Tesis: "Industrial toxicology"

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Vianna, Gérson de Pinho. "Aspectos gerais da neurotoxicidade associada com a exposição a substâncias químicas na indústria do petróleo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-22012018-124141/.

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A indústria do petróleo possui extensa variedade de riscos ocupacionais em virtude da diversidade de atividades necessárias, seja na extração em águas profundas ou em outros locais isolados como em florestas e desertos, seja no processo de refino cada vez mais assemelhado à petroquímica. Para tanto, os trabalhadores desta indústria possui praticamente todos os riscos ocupacionais, ou seja, físico, químico, biológico. A base energética da sociedade atual é o petróleo não havendo fonte de energia alternativa economicamente viável para a sustentação da economia e indústria nos dias atuais, portanto, mecanismos eficazes de gerenciamento do risco devem ser perseguidos continuamente. Com avanço da higiene ocupacional, legislações modernas e restritivas aos riscos, a exposição ocupacional deste setor tem diminuído de forma bastante representativa nos últimos anos, e valores de limites de tolerância de várias substâncias cada vez menores tem obrigado à equipe de saúde ocupacional a desenvolverem estudos mais aprimorados. Conceitos de biomarcadores de exposição há muito é utilizado, porém falta definição de parâmetros para avaliação do Sistema Nervoso. Vários estudos indicam que exposições a baixas concentrações podem acarretar em dano à saúde, especialmente aos indivíduos que possuem uma susceptibilidade aumentada. Outro fator que merece atenção é a exposição a baixas concentrações de múltiplos agentes concomitantemente, que pode acarretar em efeito sinérgico para agressão aos mais variados órgãos e sistemas e para isso são necessários os biomarcadores de efeitos. Este trabalho visa discutir o papel dos biomarcadores de efeito precoce de neurotoxicidade de modo a preservar a saúde e qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores envolvidos no processo de produção.
The Oil industry has activities in forests, seas, deserts, cities, trough the extraction and transportation of crude oil and posterior transformation into products for consumers. This transformation occurs trough refinement Then people who work in oil companies are submitted to all of the occupational\'s risks, that is, physic , chemic and biological. In our society there is no economically practicable alternative source of energy yet, to support economy and industry, therefore efficient mechanisms of risk\'s management should be always pursuited. The improvement of legislation and occupational\'s hygiene have been reducing contact with chemist\'s products in last years and lesser Threshold Limit Values has been encouraging the occupational\'s health staff to develop better controls. Biomarker\'s conceptions are being used for a long time, but there is a lack of standards\' definition to evaluate the nervous system. Many papers indicate that exposures to low concentrations can cause health injury specially in individuals that have an increased susceptibility. Another fact that deserves attention is the exposure to low concentrations of multiple chemists\' substances concomitantly, which can cause an enlargement of the aggression of many organs and systems. The goal of this study is to discuss the role of the biomarkers of neurotoxicities, to preserve health and quality of life of the individuals who work at the production\'s process.

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2

Coxon, Leonie Wilson. "Direct and indirect cognitive and psychological consequences of workplace neurotoxic exposure /". Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100203.134802.

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3

Christopher, Yvette. "Inadvertent ingestion exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=24665.

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4

Martins, Alzira Maria da Silva. "Reprocessamento e reutilização de cânulas de perfusão". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9135/tde-02092013-181037/.

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Os procedimentos utilizados para reprocessamento e reuso de artigos médicos de uso único não estão normalizados nem avaliados quanto a segurança. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) determinar o tempo de esterilização e aeração de cânulas de perfusão em ambiente industrial; (ii) avaliar os níveis de resíduos de óxido de etileno, concentração de endotoxinas e resistência a tração de cânulas de perfusão após reprocessamento e reuso em ambiente hospitalar. No ambiente industrial as cânulas foram submetidas á esterilização com 450mg/L de 10% de óxido de etileno e 90% de CO2 por um período de 2 horas a uma temperatura de 45 a 55° C, umidade entre 30 e 90% aeração com 26 trocas de ar por hora com temperatura de 35°C. No ambiente hospitalar a cânula aramada TF 36460 foi utilizada em procedimento cirúrgico com circulação extracorpórea; lavada com água potável, desinfecção com detergente enzimático, enxague com água potável, embalada em papel grau cirúrgico e reprocessada por óxido de etileno com concentração de 500mg/L de 12% de óxido de etileno e 88% de Freon com tempo de exposição de 240 minutos, temperatura de 53°C, umidade entre 40-60% e aeração em temperatura ambiente. No ambiente industrial o tempo necessário para redução de 12 ciclos logarítmicos (SAL 10-6), foi de 120 minutos, no ambiente hospitalar foi de 240 minutos. O tempo de aeração variou de 19 a 28 horas na área industrial; e no ambiente hospitalar foi de 28 horas. No segundo reuso a cânula apresentou residual de óxido de etileno de 83,09 ppm; acima do limite especificado (≤_25ppm). Os testes de resistência a tração e determinação da concentração de endotoxinas foram realizados até o quarto reuso não apresentando resultados fora dos limites especificados. O procedimento de reuso nas condições atuais realizado em ambiente hospitalar foi reprovado, pois não atendeu aos requisitos de residual de óxido de etileno descritos na portaria Brasileira Interministerial n° 482.
The procedures used during reprocessing of disposables have not been normalized, nor assessed for safety. The objective of this study is to assess sterility, residual rate of ethylene oxide, pyrogenicity and resistance to traction results observed in perfusion cannulas after the sterilization process in industrial environments and after reprocessing and reuse in the hospital environment. In the industrial environment, the cannulas were submitted to sterilization with 450mg/L of EtO and 90% of CO2 during a period of 2 hours and at a temperature of 45-55°C, humidity ranging from 30 to 90% and aeration of 26 air changes per hour at a temperature of 35°C. For the hospital environment, we selected the TF 36460 wired cannula, and after using it on a surgical procedure with extracorporeal circulation, it was washed with clean water, disinfected with enzymatic detergent, rinsed with clean water, wrapped in surgical paper and reprocessed in 500mg/L ethylene oxide of 12% EtO and 88% Freon and exposed for 240 minutes at a temperature of 53°C, humidity ranging from 40 to 60% and aeration at room temperature. In the industrial environment, the time needed for decreasing 12 logarithm cycles (10-6) was 120 minutes, while in the hospital environment it was 240 minutes. The aeration time ranged between 19 and 28 hours in the industrial area, while in the hospital environment it took 28 hours. In the second reuse the cannula presented residual of ethylene oxide of 83,09 ppm; above of the specified limit (≤25_ppm). The physical test and endotoxins concentration had been carried through until for reuse not presented results out of specified. The currently procedure of reuse in the hospital is disapproved therefore does not take care of the limits of ethylene oxide residues, recommended by Interministerial Brazilian regulation 482.

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5

Lamb, Judith. "An evaluation of the validity and reliability of chemical exposure assessment tools used under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation 2006". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230152.

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Within the European Union, the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation 2006, requires the registration of chemicals by manufacturers and suppliers by a number of deadlines from 2008- 2018. Registrants must prepare a dossier of substance information, incorporating a chemical safety report and exposure assessment for the work activities for which the substance is used. Several computer-based screening (Tier 1) tools mentioned in the REACH guidance are used by Registrants to assess exposure: the ECETOC Targeted Risk Assessment (TRA); STOFFENMANAGER®; the EMKG-EXPO-TOOL and MEASE. As screening tools, they are expected to generate overestimates of exposure, thus allowing identification of situations of concern requiring more detailed assessment. The study aimed to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the tools' validity, by comparison of their predictions with workplace measurements of inhalation exposure and their reliability, through assessment of consistency of operation by different users. Comparison of tool predictions of exposure with measurement data (n=3941) from a wide range of European and North American sources suggested that the tools generated overestimates in the majority of cases, with exceptions noted in certain process types and substance forms. Extremely large variability was observed in tool outputs generated by a group of representative users (n=146) when assessing identical exposure situations. A small number of input parameters drove most of the variation; the task descriptor, risk management measures and type of setting. Further calibration and review of the tool predictions are required to ensure that they generate consistent overestimates of exposure. Systems should be implemented to reduce between-user variability, for example user certification; round-robin exercises and team-based assessments. The study findings will assist in increasing the consistency of use and validity of the tools, thus increasing the overall levels of worker health protection and minimising unnecessary business risk management expenditure on redundant exposure controls.

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Berglund, Åsa. "Responses to reduced industrial metal emissions : An ecotoxicological study on Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca, Aves)". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33767.

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Metals have been used by humans for thousands of years, and this has resulted in increased concentrations in the biosphere. The environment around point-sources, such as mines and smelters, are of particular concern, as metals may accumulate to high concentrations, and potentially reach levels toxic to the local flora and fauna. This thesis focuses on the effects on pied flycatcher populations of two such point-sources, a lead mine and enrichment plant, and a sulfide ore smelter. Mining activities at the lead mine ceased in 2001 and pied flycatcher populations were assessed before and after the closure. At the sulfide ore smelter, pied flycatchers were studied during the 1980s. Since then, the metal emissions to air from the smelter (e.g. arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc) have been greatly reduced (by 93 – 99%). Pied flycatchers from these two contaminated environments differed in their responses to reduced atmospheric deposition. At the mine site, nestling responses reflected the reduced atmospheric deposition and less lead accumulated in their tissues. However, lead levels were still high enough to cause negative effects on blood status (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase [ALAD], hemoglobin [Hb], hematocrit [ht], and mean cell hemoglobin concentration) and reproduction (reduced clutch size, increased mortality and reduced breeding success), as was observed when the mine was in operation. Along the pollution gradient away from the smelter, nestling concentrations reflected the metal load in the soil pool, accumulating over time, rather than the atmospheric deposition. This resulted in only a minor response to decreased metal deposition (slightly reduced liver lead concentrations at 3.5 – 90 km from the smelter). This suggests that in environments with highly polluted soils, decreased inputs of atmospheric metal deposition have only minor impacts, and recovery from contamination should not be expected within decades. The high metal concentrations in the vicinity of the smelter contributed to poorer blood status (ALAD, Hb and ht), induced oxidative damage and defenses, and decreased reproduction (increased mortality and reduced breeding success). There were only minor improvements in blood and reproductive variables at 3.5 km from the smelter.
Metaller är grundämnen som inte kan bildas eller förstöras av människan. De förekommer i mineraler i berggrunden och finns överallt på jorden. Människans användning av metaller har dock medfört att de återfinns i högre halter i miljön än de annars skulle gjort. Trots att metallerna kan spridas och transporteras långa sträckor med luftmassorna, är det främst kring källorna, såsom metallindustrier, man kan hitta metaller i tillräckligt höga halter för att orsaka skada på växter och djur. I denna avhandling presenteras undersökningar av hur svartvit flugsnappare (Ficedula hypoleuca) påverkas kring två metallindustrier i norra Sverige. Det ena är en numera nedlagd blygruva med anrikningsverk i Laisvall, där vi studerade populationer av svartvit flugsnappare före och efter att industrin stängdes. Det andra är smältverket Rönnskärsverken, utanför Skelleftehamn, som varit i drift sedan 1930-talet. I föroreningsgradienten från smältverket studerades effekter av 20 års kraftigt minskade metallutsläpp till luften som följd av förbättrade reningstekniker. Resultaten kring industrierna visar att fåglarna svarade olika på de minskade metallutsläppen. Kring blygruvan minskade halterna av bly i flugsnapparungar med samma takt som nedfallen (mätt i mossa) och bytesdjuren (myror). Däremot, kring smältverket, var fåglarna fortfarande exponerade för höga halter av de giftiga ämnena arsenik, kadmium, kvicksilver och bly, på i princip samma nivåer som 20 år tidigare, trots att utsläppen minskat med 93 – 98%. Orsaken till detta tros vara skillnader på föroreningsgraden i markens översta lager, mårskiktet. Vi kunde visa att flugsnapparna kring smältverket främst fick i sig metallerna från marken, som efter flera årtionden med utsläpp från industrin innehöll mycket höga metallhalter. Detta kan förklara att fåglarna trots att utsläppen var låga, fortfarande var utsatta för stor metallexponering. Det snabba svaret på minskad metallspridning (bly och zink) som flugsnapparna vid blygruvan visade, antar vi berodde på att mindre mäng metaller fanns i marken. Trots minskningen var metallhalterna i fåglarna vid gruvområdet fortfarande tillräckligt höga för att, liksom vid smältverket, påverka fåglarnas hälsa. De uppvisade bl.a. låga blodvärden och tecken på oxidativ stress. Vidare var ungdödligheten förhöjd, vilket ledde till lägre häckningsframgång. Slutsatsen är att markens innehåll av metaller har stor betydelse för återhämtningsförloppet för svartvit flugsnappare efter minskat metallnedfall, och att en relativt snabb återhämtning kan förväntas i områden med något lägre metallhalter i mårskiktet, medan återhämtning i områden där marken är kraftigt förorenad inte kan förväntas förrän efter flera årtionden, även om nedfallet upphört nästan helt.

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7

Mutingwende, Nhamo. "Identification of agricultural and industrial pollutants in the Kat River, Eastern Cape and their effect on agricultural products found along the river banks". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020242.

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There is growing concern that commonly used Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and pesticides are entering and contaminating drinking water supplies. The use of targeted quantitation of PPCP has been well established but there is an emerging trend to also screen for and identify unexpected environmental pollutants. Chemicals like pesticides hormones and antibiotics are especially of interest because of proven endocrine disrupting effects and a possible development of bacterial resistance. Powerful screening methods are required to detect and quantify the presence of these compounds in our environment. PPCP encompass a wide range of pollutants, including Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC), pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, x-ray contrast agents and drinking water disinfection by-products to name a few. In order to properly assess the effects of these compounds on our environment, it is necessary to accurately monitor their presence. The diversity of chemical properties of these compounds makes method development challenging. LC/MS/MS is able to analyse polar, semi-volatile, and thermally labile compounds covering a wide molecular weight range. The new AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS was used to profile environmental samples for unexpected pollutants, to identify and characterise the chemical composition and structure of the pollutants, and to quantify (based on intensity) the concentration in collected water samples. Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/ MS) is able to analyse polar, semi-volatile, and thermally labile compounds covering a wide molecular weight range, such as pesticides, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, x-ray contrast agents, drinking water disinfection by-products etc. More recently there is a growing interest from environmental researchers to also screen for and identify non-targeted compounds in environmental samples, including metabolites and degradates, but also completely unexpected pollutants. The new AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS system is capable of performing highly sensitive and fast MS scanning experiments to search for unknown molecular ions while also performing selective and characteristic MS/MS scanning for further compound identification and, therefore, is the instrument of choice for this challenging task. General unknown screening workflows do not use a target analyte list and compound detection is not based on any prior knowledge, including retention times and information on possible molecular and fragment ions. Therefore, acquired chromatograms are very rich in information and can easily contain thousands of ions from both any compounds present in the sample as well as from the sample matrix itself. Thus, powerful software tools are needed to explore such data to identify the unexpected compound. Water samples were collected both upstream and downstream of two WWTPs (Seymour and Fort Beaufort) and were directly injected on the AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS after being filtered. 15 sample points along the Kat River, ranging from a point as close to the source as possible to a point just before it joins the Great Fish River were used. The samples collected from the source were used as the control in each of the experiments, the assumption being the closer you get to the source, the less contaminated the water would be for the analysis of pesticides. Points were selected where the Kat River crosses the R67 or on farms where the river was accessible using farm roads. Samples were collected from October 2013 to November 2014.The Peak view software and Analyst software were used in the analysis of PPCPs. The XIC Manager allows you to manage large lists of compounds and perform automatic extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) calculations and review results operations. The results were displayed in the chromatogram pane and the XIC table (see results). The results reported here in this thesis indicate that there is contamination in the Kat River water due to both pesticides and PPCPs. The results also indicate that the food products are also contaminated and hence both the Kat River agricultural produce and its water need to be closely monitored for both pesticide and PPCPs contaminants. Further studies to investigate the quantitative levels of pesticides and PPCPs in the Kat river water to determine if the concentration levels of the detected pesticides are below the reported Maximum Residues Limits will be explored in the future.

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8

Sanchez, Clovis. "Avaliação da disponibilidade de informações toxicológicas de produtos químicos utilizados no Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9137/tde-18052015-124105/.

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Durante o ciclo de vida dos produtos químicos, é possível que estes sejam lançados no ambiente ou ainda que sejam absorvidos por indivíduos de uma população, podendo ocorrer danos ambientais ou alterações no estado de saúde desses indivíduos expostos. Por haver a possibilidade de riscos à saúde é imprescindível investigá-los nas diversas situações possíveis de exposição, a fim de estabelecer, quando necessário, medidas preventivas ou emergenciais, visando a proteção da população e das demais espécies presentes nos compartimentos ambientais. Um dos requisitos básicos para o processo de avaliação de risco é a identificação dos perigos que os produtos químicos podem oferecer à saúde devido suas propriedades químicas e fisico-químicas. Este estudo teve como finalidade realizar um levantamento sobre a existência de informações relativas à toxicidade e comportamento no ambiente de produtos químicos fabricados, importados e ou com capacidade de produção no Brasil maior que 500 toneladas por ano, os quais não estão sendo objeto de investigação nos principais programas atualmente existentes no mundo destinados à avaliação de risco de substâncias químicas. O método proposto por este estudo possibilitou uma análise crítica da falta de informação sobre dados de produção ou importação de produtos químicos utilizados no Brasil, além de possibilitar o levantamento sobre a existência de informações toxicológicas para produtos químicos fabricados em larga escala no país. Como resultado, foi constatado que apenas 3,9 % de 461 produtos químicos possuem as informações necessárias para o processo de avaliação inicial de risco.
Chemical products during their life cycle may be absorbed by individuals of the population, consequent1y causing environmental damage or interfering in the health of the exposed individuals. Due to the possibility of health risks, it is imperative to evaluate these risks in all possible situations. If needed, prevention and emergency measures, aiming at protecting the population and the species present in the environment, should be established. A basic requirement for risk assessment is the hazard presented to health by chemical products due to their physic-chemical properties. The objective of this paper was to raise the available data related to the toxicity and the impact on the environment of high volume chemicals manufactured, imported or with a production capacity in Brazil greater than 500 t/year, that are not included in the major world programs of risk assessment. The methodology used in this paper enabled a critical analysis of the lack of data on production or imports of chemicals used in Brazil, in addition to the screening of toxicological information for high production volume chemicals produced in Brazil. As a result, it was found that only 3,9% of the 461 chemicals have the information required for a initial risk assessment.

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9

Nordberg, Anna. "Priority setting strategies for regulatory testing of industrial chemicals". Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Philosophy and the History of Technology, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4554.

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10

Gibson, Jason. "Neurotoxicity of the Industrial Solvent 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol: Involvement of the GABA Receptor". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799542/.

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A recent chemical spill of 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol (4-MCHM) in West Virginia left 300,000 people without water. Officials claimed that this compound is not lethally toxic, but potentially harmful if swallowed or inhaled, and can cause eye and skin irritation. Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens reports high exposures from skin contact or inhalation may cause damage to the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs, and may result in death. However, no quantitative data seem to exist and no references can be found on neurotoxicity. We have investigated the neurotoxicity of 4-MCHM using mammalian nerve cell networks grown on microelectrode arrays. Network spontaneous activity from multiple units (range 48 – 120 per network) were used as the primary readout. Individual units were followed based on spike waveforms digitized at 40 kHz (Plexon MNAP system). Dose response curves show the effective inhibitory concentration at 50 percent decrease (EC50) to average 27.4 microM SD±6.17. However, in the presence of 40 microM bicuculline, a competitive GABAA antagonist, the EC50 shifts to 70.63uM SD ±4.3; implying that early, low concentration exposures to 4-MCHM involve GABA activation. Initial activity loss occurs without active unit loss (defined as 10 or more template threshold crossing per min), indicating functional interference with spike production. Full recovery has not been seen at concentrations above 130 microM, unless the culture was given bicuculline. Direct exposure to 400uM results in immediate, irreversible loss of spike production, followed by necrosis of glia and neurons.

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11

Demer, Frank Robert 1961. "The impact of various cure parameters on the release of 4-phenylcyclohexene from carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber latex". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277075.

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Research was initiated to examine the feasibility of removing the majority of 4-PCH from the XSBR latex employed in carpet manufacturing. The reduction of 4-PCH from such latices would lend insight into the control of certain carpet related illnesses.

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12

Sarakinos, Helen C. "The use of chemical analyses, bioassays and benthic biomonitoring in the toxicity assessment of complex industrial effluents". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0019/MQ44271.pdf.

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13

Christensen, Karen P. "Changes in colonization dynamics and community structure of protozoans and macroinvertebrates in response to stress". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45718.

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The response of macroinvertebrate and protozoan colonization dynamics to industrial pollution was determined in a thermal organic effluent and in a metals effluent. The relationship of the time course data to the MacArthur-Wilson model is considered, along with Pinkham and Pearson's community similarity index and traditional community structural parameters. The response of both communities is similar with respect to equilibrium number of taxa at both sites; however, the fitted rate constant, G, was accelerated in the organic effluent for the protozoans. The macroinvertebrate G in the same effluent showed a dose response. There were no differences in rate between stations in the metals effluent for either the protozoans or the macroinvertebrates, although the equilibrium number of taxa was decreased downstream. Community similarity indices shows similar macroinvertebrate and protozoan communities at all three stations in the organic system at equilibrium, although some differences occur in the early stages of colonization. The communities in the metals effluent are most often significantly different at the downstream station, which was the most impacted. Community diversity indices indicate the same results for the equilibrium community as do the other methods of evaluation. While community colonization studies have been suggested as a method of water quality assessment, colonization dynamics and particularly the fitted rate constant, G, may be misleading unless considered in conjunction with equilibrium information.
Master of Science

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14

Reed, Susan, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University y of Science Technology and Environment College. "Development of method to assess skin contact to chemicals". THESIS_CSTE_XXX_Reed_S.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/611.

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Chemical exposure of the skin has become a route of entry of some chemicals into the body and has come under major review in recent times. This research aims to develop a method of estimating skin exposure that is both reliable and non-prohibitive in cost. This involved the design and testing of skin patches adaptable for monitoring skin exposure to chemicals using several different types of absorbents which could be easily worn against skin. The final design of the patch used either activated charcoal or tenax as the absorbing medium. The patches were then desorbed with a solvent in order to analyse the chemicals. The results of the study showed that many skin exposures do not have a direct relationship with inhalation exposures, which is important because currently there are no estimates of the levels of skin exposures that may have potential long term health effects. The patch has proved successful for detecting the presence and determining the amount of chemicals that come in contact with the skin. Charcoal patches have the widest application, but are not suitable for all situations and tenax should be used on these occasions.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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15

Garcia, Ediberto D. "Asbestos Exposure in the Research Laboratory". Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4893.

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Introduction: Asbestos has been employed in a myriad of industrial applications for more than a century. Of the 181 Mt of asbestos produced worldwide, over 31 Mt was consumed in the U.S. The production and consumption of this mineral eventually was found to cause asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma. While the brunt of the human exposure to asbestos occurred in insulation work, many more workers in other jobs were expose to asbestos fibers. Very little is known about the potential exposure to asbestos in research labs. Goal: In order to investigate potential research lab work exposures, we simulated lab work with various asbestos-containing items commonly found in research laboratories: 6 wire gauze pads, 3 gloves, 3 beaker tongs, and 3 Transite boards. All samples were analyzed by Phase Contrast Microscopy and, when appropriate, by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Polarized Light Microscopy. Results: All tested items were confirmed by bulk sampling to have asbestos fibers in their composition. Exposures from the 7 wire gauze pads were significantly lower than the PEL and the excursion limit, the highest exposure concentration measuring 0.029 f/cc. For the 3 beaker tongs with asbestos sleeves, exposure was below the PEL for 2 of the 3, with one resulting in an exposure of 0.160 f/cc (8-h TWA = 0.01 f/cc). For the Transite boards had the highest exposures of all tested items, with a maximum concentration of 0.320 f/cc (8-h TWA = 0.02 f/cc). Conclusion: Asbestos exposure in our simulated research lab work was significantly lower than any of the historical exposures associated with asbestos-related disease including cancer.

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Reed, Susan. "Development of method to assess skin contact to chemicals". Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/611.

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Chemical exposure of the skin has become a route of entry of some chemicals into the body and has come under major review in recent times. This research aims to develop a method of estimating skin exposure that is both reliable and non-prohibitive in cost. This involved the design and testing of skin patches adaptable for monitoring skin exposure to chemicals using several different types of absorbents which could be easily worn against skin. The final design of the patch used either activated charcoal or tenax as the absorbing medium. The patches were then desorbed with a solvent in order to analyse the chemicals. The results of the study showed that many skin exposures do not have a direct relationship with inhalation exposures, which is important because currently there are no estimates of the levels of skin exposures that may have potential long term health effects. The patch has proved successful for detecting the presence and determining the amount of chemicals that come in contact with the skin. Charcoal patches have the widest application, but are not suitable for all situations and tenax should be used on these occasions.

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17

Desai, Ushang Prakshbhai. "Use of Spirometry for Medical Clearance and Surveillance in Occupations Requiring Respirator Use". Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5933.

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Medical certification of workers for respirator use is an important activity of occupational medicine health professionals. Spirometry is a diagnostic tool to evaluate respiratory distress/insufficiency that may affect respirator use. In this study, we analyzed the pulmonary function data of 337 workers from different occupations which required medical evaluation to wear a respirator. The American Thoracic Society and National Fire Protection Association criteria were used to evaluate employees. Of 337 workers who were cleared for respiratory use on the basis of medical questionnaires for respirator compliance, 14 (4.15%) failed to pass respirator compliance on the basis of NFPA criteria and 5 (1.48%) failed to pass respirator compliance criteria on the basis of ATS criteria. We compared the use of different Spirometric equations to evaluate these criteria and we found the Crapo equation cleared more workers for respirator use as compared to the Knudson and NHANES III equations. We also measured repeated Forced Expiratory Volume in 1st Second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and compared the results longitudinally over time. Age was the only significant factor affecting the reduction in the lung function in longitudinal analysis. Longitudinal spirometry results suggested that workers were protected while using a respirator in the workplace, but age is the significant factor in reducing their lung function. As some workers were able to qualify for respirator use based on questionnaire alone but failed respirator clearance subsequent to pulmonary function testing, it is recommended that spirometry be used to evaluate clearance for all workers who will use a respirator in the workplace. As well, using different Spirometric equations can affect the outcome on passing or failing clearance for respirator use, and this should be considered in a respiratory medical certification program.

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18

Harrison, Donald Lee 1956. "Modeling the cost-effectiveness of a regional poison control center using decision analysis". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282117.

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Using decision analysis techniques, the cost-effectiveness of two alternatives for treating human poison exposures were modeled. The alternatives were the treatment of poisonings with the services of a regional poison control center versus without access to any poison control center. The relative cost-effectiveness was modeled based on two outcomes (morbidity and mortality) for each of four typical poison exposures: acetaminophen overdose, tricyclic antidepressant overdose, cleaning substance exposure in children, and cough/cold preparation overdose in children. Additionally, analyses were conducted to test the sensitivity of the cost-effectiveness ratio to outcome probability, average inpatient and emergency room charges, and proportion of poison exposures managed on site by the regional poison control center. This research was conducted from society's point of view.

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19

Moshanyana, Lineo Grace. "The impact of environmental pollution on public health with specific reference to Sasolburg industrial area, South Africa". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018899.

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The Mining industry in South Africa is viewed as the backbone of the country’s economy, while benefiting from this engine of economic development, its impact on the environment and health has been of a major concern to different stakeholders. The majority of people acknowledge the role of mining in the economy and the country. Others put more emphasis on public health and the environment. The aim of the study was then to assess the impact of environmental pollution and public health on the Sasolburg community from a developmental perspective. The present study can be described as a quantitative descriptive survey that uncovered serious levels of pollution in Sasolburg that had dire health consequences for people involved. The findings of the study indicate that residents live with the constant smell of a variety of chemical pollutants released both by normal production and by periodic incidents. They experience chronic respiratory symptoms, burning eyes, hearing deficiency and skin irritations. The study revealed that environmental pollution consequences affecting residents are inversely related to distance from the mines. The results obtained in this study are evidence that environmental pollution in the Sasolburg area is a definite risk to the health of people living within the surrounding area. Although indicating the need to carry out a comprehensive study, the results call for immediate action to prevent continued public over-exposure to environmental pollution.

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20

Mohammed, Sheila. "Evaluation of Occupational Risk Factors for Nurses and CNAs: Analysis of Florida Workers' Compensation Claims Database". Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4731.

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Musculoskeletal injuries lead to most claims even though needlestick injuries receive the most attention. In 2010, health expenditures in the United States neared $2.6 trillion. CNAs, orderlies, and attendants had the highest rates of musculoskeletal disorders of all occupations with an incidence of 249 per 10,000 compared to 34 per 10,000 for all workers. The financial burden of back injuries in the healthcare industry is estimated to add up to $20 billion annually. Data was extracted for cause of injury, nature of injury and body part injured. Extracted data was analyzed both descriptively and by logistic and linear regression using SAS version 9.2. Results were significant for falls, lifting, being struck and pushing and pulling as major causes for injury. Regarding the nature of injury, sprains and strains constituted the majority of claims. The lower back was the body part most commonly injured in a claim. It was concluded that emphasis must be placed on risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries such as falls, lifting, temporal and environmental factors, age and lifestyle factors rather than needlestick injuries. Results from this study will be used to characterize risk factors for occupational injuries in CNAs and nurses, and to devise and implement preventive measures, including new legislation, to curb such injuries.

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21

Reed, Susan. "Development of method to assess skin contact to chemicals /". View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030520.115134/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2001.
A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, College of Science, Technology and Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, April 2001. Bibliography : leaves 138-148.

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22

Glass, Deborah Catherine y mikewood@deakin edu au. "Exposure estimation, uncertainty and variability in occupational hygiene retrospective assessment". Deakin University. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051017.142634.

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This thesis reports on a quantitative exposure assessment and on an analysis of the attributes of the data used in the estimations, in particular distinguishing between its uncertainty and variability. A retrospective assessment of exposure to benzene was carried out for a case control study of leukaemia in the Australian petroleum industry. The study used the mean of personal task-based measurements (Base Estimates) in a deterministic algorithm and applied factors to model back to places, times etc for which no exposure measurements were available. Mean daily exposures were estimated, on an individual subject basis, by summing the task-based exposures. These mean exposures were multiplied by the years spent on each job to provide exposure estimates in ppm-years. These were summed to provide a Cumulative Estimate for each subject. Validation was completed for the model and key inputs. Exposures were low, most jobs were below TWA of 5 ppm benzene. Exposures in terminals were generally higher than at refineries. Cumulative Estimates ranged from 0.005 to 50.9 ppm-years, with 84 percent less than 10 ppm-years. Exposure probability distributions were developed for tanker drivers using Monte Carlo simulation of the exposure estimation algorithm. The outcome was a lognormal distribution of exposure for each driver. These provide the basis for alternative risk assessment metrics e.g. the frequency of short but intense exposures which provided only a minimal contribution to the long-term average exposure but may increase risk of leukaemia. The effect of different inputs to the model were examined and their significance assessed using Monte Carlo simulation. The Base Estimates were the most important determinant of exposure in the model. The sources of variability in the measured data were examined, including the effect of having censored data and the between and within-worker variability. The sources of uncertainty in the exposure estimates were analysed and consequential improvements in exposure assessment identified. Monte Carlo sampling was also used to examine the uncertainties and variability associated with the tanker drivers' exposure assessment, to derive an estimate of the range and to put confidence intervals on the daily mean exposures. The identified uncertainty was less than the variability associated with the estimates. The traditional approach to exposure estimation typically derives only point estimates of mean exposure. The approach developed here allows a range of exposure estimates to be made and provides a more flexible and improved basis for risk assessment.

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23

Vo, Tuan M. Waller Kim. "Parental demographic risk factors and occupational exposure to ionizing radiation for achondroplasia, thanatophoric and autosomal deletions in Texas, 1996-2002 /". See options below, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1335352591&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=68716&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Turri-Mao, Jun. "Etude comportementale d'effluents industriels par spectrophotométrie UV-visible". Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX11007.pdf.

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La caractérisation des effluents complexes et variables s’avère souvent délicate. Les méthodes analytiques classiques sont peu adaptées et lourdes à mettre en œuvre. Une approche par déconvolution spectrale avancée (DSA) permet de surmonter la complexité de ces milieux en modélisant leur variabilité. La technique mise en œuvre est la spectrophotométrie UV. La première étape a été de mesurer la charge organique et d’estimer la toxicité par les méthodes classiques de laboratoire. La seconde étape a été d’établir une corrélation entre les paramètres étudiés (DCO, COT, toxicité) et les caractéristiques spectrales des effluents industriels fournis provenant de l’industrie chimique et pétrochimique. L’approche de déconvolution spectrale avancée a donné des résultats satisfaisants pour l’estimation de la charge organique. La toxicité varie en fonction des conditions expérimentales. La modélisation par DSA de la toxicité permet de différencier les effluents toxiques de ceux qui ne le sont pas

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25

Donnadieu-Claraz, Marie. "Étude du comportement chimique et biologique d'oxydes d'uranium industriels". Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA120007.

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Ce travail a pour objectif d'etudier, selon les recommandations de la commission internationale de protection radiologique, les risques radiotoxicologiques des personnels exposes a deux types d'aerosols d'oxydes d'uranium identifies comme (u02+u metal) et u308, generes au niveau de deux pilotes du nouveau procede d'enrichissement de l'uranium par separation isotopique au moyen de laser. L'evaluation du risque necessite la determination de differents parametres tels que: 1) concentration et distribution granulometrique conduisant au calcul du diametre aerodynamique moyen en activite (dama); 2) caracterisation physicochimique des aerosols; 3) etudes biochimiques et cellulaires in vitro afin de determiner les cinetiques de dissolution dans differents solvants, l'influence des macrophages alveolaires de rat apres phagocytose sur la solubilite; 4) etudes in vivo chez le rat afin de determiner la transferabilite des composes. Les phenomenes cellulaires consecutifs a la phagocytose ont ete etudies avec des macrophages alveolaires de rat ayant phagocyte les oxydes d'uranium: localisation des particules et transformation chimique provoque par le metabolisme cellulaire. La distribution, la fixation, l'epuration de l'uranium et les effets biologiques et toxiques sur les poumons et les reins ont ete determines chez le rat apres inhalation et intoxication aigue (instillation intratracheale)

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26

Scanlan, Clare M. "The development of algal-based toxicity testing for biocides used in marine industries". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1951.

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Grobler, A. D. "Occupational exposure of health workers to electromagnetic fields in the magnetic resonance imaging environment". Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/49.

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Silveira, Josiane Perin. "Parametro da resposta imunologica em individuos com exposição ocupacional a compostos organoclorados". [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311302.

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Orientador: Mary Luci Souza Queiroz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto maior intitulado "Projeto Integrado de Estudo da Hemotoxidade do Benzeno e Pesticidas", um estudo multidisciplinar que visa uma avaliação sistêmica de funcionários e ex-funcionários das Empresas Químicas e Siderúrgicas de Cubatão, São Paulo, Brasil. Estudamos um grupo de trabalhadores expostos aos compostos organoclorados. Avaliamos a imunidade inespecífica através da atividade fagocitária e lítica de neutrófilos e a imunidade humoral através dos níveis séricos das imunoglobulinas. A função hepática e a dosagem dos níveis sangüíneos de hexaclorobenzeno (HCB) foram realizadas por um outro grupo dentro deste projeto. Todos os indivíduos avaliados apresentaram níveis detectáveis de HCB no sangue, sendo que este foi utilizado como o indicador biológico de exposição. Nossos resultados demonstraram redução significativa na atividade lítica de neutrófilos frente aos antígenos Candida albicans e Candida pseudotropicalis. Este fato pode estar relacionado a um desequilíbrio nos mecanismos anti-oxidantes da célula provocada pelos compostos organoclorados, levando a uma condição tóxica e conseqüente redução na atividade funcional da mesma. Observamos também, um aumento nos níveis séricos de IgG e IgM que foi associada com a alteração hepática destes trabalhadores. Estes resultados indicaram que o estudo da função lítica de neutrófilos e os níveis séricos das imunoglobulinas, constituem indicadores sensíveis de efeitos tóxicos dos compostos organoclorados na população exposta
Abstract: This work is part of a larger project intitled "Integrated Project for the Study of the Hematotoxicity of Benzene and Pesticides", which is a multidisciplinary study for the systemic evaluation of workers and ex-workers of the Empresa Química de Cubatão, São Paulo, Brazil. We have studied in a group of workers exposed to chlorinated compounds the inespecific immune response, as measured by the evaluation of the engulfment and killing capabilities of the neutrophils, and humoral immune response, as measured by the levels of immunoglobulins in serumo Hepatic function and the blood levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which was chosen as a biological indicator of exposure, were determinated by other scientists in the group. Ali the workers studied had detectable levels of HCB in the blood. Our results demonstrated a significant reduction in the litic activity of the neutrophils in the presence of both antigens, Candida albicaons and Candida pseudotropicalis. These findings might be related to a derangement in the qntioxidant mechanisms of the cell caused by the chlorinated compounds. This would lead to a toxic condition with consequent reduction. in the functional activity of the cell. The have also observed an increase in the levels of IgG and IgM in the serum, which was associated with the changes in hepatic function observed in these workers. The results indicate that the study of the litic function of the cell and the serum levels of immunoglobulins provide a sensitive functional indicator of the toxic effects of chlorinated compounds in exposed populations
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29

Penna, Socrates Calvoso. "Niveis de glutationa reduzida e atividade da catalase, superoxido dismutase e glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase em individuos expostos ao vapor de mercurio". [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311956.

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Orientador: Sara T. O. Saad
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: O Mercúrio (Hg) é empregado em diversas atividades humanas. A exposição primária ao metal ocorre através da alimentação contaminada e da liberação de mercúrio pelo amálgama dentário. A exposição ocupacional ao vapor de mercúrio, substância inodora e incolor, é hoje a via mais freqüente de intoxicação. O Hg associa-se fortemente aos grupamentos sulfidrilas (SH) presentes nas proteínas da membrana plasmática, enzimas, substâncias de baixo peso molecular, como a cisteína e glutationa, também pode formar ligações covalentes com o enxofre. Quando se liga aos eritrócitos, atua como um agente oxidante. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o sistema antioxidativo eritrocitário através da medida da atividade da Superóxido Dismutase, Catalase e Glicose-6-Fosfato-Desidrogenase e da concentração da Glutationa Reduzida nos seguintes grupos de trabalhadores: Grupo 1 (Expostos) - 16 trabalhadores, sendo 14 do sexo masculino e 2 do feminino, expostos ao vapor de Hg por um período variá~el de 0.5 a 8 anos (3.37 :I: 2.40) na faixa etária de 18 a 48 anos (32:1: 8.86), e que apresentaram concentração urinária de Hg de 1.6 a 35 (10.73:1: 9.88) 1l9/g creatinima. Grupo 2 (Afastados) - 7 trabalhadores do sexo masculino(M) trabalhadores com idade variando de 42 a 61 (46.42:1: 8.61) anos afastados da exposição ocupacional há pelo menos 6 meses e que ficaram expostos ao metal por um período de 4 a 10 anos, apresentaram uma concentração urinária do metal 5.0 -19.1 1l9/g creatinima. Grupo 3 (controle Normais) - constituídos de 8 técnicos e alunos (6 do sexo masculino e 2 do sexo feminino) do Departamento de Hematologia e Farmacologia da FCM-UNICAMP, com idade variando de 22 a 45 anos, possuidores de próteses dentárias conténdo Hg , não expostos ocupacionalmente ao metal. Nestes indivíduos não foi avaliada a concentração urinária do Hg. Em todos os grupos foi realizado hemograma completo e no G1 também levamos a efeito a análise da presença de corpos de Heinz. Nossos resultados demonstram que a atividade da SOD do G1 e G2 apresentou-se igual à do grupo G3. Por outro lado, a atividade da Catalase do G1 está aumentada sigmificativamente quando comparada ao G2 e teve uma forte tendência de aumento quando comparada ao G3. Já os níveis de GSH estiveram reduzidos significativamente no grup? G1, mas normal no G2, quando comparados ao G3. Assim os resultados apresentados neste trabalho indicam que níveis urinários de mercúrio dentro do Limite de Tolerância Biológica podem comprometer o sistema antioxidante eritrocitário
Abstract: Mercury (Hg) is used in different human activities. The primary exposition to this metal has its origin from the ingestion of contaminated food and odontologic amalgam. The occupational exposure is the most frequent via in cantamination. Mercury tightly binds to sulfidric groups (SH) presenting cell membrane proteins, enzymes, and low molecular weight substances such as cistein and gluthation. It can form cavalent bonds with sulphur and acts as an oxidant agent when it binds to erythrocytes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the erythrocyte antioxidative system by measurement of Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) , Gluthation (GSH) and Glicose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase activities in the following groups: Group 1 (EXPOSED)- 16 workers, 14 men and 2 women, exposed to mercury vapors over a period of 0.5 - 8 (3.37 :t 2.40) years. These individuais had 18-48 (32 :t 8.86) years and presented urinary concentrations of mercury lower than the Limit of Biological Tolerance (LBT) 35 - 1.6 (10.73 :t 9.88) ~g/g creatinin. Group 2 (No-EXPOSED)- 7 (M) workers with 42 - 61 ( 46.42 :t 8.61) years without occupational exposed ave r a period of 6 months. They were previously exposed to Hg for 4 to 10 years and presented urinary concentration of mercury of 5.0-19.1 ~g/g creatinin.' Group.3 (Normal controls)- composed by technicians and students, 6 men and 2 women, from the Department of Hematology and Pharmacalogy of the State University of Campinas, with 22 - 45 years. They had dental prothesis containing Hg and were not occupationally exposed to this metal. There were no urinary concentrations of mercury in these individuais. Hematologic analysis was carried out in ali the previous groups besides the detection of Heinz bodies. Our results demonstrate that the activity of SOD in exposed and non-exposed individuais presented the same values of the contrai group. Conversely the Catalase activity demonstrated an increasement in group 1 when compared with group 3 and a significantly augmented when compared to group 2. The levels of GSH were significantly reduced in group 1 and normal in group 2. We conclude that the urinary levels of mercury inside the Limit of Biological Tolerance can affect the erytrocyte antioxidant system
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30

Perlingeiro, Rita de Cassia Ramos. "Funçao celular em individuos com exposição ocupacional ao mercurio". [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311282.

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Orientador : Mary Luci de Souza Queiroz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Neste trabalho investigamos alguns efeitos do mercúrio sobre o sistema imunológico. Foram estudados 51 trabalhadores expostos ao metal, assim como 51 indivíduos não-expostos (grupo controle). Os níveis urinários de mercúrio, determinados pelo método de absorção atômica, foram utilizados como índices biológicos de exposição. Foram estudadas a capacidade fagocitária e lítica de neutrófilos frente à Candida albicans e Candida pseudotropicalis, atividade quimiotática de neutrófilos e a capacidade proliferativa de linfócitos em resposta ao mitógeno fitohemaglutinina (PHA). O estudo da função esplênica foi efetuado através da contagem de hemácias com irregularidades de superfície (pits). Foi realizada uma 2ª avaliação destes parâmetros (intervalo de 6 meses). nos trabalhadores remanescentes, após uma melhoria efetuada nas condições de higiene da firma. Inicialmente, noventa e dois porcento dos trabalhadores estudados apresentavam níveis urinários de mercúrio abaixo dos limites de tolerância biológica (até 50 ug/g de creatinina). Após o intervalo de 6 meses, observamos, nos mesmos trabalhadores, uma redução significativa nestes níveis (p<0,05). Os nossos resultados na 1ª avaliação demonstraram que não houve alteração na capacidade fagocitária de neutrófilos frente aos 2 antígenos. Por outro lado, a atividade lítica apresentou-se reduzida em relação às duas espécies de Candida. Na 2ª avaliação, a atividade litica frente ao antígeno C.pseudotropicalis não. apresentou redução significativa em relação ao 1ª estudo. Por outro lado, em relação ao antígeno C.albicans, estas atividade apresentou-se ainda mais reduzida nesta 2ª avaliação, sendo essa tendência reforçada pela correlação linear observada entre tempo de exposição e atividade litica frente a este segundo antígeno. A atividade fagocitária manteve-se normal em relação aos dois antígenos. Foi também observada uma redução significativa na atividade quimiotática de neutrófilos, a qual manteve-se reduzida na 2ª avaliação. Não houve alteração significativa na capacidade proliferativa de linfócitos em resposta à PHA em presença de soro AB normal. No entanto, quando os linfócitos foram incubados em presença de soro autólogo, observamos uma redução na capacidade linfoproliferativa. A contagem de hemácias com irregularidades de superfície apresentou-se normal nestes trabalhadores (abaixo de 2%). Estes resultados indicam que níveis urinários de mercúrio considerados seguros no campo profissional não previnem o trabalhador exposto de efeitos tóxicos no sistema imunológice
Abstract: In this work some effects of mercury on the immune response were investigated. Fifty one male workers of a mercury producing plant were studied, as well as fifty one non-exposed controls. To monitor exposure we used urinary mercury levels (HgU), determined by the atomic absorption method. Phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans and Candida pseudotropicalis by neutrophils, chemotaxis of neutrophils, lYmphocyte proliferation in the presence of the mitogen phytohemagglutinin(PHA) and the quantitation of red blood cell surface "pits" were measured.After improvement in the hygiene conditions in the factory, a new evaluation was performed, six months later, in the same workers. In the first evaluation, the results of mercury urinary concentrations .showed that 92% of the workers studied was below the threshold level value of 50ug/g of creatinine. After six months, these results were still lower (pMestrado
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31

Bechtel, Anne. "Mécanismes d'action des toxiques sur le rein". Strasbourg 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR10604.

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Grass, Robert. "Bonnes pratiques de laboratoire (BPL) en toxicologie expérimentale pour le dossier AMM". Strasbourg 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR10479.

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Augusto, Lia Giraldo da Silva. "Exposição ocupacional e organoclorados em industria quimica de Cubatão - Estado de São Paulo : avaliação do efeito clastogenico pelo teste de Micronucleos". [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308627.

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Orientador: Carmino Antonio de Souza
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Inicialmente se caracterizou a exposição ocupacional ao conjunto de organoclorados produzidos pela Unidade Química de Cubatão-UQC, que funcionou, de 1967 a 1993, produzindo tetracloreto de carbono e percloroetileno, cujo resíduo de fabricação era o hexaclorobenzeno-HCB. Até 1976, a empresa produziu, também, o pentaclorofenol. Em 1992, o Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador de Santos, da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, avaliou clinicamente vinte e um (21) homens dessa fábrica, dos quais, cinco (5) apresentavam esteatose hepática. A partir desta constatação, iniciou-se, no HEMOCENTRO da Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, uma avaliação sistemática de funcionários e ex-funcionários daquela empresa, dentro do "Projeto Integrado de Estudo da Hemotoxicidade do Benzeno e Pesticidas". O ambiente da UQC foi interditado por medida judicial em junho de 1993. Nesse momento, a empresa contava com cerca de cento e cinqüenta (150) funcionários, diretamente empregados O hexaclorobenzeno, por ser bioacumulado no organismo humano e ter lenta excreção, foi utilizado como indicador biológico de exposição ao conjunto de organoclorados da UQC. Os níveis séricos de HCB foram determinados no Instituto Adolfo Lutz de São Paulo, Seção de Aditivos e Pesticidas Residuais. Foram comparados os níveis séricos de HCB de cento e setenta e nove (179) funcionários e ex-funcionários, dez (10) empregados de empreiteiras na área da UQC, dezoito (18) familiares de funcionários e trinta e seis (36) empregados de outras empresas do parque industrial de Cubatão: os funcionários e ex-funcionários da UQC mostraram ter níveis séricos de HCB significativamente maior do que os não funcionários. Dos cento e setenta e nove (179) funcionários e ex-funcionários, oitenta e cinco (85) foram avaliados clínica e toxicologicamente. O nível sérico de HCB mostrou, nesses casos, uma correlação positiva significante em relação ao tempo de trabalho na empresa. Embora haja um risco generalizado de exposição aos organoclorados na UQC, os setores de produção mostraram ser os de maior risco. Foi possível definir um gradiente de risco ocupacional e ambiental dentro da empresa. Para avaliar o efeito clastogênico da exposição ocupacional aos organociorados no interior da UQC, foi realizado o teste de micronúcleos, utilizando-se linfócitos periféricos estimulados pela fitoemaglutinina, com citocinese bloqueada pela citocalasina B. O método foi padronizado no laboratório de histocompatabiüdade-HLA, do HEMOCENTRO da UNICAMP. Foram avaliados quarenta e um (41) homens expostos a organociorados da UQC e vinte e oito (28) controles, no período de 1993 a 1994 Observou-se um aumento significativo na freqüência de micronúcleos nos expostos quando comparados com os controles A freqüência de micronúcieos não variou significativamente em função da idade, tempo de trabalho e dos níveis séricos de HCB. O hábito de fumar não interferiu na freqüência de micronúcleos, tanto nos expostos como nos controles O resultado da investigação mostrou que a exposição múltipla ao tetracloreto de carbono, percloroetileno, hexaclorobenzeno e pentaclorofenol, produziu um efeito clastogênico nos linfócitos periféricos de funcionários e ex-funcionários da UQC. A International Agency for Research on Cancer-IARC classifica estes compostos químicos como cancerígenos para animais e como é conhecida a associação entre agente clastogênico e carcinogênese, o resultado obtido na presente investigação é contribuição importante para o conhecimento do efeito clastogênico dessas substâncias, em humanos. Finalmente, foram também avaliadas as queixas clínicas dos indivíduos estudados e constatou que as principais foram; as neuropsicológicas (76,4%), osteomusculares (44,7%), gastrintestinais (42,3%), dermatologicas ( 38,8%), imunológicas (27,0%) e hepáticas (17,6%), confirmando os dados da na literatura especializada, sobre o dano à saúde, prdcados por essas substâncias.
Abstract: A study of occupational exposure to organochiorinated substances was initially carried out at chemical unity of Cubatão (Unidade Química de Cubatão-UQC). This industry operated from 1967 to 1993, producing carbon tetrachloride as well as perchlroethylene It is known that the residual waste of these agents is the hexachlorobenzene. Until 1976, this industry has also produced pentachlorophenol. But only in 1992 the occupational public health service examined 23 workers from UQC which five of them suffered from fat liver. Based on such important evidences, a research involving both workers and ex-workers was made at UNICAMP University. In June of 1993 the UQC area was isolated due to judicial measures. At the time, there have been a number of 150 employers working there It is known that hexachlorobenzene produces a biocumulative effect on the human organism and it also has the characteristic of being slowly excreted. Because such peculiar characteristic this substance was used as biological indicator in the measurement of the multiple environmental exposition at UQC. The serum blood levels of hexachlorobenzene were examinated at 'Adolfo Lutz Institute' in São Paulo. (Residual Pesticides Section). There had been checked and compared the serun blood levels of both 179 workers and ex- workers as well as 10 other workers from a Restaurant Services and Construction Company in the area of UQC and 18 relatives of UQC workers and another 36 workers from different industries of the specific area. The workers and ex-workers presented higher levels of hexachlorobenzene in their blood rather than those who were not employers of the UQC as well as their relatives. From these 179 (workers and ex-workers from UQC), 85 voluntary men taken under medical and toxicological examination. In all these particular cases, it seemed to have a very close connection between serum blood levels of HCB and the lenghth of exposure. Moroever, the manufacturing realms are considered to be of great risk, it was Although all of realms are considered to be of great risk, it was possible to stablish the different of risk both on occupational and environmental exposure at UQC. In order to evaluate the clastogenical effect of occupational exposure to organochlorinated substances at UQC the 'Micronucleus Test' was emplayed Such test consist of a process involving peripherical lymphocytes which are estimulated by phitohemoaglutinine together with blocked cytokinesis bv a cytocalasin B. This process was patherned at 'Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade-HLA' of the UNlCAMP's HEMOCENTRO. From 1993 to 1994, a number of 41 men were exposed to organochlorinated substances and 28 who were not exposed to the same substances were taken under examination. During that period it was observed an increase in the amount of micronucleus on those men who had been exposed to harmful substances. On the other hand, those men who hadn't been exposed, presented small amounts of micronucleus. The frequency of micronucleus didn't changed a lot despite the age, period of work or serum biood levels of hexachlorobenzene,. The habit of smoking didn't interfer with the occurrence of micronucleus in both exposed and not exposed workers. This research showed that a multiple exposure to carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorophenol, produced a clastogenical effect on peripheral lymphocytes of workers at UQC area. These industrial agents are classified by IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), as being carcinogenic to animals Il's also important to remember that clatogenicity is surely linked to carcinogenic effect.That is why this research should be considered as a useful contribution to the acknowlegment of the genetoxic effect of these compounds, concerning human beings. As a final step, the author assessed the main clinical complaints of all individuals taken under research were: neuropsychologic (76,4%); muscular-skeletal (44,7%); gastroentestinal (42,3%); dermatologic (38,8%), immunologic (27,0%), hepatic (17,6%) reinforcing the known data from the toxic effect from these substances.
Doutorado
Doutor em Clínica Médica

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Aranha, Denise Amaral Duarte. "Efeitos do alumínio sobre a fermentação alcoólica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-06092002-171339/.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar distúrbios fisiológicos e bioquímicos causados pelo alumínio em duas linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae: levedura de panificação Fleischmann e a linhagem PE-2. Para tal, procurou-se simular, tanto quanto possível, as condições fisiológicas da fermentação industrial. Foram realizados 4 experimentos, empregando-se mosto semi-sintético e caldo de cana, contendo 200 g de açúcares redutores totais (ART) por litro. O alumínio foi adicionado na forma de AlCl3.6H2O nas seguintes proporções: 0 (testemunha), 50 e 100 mg/L, nos experimentos de 1 a 3, e 0 e 50 mg/L, no experimento 4, variando-se o pH dos mostos de 4,0 a 5,0. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com reciclo de células, sendo avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: rendimento em etanol, formação de glicerol e açúcares residuais, crescimento em biomassa, viabilidade celular, contaminação bacteriana, teores iniciais e finais dos carboidratos de reserva (trealose e glicogênio) e acúmulo de alumínio nas células de levedura. Concluiu-se que níveis tóxicos de alumínio podem estar presentes em mostos industriais, pois os efeitos tóxicos foram constatados em ambas linhagens, porém, a linhagem PE-2 mostrou-se mais resistente a tais efeitos quando comparada com a levedura de panificação Fleischmann.
The aim of this work was to study physiological and biochemical effects caused by aluminum (Al) in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: baker's yeast Fleischmann and strain PE-2. For such, was tried to simulate, so much as possible, the physiological conditions of the industrial process. Four experiments were performed: using semi-synthetic and cane juice containing 200g of total reducing sugar per liter at pH 4.0 and 5.0. Aluminum was added in the form of AlCl3.6H2O in the following proportions: 0 (control), 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L . The experiments were performed with cell reuse and the following parameters were analysed: ethanol production, glicerol production and residual sugars, growth of the yeast, yeast viability, bacterial contamination, trehalose and glycogen content and accumulation of aluminum in the yeast cells. It was concluded that toxic levels of aluminum could be present in industrial substrates, since toxic effects were verified for both strains. The strain PE-2 showed to be more tolerant to aluminum when compared to baker's yeast.

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Cornu, Raphaël. "Nanoparticules et santé : de grandes promesses thérapeutiques, mais pour quel risque ?" Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCE018.

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Les nanoparticules sont définies comme des structures sphériques dont le diamètre maximum est de 100 nanomètres. Les domaines d’applications des nanoparticules incluant l’industrie agroalimentaire et pharmaceutique, sont extrêmement nombreux. L’Homme peut être quotidiennement exposé à des nanoparticules via différentes voies d’administration (orale, intraveineuse, pulmonaire et cutanée). En raison de leur taille nanométrique, les nanoparticules possèdent des propriétés physico-chimiques uniques, induisant de fortes interactions avec l’environnement biologique. Ces caractéristiques ont été largement exploitées pour la conception de nanomédicaments pour le diagnostic et la thérapie. Cependant, les problèmes liés à leur toxicité ont été mis en lumière parallèlement à leur développement. Ce travail de thèse vise à étudier la toxicité potentielle des nanoparticules. L'évaluation toxicologique a été réalisée à l'aide de modèles cellulaires adaptés aux voies systémique et orale. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la nanotoxicité ont été étudiés afin d’identifier des facteurs de toxicité. La première partie de ce travail a été consacrée à l’étude de la toxicité hépatique in vitro et in vivo des nanoparticules de PLGA et de silice. Les nanoparticules de PLGA sont utilisées comme vecteurs de médicaments alors que les nanoparticules de silice jouent le rôle d’agent antiagglomérant dans l’industrie alimentaire et également d’excipients pharmaceutiques. Leurs effets sur la fonction hépatique et en particulier sur l'activité des cytochromes P450 ont été évalués. La seconde partie de ce travail a consisté à étudier l’impact des nanoparticules de silice sur la barrière intestinale, en particulier sur la perméabilité paracellulaire et l’intégrité de la barrière. En mettant en exergue les différences interespèces ou le rôle protecteur du mucus, ce projet a démontré que le choix des outils toxicologiques était crucial pour une évaluation prédictive de la nanotoxicité. La taille, les propriétés de surface et la composition ont été identifiées comme des facteurs importants de toxicité
Nanoparticles are defined as spherical structures with a maximum diameter of 100 nanometers. The application fields of nanoparticles including food and pharmaceutical industries are extremely broad. Human can be exposed daily to nanoparticles through various administration routes (oral, intravenous, pulmonary and cutaneous). Due to their size at the nanoscale, nanoparticles have unique physicochemical, inducing strong interactions with the biological environment. These features were widely exploited for the conception of nanomedicines for the diagnosis and the therapy. However, issues relative to their biological toxicity were addressed in the same time. This thesis work aims to investigate the potential toxicity of nanoparticles. Toxicological evaluation was performed using cell models adapted for the systemic and the oral routes. Mechanisms involved in the nanotoxicity were studied to identify toxicity factors. The first part of the work focused on the in vitro and in vivo hepatic toxicity of PLGA and silica nanoparticles. PLGA nanoparticles are used as drug carriers while silica nanoparticles play the role of anticaking agent in food industry and of pharmaceutical excipients. Their effects on the liver function and especially on the cytochrome P450 activity were investigated. The second part of the work consisted to study the impact of silica nanoparticles on the intestinal barrier, especially on the paracellular permeability and the integrity of the barrier. By emphasizing interspecies differences or the protective role of mucus, this project demonstrated that the choice of toxicological tools was crucial for a predictive nanotoxicity evaluation. Size, surface properties and composition were identified as major toxicity factors

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Hualán, Sandoval Luis Felix y Quispe Jhonnatan Hugo Magallanes. "Determinación de niveles de arsénico y cadmio en bebidas preparadas a base de quinua comercializadas como desayuno en zonas industriales de Santa Anita - Lima Metropolitana". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10918.

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Cuantifica la cantidad de arsénico y cadmio en 30 bebidas preparadas a base de quinua, comercializada en el distrito de Santa Anita – Lima Metropolitana. Para obtener la concentración se empleó la técnica de Absorción Atómica con Horno de Grafito. La recolección se realizó en 3 puntos del distrito elegidos al azar: Cruce de la Av. Industrial con Av. Las Torres, cruce de la Av. Marie Curie con Av. Luis Pasteur y el cruce de la Av. Marie Curie con Av. Gutemberg. Los análisis de realizaron en Centro de Información, Control Toxicológico y Apoyo a la Gestión Ambiental - CICOTOX. Se obtuvo un promedio los niveles encontrados, para arsénico se obtuvo 0.048 ppm cuyo punto mayor es de 0.0875 ppm y el menor 0.0109 ppm; para el cadmio se obtuvo 0.031 ppm, un punto mayor de 0.1189 ppm y uno menor de 0.0108 ppm. Se recomienda que las entidades competentes en el país establezcan límites máximos y mínimos de la concentración de estos metales debido a que el Perú no cuenta con un registro con los límites permisibles de contaminantes inorgánicos en alimentos. Se determinó que las bebidas de quinua comercializadas en zonas industriales del distrito de Santa Anita no presentan riesgo de contaminación por metales pesados al ser consumido por la población, pero esto no descarta que se deban seguir realizando estudios en estas zonas.
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Ynocente, La Valle Christopher Martín y Cristóbal Denisse Sofía Olórtegui. "Evaluación del riesgo toxicológico en personas expuestas a suelos con plomo (Pb) y cadmio (Cd) en los alrededores del Parque Industrial Infantas en Lima - Perú". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10050.

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Se realizó el estudio para evaluar el riesgo toxicológico en personas expuestas a suelos con presencia de Pb y Cd en los alrededores del Parque Industrial Infantas en Lima, Perú, 2018. Para ello, se tomó un total de 40 muestras del suelo- 20 muestras en la Urb. Carabayllo y 20 muestras en la Urb. Villa del Norte. El análisis de las muestras se realizó en el Centro de Información y Control Toxicológico y Apoyo a la Gestión Ambiental (CICOTOX), empleándose la Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica, con flama para Pb y horno de grafito para Cd. Se encontró que las concentraciones de Pb y Cd en la Urb. Carabayllo tuvieron una media de 66.97 mg/kg y 0.86 mg/kg; para la Urb. Villa del Norte fue de 51.43 mg/kg y 0.73 mg/kg respectivamente. Los resultados se encontraron dentro de los niveles establecidos en el ECA suelo de Perú, 140 mg/kg para plomo y 10 mg/kg para cadmio. De estas concentraciones se estimó la dosis de exposición en ambas zonas de estudio. En la Urb. Carabayllo, para adultos, se obtuvo una DEPb= 0.000046879 mg/kg/día y DECd= 0.0008203825 mg/kg/día, y para niños, una DEPb= 0.0008203825 mg/kg/día y DECd= 0.0000318562 mg/kg/día. En la Urb. Villa del Norte, para adultos, se obtuvo una DEPb= 0.000036 mg/kg/día y DECd= 0.000000509 mg/kg/día, y para niños, una DEPb= 0.00062996 mg/kg/día y DECd= 0.00000891 mg/kg/día. Las DE permitieron calcular el Índice de peligrosidad y el margen de exposición. Al evaluar los cálculos se obtuvo un índice con valores por debajo del 1 (IP1); esto indicó, según la metodología aplicada de la OPS/OMS para evaluar el riesgo, que en las dos urbanizaciones estudiadas hay un riesgo toxicológico mínimo por exposición a los parámetros analizados en suelos.
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Hara, Raquel Vaz [UNESP]. "Avaliação da genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade das águas dos rios Jaguari, Atibaia e Piracicaba, na região de influência da refinaria de Paulínia - SP". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87717.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os avanços tecnológicos trazem muitos benefícios, no entanto vêm acompanhados de um aumento dos efluentes provenientes de diferentes tipos de indústrias, os quais geram subprodutos indesejáveis que carregam consigo muitos contaminantes químicos que são lançados todo ano no solo, ar e água. Em especial, as indústrias de refino de petróleo produzem efluentes ricos em metais pesados, químicos inorgânicos e orgânicos. Dentre os contaminantes orgânicos mais importantes do petróleo, encontram-se os Hidrocarbonetos, em especial os Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPA). De maneira geral, tanto os HPA quanto seus derivados estão associados ao aumento da incidência de diversos tipos de cânceres no homem. Neste contexto, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento e aplicação de ferramentas para avaliação de amostras ambientais possivelmente impactadas por dejetos químicos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a genotoxicidade e a mutagenicidade das águas dos rios Jaquari-SP, Atibaia-SP e Piracicaba-SP, numa região influenciada pelos efluentes gerados pela refinaria de petróleo da cidade de Paulínia – SP. As avaliações foram feitas por meio de dois organismos-testes distintos: raízes de Allium cepa e cultura de Células de Ovário de Hamster Chinês (CHO-K1). Para os ensaios com A. cepa, foram aplicados os testes de aberrações cromossômicas (AC) e micronúcleos (MN) em células de meristemas de raízes e micronúcleos em células F1 deste mesmo órgão. Para os ensaios com células CHO-K1, foram a plicadas as técnicas do ensaio do cometa e do teste do Micronúcleo. Os resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa mostraram que as substâncias químicas geradas pelo processo de refino do petróleo apresentam características genotóxicas e/ou mutagênicas. Os resultados também permitiram o esclarecimento...
Technological advances bring many advances; however they are accompanied by an increase in the effluents derived from different types of industries, which generate undesirable by-products that carry several chemical contaminants that are discharged every year in the soil, air and water. Industries of petroleum refinery, in particular, produce effluents rich in heavy metals, inorganic and organic chemicals. Among the most important organic contaminants of the petroleum, we can highlight the Hydrocarbons, in special the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). In general, both PAHs and their derivatives are associated with the increase in the incidence of several types of cancer in humans. In this context, it is necessary to develop and apply tools to assess environmental samples possibly impacted by chemical waste. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of waters of the Jaquari-SP, Atibaia-SP and Piracicaba-SP rivers, in a region influenced by effluents generated by a petroleum refinery of the city of Paulínia – SP. The evaluations were carried out with two distinct test organisms: roots of Allium cepa and culture of cells of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1). For the assays with A. cepa, the tests of chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN) in meristematic cells of roots and micronuclei in F1 cells of the same organ were applied. For the assays with CHO-K1 cells, the techniques of comet assay and the micronucleus test were used. The results obtained in this study showed that the chemical substances generated by the petroleum refining process present genotoxic and/or mutagenic characteristics. The results also allowed the elucidation of the modes of action of these compounds on the genetic material of the organisms exposed. Particularly, it was observed, by the tests performed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Qiabi, Rachida. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions chrome/collagène vers le tannage au chrome sans pollution". Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT052G.

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Le tannage mineral par les sels basiques de chrome a pris de plus en plus d'importance depuis le debut du siecle. Il fournit un cuir aux proprietes remarquables. Dans le cadre d'une politique d'amelioration de competivite economique de la megisserie francaise, les travaux presentes ont permis la mise au point de nouveaux procedes de traitements des cuirs. Le premier theme considere fut l'operation de vieillissement. En effet, l'immobilisation des peaux tannees lors de la phase de vieillissement constitue un handicap economique. Ceci nous a conduit a rechercher les principaux parametres qui y sont associes ainsi que leurs effets intervenant sur ce phenomene. A partir de cela, nous avons mis au point un nouveau procede de tannage au chrome consistant en une phase de pretannage suivi d'un masquage specifique puis un tannage de finition ; nous obtenons ainsi une bonne qualite du cuir, en reduisant fortement la quantite de chrome rejete (procede classique: 4 a 8 g/l ; procede t. E. M. A: 1 a 2 mg/l). Parmi les avantages du procede t. E. M. A (brevet n 9407757, juin 1994) celui de pouvoir l'adapter dans les megisseries et tanneries classiques sans aucun investissement (materiel: ex-foulons)

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Scaratti, Gidiane. "Óxidos de metais de transição aplicados como catalisadores da ozonização de efluente simulado de refinaria de petróleo". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/135491.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2015.
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A ozonização catalítica tem sido recentemente proposta como alternativa para o tratamento de efluentes líquidos da indústria petroquímica, mostrando-se eficaz na descontaminação ambiental, reduzindo demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e o carbono orgânico total (COT). Diferentes catalisadores de metais nobres e não nobres tem sido propostos, mas os resultados ainda estão distantes da realidade para aplicação em larga escala, tanto do ponto de vista tecnológico ? para redução da carga orgânica e toxicidade ? quanto econômico. Este trabalho objetivou investigar a eficiência de remoção de compostos recalcitrantes presente em um efluente petroquímico sintético, mediante o uso do processo de ozonização catalítica, utilizando onze tipos diferentes de catalisadores, quatro catalisadores comerciais CeO2, Fe2O3 Fe3O4 e TiO2, a goetita proveniente do tratamento da drenagem ácida de mina e mais sete catalisadores produzidos a partir dessa goetita. Um catalisador na fase hematita (H) foi preparado pelo tratamento térmico da goetita e os outros cinco pelo método de impregnação via úmida de metais de transição (HX-Y; X = Cu, Zn, Ag; Y = 5, 10 ou 20 %), seguida por tratamento térmico. Os catalisadores foram avaliados quanto à atividade catalítica visando à redução de COT e resultou a seguinte ordem de atividade catalítica: HCu-20 > HCu-10 > HCu-5 > HZn-5 > HAg-5 = H = CeO2 = Fe2O3 = Fe3O4 = TiO2. Os catalisadores obtidos a partir do precursor goetita foram caracterizados através de análise termogravimétrica (TGA), área superficial específica (BET), difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), microscopia eletrônica de varredura por emissão de campo (FEG) e espectrometria por energia dispersiva (EDS). O catalisador HCu-10 foi utilizado em outros estudos, como estabilidade e toxicidade.. As cinéticas de adsorção mostraram que os compostos dissolvidos no efluente simulado de refinaria de petróleo não apresentam tendência de serem adsorvidos na superfície das partículas do catalisador na ausência de ozônio. A estabilidade demonstrou que este pode ser reutilizado repetidamente no processo de tratamento de efluente simulado de refinaria de petróleo, uma vez que não houve mudança na velocidade de mineralização em até quatro ciclos. Por outro lado, a toxicidade avaliada no bioensaio Microtox® do efluente tratado após reação de ozonização catalítica foi 30,29 unidades tóxicas, 20 % a menos que a reação não catalítica.

Abstract : Catalytic ozonation has recently been proposed as analternative for the treatment of petrochemical wastewater, being effective in environmental decontamination, reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). Different catalyst of nobel metals and non-nobels metals have been proposed, but the results are still far from reality for large-scale application, both from the technological point of view ? to reduce organic loading and toxicity ? as economic. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of removal of recalcitrant compounds presents in a synthetic petrochemical wastewater, through the use of catalytic ozonation process, using eleven different types of catalysts, four commercial catalysts CeO2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 e TiO2, goethite from the treatment of the acid mine drainage and six catalyst produced from the goethite. One of them in the hematite phase (H) was prepared by calcination of goethite and the other five by the wet impregnation method of transition metals (HX-Y; X=Cu, Zn, Ag; Y = 5, 10 or 20 %), followed by heat treatment. The catalyst were evaluated for catalytic activity aiming at reducing the total organic carbon and resulted in the following order of catalytic activity: HCu-20 > HCu-10 > HCu-5 > HZn-5 > HAg-5 = H = CeO2 = Fe2O3 = Fe3O4 = TiO2. The catalysts obtained from goethite were characterized using BET surface area, X ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, TEM, SEM/FEG-EDS. HCu-10 catalyst was used in other studies, such as adsorption, stability, reusability and toxicity. The adsorption kinetics has shown that dissolved compounds in simulated petrochemical wastewater have no tendency to be adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst particles in the absence of ozone. The stability of this catalyst showed that it can be repeatedly reused in the process of simulated petrochemical wastewater treatment since there was no change in the rate of mineralization in up to four cycles. On the other hand, the toxicity evaluated in Microtox® bioassay showed that toxicity of the HCu-10 catalyst is higher than the toxicity of hematite without copper (catalyst H), possibly due to the presence of copper and after the catalytic ozonation reaction, toxicity of the wastewater treated was 30.29 toxicity units, 20 % less than the non-catalytic reaction.

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Chabo, Ablahad. "Treatment of a mantle cell lymphoma cell line with cannabinoids and cytostatics : - effects on DNA synthesis and ceramide metabolism". Thesis, Mälardalen University, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-7584.

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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell malignancy with bad prognosis, which predominates in males with advanced age. However, studies of the endocannabinoid system and how it affects tumour behaviour provides the basis for designing innovative therapeutic strategies that could open new opportunities for treatment of patient with MCL. It has earlier been shown that the cannabinoid receptor ligand (R)-(+)-methanandamide (R-MA) induce cell death in MCL by accumulation of ceramide. Ceramide has a pro-apoptotic effect on the cell but could be metabolized by the enzymes glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) and sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) to molecules with pro-proliferative effect. Therefore, treatments with R-MA on Jeko-1 MCL cell line were performed in this study to determine interference in the proliferative behaviour as well as in the gene expression of the enzymes GCS and SphK1. In addition, treatments with chemotherapeutic substances, such as doxorubicin or cytarabine (Ara-C), and combinations of R-MA and chemotherapeutic substance, were performed for the same reason. Results showed that the proliferation behaviour of Jeko cells remained unaffected when treated with R-MA, in contrast to the decreased proliferative effects shown when treated with cytostatics or combinations of R-MA and cytostatics. Furthermore, a tendency for up-regulation of GCS and SphK1 expression was recognized when cells were treated with cytostatics or combination of cytostatics and R-MA, in contrast to cells treated with R-MA alone. Although, R-MA alone had a tendency for a small down-regulation of GCS expression, it contributed to a potential elevation of GCS expression when combined with Ara-C or doxorubicin. It is believed that the effect from upregulated levels of the metabolizing enzymes GCS and SphK1 is balanced by, earlier observed, up-regulations of the ceramide synthesis enzymes.

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Flohr, Letícia. "Ensaios toxicológicos com Daphnia Magna como alternativa para classificação de resíduos sólidos industriais". Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90613.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental.
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Resíduos sólidos industriais necessitam de tratamento e disposição final adequada. Para que isto seja feito corretamente, cada resíduo deve ser previamente classificado em Classe I ou Classe II. Este método de classificação é proposto pela NBR 10004/04, contudo, é complexo e demanda tempo. Com o objetivo de facilitar a classificação, este trabalho propõe a utilização de ensaios com o microcrustáceo Daphnia magna para este fim. Os ensaios possibilitam a identificação de substancias tóxicas no lixiviado, o que denota a presença de uma das características descritas pela norma, a toxicidade, que é argumento suficiente para classificar o resíduo em Classe I. Realizaram-se ensaios ecotoxicológicos com trinta e duas amostras de resíduos sólidos industriais e, com base nos resultados das CE50(%) 48h observadas nestas amostras em comparação com a classificação oficial da NBR 10004/04, estabeleceram-se limites para classificação dos resíduos em Classe I ou Classe II. Verificou-se coincidência na classificação de 62,5% das amostras analisadas. Nos casos em que não foi observada coerência entre os métodos, o método proposto neste trabalho frequentemente classificou o resíduo como Classe I. Os dados obtidos revelaram que o método de classificação proposto é promissor pela sua rapidez e eficiência na preservação do meio ambiente.

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Mahomed, Shenaaz Ismail. "Descriptive study of the oestrogenicity of run off water from small-sized industry in the Pretoria West area /". Diss., Access to E-Thesis, 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06132005-133600/.

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Juan, De Dios Miranda Mayra Katherine. "Niveles de arsénico y cadmio en muestras de cebolla (Allium cepa) expendidas en la ciudad de Lima". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/8873.

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Determina los niveles de cadmio y arsénico en muestras de cebolla (Allium cepa) en la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana. Para ello se tomó un total de 30 muestras, 10 muestras en Lima Norte (San Martin de Porres, Los Olivos, Independencia, Comas y Puente Piedra), 10 muestras en Lima Sur (Chorrillos, Villa María del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Miraflores y Surco) y 10 muestras en Lima Centro (Cercado de Lima, Jesús María, Pueblo Libre, La Victoria y Rímac), donde se tomaron 2 muestras por distrito y al azar, de las cuales se indagó, en cada mercado durante su recolección, el lugar de procedencia de las mismas. Los análisis se realizaron en la Unidad de Servicios de Análisis Químicos (USAQ), empleándose para la cuantificación de estos metales el método analítico de Absorción Atómica – Horno de Grafito. Como resultado se obtuvo que la concentración de Cadmio en las muestras de cebolla presentó una media de 0,06 mg/kg y la de Arsénico una media de 42,0 µg/kg; lo cual indica que la concentración de ambos metales, superan el nivel máximo establecido por la OMS/FAO (Codex Alimentarius; Cd=0,05 mg/kg; As=0-20 µg/kg). Se determinó que en las muestras de cebolla (Allium cepa) procedentes de la zona sur (Arequipa), se acumulan mayor concentración de cadmio y arsénico en comparación con las muestras que proceden de la zona norte (Huaral y Trujillo).
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Caillé-Damerval, Martine. "Contribution des hépatocytes isolés de rat à la validation d'une révélation des dénaturations de l'ADN : application aux produits chimiques industriels". Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA114831.

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Gagné, François. "Intérêt de l'application de tests alternatifs en écotoxicologie : cas des hépatocytes primaires de truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss)". Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Gagne.Francois.SMZ9607.pdf.

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Le contrôle des rejets industriels évacués vers les eaux réceptrices du fleuve Saint-Laurent nécessite des évaluations de nature chimique et toxicologique. La toxicité des effluents industriels est étudiée, en partie, par un bioessai standard de mortalité de la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Un modèle cellulaire qui consiste à utiliser des hépatocytes de truite en culture primaire est proposé comme alternative. Cet essai a l'avantage de réduire considérablement le nombre de poissons requis pour les essais tout en utilisant des critères d'effet qui sont à la base de l'expression de la toxicité. La cytoxicité est mesurée par la perte de la perméabilité membranaire, par l'induction de la métallothioneine (mt) et de l'activité du cytochrome p4501a1, et par le dommage de l’ADN dans les hépatocytes exposés pendant 48 h à des effluents industriels. Ces critères sont aussi mesurés dans le foie de truitelle exposée aux mêmes rejets industriels ou la mortalité est étudiée en fonction de la cytotoxicité. Les résultats montrent que le modèle hépatocyte (mh) est plus sensible que le bioessai truite (bt). Les effets cytotoxiques (viabilité, mt, erod et la génotoxicité) se sont avérés corrélés avec les effets mesures avec le bt. Le mh peut être incorporé dans une démarche étapiste de manière à réduire le nombre de poissons à tester et les couts tout en augmentant l'information toxicologique. Celle-ci est aussi pertinente pour prévenir les dommages (ir)réversibles puisqu'elle repose sur des mécanismes qui sont précurseurs d'effets toxiques
Control of point source pollution requires chemical characterization and toxicological assessment because it has the potential to contaminate and impact the aquatic biota. Toxicity of industrial effluents is evaluated, in part, by means of a standard 96 hh static bioassay using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A trout hepatocyte model has been developped as an alternative assay to the trout assay. This would reduce the number of fishes in these studies and may further underline some of the mechanism(s) of toxicity. With this model, cytotoxicity, along with metallothionein (MT), cytochrome P4501A1 (EROD) inductions, and DNA damage, can be estimated in effluent-exposed hepatocytes after 48h. Similarly, these effects were also followed in the liver of effluent-exposed trouts where mortality was studied in relation to cytotoxicity. The results showed that the cell system is more sensitive than the fish bioassay. The effects measured with the cell system proved to be significantly correlated with those obtained with the trout bioassay. The hepatocyte model can be used in a sequential approach so as to minimize test fish numbers and cost while increasing the toxicological information generated for effluents. This added information should be useful toward prevention of toxicity because it relates to effects that are precursors of toxic expression

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47

Gagné, François. "Intérêt de l'application de tests alternatifs en écotoxicologie cas des hépatocytes primaires de truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) /". Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1996/Gagne.Francois.SMZ9607.pdf.

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Zarria, Romero Jacquelyne Yesenia y Romero Jacquelyne Yesenia Zarria. "Efecto de la toxicidad a nivel linfopoyético y eritropoyético en médula ósea de Mus musculus producido por nanopartículas usadas en la industria TiO2, SiO2 y ZnO". Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/6265.

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Estudia los efectos perjudiciales que tienen el TiO2, SiO2 y ZnO a nivel celular (citotoxicidad) como a nivel de DNA (genotoxicidad) y de expresión de genes estratégicos de proliferación y maduración celular, empleado como modelo la médula ósea roja del ratón albino Mus musculus. Para tal fin se evalúa 90 ratones a los cuales se inocula vía intraperitoneal (IP) nanoparticulados de cada óxido dispersado en agua ultrapura en dosis aproximadas de ZnO (0,5 ; 1,0; 2,5; 5,0 y 10 μg/kg); TiO2 (5 ; 10; 15; 20 y 25 μg/kg), y SiO2 (0,5; 1,0; 2,5; 5,0 y 10 μg/kg).
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NIESSEN, Sylvie. "Contribution à l'étude de la récupération d'ions nickel (II) en solution par couplage complexation-ultrafiltration-électrolyse". Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20074.

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De nombreux effluents industriels contiennent des metaux en solution qui presentent une certaine toxicite et qu'il faut eliminer avant rejet. Dans ce travail, nous etudions la possibilite d'eliminer le nickel present dans un effluent par complexation avec un macroligand de qualite industrielle (acide polyacrylique sulfone), puis ultrafiltration. Le concentrat est ensuite electrolyse afin de recuperer le metal sous forme solide. Une premiere partie presente les essais filtration du complexe. Les resultats montrent que l'on peut retenir le nickel a 99% dans certaines conditions. Ont ete etudies le role du ph, celui de la presence d'un autre complexant comme l'ammoniaque et celui de la presence de sels. L'ensemble des observations est interprete d'apres la connaissance de la nature des especes presentes en solution dans les differentes conditions experimentales. On note que la presence de sels influence fortement les performances de l'ultrafiltration. La seconde partie concerne l'electrolyse du nickel complexe. Une etude polarographique prealable permet de montrer le caractere labile du complexe nickel-polymere et les modifications apportees par variation de ph, addition d'ammoniaque ou de sels confirment l'interpretation donnee pour les resultats de filtration. L'electrodeposition du nickel par electrolyse du concentrat est enfin abordee et l'influence des conditions d'electrolyse est etudiee. Cependant, l'interet du procede tel qu'il est decrit dans ce travail est limite par une perte en polymere lors de l'ultrafiltration et une degradation partielle au cours de l'electrolyse

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Gorand, Olivier. "Création d'une base de données informatique de toxicologie industrielle dans la centrale nucléaire du Blayais". Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR23069.

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