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1
Chalil, Diana. "AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC DUOPOLY IN THE INDONESIAN CRUDE PALM OIL INDUSTRY". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2566.
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The apparent increase in market concentration and vertical integration in the Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) industry has led to concerns about the presence of market power. For the Indonesian CPO industry, such concerns attract more attention because of the importance of this sector to the Indonesian economy. CPO is used as the main raw material for cooking oil (which is an essential commodity in Indonesia) and it contributes significantly to export earnings and employment. However, dominant producers argue that the increase in economies of scale and scope lead to an increase in the efficiency, which eventually will be beneficial for the end consumers and export earnings. This research seeks to examine whether the dominant producers do behave competitively and pass the efficiency gains to the end consumers, or they enhance inefficiency through market power instead. In order to identify the most suitable model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry, different market power models are explored. These models can be divided into static and dynamic models. In general, all of them accept the price–cost margins as a measure of market power. However, static models fail to reveal the dynamic behaviour that determines market power; hence the dynamic models are likely to be more appropriate to modelling market power. Among these dynamic models, the adjustment model with a linear quadratic specification is considered to be a more appropriate model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry. In the Indonesian CPO industry, producers can be divided into three groups, namely the public estates, private companies and smallholders. However, based on their ability to influence market price, smallholders are not considered as one of the dominant groups. By using the adjustment cost model, the market power of the dominant groups is estimated. The model is estimated using a Bayesian technique annual data spanning 1968–2003. The public estates and private companies are assumed to engage in a noncooperative game. They are assumed to use Markovian strategies, which permit firms to respond to changes in the state vector. In this case, the vector comprises the firms and their rivals’ previous action, implying that firms respond to changes in their rivals’ previous action. The key contribution of this thesis is the relaxation of the symmetry assumption in the estimation process. Although the existence of an asymmetric condition often complicates the estimation process, the different characteristics of the public estates and private companies lead to a need for relaxing such an assumption. In addition, the adjustment system—which can be seen as a type of reaction function—is not restricted to have downward slopes. Negative reaction functions are commonly assumed for a quantity setting game. However, the reverse may occur in particular circumstances. Without such restrictions, the analysis could reveal the type of interaction between the public estates and private companies. In addition, it provides insights into empirical examples of conditions that might lead to the positive reaction function. Furthermore, the analysis adds to the understanding of the impact of positive reaction functions to avoid the complicated estimation of the asymmetric case. As expected, the public estates act as the leader, while the private companies are the follower. Interestingly, results indicate that as well as the private companies, public estates do exert some degree of market power. Moreover, the public estates enjoy even higher market power than the private companies, as indicated by market power indices of -0.46 and -0.72, respectively. The exertion of market power by both the public estates and the private companies cast some doubts about the effectiveness of some current policies in the Indonesian CPO industry. With market power, the underlying assumption of a perfectly competitive market condition—that serves as the basis for the government interventions—is no longer applicable. Hence, many government interventions are unlikely to have the desired effect. The Indonesian competition law that has been imposed since 1999 might be effective in preventing firms to sign collusive contracts. In fact, even without such an agreement, firms in the CPO industry are likely to exert some degree of market power. As an alternative, eliminating the ‘sources’ of market power might be a better solution. If the public estates have the aim of maximising welfare, privatisation might improve their efficiency, hence they have ability to suppress the private companies’ market power. However, if in fact, the public estates deliberately reduce output to gain higher profit, privatisation might increase the degree of market power of both groups of companies even further. In such a condition, addressing the long term barriers of entry stemming from the requirement of high investment might be a better alternative to address the market power problem in the CPO industry.
2
Chalil, Diana. "AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC DUOPOLY IN THE INDONESIAN CRUDE PALM OIL INDUSTRY". University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2566.
Texto completoResumen
Doctor of PhilosophyThe apparent increase in market concentration and vertical integration in the Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) industry has led to concerns about the presence of market power. For the Indonesian CPO industry, such concerns attract more attention because of the importance of this sector to the Indonesian economy. CPO is used as the main raw material for cooking oil (which is an essential commodity in Indonesia) and it contributes significantly to export earnings and employment. However, dominant producers argue that the increase in economies of scale and scope lead to an increase in the efficiency, which eventually will be beneficial for the end consumers and export earnings. This research seeks to examine whether the dominant producers do behave competitively and pass the efficiency gains to the end consumers, or they enhance inefficiency through market power instead. In order to identify the most suitable model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry, different market power models are explored. These models can be divided into static and dynamic models. In general, all of them accept the price–cost margins as a measure of market power. However, static models fail to reveal the dynamic behaviour that determines market power; hence the dynamic models are likely to be more appropriate to modelling market power. Among these dynamic models, the adjustment model with a linear quadratic specification is considered to be a more appropriate model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry. In the Indonesian CPO industry, producers can be divided into three groups, namely the public estates, private companies and smallholders. However, based on their ability to influence market price, smallholders are not considered as one of the dominant groups. By using the adjustment cost model, the market power of the dominant groups is estimated. The model is estimated using a Bayesian technique annual data spanning 1968–2003. The public estates and private companies are assumed to engage in a noncooperative game. They are assumed to use Markovian strategies, which permit firms to respond to changes in the state vector. In this case, the vector comprises the firms and their rivals’ previous action, implying that firms respond to changes in their rivals’ previous action. The key contribution of this thesis is the relaxation of the symmetry assumption in the estimation process. Although the existence of an asymmetric condition often complicates the estimation process, the different characteristics of the public estates and private companies lead to a need for relaxing such an assumption. In addition, the adjustment system—which can be seen as a type of reaction function—is not restricted to have downward slopes. Negative reaction functions are commonly assumed for a quantity setting game. However, the reverse may occur in particular circumstances. Without such restrictions, the analysis could reveal the type of interaction between the public estates and private companies. In addition, it provides insights into empirical examples of conditions that might lead to the positive reaction function. Furthermore, the analysis adds to the understanding of the impact of positive reaction functions to avoid the complicated estimation of the asymmetric case. As expected, the public estates act as the leader, while the private companies are the follower. Interestingly, results indicate that as well as the private companies, public estates do exert some degree of market power. Moreover, the public estates enjoy even higher market power than the private companies, as indicated by market power indices of -0.46 and -0.72, respectively. The exertion of market power by both the public estates and the private companies cast some doubts about the effectiveness of some current policies in the Indonesian CPO industry. With market power, the underlying assumption of a perfectly competitive market condition—that serves as the basis for the government interventions—is no longer applicable. Hence, many government interventions are unlikely to have the desired effect. The Indonesian competition law that has been imposed since 1999 might be effective in preventing firms to sign collusive contracts. In fact, even without such an agreement, firms in the CPO industry are likely to exert some degree of market power. As an alternative, eliminating the ‘sources’ of market power might be a better solution. If the public estates have the aim of maximising welfare, privatisation might improve their efficiency, hence they have ability to suppress the private companies’ market power. However, if in fact, the public estates deliberately reduce output to gain higher profit, privatisation might increase the degree of market power of both groups of companies even further. In such a condition, addressing the long term barriers of entry stemming from the requirement of high investment might be a better alternative to address the market power problem in the CPO industry.
3
Pettersson, Tobar Rebecka. "A more sustainable Palm oil industry : A case study on the Government in Indonesia achieving SDGs number 8 and 13 with the help of the palm oil industry". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98037.
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In 2015, the United Nations adopted 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) and 169 dub-goals, for all United Nations member countries. The goals are referred to as Agenda 2030 which aims to be guidelines for the countries as well as deepen the commitments of implementation.This paper aims to identify opportunities for how the palm oil industry can, through a more sustainable way, help to achieve objectives of UN ́s goals number eight and thirteen, by examining how the government in Indonesia works. Goal number eight: Decent work and economic growth, and goal number thirteen: Climate action.The analysis has been conducted through a qualitative case study based on scientific articles and various documents.The method used is A political economic approach together with an stakeholders analysis, where all stakeholders seek to be identified. The Government of Indonesia is working towards more sustainable production of palm oil and is undertaken by several stakeholders on the way, for example, the implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm oil (ISPO), which the government of Indonesia has installed to make the palm oil industry somehow contribute to meeting the SDGs.
4
Harahap, Fumi. "An evaluation of biodiesel policies : The case of palm oil agro-industry in Indonesia". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222618.
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Oil palm has flourished as an economically vital crop in Indonesia given its use in both food and non-food products (including biodiesel) for domestic and export markets. However, the expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia is controversial. While the crop generates fiscal earnings for the country, and regular income streams for farmers and companies, oil palm plantation expansion is claimed to cause deforestation, environmental degradation and biodiversity losses. At the same time, there is a national target to reduce GHG emissions from land use change and the production of palm oil. Climate change mitigation goals also include ambitious targets to blend biodiesel with fossil diesel in various economic sectors. This thesis looks at the palm oil agro-industry, from oil palm plantation to crude palm oil (CPO) production, and CPO based biodiesel production. It proposes a policy evaluation to verify policy implications in relation to the issue of land use allocation, and the poor profitability in palm oil biodiesel production. The overarching objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of prevailing policies used to promote the palm oil agro-industry for biodiesel production in Indonesia. The thesis is framed by policy research and ex-post policy evaluation. The focus is on the process of policy formulation and implementation, rather than outcome evaluation. Two specific analytical frameworks are used to answer the research questions while addressing the criteria of effectiveness in policy evaluation: (i) policy coherence analysis and (ii) life cycle cost analysis. Qualitative indicators are used to measure the coherence of biofuel policy with other sectoral policies (agriculture, climate and forestry) in relation to land allocation. Quantitative economic indicators are used to compare the costs and benefits of conventional palm oil biodiesel production with a biorefinery conceptual plant. There are valuable lessons to be learnt from this policy evaluation. The results indicate areas in which policy effectiveness can be improved. For land allocation, adjustments and improvements in policy formulation and implementation are crucial. Uncertainties when it comes to the allocation of land to meet multi sectoral policy goals are to be addressed by clarifying land use definitions and categories, which should be backed up by consistent land use definitions in various policy documents. The dual land classification presently applied should move towards a single land classification, linking actual landscape coverage and the legal status of the land. Policy information and guidance across sectoral policies should be compiled in a single database. Such a publicly available database would help enhance the efficiency of land allocation for multiple policy purposes. More importantly, the formulation of biodiesel policy has to engage various sectoral policies that compete for the same resources. The biorefinery conceptual plant allows the reduction of government subsidies, while also providing a pathway to enhance the use of renewable energy and reduce GHG emissions. Policies have been designed to enhance plant profits through the improved utilisation of biomass residues in the palm oil mill for energy generation and composting. However, the low implementation rate of policies indicates the need to improve the effectiveness of policy implementation, and therefore the need for better monitoring processes, and possibly more stringent consequences for non-compliance.QC 20180223
5
Cahyadi, Eko Ruddy [Verfasser]. "Contract farming and risks for smallholders in the oil palm industry in Indonesia / Eko Ruddy Cahyadi". Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036673898/34.
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Kurz, Sarah. "Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Governance – A Driver for Change towards Environmental Sustainability? : An Embedded-Case Study on the Sustainability Discourse in the Palm Oil Industry". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44518.
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The planet’s biodiversity is in a worrying state. Palm oil production significantly contributes to biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia. Unfortunately, the different forms of public and private regulation in place have had limited success in regulating the sector and protecting the environment. Three of the biggest palm oil traders – Cargill, Musim Mas, and Wilmar International – were chosen as subjects of an embedded case study to answer whether their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) efforts have the potential to drive transformation in the palm oil sector towards more environmental sustainability. This thesis contributes to the debate around the role of business actors in Global Governance and their ability to tackle social and environmental problems caused by their business models with CSR. The thesis engages deductively with capitalism-critical theories on CSR. Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” (WPR) approach will guide a discourse analysis of the 2019 sustainability reports of the three companies regarding their efforts to improve sustainability in the palm oil sector. A comparison with research articles and NGO reports reaches the conclusion that the measures taken by Cargill, Musim Mas, and Wilmar are not enough to improve sustainability sufficiently.
7
Bondan, Widyatmoko. "The Implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification (ISPO):Opportunity for Inclusion of Palm Oil Smallholder in Riau Province". Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242760.
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8
Choong, Chee Guan. "Sustainability in the Malaysian palm oil industry". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589047.
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With a rapidly growing world population, the demand for palm oil is increasing. In 2010, palm oil accounted for 36.5% of the world's vegetable oil production and it is projected to be the leading vegetable oil in the world by 2016. The Malaysian palm oil industry is committed to delivering sustainable palm oil products to its customers. This is being achieved through the establishment of a roadmap identifying strategies and action plans that are priorities for 2009 to 2020. These include the implementation of IS014001 (Environment Management Systems), since 2004, and IS014040 (Life Cycle Assessment), since 2006. The implementation of carbon footprint labelling is currently being carried out as part of continuous improvements for the delivery of sustainable palm oil. The aim of this research was to investigate tools and methods that might be used in the delivery of sustainable Malaysian palm oil. Interviews based on a semi- structured questionnaire were used to identify current practices in the Malaysian palm oil industry. Results from the interviews highlighted the importance of IS014001 and IS014040 implementations in the delivery of sustainable palm oil. Case studies related to IS014001 and IS014040 were used to derive stakeholder needs for sustainable palm oil. These informed the creation of a supply network map that was used to visualisethe Malaysian palm oil industry and the extent of current IS014001 and IS014040 implementations. It was found that neither IS014001 nor ISO 14040 were implemented across the whole supply network. The supply network map was used to frame simulations of parts of the Malaysian palm oil industry system, namely, the plantation, mill and mill-refinery. Early results indicated that computer simulations could be a valuable tool that would complement existing methods such as Environmental Management Systems and Life Cycle Assessment. Simulation models could be populated with real-world data and used to inform policies for Malaysian palm oil production. For better traceability of decision making, considerations would need to be given to the identification of system boundaries, simulation parameters related to stakeholder needs, the capture of operating environments, and risks and uncertainties in the validation of models.
9
Lim, Chye Ing. "Sustainability Assessment of Malaysian Palm Oil Industry". Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75678.
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The Palm Oil Sustainability Assessment framework has been developed to improve sustainability performance of Malaysian palm oil production. It was applied to a crude palm oil supply chain to identify sustainability improvement strategies. A biogas plant has been incorporated into the existing supply chain to improve the sustainability performance of crude palm oil production. This framework will assist stakeholders in the supply chain to select appropriate strategies for sustainable palm oil production.
10
Theppuangtong, Yuenyong. "Prospects of oil palm development in Thailand". Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130889.
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Since oil palm was introduced to Thai agriculture in the late
1960s, the oil palm industry in Thailand has grown rapidly and has
shown promise as a remedy for the domestic oils and fats crisis, and
for the country's foreign exchange deficit. As oil palm gives high
returns to investment, further expansion of the industry can be
envisaged. However, development of the oil palm industry has been
undertaken without a definite supporting policy from the government to
facilitate progress. It is felt that involvement of the government is
necessary for any further development of the industry. This is because
world production of palm oil is expected to increase dramatically with
both the rapid expansion of oil palm industries in the main producing
countries and the improvement of production technology. It is,
therefore, argued that the government should show concern by playing a
more positive role in the provision of supportive activities for the
industry in order that efficiency of production can be improved, and
Thailand, as a palm oil exporter, can secure a competitive position in
the world market.
This study provides general information on the palm oil situation
as a basis for policy formulation. It reviews of production and
consumption of palm oil in the oils and fats economy, both
internationally and domestically, and an evaluation of oil palm
cultivation in Thailand. The high-yield characteristics of oil palm contribute to the high
return to investment in the oil palm industry. Production of palm oil
on a commercial basis has thus expanded rapidly in the last two
decades, notably in Southeast Asia, where Malaysia dominates as the
largest producer. Recently, the share of palm oil production increased
to 9% of the total supply of major oils and fats. Produced from a
perennial crop, the supply of palm oil has increased steadily with low
flexibility to price fluctuations. Its share of the world market is expected to double by the year 2000. This suggests a fall in the price
of palm oil in the long term.
Parallel to the expansion of the oil palm industry, research into
ways of improving productivity and the quality of oil palm is being
conducted, led by Malaysia, in order to maintain profitability.
Effective methods include the development of high-yielding varieties;
reproduction of standard planting material through tissue culture
techniques; the use of insects as pollinating agents, which is also
labour saving; and improving methods of fertilization and chemical
control. These methods are likely to be adopted widely in the near
future.
Palm oil is a low priced oil. It is primarily used in the
manufacture of margarine, shortening and soap. Advances in refining
technology, especially the fractionation process, makes palm oil
substitutable for either saturated or unsaturated oils in various
end-uses. This, coupled with its price advantage, encourages the
widespread use of palm oil in many manufactures. Palm oil may even be
used as a gasoline substitute.
However, markets for palm oil are still limited. Processed palm
oil confronts trade barriers in many countries, especially Europe,
where refining techniques are advanced and crude oil is preferred.
LDCs' markets are also limited by restricted income and, in some
regions, traditional tastes and preferences. Promotion of more uses
of palm oil is being conducted by leading producers, especially
Malaysia. Palm oil is also consumed in Thailand. Shortages in the domestic
supply of oilseeds, and a high cost of oil processing, have led to
substitution with palm oil in many manufactures. Demand for palm oil
has risen rapidly in recent years, and this has had an impact on
domestic oilseed producers. Imported palm oil was then used to
replace domestically produced oils, with the result that farm prices
of oilseeds were reduced to unfavourable levels. Eventually, the
government had to protect domestic producers by regulating the volume
of palm oil imported. By and large, the rising demand for palm oil is
explained by the shortage of coconut oil, rather than of soybean oil,
for manufacture of edible products and soap. As the supply of domestic coconut oil is likely to have reached its maximuni, demand for palm oil
is expected to increase steadily in the future.
Supply of domestically produced palm oil in Thailand has not been
sufficient to cope with the rising demand, as production is still in
the early stages of development, and the quality of domestic palm oil
has been inferior. Although most domestic production was consumed, it
has been mainly used in producing soap and some edible products. Such
limited use implies a need for improvement in oil palm cultivation to
upgrade oil quality.
Using an established model for prediction of oil palm output, it
is estimated that output of domestic palm oil will exceed demand by
1987. This means that Thailand will be able to export the palm oil
surplus in a few years. Output of bunches will also exceed the
existing mill capacity, and expansion of mill capacity will also be
needed.
Most areas under oil palm in Thailand are under large-scale
management. The rate of return to investment is around 24% with a
nine-year payback period. Oil palm production on smallholdings has
been shown to be economically efficient, but lack of technical
knowledge and limited capital are major problems hampering the
capacity of this sector of oil palm cultivation. Given Thailand's optimum "growing conditions, it is recommended
that further development of the industry should be encouraged and that
greater participation of smallholders is desirable. A definite
development policy should be formulated, and supportive activities
such as research on appropriate cultivation methods and provision of
improved materials, as well as credit provision and improvement of
infrastructure, should also be undertaken by the government.
11
Salam, Burhanuddin bin Abd. "A systems model for the Malaysian palm oil industry". Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283754.
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Chee, Tahir Aidil Bin. "A systematic approach to sustainability metrics : palm oil production as a case study". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670180.
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Tagoe, Sheila M. A. "Effect of mycotoxigenic microorganisms on palm fruits and palm oil produced at the cottage industry level". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503918.
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Oilseeds are e the group of crops that store energy in the form of oil. Tliey form a ery important component of tropical agriculture, because they are readily available and provide highly nutritious human and animal food. The oilseeds also irve as an important source of energy and act as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. About 71 percent of edible oils and fats are derived from plant sources as oilseeds. Tecnnological advances have made it possible for one processing of non-food products using oilseeds as raw material. About forty different oilseeds are reported to have the potential for food uses but the most significant ones in the world's edible / non-edible oil supply include coconut, corn, cotton, oil palm, peanut, rapeseed, rice, safflower, sesame, soybean and sunflower. To achieve the objectives of the study, various preparatory experiments were conducted using molecular biology methods. Results obtained showed that DNA extraction from palm fruits and oil samples was successful with different methods being optimal for different materials; glass beads for pelleted microbes derived from oil palm fruit surface washes, liquid nitrogen for microbial cultures and Proteinase K for oil samples. Results on the free fatty acid and microbial contamination of the samples also showed that the good-grade oils contain microbes some of which may have the potential of producing toxin.
14
Tanaya, Jimmy. "Corporate social responsibility : a framework for analysing CSR heterogeneity through the case of Indonesian palm oil". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/corporate-social-responsibilitya-framework-for-analysing-csr-heterogeneity-through-the-case-of-indonesian-palm-oil(0586d770-e31d-4c9b-98c2-a10dc3b187b8).html.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) represents a recent manifestation of the shifting of Role of Business in Society (RBiS). This thesis aims to study the development of and negotiation of various RBiS among various governance actors as manifested in CSR practices. In so doing, it reveals the heterogeneity of CSR practices over time as a contrast to the rigid and simplistic delineation of CSR practices; the institutionalisation of CSR into business strategy that so far has been perceived as a black box in the CSR literatures; and the co-constructed dynamic exchanges between perspectives of RBiS and their respective supporters, which I have called a relational perspective on governance and RBiS.This research employs a single case study research strategy with a qualitative multi-methods design as the synthesis of multiple instruments each pertain to particular level of analysis i.e. institutional, organisational, and individual. The research methodology is intentionally designed to operationalise a multilevel analysis of CSR and longitudinal insights on CSR. As such, the research methodology is offered as one of contributions in this research.The thesis finds that longitudinal insights matter, in order to understand various CSR practices as responses to external crises and situations, which at the same time, serve as an arena for negotiating interests between related parties in particular political-economic-social-environmental contexts. The thesis reveals processes of incorporating CSR into business strategy. Particularly, it demonstrates how businesses mobilise external resources and internal resources to meet shifting domains of responsibility through various investment inputs, to achieve a range of CSR outcomes. CSR practices, as situated within changing understandings of RBiS, reflect the negotiation between various interests, in relational perspective, linked to the perceived effectiveness of government as the guardian of wider public interests. The thesis argues that a simplistic view of CSR and RBiS as suggested by much of the available literature is partial and provides inadequate accounts and explanations of the burgeoning of CSR practices; in particular in appreciating the various competing interests and perspectives which are brought to bear during processes which continually shape and (re-) shape CSR practices; as well as the variety of mechanisms and practices through which CSR is incorporated into business strategy.I conclude the research by offering a proposition to examine and understand CSR. I propose to see CSR as a dynamic heterogeneous temporal and contextual tool incorporated by businesses through multi-avenues into corporate strategy as a result of negotiation of interests of various alliances of governance actors.
15
Mojilis, Frederica. "Determinants of environmental disclosure in the oil palm industry in Malaysia". Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/344.
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The study examines the determinants of environmental disclosure in the oil palm industry in Malaysia. It applies Ullmann’s (1985) three-dimensional stakeholder model to observe the association of stakeholder power, strategic posture and economic performance with environmental disclosure. Disclosure is shown to be low overall, with significant differences between oil palm and other companies. The study confirms the robustness of Ullmann’s model in predicting environmental disclosure and suggests a role for government in its regulation.
16
Zhenyue, Lai. "Pelletisation of biomass oil palm kernel shells for gasification". Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1184.
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Palm kernel shells are one of the waste products in the palm oil industry. This work was focused on investigating the properties of pellets made from the palm kernel shells for use in syngas generation through gasification. The strength of the pellets increased with compaction pressure but the strength reached a plateau when the pellets achieved no or near-zero porosities, indicating that the maximum strength was achieved. High compaction speeds and short hold time during the compaction process; high humidity conditions and long storage time during post-production were found to result in lower pellet strengths. These effects were mainly related to the porosities of the pellets, and new modifications of the Ryshkewitch-Duckworth model have been proposed to describe the relationships between the strength and the porosity. The strength of binary pellets made of palm kernel shell and HZSM-5 zeolite decreased with increasing zeolite composition. This decrease was associated with higher porosities and elastic rebound of the pellets in the presence of the zeolite particles. Modifications of the Ryshkewitch-Duckworth model have been proposed to predict the strength of the binary mixture pellet, based on strength at zero porosity and the bonding capacity of zeolite and palm kernel shell.In the gasification studies, the pellets achieved a higher conversion rate from biomass to gaseous products compared to raw palm kernel shells and ground shell powder. The gasification of binary palm kernel shell and HZSM-5 zeolite pellets was proven to be feasible but not as effective in reducing tar from the gaseous products as zeolite added in-situ with raw palm kernel shells. For the same amount of catalyst used, the amount of tar reduced was less when the pelletised form was gasified, compared to that when the raw, ungrounded form was gasified in situ with zeolite. This was probably due to zeolite being trapped within the binary pellet and hence not all the zeolite was available to crack the tar.
17
Gopal, Jaya. "The development of Malaysia's palm oil refining industry : obstacles, policy and performance". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7273.
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Vergez, Coralie (Coralie Sandrine Elsa). "Overcoming the challenges of certification for independent smallholders in the palm oil industry". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80677.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-98).
Independent smallholders' certification in the palm oil industry has been recognized as a significant challenge both in the academic literature and in the interviews conducted with experts prior to writing this thesis. According to both sources, a massive certification of independent smallholders seems very unlikely in the medium-run. At the same time, smallholders are a critical component of the palm oil value chain, both in terms of production and land use. This thesis focuses on the challenges palm oil independent smallholders in South East Asia are faced with when it comes to certification. The paper is structured around four chapters. Chapter I opens the paper with an analysis of the current context in the palm oil industry and of the rising concerns related to sustainability. The main bottlenecks preventing smallholders to become certified are then developed in Chapter II. In Chapter III, certification of smallholders is presented through the lens of the collective action problem framework. Two case studies then illustrate the fact that certification can be achieved. Based on these case studies, as well as on interviews with experts and on academic papers, we formulate the necessary conditions to create a favorable environment for independent smallholders to achieve certification before suggesting ways to implement them (Chapter IV).
by Coralie Vergez.
S.M.
19
Conteh, Juliana Konima Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "Women and palm oil processing in Sierra Leone: a case study". Ottawa, 1992.
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20
Nilsson, Sara. "Palm oil - towards a sustainable future? : Challanges and opportunites for the Swedish food industry". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97335.
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The food industry faces problems relating to the sustainability of palm oil as a food commodity. These problem areas include social, environmental, economic and health issues. The food industry also competes with increasing palm oil demands from the energy sector. This case study identifies and analyzes different perspectives regarding sustainable palm oil as a food commodity in Sweden through interviews with palm oil experts in different businesses and organizations. This study focuses on how the food retailer Axfood manages the identified views. The results show that Axfood handle the problem areas by their membership in the organization Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). At the moment are certificates bought for all their usage of palm oil, but discussions have been started to change to another palm oil certification system within the RSPO. From the results was it concluded that higher demands are placed on palm oil from the energy sector than from the food industry. Common demands need to be placed on the fat and oil industry to reach more sustainable levels of the certified oil. Sustainability has different meanings for different actors within the palm oil industry. Decreasing the usage of palm oil is part of the solution to achieving a more environmentally responsible palm oil industry.
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Huddleston, Paul Stephen. "Contract farming in oil palm : the case of Ghana and the Philippines". University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0222.
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[Truncated abstract] This thesis reviews the role that contract farming plays in the development process through an examination of the oil palm industry in Ghana and in the Philippines. It contributes to ongoing debates concerning agricultural liberalisation in developing economies. The general view is that while the private sector can provide access to capital, technology and markets, the transition to a market-led system will increase the financial vulnerability of farmers, particularly smallholder farmers, through unequal power relationships. Of particular concern is the capacity of the private sector to alleviate poverty and promote social equity amongst small rural landholders. At the heart of much of the debate is the issue of contract farming, which has increased rapidly in line with structural adjustment in the agricultural sector. One of the central difficulties in drawing any conclusion on whether contract farming should be encouraged or discouraged, is the lack of comparability between the large number of types of schemes, crops being contracted, the `actors' involved and the socio-economic, political and institutional environments in which contract farming schemes are nurtured. This study has focused on the role that contract farming plays in the pursuit of development through an analysis of the key socio-economic issues involved with the adaptation of contract farming in the oil palm industries in the Philippines and in Ghana. This analysis allowed for the identification of conditions under which the impacts of contract farming schemes can either be augmented or mitigated. The research found that cultivating oil palm has the propensity to reward outgrowers with increasing income and a better access to knowledge, information and technology, capital and credit, agricultural inputs, markets and other services. ... The two outgrower programs are presently successful and do not show signs of the major problems identified by researchers in other areas. However, both governments need to ensure that a comprehensive policy and regulatory framework for private sector agricultural development is put in place. A strong private sector could provide the vehicle for agricultural development and the reduction of poverty in the countryside, however, both governments and the various private sector companies engaged in oil palm production need to work in partnership with each other and the outgrower community towards the goal of a diversified and expanded agricultural production base.
22
Bloxom, Jennifer Michelle. "Fueling the Appetite for Water: The Palm Oil Biofuel Industry in San Pedro Sula, Honduras". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193399.
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The world desperately seeks alternative fuels to eradicate its reliance upon unsustainable oil extraction; however, emerging biofuel technology is contingent on a more precious natural resource: water. Essential in all stages of biofuel production, including growing, processing, and refining oil feedstocks, water still represents a vital necessity for the surrounding population. This research assesses the immediate and long-term impacts of the expanding palm oil biodiesel industry on local water availability and privatized water management in San Pedro Sula, Honduras and the surrounding Sula Valley. Analyzing regional changes in water accessibility and quality caused by the palm oil commerce, the report also explores the reasons behind the impending water scarcity in San Pedo Sula. Finally, the study examines the potential consequences of these transforming water realities on future water provision as well as possible service adaptations required of the privatized company.
23
Kamarulzaman, Nitty Hirawaty. "An empirical investigation into the development of E-supply chains in the Malaysian palm oil industry". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507423.
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May, Peter Herman. "A modern tragedy of the non-commons agro-industrial change and equity in Brazil's babassu palm zone /". [Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University], 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15080259.html.
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Euler, Michael [Verfasser], Matin [Akademischer Betreuer] Qaim, Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Brümmer y Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Klasen. "Oil palm expansion among Indonesian smallholders - adoption, welfare implications and agronomic challenges / Michael Euler. Gutachter: Matin Qaim ; Bernhard Brümmer ; Stephan Klasen. Betreuer: Matin Qaim". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1071991663/34.
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Ali, Fazlin. "An investigation of management accounting control systems in the palm oil industry : a sociomaterial approach to practice change". Thesis, Aston University, 2015. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/25677/.
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The primary aim of this research is to understand what constitutes management accounting and control (MACs) practice and how these control processes are implicated in the day to day work practices and operations of the organisation. It also examines the changes that happen in MACs practices over time as multiple actors within organisational settings interact with each other. I adopt a distinctive practice theory approach (i.e. sociomateriality) and the concept of imbrication in this research to show that MACs practices emerge from the entanglement between human/social agency and material/technological agency within an organisation. Changes in the pattern of MACs practices happens in imbrication processes which are produced as the two agencies entangle. The theoretical approach employed in this research offers an interesting and valuable lens which seeks to reveal the depth of these interactions and uncover the way in which the social and material imbricate. The theoretical framework helps to reveal how these constructions impact on and produce modifications of MACs practices. The exploration of the control practices at different hierarchical levels (i.e. from the operational to middle management and senior level management) using the concept of imbrication process also maps the dynamic flow of controls from operational to top management and vice versa in the organisation. The empirical data which is the focus of this research has been gathered from a case study of an organisation involved in a large vertically integrated palm oil industry company in Malaysia specifically the refinery sector. The palm oil industry is a significant industry in Malaysia as it contributed an average of 4.5% of Malaysian Gross Domestic Product, over the period 1990 -2010. The Malaysian palm oil industry also has a significant presence in global food oil supply where it contributed 26% of the total oils and fats global trade in 2010. The case organisation is a significant contributor to the Malaysian palm oil industry. The research access has provided an interesting opportunity to explore the interactions between different groups of people and material/technology in a relatively heavy process food industry setting. My research examines how these interactions shape and are shaped by control practices in a dynamic cycle of imbrications over both short and medium time periods.
27
Romero, Antonio Miriam Esmaragda [Verfasser], Meike [Akademischer Betreuer] Wollni, Matin [Gutachter] Qaim y Bernhard [Gutachter] Brümmer. "Pro-environmental behavior among Indonesian oil palm smallholders: Understanding perceptions, intentions and actions / Miriam Esmaragda Romero Antonio ; Gutachter: Matin Qaim, Bernhard Brümmer ; Betreuer: Meike Wollni". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1175625426/34.
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Shields, Francine. "Palm oil & power : women in an era of economic and social transition in 19th century Yorubaland (south-western Nigeria)". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1926.
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This study looks at the economic, political and social history of women in the Yoruba area of south-western Nigeria in the 19th century using contemporary sources which have remained previously largely untapped for historical studies of women. The century encompassed many key historical developments which affected women; in particular, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade and the growth of an export trade in locally produced palm oil and kernels. Whereas the slave trade had been dominated by men, the processing, transport and trade of palm produce was dominated by women. The extent, nature and effects of women's role in this and other industries such as pottery manufacture, dyeing and food vending, which also expanded and developed during this period, are examined. As demand for palm produce and other goods increased, the labour of both free-born and slave women became more valuable since it was vital for industry at all stages. The study looks at changing labour demands and sources and alterations in the established pattern of the sexual and generational division of labour. Important changes in gender relations are evident and the study illuminates how tensions between men and women and between women themselves were manifest and how both men and women expressed and dealt with these problems. Economic changes were accompanied by largely internal political developments which favoured a few wealthy women. overall, many men perceived and/or experienced that increasing female autonomy posed a threat to the established patriarchal order. The evidence represented in the thesis clearly shows how men attempted to subordinate women in general, tap into their income and limit their political involvement, mainly through the development of exploitative and restrictive aspects of male-dominated politico-religious cults, which were directed specifically at women.
29
Gatto, Marcel [Verfasser], Matin [Akademischer Betreuer] Qaim, Meike [Akademischer Betreuer] Wollni y Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Mußhoff. "Land-use dynamics, economic development, and institutional change in rural communities - Evidence from the Indonesian oil palm sector / Marcel Gatto. Gutachter: Matin Qaim ; Meike Wollni ; Oliver Mußhoff. Betreuer: Matin Qaim". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067626646/34.
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Martinez, Edna Yiced [Verfasser]. "Capitalist Accumulation and Socio-Ecological Resilience : Black People in Border Areas of Colombia and Ecuador and the Palm Oil Industry / Edna Yiced Martinez". Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173661859/34.
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Basiron, Y. B. "An investigation into the use of macroeconometric model simulation and optimal control for policy planning in the Malaysian rubber and oil palm industry". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375413.
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Capriola, Margherita. "Climate Crimes : Climate change and deforestation: a case-study of state-corporate crime in Peru". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Latinamerikainstitutet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144124.
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During the last decades, climate change studies have been focusing more intensely on its anthopocenic essence, as the consequence of production and consumption patterns that require the intensive exploitation of the environment. In line with this school of thought, and new generations of studies on environmental crime, this work aims to present the environmentally and climate-related issues arising from land degradation in the Peruvian Amazon; focusing on those casual mechanisms developed from the collusion between Peruvian-economic policies and new private actors such as transnational corporations (TNCs). Relying on the assumption that: the processes moving the issue of climate change overcome the global space, and can be observed from regional, national or local point of view; this work's purpose is to analyze how a single country as Peru, currently considered of low ecological footprint, could, by means of the definition of national laws (environmentally and economic-related) burden climate change. The analysis focuses on a single case-study identified with the territory within the Northern Ucayali and Southern Loreto regions in Peru, and builds on the theory of state-corporate crime developed in the 1990s by Ronald C. Kramer and Raymond J. Michalowski to define the role of state-corporate relationships in the production of social harms. To show how this relationship is today shaping the globally spread issue of climate change, the analysis of the palm oil industry in Ucayali is presented as main example of a broader phenomenon of transgression and partnership between private and public spheres in Peru. In this optic, the purpose is to give further contributions to the studies of climate change as state-corporate crime, focusing on the analysis of those territory, as the Amazon, whose preservation has been identified as mayor tool against global warming and which is instead harmed by the relation between private and governments interests.
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Casson, Anne. "Oil palm and resistance : the political ecology of the Indonesian oil-palm sub-sector in an era of turbulent change". Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146041.
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Flori, Indrasanti y 卓珊迪. "Impact Analysis of National Standard in Palm Cooking Oil Industry – A Case Study in Indonesia". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3d646b.
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碩士國立交通大學
工業工程與管理系所
105
Palm cooking oil SNI (Indonesian National Standard) has specific requirement of Vitamin A containing in cooking oil with the objective to improve people's nutrition. This standard became mandatory with the government's new policy in the form of Ministerial Regulation and Technical Guideline, which will be effective on the 31st December, 2018. In this research, we estimate the impact of the policy in palm cooking oil SNI mandatory application by conducting cost analysis. The system affected by the regulation is examined to identify the stakeholder affected. Later we identify all costs that should be included to the analysis and estimate their values based on data availability. Finally, observation and management insight are presented to evaluate the results of cost analysis.
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Gillespie, Piers Arnold. "Politics, power and participation : a political economy of oil palm in the Sanggau District of West Kalimantan". Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150653.
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Participation is commonly accepted to be a process that brings stakeholders together to define critical issues, develop common goals, and create mutually beneficial outcomes. In the fields of development and natural resource management, participation is such a widely accepted part of policy that it is rare to find a project that does not exhort the critical need for participation and stakeholder engagement. Indeed, the unanimity for greater participation has reached such a level that it is now underpinned by its own particular development discourse. There are however two broad approaches to considering participation: one that automatically promotes participation across its many diverse interpretations; and another approach that is more reflexive, which urges a greater awareness of issues such as context, representation and power when evaluating participation's purported benefits. This second more critical approach towards participation has evolved due to the growing realisation that participation is often problematic both in its practical implementation where there is a significant power disparity between stakeholders, and in terms of the assumptions underpinning participation in much of the relevant academic literature. Despite the considerable orthodoxy advocating greater participation and stakeholder engagement in development, the political processes and power relations underpinning such engagement are rarely analysed in detail. This is particularly the case with oil palm plantations in Indonesia, where the focus has been on the environmental effects of plantations, and minimal research has appraised how plantation expansion affects the plantation-smallholder relationship. Given the prevalence of participative terms such as sosialisasi (awareness-raising) and kemitraan (partnership) throughout both Indonesian plantation legislation and in plantation company documents, the thesis examines how smallholders engage with oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan and how such engagement relates to the broader theoretical critiques of participation. It undertakes a detailed political economy analysis of how institutional arrangements and political processes affect plantation-smallholder participation in the Sanggau district of West Kalimantan. The use of a power relations analysis enables a move beyond a conventional narrative of participation and investigates how power manifests between a plantation and its smallholders. The multi-voiced qualitative research approach creates a more sophisticated understanding of how the politico-legal-economic environment affects plantation-smallholder engagement. After introducing the research topic and method, the thesis details how national and district legislation favours plantation development. Plantation legislation is one of a series of critical institutional arrangements that underpin the development of a particular national development orthodoxy in which plantations are seen as the only practical way to increase rural development in many of the frontier oil palm areas of Indonesia. Such an orthodoxy keeps particular issues and alternative livelihood approaches away from consideration through the operation of institutional practices that reaffirm existing oil palm structures and policies. By keeping the political economy and power-related discussions to a minimum, these arrangements and practices largely determine the modes of engagement between smallholders and plantations. The cross-case comparison of three plantation case studies provide further insight into the critical differences between plantation-smallholder outcomes at the Sanggau plantations, and enable the development of a series of key research propositions that account for such differences. The key research propositions include: that plantation land ratios between the company plantation and the adjoining smallholder plantation are reflective of the broader relationship; that poverty as a form of structural disempowerment perpetuates power imbalances between plantations and smallholders; and that the extent of incorporation of adat (local customary traditions) into plantation-smallholder engagement processes often indicates how a plantation and its smallholders interact. The thesis finds that oil palm plantations in Indonesia are framed discursively as an answer to relative poverty whilst serving to structurally entrench plantation benefits disproportionately towards particular district actors. It concludes that the structural and informal modes of participation between a plantation and its smallholders reinforce power imbalances and limit the transformative potential of participation for smallholders, and finds ultimately that although many thousands of smallholders have benefitted from oil palm plantation, plantation-smallholder engagement remains overwhelmingly nominal in nature.
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Raffiudin, Riaty. "Withering of patrimonial state-business relations in Indonesia following the 1997-8 economic crisis? Case studies of the electronics and palm oil industries". Thesis, 2015. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/26221/.
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This study investigates the changes in patrimonial state-business relationships following the 1997-8 economic crisis and President Soeharto's resignation. The main focus is to examine whether patrimonial state-business relations in Indonesia have whithered away, persisted or developed into different patterns.
37
Euler, Michael. "Oil palm expansion among Indonesian smallholders - adoption, welfare implications and agronomic challenges". Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5FFC-4.
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Romero, Antonio Miriam Esmaragda. "Pro-environmental behavior among Indonesian oil palm smallholders: Understanding perceptions, intentions and actions". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E559-4.
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Dhiaulhaq, Ahmad. "Environmental justice and the political economy of land conflict resolution in Indonesian forestry and palm oil". Phd thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/164935.
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In Indonesia, the boom in the oil palm and timber plantation sectors has generated substantial land conflict. Despite recent reforms to resource governance, mechanisms to resolve land conflicts comprehensively, decisively and fairly remain ineffective. Environmental justice and political ecology studies have largely focused on understanding the nature and political economic causes of these conflicts, while giving less attention to how conflicts might be resolved. Few studies have systematically assessed the extent to which land conflict resolution initiatives deliver just outcomes to affected communities and the role of cross-scale political, institutional and power dynamics in shaping the processes and outcomes.
This thesis examines to what degree conflict resolution initiatives ameliorate problems of distributional justice, procedural justice and recognition experienced by communities. Further, it investigates how community actors frame and pursue their claims for achieving justice, and to what effect. Last, the study explores how politics, institutions and power relations working across scale shape land conflict and environmental justice outcomes.
Based on extensive ethnographic, multi-sited, integrated and comparative investigations of three cases of 'successful' conflict resolution in West Kalimantan, Jambi and Riau, the thesis advances three arguments. First, although land conflict resolution initiatives remain productive in specific ways, 'successful' land conflict resolution has only conditionally provided distributional justice and recognition for local landowners. Conflict resolution and environmental justice objectives were not necessarily mutually reinforcing. Second, although conflict mediation improved procedural justice for the affected communities, the multiple embeddedness of land issues in different layers of social organisations and institutions, the tendency of mediation to render complex political economic problems 'technical', and significant power imbalances between corporate and community actors limit the achievement of recognition and distributional justice outcomes. In these Indonesian cases, formal processes of land dispute resolution tended to reinforce, rather than to ameliorate, pre-existing problems of misrecognition and inequality.
The thesis concludes that unless effective mobilisation and legal reform can provide legal and political empowerment, political, institutional and structural barriers will continue to generate truncated agreements in conflict negotiations, potentially cementing the exclusion of local smallholders from effective access and land control. This reveals a paradox: while land conflict resolution ostensibly aims to address the conflicts identified and raised by aggrieved landowners, these initiatives more often produce technical 'fixes' that avoid full engagement with complex political economic problems. As a result, the roots of conflicts remain only partially addressed, raising the danger that such resource conflicts will recur.
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Edwards, Ryan Barclay. "Natural Resource Sectors and Human Development: International and Indonesian Evidence". Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/101148.
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This thesis collects three papers on natural resource sector-led development.
The first paper examines the long-term health and education impacts of mining
dependence. Exploiting between-country variation in a large international
sample, causal effects are identified through instrumental variable estimation.
Results show that countries with economies more oriented toward mining on
average display poorer health and education outcomes than countries of similar
per capita income. Income from sectors other than mining tends to deliver
better health and education outcomes. Key channels explaining the lower social
productivity of mining sector activity include its impacts on non-mining sectors
and institutions. Similar patterns are observed across Indonesian districts,
suggesting this is not only a country-level phenomenon.
The second paper examines the poverty impacts of the world’s largest modern
plantation sector expansion, Indonesian oil palm in the 2000s. The paper
combines administrative data on local oil palm acreage at the district level
with survey-based estimates of poverty, using an estimation approach in
long-differences. Identification is achieved through an instrumental variable
strategy exploiting detailed geospatial data on crop-specific agro-climatic
suitability. The key finding is that increasing the oil palm share of land in a
district by ten percentage points contributes to around a forty percent reduction
in its poverty rate. Of the more than 10 million Indonesians lifted from poverty
over the 2000s, my most conservative estimate suggests that at least 1.3 million
of these people have risen out of poverty due to growth in the oil palm sector.
Similar effects are observed for different regions of Indonesia, for industrial and smallholder plantations, and at the province level. Oil palm expansion tends to
be followed by a small but sustained boost to the value of agricultural output,
manufacturing output, and total district output.
The final paper presents three quantitative case studies on the local economic
and welfare impacts of rapid natural resource sector expansion in Indonesia. The
paper focuses on three districts that have experienced notably large production
booms for Indonesia’s three largest primary exports: palm oil (Indragiri Hilir, in
Riau), coal (Tapin, in South Kalimantan), and natural gas (in Manokwari, West
Papua). Counterfactuals are constructed for each case study district through
synthetic control modelling. Results suggest that all three resource booms boosted
total economic output and altered the structure of the local economy. Oil palm
expansion in Riau raised agricultural, industry, and services output, while coal
mining in South Kalimantan reduced agricultural and services output. Oil palm
and coal mining booms both appear to have delivered strong poverty reduction.
The Tangguh natural gas project in West Papua delivered a massive increase in
local economic and industry output, but I find no evidence of any discernible
impacts on household welfare and poverty. The three case studies show that
natural resource sectors can make important contributions to poverty alleviation.
Relative to their size, sectors with more concentrated rents tend to provide less
broad-based benefits than diffuse resource sectors using labour more intensively.
41
Azhar, Badrul. "The ecological impacts of palm oil industry on avian and mammal biodiversity". Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150355.
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Industrial oil palm cultivation has become established in large parts of Southeast Asia. New areas of oil palm cultivation result in habitat destruction and local extinction of charismatic fauna (e.g. the Orangutan). The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) has been formed by palm oil producing countries and the World Wide Fund for Nature to certify environmentally friendly palm oil products. To date, few large-scale studies have informed the stakeholders of RSPO on ways to improve biodiversity conservation in existing oil palm landscapes. This thesis aimed to contribute to our understanding of the ecological impacts of the palm oil industry on avian and mammal biodiversity, and to provide strategies for mitigating these impacts. I conducted a field study in the states of Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. I examined 55 oil palm sites, comprising 41 plantation estates and 14 semi-traditional smallholdings. This study is the first to investigate relationships between different management regimes and biodiversity; previous studies mostly referred to plantation estates. The field sites I surveyed were located in 90,000 ha of total planted area of oil palm. I also surveyed a large, logged peat swamp forest covering more than 70,000 ha to compare with oil palm landscapes. I quantified the occurrence and abundance of bird and native mammal species in peat swamp forest and oil palm sites. I measured a number of stand-level characteristics including vegetation cover, undergrowth height, and canopy cover. I used GIS applications to compute landscape metrics including cumulative area of natural forest patches, planted area of oil palm, and distance to natural forests. I recorded types of land-use such as cattle grazing, and the abundance of introduced predators within oil palm plantations. I found that oil palm landscapes, irrespective of different management regimes, supported lower bird species richness than logged peat swamp forest. However, oil palm landscapes were far from devoid of avian biodiversity, sustaining a range of forest-dependent, open-area, migratory, and wetland species. The bird assemblages in logged peat swamp forest consisted of forest-dependant species that some were present, but rare, in oil palm landscapes. Bird species richness in oil palm landscapes was influenced by vegetation cover, canopy cover, and the distance to the nearest natural forest patches. Smallholdings supported more frugivorous birds than plantation estates. I found that oil palm landscapes supported 33 species of mammals, which is approximately two thirds of the number found in Peninsular Malaysia. Smallholdings supported more high conservation value mammal species than plantation estates. Omnivorous mammals occurred in higher abundance in plantation estates. Lastly, I found that smallholdings supported higher mammal abundances than plantation estates. Existing oil palm landscapes supported lower levels of biodiversity than natural forests, but nevertheless provide habitat for some species of native birds and mammals of conservation value. These landscapes can be managed for better conservation outcomes. My study provides important field data on the state of faunal biodiversity in established oil palm landscapes, and highlights some important ways in which palm oil stakeholders can improve biodiversity conservation.
42
Gatto, Marcel. "Land-use dynamics, economic development, and institutional change in rural communities - Evidence from the Indonesian oil palm sector". Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5DD5-8.
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Benoit, Nzokizwa. "Analysis of the socioeconomic impact of the palm oil industry on smallholder farmers in Rumonge, Burundi". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27144.
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This study analysed the impact of the palm oil industry on smallholder and subsistence farmers in the Rumonge region of Burundi, the second poorest country in the world. Burundi has widespread poverty and suffers severe capacity constraints, and skill shortages brought about, in part, by ethnic civil war, political conflict and internal displacement. Ingrained animosity has disrupted farming, escalated poverty and hampered development projects such as palm oil farming. Little research has been conducted into the causes and possible solutions to these problems. Using sustainable development theory and agricultural development theory, this study addressed this gap by considering the potential benefits of sustainable palm oil production in the context of the socio-economic challenges facing Burundi. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the study targeted four villages of Rumonge District, including Kizuka, Busaga, Dama and Birimba. A combined total of 300 respondents was derived from these four villages. Findings of the quantitative study suggest that palm oil had a positive impact on the social and economic lives of rural communities in Rumonge District;. However, challenges remained in capacity, farming skills and resources. Results from qualitative interviews and focus groups confirmed that earnings from palm oil could be used to support education, skills transfer through family ties; and employment of local people. However, from the perspective of environmentalist activists, it was indicated that while palm oil generated economic benefits for local communities, at the same time traditional farming methods led to pollution and degradation of the natural environment. Qualitative findings further showed that small-scale palm oil farmers faced numerous challenges which often led to the failure of some of their ventures, such as access to funds, lack of technical support, lack of knowledge in utilising business networking, low skills levels, limited understanding of land rights issues, civil conflicts and rising production costs. Additional problems were noted regarding environmental problems and the disappearance of wildlife. The study confirmed the need for small-scale farmers to be adequately capacitated with information, training, resources and technical support to be able to use sustainable farming methods in order to enhance yields. The study contributes to knowledge by identifying how rural smallholder farmers can design more extended longer-term plans to improve their livelihoods, particularly concerning how palm oil production can address the socio-economic problems facing the people of Burundi.Development Studies
D. Phil. (Developmental Studies)
44
Chen, Tsung-Hung y 陳琮宏. "A Study on Business Strategy of Palm Oil Industry in Thailand-A Case of Company Golden Time". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c47rjs.
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碩士國立中山大學
管理學院高階經營碩士學程在職專班
107
This paper discusses the development of the GOLDEN TIME company,an industry of palm oil in Thailand.The purpose is to analyze the company problems,find the strategies,and search the way of cooperation among rival companies to make the win-win condition.As a result of the awareness of environment protection in recent years,it is important for a company to manufacture in an eco-friendly way. This paper is based on PEST analysis, Porter five forces analysis, SWOT analysis, and Co-Opetition strategy. Using the method of case studing with these four analyzing tools finds the strategies of operating, business advantages, and the development of future etc. I hope that my research can provide other companies in Thailand some insight, such as causes of problems, solutions to problems, and appropriate strategies to develop in Thailand. Last but not least, this research could be helpful to firms which have a hard time striking a balance between environment and production.
45
Yaacob, Mohd Rafi. "An Investigation of the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry’s Environmental Strategies, Stakeholders’ Pressure, Environmental Effectiveness and Competitive Advantage". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/30617.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosphy (PhD)Over the last three decades there has been increasing pressure from stakeholders on businesses to be environmentally responsible. Business organisations cannot help but take this consideration seriously because it has a far-reaching impact on their very survival. This research is intended to bring insights into how and why a business’s management responds to environmental pressure from stakeholders. How a business responds to its stakeholders is known as environmental strategy. In addition, this study also investigates how proactiveness in implementation of each type of environmental strategy impacts on a business’s environmental effectiveness and competitive advantage. In Malaysia palm oil is the most important agricultural commodity in the country, and contributes substantially to the economy. Unfortunately, its activities are not without environmental costs. Deforestation, depletion of flora and fauna, excessive use of chemicals, air and water pollution are the results of the industry’s activity. But due to stakeholders’ pressures, the industry has embraced environmental management in its activities, albeit at a slow pace. Against this background, this study seeks to investigate the efficacy of corporate environmentalism, using a number of palm oil companies as case studies. This study is paramount as no such study has previously been conducted in Malaysia. The Malaysian palm oil industry offers an interesting case for studying corporate environmentalism in developing countries. Using a mixed-methods or triangulation of analysis of nine palm oil companies, which are listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, as case studies, this research investigates the environmental practices of the palm oil companies, and the relationship of these practices with stakeholders’ pressures, environmental effectiveness and competitive advantages. The results of the study reveal that three levels of overall environmental strategy are adopted by the participating palm oil companies. They are labelled by the researcher as minimalists - four companies; intermediators - two companies; and proactivists - three companies. The minimalists refer to companies that exercised the lowest environmental strategy, while the proactivists are those who exercised the highest environmental strategy. The intermediators are in the middle, that is, those companies that seem to be in the early stage of becoming proactivists, but have yet to achieve such a level. The proactivists were classified as those who exercised a proactive strategy, but both intermediators and minimalists exercised a reactive environmental strategy. In terms of the relationship between environmental proactiveness and stakeholders’ pressure it was found that the management of the more proactive companies tended to perceive a wider range of threats from environmental stakeholders compared with reactive companies. Apart from regulatory stakeholders, they also perceived pressure from primary stakeholders, especially their top management, as well as secondary stakeholders including ENGOs, competitors, and the media. On the contrary, reactive companies only perceived threats from regulatory stakeholders. Not only did proactivists differ in terms of stakeholders’ pressure, they were at the same time perceived to be more environmentally effective and to gain more competitive advantages than less proactive companies. Based on the research findings it seems there is a significant positive correlation between a proactive environmental strategy and both environmental effectiveness and competitive advantage among Malaysian palm oil companies. In this study measurement of the environmental strategies and environmental effectiveness was solely based on a triangulation of surveys (seven-point scale items) and in-depth interviews. In order to increase the validity of the study, future researchers need to triangulate these data with other quantitative data. For instance, at a company level, a company’s resources can be measured based on its financial statistics such as sales, net profit, return on investment, and the amount spend on research and development. Moreover, the environmental effectiveness of a mill can be measured in terms of monthly data of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), of palm oil mill effluents and Ringelmann Chart of air emissions, and the amount of money expended on de-sludging for certain periods of time. In both plantations and mills, future researchers can gather data related to environmental accidents, fines and court cases. The key findings of this research are instructive. The majority of the participating palm oil companies in Malaysia adopted reactive environmental strategies. Only a few adopted proactive environmental strategies, and they were more likely to exercise environmental practices at strategic and tactical levels such as top management involvement in environmental issues as well as deploying environmental management systems which mostly related to the bottom line of their businesses. Serious attention towards the destruction of the tropical rainforest as a result of their activities is lacking among participating companies.
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Yaacob, Mohd Rafi. "An Investigation of the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry’s Environmental Strategies, Stakeholders’ Pressure, Environmental Effectiveness and Competitive Advantage". 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/30617.
Texto completoResumen
Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosphy (PhD)Over the last three decades there has been increasing pressure from stakeholders on businesses to be environmentally responsible. Business organisations cannot help but take this consideration seriously because it has a far-reaching impact on their very survival. This research is intended to bring insights into how and why a business’s management responds to environmental pressure from stakeholders. How a business responds to its stakeholders is known as environmental strategy. In addition, this study also investigates how proactiveness in implementation of each type of environmental strategy impacts on a business’s environmental effectiveness and competitive advantage. In Malaysia palm oil is the most important agricultural commodity in the country, and contributes substantially to the economy. Unfortunately, its activities are not without environmental costs. Deforestation, depletion of flora and fauna, excessive use of chemicals, air and water pollution are the results of the industry’s activity. But due to stakeholders’ pressures, the industry has embraced environmental management in its activities, albeit at a slow pace. Against this background, this study seeks to investigate the efficacy of corporate environmentalism, using a number of palm oil companies as case studies. This study is paramount as no such study has previously been conducted in Malaysia. The Malaysian palm oil industry offers an interesting case for studying corporate environmentalism in developing countries. Using a mixed-methods or triangulation of analysis of nine palm oil companies, which are listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, as case studies, this research investigates the environmental practices of the palm oil companies, and the relationship of these practices with stakeholders’ pressures, environmental effectiveness and competitive advantages. The results of the study reveal that three levels of overall environmental strategy are adopted by the participating palm oil companies. They are labelled by the researcher as minimalists - four companies; intermediators - two companies; and proactivists - three companies. The minimalists refer to companies that exercised the lowest environmental strategy, while the proactivists are those who exercised the highest environmental strategy. The intermediators are in the middle, that is, those companies that seem to be in the early stage of becoming proactivists, but have yet to achieve such a level. The proactivists were classified as those who exercised a proactive strategy, but both intermediators and minimalists exercised a reactive environmental strategy. In terms of the relationship between environmental proactiveness and stakeholders’ pressure it was found that the management of the more proactive companies tended to perceive a wider range of threats from environmental stakeholders compared with reactive companies. Apart from regulatory stakeholders, they also perceived pressure from primary stakeholders, especially their top management, as well as secondary stakeholders including ENGOs, competitors, and the media. On the contrary, reactive companies only perceived threats from regulatory stakeholders. Not only did proactivists differ in terms of stakeholders’ pressure, they were at the same time perceived to be more environmentally effective and to gain more competitive advantages than less proactive companies. Based on the research findings it seems there is a significant positive correlation between a proactive environmental strategy and both environmental effectiveness and competitive advantage among Malaysian palm oil companies. In this study measurement of the environmental strategies and environmental effectiveness was solely based on a triangulation of surveys (seven-point scale items) and in-depth interviews. In order to increase the validity of the study, future researchers need to triangulate these data with other quantitative data. For instance, at a company level, a company’s resources can be measured based on its financial statistics such as sales, net profit, return on investment, and the amount spend on research and development. Moreover, the environmental effectiveness of a mill can be measured in terms of monthly data of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), of palm oil mill effluents and Ringelmann Chart of air emissions, and the amount of money expended on de-sludging for certain periods of time. In both plantations and mills, future researchers can gather data related to environmental accidents, fines and court cases. The key findings of this research are instructive. The majority of the participating palm oil companies in Malaysia adopted reactive environmental strategies. Only a few adopted proactive environmental strategies, and they were more likely to exercise environmental practices at strategic and tactical levels such as top management involvement in environmental issues as well as deploying environmental management systems which mostly related to the bottom line of their businesses. Serious attention towards the destruction of the tropical rainforest as a result of their activities is lacking among participating companies.
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Darras, Kevin Felix Arno. "Bird Diversity, Functions and Services across Indonesian Land-use Systems". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-8759-C.
Texto completo
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Loudová, Sandra Sophia. "Ochrana klimatu z hlediska práva (vybrané právní otázky ochrany klimatu v Indonésii)". Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352520.
Texto completoResumen
This diploma thesis aims to illuminate the issue of global climate change, its progression and describes the components of the climate system. The thesis addresses the impact of greenhouse gases on the climate system, the phenomenon of global warming, and the consequences along with their manifestations in the nature itself. The paper includes one chapter solely dedicated to the characterisation of environmental protection in historical context, with emphasis on the climate protection. The chapter also mentions a number of key international agreements and conferences. The second part of the thesis is concerned with the Indonesian legislation on climate protection in Indonesia. It also describes the global-scale impacts of selected activities and mentions number of international agreements and Indonesian regulation seeking to tackle the issue of climate change.