuro-méningées à entérovirus : du génotypage... à l'épidémiologie moléculaire". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF1MM15.
Texto completoWassia, Tona. "Epidémiologie des protozooses et des helminthoses intestinales dans un nouveau quartier de la ville de N'Gaoundere au Cameroun". Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M053.
Texto completoRuppé, Etienne. "Épidémiologie, quantification et conséquences du portage intestinal d'entérobactéries multirésistantes". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077067.
Texto completoThe recent widespread of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria, especially those producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), has jeopardized the efficacy of currently advised treatments of the infections they cause. The intestinal microbiota might play a key role in this phenomenon as being the main reservoir for enterobacteria. Still, data about intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria remain scarce for some aspects that could benefit to the patients. In the present work, we aimed to add knowledge to the different phases of the intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria (pre-colonization, colonization and post-colonization). We first focused on the pre-colonization phase and studied the determinants that lead to the intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria. We found that such bacteria had spread even in extremely remote places, and that at hospital admission, the prediction of their digestive carriage was poorly effective based on the clinical data available at that time. About colonization itself, we worked on the quantitative dimension of the carriage of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and introduced a new marker: the relative abundance i. E. The ratio between the intestinal densities of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and that of total enterobacteria. We observed the evolution of this marker after a short exposure to levofloxacin, a widely-prescribed fluoroquinolone. Furthermore about thé colonization phase, we developed a microbiological method to recover enterobacteria producing the OXA-48 carbapénémase, subsequently to its incidental detection in a patient with no obvious risk factors for carriage of such bacteria. Eventually, we studied the post-colonization phase (i) in establishing for the first time the link between the relative abundance of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and their occurrence in urinary-tract infections in women, and (ii) in observing the in vivo transfer of the KPC carbapenemase from a Greece-acquired strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae to a commensal K. Pneumoniae. In conclusion, our results highlighted the central role played by the intestinal microbiota and opened new, concrete perspectives of the management of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria
Giretti, Eric. "Infections à campylobacter chez le sujet VIH+ : épidémiologie et apport de l'électrophorèse en champ pulsé". Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P217.
Texto completoKhanafer, Nagham. "Épidémiologie des infections à Clostridium difficile chez les patients hospitalisés dans un centre hospitalo-universitaire". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10136/document.
Texto completoClostridium difficile is responsible for almost all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and for 15%-25% of cases of post-antibiotic (ATB) diarrhea. Since 2003 and the emergence of 027 strain, CDI epidemiology is changing, with evidence of rising incidence and severity. In response to the alarming situation we decided to conduct a prospective study at Eduard Herriot Hospital to explore in details this infection. Patient’s inclusion has started in February 2011 and will end in February 2014. In a meta-analysis we found that the risk profiles for antimicrobial classes as risk factors for community-acquired CDI are similar to those described for nosocomial CDI. We used the ORION statement (Outbreak Reports and Intervention Studies Of Nosocomial infection) to synthesize knowledge of interventions to reduce and to control CDI in hospitals. Then in a retrospective study, we found that male gender, rising serum C-reactive protein level, and previous exposure to fluoroquinolones were independently associated with severe CDI in ICU. Between 2011 and 2013, 430 patients were included in our prospective cohort study. Data analysis of 118 cases of CDI showed an inefficient knowledge of current recommendations of CDI treatment. The crude mortality rate within 30 days after CDI diagnosis was 19.5%, with 15 deaths (65.7% of deceased patients) related to CDI. In a multivariate cox regression model, gender, serum albumin, antidiarrheal medications, cephalosporins, peritonitis and septic shock were independently associated with mortality in CDI patients. When diarrhea was not related to C. difficile, mortality was rather associated with cancer and high WBC level
Béhanzin, Luc. "Évolution de l'épidémie du VIH en présence d'interventions ciblant le milieu prostitutionnel au Bénin : analyses de tendance et des techniques de collectes de données comportementales". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29661/29661.pdf.
Texto completoThis study carried out in Benin had three components associated with the following objectives: 1) to assess the time trends in the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (HIV/STI) and associated sexual behaviors among female sex workers (FSW) from 1993 to 2008, while preventive interventions targeting the sex work milieu were ongoing (developed by the Canadian project from 1992 to 2006 before being taken over by the national authorities) and assess the impact of change in intervention model on trends after the disengagement of the project in 2006, 2) to assess the change in HIV/STI prevalence and associated behaviors in the general population of Cotonou between 1998 and 2008, 3) to compare the method of individual face-to-face interviews (FTFI) to that of polling booth surveys (PBS). From 1993 to 2008, there was a significant decrease in HIV/STI prevalence among FSW and this decrease was very strong in Cotonou for HIV (53.3% to 30.4%, adjusted-p=0.0001) and gonorrhea (43.2 % to 6.4%, adjusted-p < 0.0001). On the other hand, from 2005 to 2008, there was a significant increase in gonorrhea prevalence (prevalence ratio: PR=1.76, 95% confidence interval: [1.17-2.65]) after disengagement of the Canadian project in 2006. In Cotonou, where the targeted interventions were reinforced between 2001 and 2006, HIV prevalence significantly decreased by 83% between 1998 and 2008 (3.0 to 0.5 %, adjusted-p=0.002) among young men of the general population aged 15-29 years. More HIV-related risky sexual behaviors were reported through PBS than through FTFI, thus suggesting that the former reduces social desirability biases. The study shows that in countries where the HIV epidemic is still concentrated among FSW as in Benin, preventive interventions targeting the sex work milieu remain the most effective intervention for a reliable control of the epidemic. Within this context where accurate data on sexual behaviors are of central importance for the design of effective preventive interventions as well as the assessment of their impact, PBS should be integrated into behavioral surveys.
Scieux, Catherine. "Marqueurs épidémiologiques moléculaires de Chlamydia trachomatis". Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA114826.
Texto completoMoyen, Nanikaly. "Epidémiologie des infections par les filovirus et arbovirus en République du Congo". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5069.
Texto completoThe Republic of Congo (RC) where our work took place is a Central African country, sharing borders with the Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Gabon, Cameroon, and Angola (Cabinda). In these countries the circulation of arboviruses is documented. In RC, there was little or no documentation on arboviruses prior to our work. We conducted studies of arbovirus seroprevalence in Congolese blood donors for different virus families. We also studied the epidemic caused by the chikungunya virus that prevailed in RC in 2011.Our work have highlighted the high rate of seroprevalence for incriminated major pathogens: 47.2% for Dengue, 27.8% for Yellow Fever, 24.4% for West Nile, 38.8% for Chikungunya and 7.9% for Rift Valley fever. These high seroprevalence rates indicate that these viruses actively circulate in Congo, although no epidemic has yet been reported for some viruses. We have also isolated and genetically characterized a strain named "Brazza_MRS1", belonging to the East Central and Southern African lineage, after the chikungunya epidemic in 2011. The RC has experienced several outbreaks caused by the Ebola virus. We have performed a filovirus seroprevalence study to attempt to better characterize the circulation of filoviruses in asymptomatic Congolese blood donors. The observed rate of seroprevalence of anti Ebola IgG was 2.5% overall (1.6% in Brazzaville, 4% in Pointe-Noire and 4% in rural areas). Identified epidemiological risk factors were the exposure to bats (p <0.001) and birds (p = 0.04). The seroprevalence rate of Marburg virus IgG was low (0.5%)
Monnet, Dominique. "Épidémiologie, identification et surveillance de la résistance aux antibiotiques des bactéries appartenant au genre Klebsiella". Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T002.
Texto completoLasky, Mariama. "Etude des caractéristiques moléculaires et virologiques de l'infection à VIH-1 survenue outre-mer". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20234.
Texto completoBotuna, Eleko Éric. "Prévalence de l'infection à hélicobacter pylori en milieu rural québécois". Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21368/21368.pdf.
Texto completoMéry, Dominique. "Stratégie dans la lutte contre l'infection nosocomiale : microbiologie de l'environnement et suivi informatique de l'épidémiologie infectieuse , création du logiciel hygie". Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P501.
Texto completoMichel, Virginie. "Épidémiologie de la leptospirose zoonose : étude comparée du rôle de différentes espèces de la faune sauvage et de leur environnement". Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T055.
Texto completoBonis, Joe͏̈lle. "Mise au point et comparaison de tests sérologiques de discrimination des infections par les virus HTLV-I et HTLV-II : application à la sérotypie HTLV en Afrique". Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO0184.
Texto completoKles, Virginie. "Contribution à l'étude des arboviroses sur l'Ile de la Réunion : enquête séro-épidémiologique". Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2027.
Texto completoAmazian, Kamelia. "Risques infectieux nosocomiaux dans la région méditerranéenne : surveillance et évaluation dans le cadre du réseau NosoMed". Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10283.
Texto completoRisi, Christian. "Surveillance des infections nosocomiales au C. H. R. De Bordeaux : résultats d'une enquête de prévalence (1989)". Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23076.
Texto completoDenis, Blandine. "Epidemiology of fungal infections in HIV infected individuals in France : P jirovecii pneumonia and invasive aspergillosis in FHDH ANRS CO4". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066109/document.
Texto completoThe advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in 1996 resulted in a dramatic fall in the incidence of AIDS-defining illness (ADI), including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Nevertheless, PCP was the second most frequent ADI in France in 2001-2003 and fungal infections remain a major threat for HIV-infected individuals worldwide. Epidemiological data on fungal infections in the late cART period in resource-rich settings are scarce. The purpose of our work was to study changes in the epidemiology of fungal infections among HIV-infected individuals in France in the late cART period, focusing on PCP and invasive aspergillosis (IA) in the French Hospital Database on HIV ANRS CO4 (FHDH). In the FHDH, during the 2004-2011 period, half of the 1259 PCP cases occurred among HIV-infected individuals who had waning adherence to care, and for those who had a prior ADI before PCP the 3-year mortality rate was 25%. For the second study on IA, a review committee validated IA cases among all the cases that included a diagnostic code for aspergillosis (ICD-9 or ICD-10) in the FHDH over a 20-year period. Our study demonstrated that only half of validated IA cases among HIV-infected individuals met EORTC criteria. The 3-months survival rate after IA diagnosis improved after the advent of cART and a protective role of voriconazole was observed in the period after 2001
Fondrevez, Marc. "Yersinia enterocolitica chez le porc : détection, caractérisation et prévalence". Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S017.
Texto completoYersinia enterocolitica is the third pathogen responsible of zoonosis in Europe. Pig is considered as the principal reservoir of pathogenic Y. Enterocolitica for humans. The goal of this study was to develop methods for detection and genetic characterization. The detection method using enrichment in ITC broth followed by streaking on CIN then on YeCM proved its performance to detect the bacteria compared to the actual norm. This method reduces the number of biochemical tests necessary to confirm this species Y. Enterocolitica. A chromogenic medium YECA was tested to detect specifically the pathogenic biotypes. A real-time PCR targeting DNAr 16S was developed to identify specifically Y. Enterocolitica. Genotyping by RFLP-PFGE of isolates from slaughtered pigs and the detection of virulence genes by real-time PCR were realized. Isolates are closely related and a majority carried all the genes of virulence. Then, a one-year study of prevalence was realized on 3120 pigs from 96 batches in 16 slaughterhouses. 13. 7% of pigs and 74. 3% of batches were positive. The most prevalent biotype was biotype 4 (92. 5% of the isolates). A season effect was observed; individual prevalence was higher during warm months. This study shows the importance of Yersinia. Enterocolitica in the French pig production
Voirin, Nicolas. "Analyse et modélisation de la transmission de la grippe nosocomiale". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10151.
Texto completoThe consequences of outbreaks of nosocomial influenza (NI) for patients in terms of morbidity and mortality are an issue of concerned. However, clinical presentation of cases, frequency of infection, risk of infection among patients, transmission and the most adapted control measures remain poorly understood. An original analysis of the literature allowed synthesizing the knowledge on NI. Then on the basis of a prospective study conducted during 3 influenza seasons from 2004 to 2007, we report a description of clinical cases of NI observed at the Edouard Herriot hospital in Lyon. Then, we developed a statistical model to analyze the risk of NI among patients and we apply this model on data from over 21,500 patients. Factors influencing the transmission were studied by simulating the spread of influenza virus in a hospital unit using a mathematical model. We show that identifying cases of influenza in the hospital without a systematic virological screening is difficult. The risk for the patient to present influenza like illness was 2 times higher in hospital than in the community. Furthermore, the risk was 5 to 35 times higher when a patient was exposed to other contagious patients or health care workers during his hospitalization. Transmission from patient to patient seemed to be a major route of transmission. The approach used in this work could be adapted and the statistical tools could be extended to study of the dynamics and control of nosocomial infections
Arnavielhe, Sylvie. "Etude génétique et épidémiologique de souches de Candida Albicansisolées chez les patients non neutropéniques : [Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]". Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON13523.
Texto completoCorbière, Fabien. "Modèles de mélange en analyse de survie en présence de donnée groupées : application à la tremblante du mouton". Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21465.
Texto completoAlthough they are of major interest in the understanding of the classical scrapie dynamic in infested flocks, the factors influencing the contamination by the infectious agent and incubation period remain poorly known. The absence of antemortem diagnostic tools and the confounding effects of long incubation periods and flock management practices yield a partial knowledge of the infectious status of animals. Moreover, we must take into account that only an unknown fraction of animals become infected, even in heavily affected flocks. To deal with issues, we use a class of particular survival models, which take account for the presence of long term survivors. We propose a penalized likelihood, allowing for the estimation of a smooth risk function. We also develop some parametric models with shared frailties to deal with the presence of grouped data. These different models are evaluated through simulations studies. These statistical approaches are then applied to the analysis of real data collected during the following-up of infected flocks in Pyrénées Atlantiques. The key influence of the PRP genotype on the contamination risk and incubation periods is confirmed. Our results also suggest that, at the individual level, the infection mainly takes place around birth. Finally, the strong heterogeneity in the contamination risk and incubation periods observed between flocks could be partially explained by their PRP genetic structure and the number of incubating animals
Roumanes, David. "Caractérisation des fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes T γδVδ2- impliqués dans la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre le cytomégalovirus : rôle de NKG2D, KIR2DS2 et de l'interaction avec les cellules dendritiques". Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21473.
Texto completoIn healthy individuals, γdelta T lymphocytes represent 0,5 to 10 % of total T lymphocytes. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that this percentage can be increased in renal transplant recipients who have developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Moreover, V delta2neg γdelta T cell clones isolated from these recipients show a strong reactivity in vitro against CMV infected fibroblasts. In this work, we have focused our attention on the mechanisms of V delta2neg γdelta T lymphocyte activation. Two molecules are involved in this activation : NKG2D and KIR2DS2. We observed that KIR2DS2 was able to increase the TCR signal involved in IFN-γ and TNF-α production. Although the engagement of the NKG2D molecule did not induce cytokine secretion, this molecule could act as a stimulatory molecule per se, or as a co-stimulatory molecule on V delta2neg γdelta T cell clones or lines cytotoxicity. In the second part, we analyzed the interaction between Vdelta2neg γdelta T cells and CMV-infected dendritic cells (DC). Our results show that, even when the percentage of CMV-infected DC was low, TNF-α and INF-γ production by Vdelta2neg γdelta T cell clones was enhanced when they were co-cultured with DC previously incubated with CMV. Moreover, our results suggest that when the infection occurs, the DC will be protected from the Vdelta2neg γdelta T cell clone cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results increase our knowledge on the activation mechanisms of Vdelta2neg γdelta T lymphocytes by opening new approaches for the therapeutic use of these cells
Boyd, Anders. "Clinical epidemiology of multi-viral hepatitis infection among HIV-HBV infected patients". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066618.
Texto completoCheenne, Laurence. "Microsporidioses humaines : revue des espèces incriminées et évaluation de deux techniques de diagnostic de l'atteinte intestinale". Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P003.
Texto completoValour, Florent. "Infections ostéo-articulaires à Staphylococcus aureus et Staphylococcus epidermidis : épidémiologie moléculaire et corrélation entre expression clinique et interactions hôte – bactérie". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10287/document.
Texto completoPas de résumé en anglais
Mbiaga, Cyrille. "Contributions méthodologiques à une analyse de la dynamique socio-spatiale des infections à VIH en Afrique centrale : régions de Batouri (Cameroun), Berberati (Centrafrique)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30088.
Texto completoCombes, Jean-Damien. "Epidémiologie des infections à papillomavirus humains et cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures : enjeux et perspectives de prévention". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10367.
Texto completoAt least one out of six cancers worldwide is caused by infectious agents, of which human papillomaviruses (HPV) are responsible for around 600 000 cancer cases each year. HPV are recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer, and the cause of a fraction of cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, penis, but also the oropharynx. Recent epidemiological data report an alarming increase in the incidence of HPV-induced oropharyngeal cancers in some devel- oped countries, as in North America and North Europe. In cervical cancer, extended knowledge of the natural history of HPV infection and associat- ed lesions has led to the implementation of cervical pap smear screening resulting in a sub- stantial decrease in cervical cancer incidence. Conversely, in HPV-induced head and neck cancers, very few data on the natural history of the disease are available. Today, the mode of transmission of HPV infection and the steps in cancerisation of head and neck tissues are still poorly understood. Although vaccination against HPV should impact the incidence of HPV- induced cancers other than in the cervix, vaccine coverage is insufficient in many countries to generate herd immunity, and to date no other method for prevention of HPV-induced head and neck cancers is available. The main objectives of this work are: (i) to better define the oncogenic potential of the differ- ent HPV types [Articles I, II and III]; (ii) to improve the knowledge of the role of HPV in can- cers of the head and neck [Articles IV and V]; and (iii) to understand the natural history of HPV infection and associated lesions in the oropharynx [Projects I and II]
Giang, Le Truong. "Evaluation de la politique de lutte contre le sida à Hochiminh ville, 1994-1998". Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN19920.
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