Tesis sobre el tema "Indicateur de pollution fécale"
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Hartard, Cédric. "Les bactériophages ARN F-spécifiques comme indicateurs du danger viral lié à la pollution fécale des matrices hydriques et alimentaires". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0152/document.
Texto completoEnteric viruses are a leading cause of fecal-oral route transmitted diseases and currently, conventional fecal indicator bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli, enterococcus) fail to assess this kind of hazard. In this context, the use of more efficient indicators to assess the hazard linked to viruses in water or foodstuff is required. F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) present numerous benefits for this purpose. Of enteric origin, these viruses are found in high concentrations in wastewater. Sharing many structural similarities with pathogenic enteric viruses, FRNAPH are easily cultivable and their potential to track the origin of the pollution is also often investigated. However, some limits are still associated with these indicators, regarding to their ability to track the origin of the pollution or concerning the lack of correlation with pathogens. In this context, the aim of this work was to make clear the potential of FRNAPH as fecal and as viral indicators in environmental waters and shellfish. As a first step, their ability to track human pollution was optimized. In addition, our results underlined the gains bringing by FRNAPH detection, especially when focusing on shellfish microbiological quality management. Indeed, unlike fecal indicator bacteria, the accumulation of FRNAPH and their persistence in shellfish have been found to be close to that of enteric viruses (i.e. norovirus). Furthermore, when using comparable methods for their detection, high correlation was observed between human FRNAPH and norovirus in shellfish. Taking into account these observations, a sensitive method allowing the detection of infectious FRNAPH of human origin was developed to improve viral hazard management in water and food commodities (e.g. environmental waters, shellfish, soft fruits, leaf)
Skraber, Sylvain. "Intérêt des bactériophages en tant que témoin de contamination fécale et de présence de virus entériques pathogènes dans les eaux de la rivière Moselle". Nancy 1, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2003_0259_SKRABER.pdf.
Texto completoBergeron, Peggy. "Qualité microbiologique des eaux de baignade : des situations subies de pollution littorale à la gestion active des plages : le cas d'Anglet et Biarritz". Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13557.
Texto completoAndrianjakarivony, Felana Harilanto. "Caractérisation du virome d’un écosystème tropical fortement anthropisé : la lagune Ebrié en Côte d’Ivoire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0579.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we chose to study the viral community in a tropical lagoon exposed to domestic, agricultural and industrial discharge : the Ébrié Lagoon bordering the city of Abidjan in the Ivory Coast. The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the benthic and planktonic viromes in seven sites in the lagoon with contrasting levels of eutrophication, distinguishing between DNA and RNA viromes, and (2) to examine the reproductive strategies of viruses. To this end, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis. The key findings showed that the composition of DNA viromes was specific to each compartment (plankton/benthos). Conversely, the composition of RNA viromes was more influenced by the level of eutrophication than by the compartment. Viromes of the most eutrophicated sites contained sequences associated with human pathogens of faecal origin and with indicators of human faecal pollution. The study of interactions between the viruses and their bacterial hosts showed that the most eutrophic sites in this tropical lagoon were more conducive to lytic viral reproductive strategies, while lysogeny was more common in the most oligotrophic sites. Lastly, the results of an approach based on the theoretical prediction of bacterial hosts via the Prokaryotic virus Host Predictor indicated the reliability of this tool in generating taxonomic profiles of bacterial hosts comparable to those obtained by the classical approach based on metabarcoding targeting the 16S rRNA gene. This study provided not only a unique dataset, but new fundamental knowledge on the composition of the virome of aquatic sites subjected to high levels of pollution
Nguyen, Huong Thi Mai. "Faecal indicator bacteria and organic carbon in the Red River, Viet Nam : measurements and modelling". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066179/document.
Texto completoIn many developing countries, poor water quality poses a major threat to human health and the lack of access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation continues is a major brake on development. The Red River is the second largest river in Vietnam and constitutes the main water source for the population of North Vietnam. This thesis presents the results from observations and modeling of both faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and organic carbon (OC) in the Red River system, North Vietnam. The objective of this work was to measure FIB numbers and OC concentrations in this system and then to model these parameters in order to investigate scenarios for 2050 when population in the area is estimated to have doubled. The dataset was then modeled using the Seneque/Riverstrahler model in order to investigate the dynamics and seasonal distribution of FIB and OC in the Red River and its upstream tributaries. A scenario, based on the predicted changes in future demographics and land use in the Red River system for the 2050 horizon, showed only a limited increase of FIB numbers compared with the present situation. This was particularly the case in Hanoi even though the population is expected to triple by 2050. The OC inputs and the resulting heterotrophic respiration of this OC resulted in a system that was a strong CO2 source. The model results also reflected the importance of land use, discharge and the dominance of non-point sources over point sources for FIB and OC in the Red River. This thesis provides some new information on FIB in the Red River as well as providing a base for discussion with decision makers on the future management of wastewater in the Red River
Dumax, Nathalie. "Les mesures de compensation : un indicateur du coût environnemental". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA0002.
Texto completoDue to the extent of damage caused to the environment and ecosystems, international and European legislation gradually emphasize the integration of environmental damage in decision-making processes. As a consequence, land planners may, for instance, soon have to take more rigorously into account environmental damage resulting from their infrastructure development plans. Environmental economists thus have to assess more accurately the environmental costs of such plans. Yet, when dealing with land planning in complex natural areas, existing valuation methods are reaching their limits. In this thesis, we propose to use the compensatory mitigation process to assess environmental costs by adapting the Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP), an equivalence-based valuation method used in the United States
Ogorzaly, Leslie. "Intérêt du génotypage des phages ARN F-spécifiques pour estimer la pollution fécale et virale des eaux". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10025/document.
Texto completoF-specific RNA phages, which are non pathogenic viruses with similar size and structure to human enteric viruses, have been proposed like faecal pollution indicators, like models for pathogenic viruses in environment and like tools for microbial source tracking. The key trait on which the F-specific RNA phage approach of source tracking is based is that genogroups I and IV are predominantly isolated from non human faeces, while genogroups II and III are predominantly isolated from human faeces and sewage. Paradoxically, few data are available as for the genogroups distribution in environmental waters. So, the topic of this study was to provide additional information about the relationships between the genogroups of F-specific RNA phages and the level of faecal and viral pollution to environmental waters. First, the methodological work undertaken at the beginning of this project made it possible to develop the first real-time RT-PCR assays able to typing the F-specific RNA phages. The major advantages of this approach are a good sensitivity, a quick detection and a great specificity. Compared with the current tools, this method allows to avoid the phage cultivation and thus to play down the biases associated with the survival characteristics of infectious F-specific RNA phages in the environmental waters. Indeed, survival studies, realized in urban wastewater and also in ground water, have shown that the inactivation rates of infectious particles are always more important that this of viral RNA, whatever the experimental design was. Secondly, the analysis of urban wastewater samples enabled to check that F-specific RNA phages could give interesting information as for the characterization of faecal pollution in spite of the change of reference frame of measurement inherent in our detection method (genome versus infectious particle). In these kinds of samples, the majority of phages isolated belonged to the genogroups II and III, and they exhibited steady concentrations. In several particular samples, the high concentration of genogroup I phages has been associated with rainfall events and with the presence of zoonotic pathogens (Cryptosporidium and Giardia). This observation suggests the presence of an animal pollution after streaming phenomena. All the results obtained with urban wastewaters strengthen the use of F-specific RNA phages like reliable source identification tool. On the other hand, the comparison between the pathogenic virus concentrations and the results of genotyping has shown that phage genogroups are not relevant indicators for the presence of enteric viruses. For instance, norovirus and enterovirus concentrations in wastewater displayed a seasonal distribution while human genogroups exhibited steady concentrations over the time. Thirdly, two particular case studies devoted to natural waters constitute the major aspect of our work. In river water principally influenced by human wastes, genotyping results show that genogroup II is very largely isolated. For the first time, positive correlations between the concentrations of genogroup II phages, bacterial indicators (E. coli, enterococci) and human adenoviruses was observed, which attests the human faecal origin of this genogroup. Genogroup I was also often isolated but it appeared irregularly distributed. The correlation analysis has shown that genogroup I was linked neither with the concentration of genogroup II nor with that of bacterial or viral faecal indicators. The absence of a link between the concentrations of these two genogroups supports the assumption of another faecal origin. Conversely, a relationship was shown between genogroup I and the water turbidity observed at the sampling. This suggests that the origin of this genogroup could be related to streaming phenomena following precipitations. Thus, in river water the genogroup I and II would be the two most interesting genogroups in order to characterize faecal pollution. As a consequence, genogroup II/genogroup I ratio may be an interesting tool for faecal source tracking. Indeed, depending on the sign of the ratio, it seems possible to determine the main source of pollution at a given point. For example, for an E. coli concentration of 3.6log10 MPN/100mL, log-ratio values could as well be 3.8 as -1.7. With the water turbidity, this log-ratio was the only parameter enabled to highlight a change of faecal pollution nature. In ground waters protected from faecal pollution, genome of F-specific RNA phages was not observed while genome of adenoviruses was isolated in 7 samples on the 60 analyzed. This observation suggests that more persistent markers than RNA of phages could be detected in ground waters. More over, in persistence study, no degradation of adenoviral DNA was observed during all the time (200 days) of the experiment. Finally, the typing method newly developed during this study led to a better knowledge of the distribution of different the genogroups within environmental waters. F-specific RNA phage typing provides original information compared to the bacterial indicators, but does not constitute alone the universal indicator of faecal or viral pollution of waters
Lafabrie, Céline. "Utilisation de Posidonia oceanica (L. ) Delile comme bio-indicateur de la contamination métallique". Corte, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CORT3098.
Texto completoThe coastal zone of the continental shelf contains a high ecological richness. However, this zone is very fragile towards xenobiotics ; the pollution of this environment can be damaging to the structure of the biocenoses and to the productivity of the ecosystems. Metals, contrarily to numerous contaminants, are normal constituents of the environment at a trace level, but are all toxic above a certain threshold. At the end of the 1970s, several researchers proposed the use of organims to evaluate the quality of the marine environment ; it is in this context that the bio-indicator concep arises. The seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L. ) Delile, endemic of the Mediterranean Sea, has been the subject of several work proposing to use this species to determine the metal concentrations of the environment. However, most studies carried out explorative research in order to qualify this species as bio-indicator. The results of this work validate the use of Posidonia oceanica as a reliable tool for the evaluation of metal contamination of coastal ecosystems. Inded, this work allowed : ( i ) to better understand the trace metals accumulation processes by Posidonia oceanica (influence of age and growth of foliar tissues in the metal accumulation ); (ii) to confirm the high sensitivy of this species as a tracer of metal contamination (identification of metal inputs associated to the previous asbestos mine of Canari and evaluation of the extent of the impact of this previous exploitation) ; (iii) to confirm its reliability as bio-indicator of metal contamination (same trends observed for this species and the bio-indicator Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark,1819). Therefore, Posidonia oceanica appears as an interesting tool in the frame of setting up biomonitoring networks at the scale of the Mediterranean Sea. A technique, which consists in collecting only the blades of the adult leaves is proposed insofar as it will allow to carry out trace metals analyses without inducing the mortality of the plant (protected species in numerous Mediterranean countries) and conserving its integrity. Preliminary scales to interpret the level of metal contamination in the environment have equally been proposed for cadmium, mercury, nickel and lead (priority subtances ; Decision N° 2455/2001/EC ; EC, 2001). Finally, this work shows equally the possible use of Posidonia oceanica as a "tracer" of the past mercurial contamination thanks to the lepidochronology technique
Cossa, Daniel. "Le cadmium et le mercure en milieu cotier : biogéochimie et utilisation du genre mytilus comme indicateur quantitatif". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066317.
Texto completoOuattara, Koffi Nouho. "Etude et modélisation de la contamination fécale des rivières du bassin de l'Escaut". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209685.
Texto completoL’évaluation de la qualité microbiologique des principales rivières du bassin est basée sur le dénombrement de deux indicateurs de contamination fécale (Escherichia coli et entérocoques intestinaux). Les abondances des deux indicateurs dans les principales rivières du bassin indiquent très clairement que les eaux et les sédiments de ces rivières sont fortement contaminés par des micro-organismes entériques. Les sources prédominantes de la pollution fécale de ces rivières sont les rejets des effluents des stations d’épuration. Les niveaux de contamination les plus élevés sont observés dans la Senne en aval de Bruxelles et s’expliquent par le faible débit de la Senne comparé aux débits des effluents des deux stations d’épuration de Bruxelles. Les niveaux de contamination atteignent leur maxima à l’aval de Bruxelles par temps de pluie en raison des surverses de réseaux unitaires.
Les connaissances acquises sur les apports des bactéries indicatrices par les sources ponctuelles et les sources diffuses et sur le devenir des bactéries indicatrices ont permis de développer un module décrivant la dynamique des E. coli dans les rivières. Ce module est original par le fait de considérer trois compartiments de bactéries fécales (libres, attachées aux particules dans la colonne d’eau et présentes dans les sédiments) qui sont affectés différemment par les processus de transport et de disparition. Ce module a été couplé à deux modèles décrivant l’hydrodynamique respectivement de l’ensemble des rivières du bassin (SENEQUE-EC) et de la partie fluviale de l’Escaut sous l’influence de la marée et son estuaire (SLIM-EC2). Ces deux modèles permettent de décrire la distribution temporelle et spatiale des E. coli dans les eaux de surfaces et de prévoir les modifications de la qualité microbiologique des eaux suite à des changements de gestion des eaux usées.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ciliberti, Alexandre. "Le Varan du Nil (Varanus niloticus), indicateur de la pollution des zones humides d'Afrique Sub-Saharienne". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861862.
Texto completoCiliberti, Alexandre. "Le Varan du Nil (Varanus niloticus), indicateur de la pollution des zones humides d’Afrique Sub-Saharienne". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10241/document.
Texto completoIn Africa, metal and pesticide contamination of wetlands is supposed to continue on a permanent basis. However, the ecotoxicological status of these ecosystems remains poorly documented. The aim of the present work is to assess the value of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) as a sentinel species for the environmental contamination of continental wetlands in sub-Saharan Africa. Lead and cadmium on the one hand, and organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides on the other, have been quantified in several tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gas chromatography, respectively. Samples come from 71 specimens originating from four sites considered unequally contaminated (in Mali and Niger). Although clear differences appear between sites, the environmental contamination turns out to be moderate at the four sites, and does not seem to represent a significant risk neither for the monitors themselves, nor for occasional human consumers. However, the interindividual variability is important. The organotropisms relative to the detected pollutants are consistent with those described in previous studies. Concerning the pesticides, no gender effect has been found, whereas females were more contaminated by metals. The relation between other factors (size, proportion of fat) and tissue concentrations has been considered too. Nile monitors can reveal subtle differences in local pollution and the spatial resolution of this tool seems to be very sharp. Its practical relevance is thus validated. Additionally, an experimental work has been carried out on captive monitors to go into the subject in greater depth
Chevremont, Anne-Celine. "Optimisation multivariée d’un traitement des eaux usées par DEL-UV en vue d’une réutilisation pour l’irrigation Multivariate optimization of fecal bioindicator inactivation by coupling UV-A and UV-C LEDs Effect of coupled UV-A and UV-C LEDs on both microbiological and chemical pollution of urban wastewaters Impact of watering with UV-LED-treated wastewater on microbial and physico-chemical parameters of soil Fate of carbamazepine and anthracene in soils watered with UV-LED treated wastewaters". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4735.
Texto completoThe development of new technologies for wastewater reuse is a priority for arid and semi-arid areas such as Mediterranean countries. The objective of this work was, firstly, to develop a system for tertiary treatment of wastewaters testing LEDs emitting UV-A and / or UV-C (UV LEDs) on fecal indicator inactivation (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) and then on urban effluents, by studying the decrease in both microbial and chemical pollution. This first step has highlighted a higher efficiency of this system when UV UV-A and UV-C are coupled. Wasterwaters with quality meeting the statutory requirements for the reuse of wastewater for irrigation were obtained and used in the second part of this work was to study the impact of watering with UV-LED- treated wastewaters on soil parameters and on the fate of pollutants (anthracene and carbamazepine) in soils. Watering with UV-LED treated wastewater does not change the chemical composition of soil organic matter, the global catabolic activity of soil microorganisms, and the number and diversity of fecal indicators compared to control (irrigation water). Certain enzymatic activities related to the degradation of organic matter increased in soil watered with UV-LED treated wastewater, showing that the organic matter added by the effluent is actively degraded by microorganisms. In addition, aromatic pollutants are oxidized two to three times faster in soils watered with UV-LED treated wastewater
Mamaca, Emina. "Étude du comportement à court terme de produits chimiques flottants après leur déversement en mer et recherche d'un indicateur d'exposition biologique". Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2030.
Texto completoLarge volumes of chemicals are produced each year. Shipment of these chemicals by boats and barge transiting along coastal marine route are numerous. Recent examples of chemical spiils as Fiwa Maru (2002) sinking with 5000 T of xylène from 20 nm of Tokyo and less far from our coastline the levoli Sun (2000) which sank and release 1000 T of styren has raised concern about the general lack of information of the fate of chemicals at sea. The goal of this study is to characterize the behaviour of some selected chemicals at sea in order to evaluate the cinetic of natural dispersion, emulsification and evaporation. This study is done in three scale in laboratory with a new methodologie created for this purpose, in a pilot scale (in Brest Harbour) and in open sea. In order to complete this physico chemical study, a biological test was also performed to evaluate the impact of chemicals on mussels (mytilus edulis), the lysosomal membrane stability is assessed by the NRRT assay
Goger, T. "Un indicateur d'impact environnemental global des polluants atmosphériques émis par les transports". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545101.
Texto completoMieszkin, Sophie. "Diagnostic moléculaire de l’origine des contaminations fécales dans l’environnement littoral : développement de marqueurs Bacteroidales spécifiques de l’höte". Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2039.
Texto completoHuman and animal faecal pollution affects environmental water in inland and coastal areas, with negative implications for recreational uses, public safety and shellfish sanitary status. The faecal microbiological indicators used in these regulations, Escherichia coli and enteroccoci, cannot distinguish between human and animal faecal contamination. The main objective of this study was to develop and to validate a molecular approach based on quantitative real-time PCR with the Bacteroidales target, in order to identify the origin of faecal contamination in water and shellfish. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene sequences allowed the development of 4 host-specific Bacteroidales markers to identify human, porcine and ruminant faecal contaminations. The study of the pig markers persistence in river mater microcosms showed that under unfavourable conditions, aerobic and temperature of 20° C, marker persisted for at least 16 days. These results suggested that Bacteroidales markers could still ha identified after extend period of time in river waters. This hypothesis was confirmed with their detection and quantification in river waters fro the Daoulas catchment estuary and the Elorn estuary (Finistère, Brittany). Host-specific Bacteroidales markers were also quantify in naturally contaminated oysters. Thus, this study confirais the interest of the host-specific Bacteroidales markers developed from the Bacteroidales target to identify faecal contaminations in bathing waters and shellfish harvesting areas
Scholtus, Marie. "Construction d'un indicateur de qualité des eaux de surface vis-à-vis des produits phytosanitaires à l'échelle du bassin versant viticole". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2004_THIOLLET-SCHOLTUS_M.pdf.
Texto completoThe degradation of surface water quality is mainly due to intensive agricultural practices. The main goal of this PhD program is to construct a watershed decision aid tool from a field decision aid tool which already exists. I-PhyField is calculated in 2 experimental French watersheds (Chablis, Rouffach). The adaptation proposed for the I-Phy indicator is to add a module which accounts for the distance between field and outlet and characteristics of the runoff water way : field connectivity index" (Ci). Ci index deals with factors outlying the field of study which may influence pesticide runoff and also, hydrological characteristics of the water way between the field and the watershed outlet. Ci index and I-Phy-BV indicator were calculated and validated for the 2 vineyard watersheds. Further research is needed for the validation
Beaumont, Marie-Pier. "Utilisation d'un bio-indicateur pour le suivi des rejets radioactifs aqueux de la centrale nucléaire Gentilly-2". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27362/27362.pdf.
Texto completoLhuissier, Franck. "Les pollens biomarqueurs de la pollution atmosphérique ? Approche microscopique et biochimique". Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES095.
Texto completoTexier, Stéphanie. "Dispersion et survie des populations de bactéries fécales bovines dans le sol des écosystèmes pâturés subalpins : conséquences sur le transfert bactérien dans les bassins versants". Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS027.
Texto completoGrazing in subalpine pasturelands located in watershed heads represents a potential risk in terms of fecal microbiological pollution of both soil and water. Hence, the role of pastoral practises on soils and aquifers quality needs to be evaluated. The general goal of this work is to provide deeper knowledge on E. Coli ecology in dairy alpine grassland soils and on controlling factors of E. Coli in the environment. Microbiological analyses and molecular biology are carried out to evaluate the behaviour of E. Coli populations in cow pats, soils and water (throughout the estimation of populational abundance and physiological status as well as genetic structure). The rhizosphere soil (0-5 cm) is showed to be a permanent environmental reservoir of E. Coli populations (104 cells g-1 dry soil) whatever the season or the pasture unit. This result raises the possibility that fecal E. Coli could constitute a naturalized (sub )population, which is now part of the indigenous soil community of alpine pasture grasslands. In deeper soil layer below the root zone (5-25 cm), the abundance of E. Coli is directly correlated to soil hydrodynamic as does the population genetic structure. In water, E. Coli populations are closely related to those from cow pats and from well-drained soils, connected to aquifers. Also, molecular markers have been elaborated to purchase E. Coli physiological state. These results are discussed in terms of the indicator value of E. Coli and of its behaviour in soils of pasture grasslands
Wohlfahrt, Julie. "Développement d'un indicateur d'exposition des eaux de surface aux pertes de pesticides à l'échelle du bassin versant". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00360009.
Texto completoNdione, Méry. "Dynamique et identification des sources de contamination fécale dans un espace littoral connaissant des pratiques de tourisme et de loisirs : l’exemple de la baie d’Aytré". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS006.
Texto completoThe microbiological quality of bathing water is progressively decreasing from year to year, and can constitute a major public health problem. Thus, sanitary monitoring of the microbiological quality of bathing waters is carried out in accordance with the European directive (2006/7/EC) to ensure the sanitary safety of bathers and preserve the image of these recreational ecosystems. For many years, the bay of Aytré (Charente Maritime, France), has been classified as "poor quality" and this beach is prohibited for bathing since 2018. The health issues and the preponderant role of this beach on the tourism development and the local economy led to investigate the origin and the spatiotemporal determinism of this fecal contamination. This thesis presents an integrated approach to the analysis of the fecal contamination of Aytré Bay through a multidisciplinary study of different hypotheses analysed since the beginning of the 2000s by the local authorities. The level of fecal contamination of the bathing water during a year was relatively low with a notable seasonal variation in the abundance of the fecal contamination indicators Escherichia coli and enterococci. Exceedances of the regulatory thresholds on 24% and 32% of the water samples from Platin Nord and Platin Sud, the two bathing sites in Aytré Bay, were mainly due to enterococci. The microbiological quality of the sediment over time showed that the sediment was not a diffuse source of contamination in the water. The combined analysis of protein, genetic and chemical markers revealed the presence of enterococci species of environmental origin on the one hand, and on the other hand, a contamination of mainly animal origin and a small contribution from human origin. The analytical strategy and tools developed during this study will help to improve the sanitary surveillance methods of bathing waters
Riofrio, Dillon Gabriela. "Évolution de l'acidité et de la disponiblité en azote des sols forestiers français au cours du 20ème siècle : une approche spatio-temporelle et multi-échelle basée sur le caractère bio-indicateur de la flore". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0042/document.
Texto completoHuman activities have, over the last century, strongly influenced the cycles controlling the levels of acidity and nitrogen availability in nature. Acidifying and eutrophying deposition lead to a change in environmental conditions and particularly to sensitive changes in plant communities' composition.The objective of this Ph.D work is to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of the acidity and nitrogen availability in French forest soils over the 20th century using the bioindicator character of plants, into local and global scales. The use of plants as bioindicator seeks to mitigate the lack of direct measurements of soil conditions and atmospheric deposition, over a wide spatiotemporal extent. First, changes in bioindicated soil pH (indicator of acidity conditions) and C:N (indicator of nitrogen availability status) were computed from approximately 100 000 temporary floristic plots carried out throughout France from 1910 to 2010. They were analyzed using an innovative method of spatiotemporal comparison, where acidic and nonacidic forest areas and coniferous and broadleaved forests were differentiated. Secondly, and always from the bioindicator character of plants, changes in soil conditions between 1972 and 2011 across Villey forest as well as floristic changes they induce related with other environmental changes were analyzed.At the global level, we observed acidification in acidic forest areas (-0.34 pH units on average) and in nonacidic areas (-0.19 pH units on average), respectively, until 1984 and 1997. We demonstrated for the first time (to our knowledge) a cessation of acidification of forest soils and even a decrease in acidity in nonacidic forest areas, as wella as a time lag for acidification between acidic and nonacidic areas. This trend is consistent with the trend of acidifying deposition in France since the early 20th century. Spatially, our results confirm the temporal trends, show a regional geographic pattern of acidification (mainly observed in nonacidic areas), and highlight the high spatial variability of soil pH changes. Concerning the evolution of nitrogen availability conditions, we observed an unexpected decrease in available nitrogen until 1984 and 1997, respectively, in coniferous (+0.79 C:N units on average) and broadleaved forests (+0.74 C:N units on average). A trend to eutrophisation of forest soils was then observed in coniferous and broadleaved forests since 1997 (-0.10 and -0.16 C:N units on average, respectively). This trend is not consistent with the trend of nitrogen atmospheric deposition in France. ”Last and final summary in the thesis.”
Oliveira, Cynthia. "Diversité des intégrons dans des sédiments estuariens anthropisés". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR093.
Texto completoIntegrons are bacterial genetic platforms allowing acquisition and expression of genes. Clinical integrons play a major role in the strong increase of antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria recently observed. However, in the environment, they represent only a tiny fraction of the large integron diversity. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were (i) estimating the extent of the integron diversity in the environment, (ii) understanding phenomena responsible for integron pool structure in anthropized estuarine sediments and (iii) looking for integrons potentially proxy of chemical pollution level. The research of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and the analysis of E. coli populations in sediments from the Risle drainage basin impacted by well-characterized fecal contamination sources show that E. coli strains with human origins were spread on short distances during low water level periods. However, class 1 integrons are spread on slightly longer distances and remain present in the 12 first centimeters of sediments at least. A methodology was developed allowing, for the first time, the analysis of integron diversity by high-throughput sequencing. In this way, the analysis of a 4.8 meter core sediment from the fluvial Seine estuary highlighted several thousands integron classes including many new integrases absent from data bases. Integron diversity decreases along with depth. Class 1 integrons are the majority integrons in surface sediments but their abundance strongly decreases in deep sediments. Class 1 integron abundance rather responds positively to chemical pollutions accentuating the idea that class 1 integrons could be used as proxy of recent anthropogenic pollutions. In the sediment core, three integron classes outshine the whole dataset: they represent 38% of all the sequences from the sediment core. However, abundances of these three majority integron classes rather respond negatively to chemical pollution levels. Integron pool structure is highly correlated to bacterial community diversity but seems to be partially independent to bacterial community diversity within two deep fractions from the sediment core: in these two sediment fractions, a new integron class outshines the rest of integron classes and seems to be specific to these two sediment fractions. Furthermore, this new integron class seems to be selected by PAH
Chevalier, Julie. "Utilisation du comportement natatoire de Daphnia magna comme indicateur sensible et précoce de toxicité pour l'évaluation de la qualité de l'eau". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0443/document.
Texto completoSwimming behavior is increasingly reported as a sensitive and early indicator of toxicant stress in aquatic organisms. However, it remains unclear how to quantify the sensitivity of swimming behavioral endpoints and how to compare these effect thresholds with standard ecotoxicological endpoints used in risk assessment. To date, the systematic assessment of the sensitivity of swimming behavioral endpoints in daphnia is limited because of the restrained test capacity of existing behavioral analysis systems. Hence, we developed a new behavioral analysis multi-cellsystemnamed “Multi-DaphTrack” with a high throughput testing capacity in order to enhance our understanding of swimming behavioral effects in Daphnia magnaunder chemical exposure. Twelve compounds covering different modes oftoxic action were selected and tested in this new system andin a single-cell commercialized biomonitor (DaphToxI®) and with the acute standard test.Our new multi-cellexposure system detectedsignificant and early swimming behavioral effects (i.e.,increase of the average speed) for most of the tested compounds and this, from the first hour of exposure at concentrations near the EC10(48h). Contrastedbehavioral profiles were observed for average speed (i.e., intensity, time of effect onset, effect duration), but no distinct behavioral profiles could be drawn from the chemical mode of action. Despite less sensitive,the DaphToxI®gave similar trends (i.e.,rapid peak increase) compared to our “Multi-DaphTrack” system. To conclude, behavior analysis using our “Multi-DaphTrack”systemcould be used as an alternative or complement to the current acute standard test for toxicity assessment of chemicals. With some additional improvements and validations, it also could be used forquality assessment of waterbodiesand sewages
Khalil, Kamel. "Utilisation de bioindicateurs végétaux (lichens et tabac) dans la détection de la pollution atmosphérique de la région lyonnaise". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10048.
Texto completoGombert, Sandrine. "Utilisation de la bioindication lichénique dans l'estimation de la qualité de l'air de l'agglomération grenobloise : étude à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10184.
Texto completoVinçon, Gilles. "Comparaison de la faune benthique des vallees d'aure et d'ossau, en vue de l'elaboration d'une methodologie de surveillance des cours d'eau de montagne". Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30003.
Texto completoAssaghir, Zainab. "Analyse formelle de concepts et fusion d'informations : application à l'estimation et au contrôle d'incertitude des indicateurs agri-environnementaux". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587784.
Texto completoBarci-Funel, Geneviève. "Etudes radiochimiques de nuclides de fission et transuraniens a longues vies dans des ecosystemes marins et terrestres". Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4156.
Texto completoDaniau, Côme. "Surveillance épidémiologique fondée sur des indicateurs de santé déclarée : pertinence et faisabilité d’un dispositif à l’échelle locale en santé environnement". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CNAM0923/document.
Texto completoThis work presents an innovative epidemiological surveillance system in environmental health based on self-reported health indicators, closer to the complaints of the local population leaving around a source of environmental pollution: symptoms and loss of the quality of life. This approach is built up from a conceptual framework based on the psychometric theory and the transactional model of stress. A field application of this approach was carried out the population neighboring (n=1 495) the chemical industrial area of Salindres, Gard. This study verifies that self-reported health indicators measured with MOS SF-36 and SCL-90-R can be used to study populations exposed to multifactorial environmental risks. This study confirms that these indicators are relevant and sensitive when applied to environmental risk factors referring to the cognitive representations of risks, such as the sensorial perception of stimuli emitted by the industries. This work shows, besides, that the availability of national references for these indicators confers interpretability to these indicators, an essential quality criterion. This work discusses qualitatively the acceptability of measuring indicators of self-reported health in the population, proposes recommendations on communication for the setting of that kind of approach, and opens up avenues on management orientations
Drabo, Alassane. "Health, environment and economic development". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF10376/document.
Texto completoThis dissertation investigates theoretically and empirically the interrelationships among population’s health,environmental degradation and economic development, its consequences for developing countries, and someeffective policy responses. The first part explores the association between health, environment, and inequalities. Itfirstly analyzes whether environmental degradation could be considered as an additional channel through whichincome inequality affects infant and child mortality (chapter 2). Theoretical and empirical investigations show thatincome inequality affects negatively air and water quality, and this in turn worsens population’s health. Therefore,environmental degradation is an important channel through which income inequality affects population health. Then,it is shown that sulphur dioxide emission (SO2) and particulate matter (PM10) are in part responsible for the largedisparities in infant and child mortalities between and within developing countries (chapter 3). In addition, we foundthat democratic institutions play the role of social protection by mitigating this effect for the poorest income classesand reducing the health inequality it provokes. The second part is devoted to the link among health, environment,and economic growth. The effect of health (global burden of disease, communicable disease, and malaria) oneconomic growth is assessed in Chapter 4. This chapter shows that health indicators, when correctly measured by thegap between current health status and an ideal health situation where the entire population lives to an advanced age,free of disease and disability, and when accurately instrumented have significant impact on economic performance.The consequences of these interrelationships on the convergence of poor countries towards their steady state aretheoretically and empirically investigated in the last Chapter (chapter 5). It is found that environment degradationreduces the ability of poor countries to reach their own steady state, reinforcing our argument according to whichenvironment quality improvement plays a considerable role in economic convergence process. Moreover, thedegradation of air and water quality affects negatively economic performance, and health status remains an importantchannel through which environment degradation affects economic growth even if it is not alone. The EnvironmentalKuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is also verified
Drabo, Alassane. "SANTE, ENVIRONNEMENT ET DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE". Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721112.
Texto completoMary, Nathalie. "Caractérisations physico-chimique et biologique des cours d'eau de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Proposition d'un indice biotique fondé sur l'étude des macroinvertébrés benthiques". Pacifique, 1999. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/These1999NathalieMary.pdf.
Texto completoDerrien, Morgane. "Validation de l'utilisation des stéroïdes en tant qu'outil de traçage de l'origine des contaminations fécales des eaux de surface". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674626.
Texto completoSarret, Géraldine. "Biogéochimie structurale du zinc et du plomb par spectroscopie EXAFS : interactions avec des acides humiques, des parois cellulaires de champignon et des lichens". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10018.
Texto completoJordan, lozano José. "Transmissions indirectes via l’environnement de pathogènes impliquées dans les gastroentérites aiguës de l’Homme à/autour de Bogotá (Colombie) Contamination of water, leafyvegetables and air by human enteric pathogens (GI and GII noroviruses, rotavirus type A, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Cryptosporidium spp.) in the suburb of Bogotá (Colombia) Mouse intestinal villi as a model system for studies of Norovirus infection". Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0359.
Texto completoAcute gastroenteritis affect between a quarter and a half of people in the World each year. They are responsible for significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Their direct or indirect transmissions via water, food, air or inert surfaces depend on their aetiology (viral, bacterial or parasitic) and the local context. Bogotá and its region have several specificities: wastewater are often discharged into rivers without or after primary treatment only, the deposit in landfill of toilet papers and diapers soiled by excrement, and the low consumption of fruits and vegetables largely restricted to a handful of relatively cheap products that may be irrigated by surface freshwaters heavily contaminated with faeces. Our PhD aimed to assess the fluxes of some human enteric pathogens in the region of Bogotá and to try to relate these fluxes to the population health. The PhD combined three contributions. First, a method for culturing the human norovirus has been developed using isolated mouse intestinal villi as a cell model exhibiting the full diversity of intestinal epithelial cells. Several concentrations of trypsin were tested to activate noroviruses; the method was applied to faecal and environmental samples. Second, contamination with E. coli and some human enteric pathogens was monitored in water (landfill leachate, runoff water, river, irrigation water, drinking water), leafy vegetables eaten raw (chards) and air (above a landfill, in rural areas, in urban areas) in the Bogotá region. Third, the impact of socioeconomic contexts and individual practices (food, hygiene and health) on cases of acute gastroenteritis was assessed from surveys carried out in one district of Bogotá and analysed by various tools (principal component analysis, modelling …). We have shown that mouse isolated intestinal villi allow the infection and replication of human norovirus. The virus has to be activated with trypsin and has an average replicative cycle of 10 h. Villi are efficient in obtaining abundant biological material and are ideal for studying the biological activity of norovirus or for generating antibodies. They made it possible to see infectious noroviruses not detected by molecular method in several faeces and environmental samples; almost all samples positive by molecular method or immunodot-blot contain infectious noroviruses. At the regional level, the discharges of wastewater in the Bogotá and Balsillas rivers and in Tres Esquinas march contaminate the irrigation network of La Ramada area in the northwest of Bogotá with E. coli and potentially human enteric pathogens. Chards harvested in this area were heavily contaminated, in contrast to other growing areas. Their contamination evolved from their production to their purchase in nearby stores, washings increasing or decreasing their contamination, and handling on the merchant's stalls increasing contamination. The air was often contaminated with E. coli and Shigella spp.; it was not possible to detect a particular contribution of the Doña Juana landfill in pathogen aerosolization. The presence of Shigella spp. was observed in parallel in more than half of the stools of people with diarrhoea. Surveys have shown that the annual frequency of acute gastroenteritis decreases with increasing age; it seemed less common in households with elderly people, possibly due to stricter food hygiene practices. A transmission model of acute gastroenteritis distinguishing contamination from outside the households and contaminations between people in the same households did not show significant differences between neighbourhoods. Used to simulate numerical experiments, it suggests working on much higher numbers of surveys
La gastroenteritis aguda afecta entre una cuarta parte y la mitad de las personas en el mundo cada año. Son responsables de importantes costos de morbilidad, mortalidad y asistencia sanitaria. Sus transmisiones directas o indirectas a través del agua, alimentos, aire o superficies inertes dependen de su etiología (viral, bacteriana o parasitaria) y del contexto local. Bogotá y su región aledaña tienen varias especificidades: las aguas residuales a menudo se vierten a los ríos sin o solo después de un tratamiento primario, el depósito de papel higiénico y pañales sucios con excrementos son dispuestos generalmente en un relleno sanitario, y el bajo consumo de frutas y verduras restringido en gran medida a un puñado de productos relativamente baratos pueden ser irrigados por aguas dulces superficiales muy contaminadas con excrementos. Nuestra tesis doctoral tuvo como objetivo evaluar los flujos de algunos patógenos entéricos humanos en la región de Bogotá y tratar de relacionar estos flujos con la salud de la población. El doctorado combinó tres contribuciones. En primer lugar, se desarrolló un método para cultivar el norovirus humano utilizando vellosidades intestinales aisladas de ratón como modelo celular que exhibe la diversidad completa de células epiteliales intestinales. Se probaron varias concentraciones de tripsina para activar norovirus; el método se aplicó a muestras fecales y ambientales. En segundo lugar, se evidenció la contaminación de E. coli y patógenos entéricos humanos en el agua (lixiviados de vertedero, agua de escorrentía, río, agua de riego, agua potable), vegetales de hoja que se comen crudos (acelgas) y aire (sobre un vertedero sanitario, así como en áreas rurales y urbanas) en la región de Bogotá. En tercer lugar, se evaluó el impacto de los contextos socioeconómicos y las prácticas individuales (alimentación, higiene y salud) frente a los casos de gastroenteritis aguda a partir de encuestas realizadas en una localidad de Bogotá y analizadas mediante diversas herramientas (análisis de componentes principales, modelización…). Con este doctorado, hemos demostrado que las vellosidades intestinales aisladas de ratón permiten la infección y la replicación del norovirus humano. El virus debe activarse con tripsina y tiene un ciclo replicativo promedio de 10 h. Las vellosidades son eficaces para obtener abundante material biológico y son ideales para estudiar la actividad biológica de los norovirus o para generar anticuerpos. Ellas permitieron ver norovirus infecciosos no detectados por método molecular en varias heces y muestras ambientales; casi todas las muestras positivas por método molecular o inmunodot-blot contienían norovirus infecciosos. A nivel regional, los vertidos de aguas residuales en los ríos Bogotá y Balsillas y en el humedal Tres Esquinas contaminan la red de riego La Ramada en el noroeste de Bogotá con E. coli y potencialmete con patógenos entéricos humanos. Las acelgas recolectadas en esta área resultaron muy contaminadas, a diferencia de otras áreas de cultivo. Su contaminación evolucionó desde la producción hasta su compra en las tiendas cercanas, los lavados aumentaron o disminuyeron su contaminación y la manipulación en los puestos de comercio aumentaron la contaminación. El aire a menudo estaba contaminado con E. coli y Shigella spp., sin poder atribuir al relleno sanitario Doña Juana un rol particular. A su vez la presencia de Shigella spp. se observó en paralelo en más de la mitad de las deposiciones de personas con diarrea. Las encuestas demostraron que la frecuencia anual de gastroenteritis aguda disminuye respecto al aumento en edad; parecía menos común en hogares con personas mayores, posiblemente debido a prácticas de higiene alimentaria más estrictas. Un modelo de transmisión de gastroenteritis aguda que distinguió la contaminación fuera de los hogares y las contaminaciones entre personas dentro de los mismos hogares no mostró diferencias significativas entre vecindarios
Chabot-Giguère, Bernice. "Les polluants organohalogénés d'intérêt émergent : biotransformation chez une espèce bioindicatrice du fleuve Saint-Laurent, le goéland à bec cerclé (Larus delawarensis)". Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5308/1/M12823.pdf.
Texto completoBergeron, Luc. "Validation empirique des indicateurs de pression hygiénique animale". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17524.
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