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1
Wildman, John. "Health, income and income inequality". Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369278.
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König, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Income Inequality and Income Risk / Johannes König". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1180388062/34.
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Beramendi, Pablo. "Decentralization and income inequality". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270597.
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Furukawa, Yousuke. "Income Inequality and Macroeconomics". Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/227577.
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Lindell, Mattias. "Income Growth and Income Inequality in Danish Municipalities". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-38324.
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Income growth and income inequality is an important theme in Economic research. It has been debated for decades whether income inequality hinders or enhances income growth. One of the classic models of this relationship was the Kuzenets curve which shows inequality against income per capita can be defined by an inverted U-shaped curve, over a period of time. The purpose of the paper is to see to see the relationship between income growth and inequality on a municipality level. To do this, four econometric panel data models were constructed with data gathered from Statbank Denmark. Log of income was used as the dependent variable and different measures of inequality were used as independent variables among other variables (public expenditure, education, population density, demographic composition, taxation). Results from these models show how income growth is positively related to income inequality, with vastly higher growth at the top end of the income distribution in Denmark. The implications of these findings can show that a trade-off between income inequality and income growth is not true, and it is possible that both variables work in tandem. Other factors such as education and demographic composition were also positively correlated with income growth, while other factors, such as taxation, were statistically insignificant. Comprehensive research on inequality and income growth at a municipality level is sparse, especially in the case of Denmark. Thus, this study contributes to research in regional economics.
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Duncan, Denvil R. "Essays on Personal Income Taxation and Income Inequality". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/62.
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This dissertation comprises two essays that attempt to determine, empirically, the relationship between personal income taxation and income inequality. The first essay examines whether income inequality is affected by the structural progressivity of national income tax systems. Using detailed personal income tax schedules for a large panel of countries, we develop and estimate comprehensive, time-varying measures of structural progressivity of national income tax systems over the 1981–2005 period.
Our findings suggest that progressivity has a strong negative effect on inequality in reported gross and net income and that this negative effect is strongest in countries whose institutional framework supports pro-poor redistribution. However, the effect of progressivity on true inequality, which is approximated by consumption-based measures of the GINI coefficient, is significantly smaller.
The second essay relies on household level data and complements the first in its empirical approach. We simulate the distributional impact of the Russian personal income tax (PIT) following the flat tax reform of 2001 using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. We use a series of counterfactuals to decompose the change in the distribution of net income into a direct (tax) effect and an indirect behavioral effect.
As expected, the direct tax effect increased net income inequality. Changes in the pre-tax distribution, on the other hand, had a large negative impact on inequality thus leading to an overall decline in net income inequality. We also find that the tax-induced evasion response increased reported net income inequality while reducing consumption based measures of net income inequality.
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Gregory, Michael Peter Robert. "Farm income inequality and instability". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338982.
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Somekh, Babak. "Income inequality and consumer markets". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:706cebd7-c65a-4f94-acdc-1c03ca94691a.
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This thesis consists of three chapters that analyze theoretically the role of income inequality in consumer markets. Each chapter introduces distributional considerations into an economic model where previously inequality did not play a major role. Chapter one uses a consumer search model to show under what conditions the distribution of income within a community is related to the type of firms that exist within that community, impacting the level of prices. We show that if time and money costs of search are high enough, only the middle class have incentive to search and therefore are the most aggressive shoppers. Using a supply side model, we argue that firms located in more informed communities are more likely to enter the market as large low-priced retailers. Connecting these two results, the model shows under what conditions the size of the middle class can have a negative relationship with the level of prices. Chapter two demonstrates how firm pricing strategy and determinants of household location can interact to determine city structure. In this city, consumers and firms live on a continuous line interval. The model consists of two types of firms; many high-cost perfectly competitive firms located in the Central Business District, and one large low-cost "Superstore", choosing its price strategically. We show how the shopping habits of the consumer population, as determined by the relative price of the Superstore and the Corner Stores, can contribute to the various income segregation outcomes described in previous literature. In addition we consider the impact of city population structure on the pricing decision of a monopolist facing a competitive fringe. Chapter three uses a simple model of banking services to consider how deposit-taking banks price for their services and choose the type of deposit customers that they target. This chapter goes beyond previous theoretical work on consumer banking, identifying the role of household income in the access to deposit services. We show that a higher rate of return on investments available to banks lowers financial exclusion, increasing the profitability of low-income consumers for deposit-taking institutions. This suggests that the possibility of financial exclusion increases in periods of recession. The chapter demonstrates how an increase in income dispersion can lead to a greater proportion of consumers excluded from mainstream banking.
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Baymul, Cinar. "Perceived income inequality and corruption". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:aafe740b-e166-491c-ab2d-95645f034436.
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The theories linking income inequality to corruption are numerous, yet economists mostly fail to support them with empirical evidence. In this thesis, we argue that the primary reason why empirical studies find no significant link between income inequality and corruption is the conceptual difference between income inequality and its perception. Corruption in the public sector is the result of an interaction between two agents: a public official and a private individual. A public official considers several different factors when he decides to engage in corruption. If income inequality is theorized to be one of those factors, it is essential to consider that agents are subject to a veil of ignorance, especially in matters relating to the distribution of income. Public officials do not have perfect information on the distribution of income; but rather rely on their own perceptions drawn from a sub-sample of the population. These perceptions are formed by experiences over time with the limited information that the economic agents possess. Recent studies on the subject demonstrate that systematic biases exist in individuals' perceptions of inequality. Failures to address these biases, might be contributing to a lack in substantive evidence that would otherwise be able to link income inequality to corruption. This thesis develops a new conceptual and economic framework to shed light on to the relationship between perceptions of inequality and corruption. We explore the answers of our research questions using three main methods: Regression analyses, a laboratory experiment and a country-case study in Turkey including interviews with public officials. While the results of the regression analysis do not provide evidence to suggest that a rise in actual income inequality corresponds with higher levels of corruption, our results do however support the hypothesis that there is a strong link between perceived nationwide inequality and forms of corruption. Our experimental design allows us to investigate the ways in which subjects' behaviours change when initial endowment inequality differs between treatments in a bribery game. We observe the impact of inequality to subjects' decisions through its effect on perceptions. The economic model is built upon several assumptions, such as the public officials' lack of comprehensive information on incomes of others, and their inequity aversion. We administer a country-case study in Turkey to examine whether these assumptions are realistic and valid. Data we gather from the interviews, as well as existing surveys, enable us to shed more light into the differences between measured and perceived inequality.
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Nau, Michael D. "Financialization, Wealth and Income Inequality". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1302033581.
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Smaltini, Pier-Francesco <1980>. "Income Inequality and Economic Growth". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5934.
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This work tries to investigate the relationship between the distribution of wealth and economic growth. The analysis starts from a review of the most impor- tant contributions of the wide literature on the topic, with the aim of presenting them under a common theoretical framework. The results, in line with some re- cent literature, show that, both on the theoretical and empirical point of view, under some initial conditions, an increase in inequality has a positive effect on subsequent growth; this findings are also confirmed by an empirical analysis of the case of United States.
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Mattiello, Nicola <1989>. "Income inequality: causes and consequences". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8740.
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Income inequality is a consequence of the economic activity. This essay will investigate the characteristics of income inequality, starting from its definition. It will be described the behavior of income inequality through the last century, how it is measured and the theories which have tried to give an explanation to this phenomena. After an analysis of its causes and consequences, there will be an evaluation of how income inequality could be managed.
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Voitchovsky, Sarah. "Inequality and growth". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670079.
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Xiang, Linxi. "Essays on educational investment, income inequality and income mobility". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8032.
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The first two pieces of work in this thesis look into the strategic decision of intergenerational educational investment and its implication to income inequality, skill distribution and income mobility. The contribution of my work is to incorporate matching frictions into the marriage market and analyze returns from strategic educational investments. The mechanism in the marriage market adopted follows the spirit of the competitive search model which interprets the ‘mismatch’ phenomenon as the result of coordination frictions in the matching process. The competitiveness and frictions in the family formation process create decreasing returns to high educational investment. The more parental households who choose high educational investment, the less is the return to high educational investment compared to the lower alternative. The fact that rich parental households suffer less from costly high educational investment puts the poor households at a disadvantage and the poor are more likely to be crowded out of the group that have incentives to choose high investment. The model predicts that given a certain parameter region, children of poor parents are more likely to become skilled if the fraction of rich parental households is not too large. In a multi-generational dynamic setting, it further implies the existence of a stationary household income distribution and income mobility rates. An increase in returns to education alone generates a larger stationary fraction of rich households and a larger upward income mobility rate. An increase in the cost of the high educational investment alone generates a smaller stationary fraction of rich households and a smaller upward income mobility rate. The third piece of work looks into the strategic interaction between passenger carriers over product quality and the location choice in a duopoly scheduled flight market. The model predicts that the two carriers prefer to be specialized in different flight quality (non-stop vs. one-stop) and adopt the same schedule when a higher quality difference makes the consumers less sensitive to the flight frequency. It contributes to literatures on the application of two-dimensional product differentiation in air-travel market analysis.
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NGUYEN, Tien Dung. "Income Inequality and Migration in Vietnam". 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17301.
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Lee, Sungho 1950. "Cross-Country Analysis of Income Inequality". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501122/.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the cross-country relationship between income inequality and selected socioeconomic variables reflecting the level of economic development. The first chapter introduces some theoretical approaches to income distribution and poses problems regarding income inequalities across countries. The second chapter surveys cross-country studies of income inequalities conducted by previous researchers. The third chapter covers statistical methodology. Chapter four analyzes statistical results of multiple regression. The final chapter is intended for summary, conclusion, and recommendations.
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Miao, Xing. "Cross-country convergence in income inequality". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45884.
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Neoclassical models imply convergence of the entire distribution, not just the mean income levels. In this paper, we analyze convergence in income inequality by using the considerably enlarged data bases, from the World Bank (Povcal) and the World Institute for Development Economic Research (WIDER). Convergence in gini indices of inequality is tested across 55 countries. We consider three sample subsets; one for the developing countries, second of the developed countries and third with all countries together. We test for convergence in gini indices over a period of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years. Additionally we use cross-section (OLS),panel (GMM) and a novel OLS estimation methods. Our results uniformly indicate that inequality levels among developing countries converged. Evidence of convergence is weaker among developed countries. Developing countries appear to converge faster than developed countries.
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Papatheodorou, Christos. "Dimensions of income inequality in Greece". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1552/.
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This thesis investigated certain dimensions of inequality in Greece that have not or have only partially been explored so far, utilising the micro-data of a survey carried out in 1988 by the National Centre for Social Research. Reviewed were relevant studies conducted in the past, and evaluated were the available statistical data and information. Certain theoretical and methodological issues that one encounters when analysing and measuring inequality were also discussed. Initially, an analysis by income source was employed, which provided valuable information on the structure and profile of income inequality in Greece. The decomposition analysis by income components showed that entrepreneurial income is the most significant contributor to overall inequality in Greece, despite the fact that it represents a relatively small fraction of household income. Income taxes and social security contribution appeared to have a very weak distributional impact on overall inequality. This impact was explored further by employing regression analysis. It was found that the share of income tax and contributions is mainly related to wages and salaries. The most effective way to maximise their distributional impact is by eliminating tax evasion among the recipients of entrepreneurial income. The average household income was found to be greatly affected by certain population characteristics, and inequality appeared to vary substantially between population subgroups. The decomposition analysis showed that in all the population groups used, inequality between groups accounted for only a very small segment of the overall inequality. Finally, the hypothesis that, in Greece, the family background is a significant factor in determining the offspring's socio-economic status was tested. A loglinear analysis was used in order to uncover all the potentially complex relationship among the variables employed. These results suggested that people face unequal opportunities for education and unequal probabilities of falling below the poverty line due to their family background.
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Grundsten, Ronja. "Immigration and Income Inequality in Sweden". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44064.
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Income inequality has been on the rise in many industrialised countries since around the 1980’s. In Sweden the increase of income inequality has been particularly large. This in spite of Sweden’s extensive redistribution system and public policy that prioritize equality among its population. This paper investigates a potential factor for the rise in inequality that is yet fairly unexplored, namely immigration. As inequality has increased in Sweden, so has also immigration. Sweden experienced large refugee inflows after the 1970’s, the largest flow consisting of circa 100 000 Yugoslavs during the Bosnian war. This study provides indications on what way immigration shapes the income distribution and lays the ground for prospective studies. Results show that the inflow of new migrants during the early 1990’s in Sweden raises income inequality and it is almost entirely due to increased dispersion in the lower tail of the income distribution.
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Haikonen, Saara. "Is Trust Affected by Income Inequality?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-437806.
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Contributing to a growing body of literature on the determinants of trust, I explore how municipal income inequality affects trust at local level (“localized trust”) and at general level (“generalized trust”). Using Swedish population and survey data 1996-2014, I find a negative relationship between a vast majority of inequality and trust variables studied. Even though the association is often statistically significant, the practical effects are nevertheless low. In accordance with previous research, I find that standard level changes in income inequality do not affect municipal levels of generalized trust. However, large increases in municipal poverty rates seem to decrease localized trust, when the rates are based on disposable income. Inequality in disposable income is more strongly associated with the two forms of trust than pre-tax inequality, suggesting that trust can be influenced by means of income redistribution.
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Yaya, Mehmet Erdem. "Immigration, income inequality and stochastic dominance". Thesis, [Tuscaloosa, Ala. : University of Alabama Libraries], 2009. http://purl.lib.ua.edu/2204.
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Hashim, Shireen Mardziah. "Income inequality and poverty in Malaysia". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1995. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28953/.
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The debate surrounding the relationship between economic growth and income distribution continues to attract important discussion in the development literature. While the literature suggests that rapid growth causes income to be more unequally distributed, empirical evidence is mixed. It seems that the relationship between growth and inequality varies considerably depending on individual country characteristics and the determinants of growth. Malaysia is a pronounced pluralistic society and is often considered to have a dualistic economic structure. Ethnicity and regional imbalances play important roles in determining the pattern of poverty and inequality. Areas of greater than average dependence on agriculture appear to have lower income levels, and tend to be populated by Malaysia's indigenous races. Since the riots of May 1969, which were assumed to have some connection with economic development and economic imbalances, Malaysia has been pursuing redistribution through growth with the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP). Thus the purpose of this thesis is to examine the nature and extent of poverty and income inequality in Malaysia, with particular emphasis on the 1980s. This study first seeks to verify the presence of any systematic relationship between inequality and economic development. The trends in income distribution will then be examined by looking at overall, urban-rural and ethnic inequality for Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Given the fact that certain areas are predominantly inhabited by certain ethnic groups, which form "pockets of poverty", the regional aspect of inequality will also be addressed. The discussion on poverty begins with an explanation of the calculation of the official Malaysian poverty line, followed by a demonstration of how it has been updated over the years and ends by sketching a profile of the poor. As the NEP was launched to re-unite and rebuild the country after the traumatic 1969 experience, this thesis concludes with an assessment of the impact of its policy prescriptions on poverty and income inequality.
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Rodrigues, Bruno Gorgulho. "Income inequality and human capital development". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11494.
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Human Capital investments are essential for the economic development of a country. In Brazil, several sources point to the lack of qualified workforce as a cause of slower economic growth. This dissertation explores the theoretical linkages made from income inequality to economic performance. The empirical section focuses on one of the theories presented, the one on creditmarket imperfections. According to this theory, imperfect credit markets are poor resource allocators and do not allow for low income individuals to invest in their own human capital. In Brazil, there is a lack of empirical studies aimed at testing the channels through which inequality affects growth, therefore this research gains significance. The results presented here were drawn from family household survey – POF – undertaken by the IBGE. Data has evidenced that education investments grow as a percentage of the total budget with raises of income. Raises in income for very high income classes do not increase education spending. The data suggests the existence of a budget constraint for low and middle class Brazilians from all regions. It has been found strong evidence that low and middle income classes in Brazil have limited access to credit-markets. Therefore, there is evidence that redistribution would increase aggregate spending on education.
Investimentos em capital humano são essenciais para o desenvolvimento econômico de um pais. No Brasil, diversas fontes apontam para a falta de mão de obra qualificada como sendo uma das causas de um fraco crescimento econômico. Esta dissertação explora as teorias que ligam desigualdade de renda com performance econômica. A parte empírica se foca em uma das teorias apresentadas, a de imperfeições no mercado de credito. De acordo com esta teoria, mercados de credito imperfeitos são fracos alocadores de recursos e não possibilitam que indivíduos de baixa renda invistam no próprio capital humano. No Brasil, há uma escassez de estudos empíricos focados em testar os canais através dos quais a desigualdade de renda afeta o crescimento, trazendo significância para esta dissertação. Os resultados apresentados aqui foram obtidos através da pesquisa familiar – POF – realizada pelo IBGE. Os dados mostram que investimentos em educação crescem como percentual do orçamento com o aumento da renda familiar. Aumentos de renda para classes de renda já elevadas não provocam igual aumento nas despesas educacionais. Os dados sugerem a existência de uma restrição orçamentária para Brasileiros de baixa e média renda independente da região. Foram encontradas fortes evidencias de que classes de baixa e média renda no Brasil tem acesso limitado ao mercado de credito. Portanto, existe evidencia de que redistribuição aumentaria o gasto agregado em educação.
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De, Poi Andrea <1993>. "Income inequality: dynamics and causal factors". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16174.
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This thesis deals with inequality in terms of income distribution. After the introduction of the main inequality measures, I will describe the trend of the time series of inequality making a comparison between Italy and other developed countries with similar economic systems. I will discuss some of the most recent economic theories about the causes and effects of inequality and then I will proceed to consider the major economic factors, the impact of education and the role of innovation technology.
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Cano, Liliana. "Income inequality, top income shares and economic mobility : Ecuador 2004-2011". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10040.
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L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser les tendances récentes dans la distribution des revenus en Équateur. La thèse défend l’idée que les inégalités de revenus ont diminué tant au niveau personnel qu’au niveau fonctionnel. Cependant, en nous basant sur la littérature et la méthodologie des hauts revenus et de l’accumulation du capital nous montrons que le niveau d’inégalité reste très élevé. Pour ce faire, le premier chapitre offre une revue de la littérature de la distribution des revenus et, à l’aide des comptes de patrimoine nationaux, présente de nouvelles estimations du rapport capital/revenu et de la part du capital dans le revenu national pour la période 2007-2013. Dans le deuxième chapitre, à l’aide des données fiscales, nous analysons la distribution des revenus au niveau individuel et nous offrons de nouvelles estimations de la part du revenu national détenu par les individus les plus riches (e.g. 1%) pendant la période 2004-2011. En outre, nous étudions l’évolution et la composition des hauts revenus, l’évolution du revenu moyen, et nous discutons des avantages comparés des données fiscales et des données issues des enquêtes lors de l’étude des hauts revenus. Dans le troisième chapitre nous étudions la mobilité des hauts revenus et du reste de la distribution et nous analysons les principaux déterminants de la mobilité économique. Finalement, un dernier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de l’impôt progressif sur le revenu et son influence dans la réduction des inégalités économiques dans ce paysThe objective of this thesis is to analyze the dynamics of income distribution in contemporary Ecuador. We defend the thesis that income inequality has declined both at functional and personal level over the last years. However, based on the recent top incomes and wealth accumulation literature and methods we show that the level of income inequality in this country is still very high. The first chapter of this thesis reviews the literature on income and wealth distribution and offers new estimates of wealth-to-income ratios and capital share of income for the 2007-2013 period thanks to national balance sheets. In the second chapter, we construct top income shares series for the period 2004-2011 thanks to micro-level tax return data. We analyze the recent trends of top incomes, their composition, the evolution of average real incomes, and we discuss the methodological challenge of working with tax data and survey data when the main objective is to capture top incomes. In the third chapter, we examine intragenerational income mobility both at the top and middle of the distribution and we analyze the main determinants of income mobility. In the last chapter of this thesis, we study whether tax policy, through progressive income taxation, is helping to reduce inequality in this country
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GRÜBENER, Philipp. "Essays in quantitative macroeconomics : income, inequality, income risk and optimal redistribution". Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/72939.
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Defence date: 5 November 2021; Examining Board: Prof. Árpád Ábrahám (University of Bristol and European University Institute); Prof. Philipp Kircher (Cornell University); Prof. Kjetil Storesletten (University of Oslo); Prof. Ludo Visschers (University of Edinburgh)The first PDF is the PhD Thesis. The second PDF is an addendum containing the complete citations of the two datasets.
This thesis contains four independent essays in heterogeneous agent macroeconomics. They explore the sources of income inequality and income risk and study the optimal design of public redistribution and insurance. The first chapter, joint with Filip Rozsypal, studies the origins of idiosyncratic earnings risk in frictional labor markets, with a particular focus on the role of firms for worker earnings risk. First, using administrative matched employer-employee data from Denmark, we document key properties of the worker earnings growth distribution, the firm revenue growth distribution, and their joint distribution. The worker earnings and firm revenue growth distributions exhibit strong deviations from normality, in particular excess kurtosis, with many workers and firms experiencing very small changes to their earnings/revenues, but a significant minority experiencing very large changes. Large earnings losses are more likely for workers in firms with negative revenue growth, driven both by separations to unemployment and earnings losses on the job. Second, we develop a model framework consistent with the data, with four key features: i) frictional labor markets and on the job search to capture unemployment risk and wage growth through a job ladder, ii) multi-worker firms to capture gross and net worker flows, iii) risk averse workers such that earnings risk matters, and iv) contracting with two-sided limited commitment because earnings of job stayers are changing infrequently in the data. Third, we use the model to explore policies designed to mitigate earnings fluctuations. The second chapter, joint with Annika Bacher and Lukas Nord, studies one particular private insurance margin against individual income risk only available to couples, which is the so called added worker effect. Specifically, we study how this intra-household insurance against individual job loss through increased spousal labor market participation varies over the life cycle. We show in U.S. data that the added worker effect is much stronger for young than for old households. A stochastic life cycle model of two-member households with job search in a frictional labor market is capable of replicating this finding. The model suggests that a lower added worker effect for the old is driven primarily by better insurance through asset holdings. Human capital differences between employed young and old contribute to the difference but are quantitatively less important, while differences in job arrival rates play a limited role. In the third chapter, joint with Axelle Ferriere, Gaston Navarro, and Oliko Vardishvili, we study optimal redistribution, taking into account not just the large income and wealth inequality in the data, but also the distribution of income risk that is key in the first two chapters. The U.S. fiscal system redistributes through a rich set of taxes and transfers, the latter accounting for a large part of the income of the poor. Motivated by this, we study the optimal joint design of transfers and income taxes. Within a simple heterogeneous-household framework, we derive analytical results on the optimal relationship between transfers and tax progressivity. Higher transfers are associated with lower optimal income tax progressivity. Redistribution is achieved with generous transfers while efficiency is preserved via a lower progressivity of income taxes. As such, the optimal tax-and-transfer system features larger progressivity of average than of marginal tax rates. We then quantify the optimal tax-and-transfer system in a rich incomplete-market model with realistic distributions of income, wealth, and income risk. The model features a novel flexible functional form for progressive income taxes and means-tested transfers. Relative to the current U.S. fiscal system, the optimal policy consists of more generous means-tested transfers, which phase-out at a slower rate. These larger transfers are financed with higher tax rates, but the taxes are not more progressive than the current system. The fourth chapter, joint with Axelle Ferriere and Dominik Sachs, also studies optimal redistribution, but instead of considering a stationary environment it analyzes the dynamics of the equity-efficiency trade-off along the growth path. To do so, we incorporate the optimal income taxation problem into a state-of-the-art multi-sector structural change general equilibrium model with non-homothetic preferences. We identify two key opposing forces. First, long-run productivity growth allows households to shift their consumption expenditures away from necessities. This implies a reduction in the dispersion of marginal utilities, and therefore calls for a welfare state that declines along the growth path. Yet, economic growth is also systematically associated with an increase in the skill premium, which raises inequality and the desire to redistribute. We quantitatively analyze these opposing forces for two countries: the U.S. from 1950 to 2010, and China from 1989 to 2009. Optimal redistribution decreases at early stages of development, as the role of non-homotheticities prevails. At later stages of development the rising income inequality dominates and the welfare state should become more generous.
1 Firm Dynamics and Earnings Risk 2 Joint Search over the Life Cycle 3 Larger Transfers Financed with More Progressive Taxes? On the Optimal Design of Taxes and Transfers 4 Redistribution in Growing Economies
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Aguilar, Retureta José. "Regional income inequality in Mexico, 1895-2010". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403709.
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The motivation of this dissertation is multi-fold. Firstly, regional income disparity is widely considered to be a central concern among economists and policy makers. This responds to many facts. Usually, when regional specialisation takes place, only a few regions are able to attract modern industrial activity and high value-added services, causing an increase in regional inequality over the long term, as these activities generally enjoy increasing returns (which, in turn, makes this pattern very difficult to be reversed). Moreover, regional inequality is, all things being equal, highly correlated to inequality among individuals, which is also a very relevant issue for economists and policy makers. Lastly, regional inequality has high political relevance because it may be a source of political instability, which can result in social and economic crisis. Therefore, there is a great deal of scientific literature concerned with the evolution and causes of regional inequality.
The interest in regional inequality is shared by the Economic History literature, especially by that based on quantitative methods, which has developed a number of innovative research strategies to analyse the main forces behind the long-term evolution of regional inequality. However, this line of research has mainly focused on high-income industrialised economies, such as the US and some Western European countries, and there is still a significant gap in our knowledge of the long-term trends of regional inequality in low and middle-income economies. This leads to the second motivation of this project.
Even though there has been some recent work on long-term regional inequality in middle and low-income economies, this is still a rather understudied field, where new hypotheses and interpretations –different from those developed for the industrialised countries– need to be developed. For instance, in developing countries, industrial location and agglomeration economies may not have had such a central role as drivers of regional income disparities. On the contrary, the influence of institutions and the location of natural resources may be much stronger. Likewise, dual economic structures (i.e., the coexistence of modern and traditional economic sectors) are much more common in developing countries than in industrialized economies. All this may make it necessary to adopt different research strategies in the analysis of regional disparities in developing countries.
The study of Mexican regional inequality is representative of middle-income economies, where economic growth has had different roots and dynamics than in industrialised countries. In addition, Mexico has some characteristics that make it a particularly interesting case study. While the northern regions in Mexico share a huge border with the biggest world market, the US, the southern ones limit with one of the poorest region in the world, Central America. Also, it is a case in which very different forces have affected the long-term evolution of regional income inequality, such as factor endowments, factor mobility, natural resources, structural change, market potential and regional and development policies, which have affected regional disparities with varying intensity across the different periods of the late modern history of Mexico.
Finally, the last motivation of this research lies beyond the Economic History frontiers. Mexico is living a period of increasing regional divergence, according to different indicators. Although this problem has been object of harsh public debate between the mid 20th century and the present (actually, the current federal government has announced a huge program to encourage economic growth in the poorest regions) almost no progress has been reached. According to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), in 2010 the GDP per capita of the richest state was 5.2 times as high as in the poorest state. The National Council for Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) estimates that 43 per cent of the total population living in extreme poverty in 2010 were located in 4 southern states. These figures stand out globally, not only in comparison to high-income countries but also to most middle and low-incomes economies. In fact, the ECLAC (2014: 73) has recently pointed out that Mexico has the second highest income ratio between the richest and the poorest regions among Latin American countries, only surpassed by Ecuador. In this regard, although the Mexican economy has a deep-rooted and historically persistent high regional inequality, the literature on regional disparities has focused mainly on the period from the 1980s and the end of ISI policies. By contrast, very little research has been done for the State-led industrialisation period (1930-1980), and none for the previous years of the First Globalisation.
This dissertation aims to provide new quantitative evidence on the long-term evolution of Mexican regional income inequality, covering the period from 1895 to 2010. With this research, we hope to contribute both to the literature on Mexico and to the international debate on the main forces that explain the historical evolution of regional inequality.El objetivo de esta tesis es ofrecer nueva evidencia cuantitativa sobre la evolución de las desigualdades regionales en México en el largo plazo (1895-2010). Con esta investigación se espera contribuir al debate de la literatura internacional sobre las principales fuerzas que explican la evolución histórica de las desigualdades regionales. El estudio de las desigualdades regionales en México es representativo de las economías de niveles medios de ingreso, en las cuales el crecimiento económico en el largo plazo ha tenido una ruta distinta a las economías industrializadas. En el caso mexicano, distintos determinantes han afectado la evolución de las desigualdades regionales, como la dotación de recursos naturales, la movilidad de factores de producción, el cambio estructural, el potencial de mercado, entre otros. En este sentido, los principales resultados de esta tesis son los siguientes. La evolución de las desigualdades regionales en México ha seguido una forma de ‘N’ en el largo plazo, la cual está estrechamente vinculada a las distintas estrategias de crecimiento económico adoptadas en México desde finales del siglo XIX. Así, durante el periodo del modelo agro-exportador (1895-1930), y el periodo reciente de apertura económica (1980-2010), las desigualdades regionales han incrementado, mientras que, durante el periodo de la IDE (1940-1980), las desigualdades regionales experimentaron una fase de convergencia. La primera fase de divergencia (1895-1930) estuvo liderada por los estados ricos volviéndose más ricos, mientras que los estados pobres se volvieron aún más pobres respecto a la media nacional de ingresos. El periodo de convergencia subsecuente estuvo caracterizado por la caída relativa de los estados ricos hacia la media nacional. Por último, durante el último periodo apertura económica de 1980 a 2010, la divergencia regional ha estado guiada por el mayor dinamismo económico de algunas regiones en particular del centro y norte del país, y en particular, de la Ciudad de México. El análisis de clúster espacial muestra que el único clúster que aparece constante durante todo el periodo de estudio es el de los países con bajos niveles de ingreso del sur del país. Los principales determinantes detrás de los cambios de las tendencias de las desigualdades regionales en el largo plazo han cambiado en cada periodo histórico. Durante la primera globalización, un desigual proceso de cambio estructural a nivel espacial explica el incremento de las desigualdades regionales. Aquellas regiones que pudieron beneficiarse de la integración de los mercados internacional lograron una tasa mayor de cambio estructural, mayor ratios de capital-trabajo y, por consiguiente, mayores tasas de crecimiento de la productividad laboral. Por otra parte, la convergencia experimentada de 1940 a 1980 se explica por un fuerte proceso de movilidad de factores (mano de obra) entre las regiones de México. Por último, el periodo de divergencia experimentado a partir de 1980, ha estado determinado por una distribución espacial desigual de la IED (concentrada en la Ciudad de México y los estados del norte del país), y la concentración espacial de los servicios de alto valor agregado (en la Ciudad de México).
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XUE, Jinjun y Yang DU. "Labor Migration and Income Inequality in China". 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16646.
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Palma, Aguirre Grisha Alexis. "Explaining earnings and income inequality in Chile /". Göteborg : Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/559193815.pdf.
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Choy, Emmett. "Hong Kong's Economic Freedom and Income Inequality". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/718.
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Hong Kong is considered to be the most economically free country in the world, but also has the highest amount of income inequality of any developed country. The Hong Kong government is able to sustain laissez faire policies due to its monopoly on land supply. Maintaining high property values allows the government to maximize revenue from property tax, which acts as a hidden tax. A major contributor to income inequality is the formation of oligopolies in Hong Kong that creates an anticompetitive environment. The interests of the government and oligarchs are aligned as both obtain significant portions of revenue from the property sector. As globalization makes Hong Kong even more vulnerable to external shocks, the government faces the challenges of increasing competition, diversifying its revenue streams, and closing the income gap while standing by its principles in order maintain regional competitiveness as an international business hub.
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Koo, Chul-Hoi. "Reinforcement of income inequality in later life". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539969.
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Ortega, DiÌaz Araceli. "Income inequality and economic growth in Mexico". Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398617.
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Voorheis, John. "Essays on Income Inequality and the Environment". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20478.
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This dissertation considers two of the most pressing concerns of the current time, income inequality and exposure to pollution, and provides evidence that these two concerns may in fact be causally linked. In order to do this, I assemble novel datasets on income inequality and pollution exposure, and propose an strategy for causally identifying the effect of the former on the latter.
In the first substantive chapter, I develop a new dataset on income inequality measured at the US state and metropolitan area level. I compare the trends in income inequality measured using different income definitions. In general, pre-tax, pre-transfer income inequality has increased in most states since 1980, but post-fiscal income inequality has seen slow or no growth since about 2000. I conduct inference on how income inequality has changed using a semi-parametric bootstrap method, and consider potential correlates with state-level income inequality. I find that de-unionization is perhaps the most important factor driving rising inequality.
In the second substantive chapter, I leverage satellite-derived remote sensing data on ground-level concentrations for two important pollutants (NOx and PM2.5) to measure the distribution of pollution exposure. I propose a dashboard approach to measuring environmental inequality and environmental justice, proposing and applying several candidate measures to the satellite datasets. I find that environmental inequality has largely decreased since 1998, as has average exposure. I consider potential correlations between neighborhood demographics and the distribution of exposure, but find inconclusive results.
In the third substantive chapter, I attempt to resolve this ambiguity by considering whether rising income inequality within metropolitan areas (the subject of the first chapter) might causally affect the distribution of exposure across people (the subject of the second). Using a simulated instrumental variables identification strategy designed to address potential endogeneity due to locational sorting, I find that income inequality decreases the average level of exposure, but increases environmental inequality. I argue this is consistent with the benefits of pollution reduction accruing to the most advantaged, and provide evidence that this may work through the political system: inequality increases the responsiveness of politicians to the environmental demands of the rich.
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Potter, Susanna Henighan. "Perceptions of income inequality: an exploratory study". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1354886431.
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Lundberg, Jacob. "Essays on Income Taxation and Wealth Inequality". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328153.
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This thesis is concerned with inequality, redistribution and taxation, in particular the taxation of labour income and the distribution of wealth. Most of the analysis is focused on Sweden. The thesis consists of four self-contained essays. Essay 1: “Analyzing tax reforms using the Swedish Labour Income Microsimulation Model”. Labour income taxation is a central policy topic because labour income makes up the majority of national income and most taxes are in the end taxes on labour. In order to quantify how behavioural responses of labour income earners affect tax revenue, the Swedish Labour Income Microsimulation Model (SLIMM) is constructed and used to evaluate tax reforms. Elasticities are calibrated to match midpoints of estimates found in the quasiexperimental literature. The simulations indicate that the earned income tax credit has increased employment by 128,000 and has a degree of self-financing of 21 percent. Almost half of the revenue increase from higher municipal tax rates would disappear due to behavioural responses. Tax cuts for the richest fifth of working Swedes are completely self-financing. Essay 2: “The Laffer curve for high incomes”. An expression for the Laffer curve for high incomes is derived, assuming a constant Pareto parameter and elasticity of taxable income. Microsimulations using Swedish population data show that the simulated curve matches the theoretically derived Laffer curve well, suggesting that the analytical expression is not too much of a simplification. A country-level dataset of top effective marginal tax rates and Pareto parameters is assembled. This is used to draw Laffer curves for 27 OECD countries. Revenue-maximizing tax rates and degrees of self-financing for a small tax cut are also computed. The results indicate that degrees of self-financing range between 28 and 195 percent. Five countries have higher tax rates than the peak of the Laffer curve. Essay 3: “Political preferences for redistribution in Sweden” (with Spencer Bastani). We examine preferences for redistribution inherent in Swedish tax policy 1971–2012 using the inverse optimal tax approach. The income distribution is carefully characterized with the help of administrative register data and we employ behavioral elasticities reflecting the perceived distortionary effects of taxation. The revealed social welfare weights are high for non-workers, small for low-income earners, and hump-shaped around the median. At the top, they are always negative, especially so during the high-tax years of the 1970s and ’80s. The weights on non-workers increased sharply in the 1970s, fell drastically in the late ’80s and early ’90s, and have since then increased. Essay 4: “Wealth inequality in Sweden: What can we learn from capitalized income data?” (with Daniel Waldenström). This paper presents new estimates of wealth inequality in Sweden during 2000–2012, linking wealth register data up to 2007 and individually capitalized wealth based on income and property tax registers for the period thereafter when a repeal of the wealth tax stopped the collection of individual wealth statistics. We find that wealth inequality increased after 2007 and that more unequal bank holdings and housing appear to be important drivers. We also evaluate the performance of the capitalization method by contrasting its estimates and their dispersion with observed stocks in register data up to 2007. The goodness-of-fit varies tremendously across assets and we conclude that although capitalized wealth estimates may well approximate overall inequality levels and trends, they are highly sensitive to assumptions and the quality of the underlying data sources.
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Dabla, Era. "Essays in corruption, income inequality, and growth /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Lee, Soohyung. "Essays on household formation and income inequality /". May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Saith, Walberti. "Essays on fiscal policy and income inequality". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19701.
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Um dos principais problemas do crescimento econômico nas economias em desenvolvimento é a desigualdade de renda. Assim, muitos estudos sobre a teoria macroeconômica tentaram deter- minar quais são os principais modos pelos quais a desigualdade pode ser reduzida. A política fiscal redistributiva tem sido considerada uma maneira importante de reduzir a desigualdade e aumentar o crescimento econômico ao mesmo tempo. Tendo em vista a relação entre essas variáveis, este estudo procura esclarecer como a política fiscal afeta a desigualdade de renda e o crescimento econômico. Para realizar tal análise, nós utilizamos três diferentes abordagens. Na primeira estimamos os impactos da política fiscal sobre a desigualdade de renda e o cres- cimento econômico entre os estados brasileiros utilizando um conjunto de modelos de dados em painel. A análise abrange os anos de 1996 a 2011, último ano disponível, compreendendo 16 anos para 26 dos 27 estados brasileiros. Estimamos uma equação individual para explicar o crescimento econômico e duas equações individuais para a desigualdade de renda, cada uma com um conj unto diferente de variáveis explicativas. Com base em modelos de dados em painel, apresentamos evidências de que a relação entre carga tributária, crescimento econômico e desi- gualdade de renda não é linear. Mostramos que quando a carga tributária corresponde a 23% do PIB, o crescimento econômico é máximo e quando a carga tributária corresponde a 19% do PIB, a desigualdade e mínima. Na segunda, construímos um modelo e analisamos os efeitos de uma política fiscal de redistribuição de renda para a economia brasileira. Especificamente, tentamos mostrar os efeitos de uma transferência de renda para a parte mais pobre da população. Criamos um modelo estocástico dinâmico com parâmetros calibrados para o Brasil. Os resultados mostram que os impostos ótimos sobre a renda do capital e a renda do trabalho se comporta- ram de maneiras opostas em ambos os choques (gastos governamentais e produtividade). A composição do orçamento do governo muda de acordo com seu favoritismo para os pobres. As simulações mostram que a existência de desigualdade de renda altera o nível ótimo de impostos e as reações aos choques de oferta e demanda, embora a política fiscal tenha limites. Os resul- tados também mostram evidências de que reduzir a pobreza pode aumentar o produto, eliminar a necessidade de transferências e reduzir, consideravelmente, as flutuações nos impostos. Na terceira abordagem, propomos um modelo que seja uma versão de um equilíbrio competitivo do modelo de crescimento neoclássico básico, que incorpora desigualdade de renda endogena- mente e agentes heterogêneos: pobres e ricos, nos permitindo compreender esse problema de forma dinâmica. Utilizamos o problema de Ramsey para determinar as sequências ótimas para os três tipos de impostos distorcivos, sobre a renda do capital, sobre a renda do trabalho e sobre o consumo em uma economia não estocástica. A solução analítica encontrada sugere que, no estado estacionário, o imposto ideal sobre o capital deve sempre ser zero, independentemente do favoritismo do governo em relação a um agente em particular. Além disso, o governo deveria financiar as transferências para o agente pobre usando diferentes combinações de impostos sobre consumo e renda do trabalho.
One of the main problems of economic growth in developing economies is income inequality. Thus many studies in macroeconomic theory have attempted to determine what are the main ways in which inequality can be reduced. Redistributive fiscal policy has been considered an important way to reduce inequality and increase economic growth at same time. Considering the relationship between these variables, this study seeks to clarify how fiscal policy affects income inequality and economic growth. To perform such analysis, we used three different approaches. First we estimate the impacts of fiscal policy on income inequality and economic growth among Brazilian states using a set of panel data models. The analysis covers the ye- ars from 1996 to 2011, comprising 16 years for 26 of the 27 Brazilian states. We estimated an individual equation to explain economic growth and two individual equations for income inequality, each with a different set of explanatory variables. Based on panel data models, we present evidence that the relationship between Tax Burden and economic growth and income inequality is not linear. We show that when the Tax Burden corresponds to 23% of GDP the economic growth is maximum and when the Tax Burden corresponds to 19% of GDP the ine- quality is minimal. Second, we construct a model and analyze the effects of a fiscal policy of income redistribution for Brazilian economy. Specifically, we try to show the effects of an income transfer for the poorest part of the population. We build a dynamic stochastic model calibrated for Brazil. The results show the optimal taxes on capital income and labor income in opposite way in both shocks (government spending and productivity). The composition of the government budget changes according to the favoritism towards the poor. The simulations show that the existence of income inequality changes the optimal level of taxes and the reactions to supply and demand shocks, although the fiscal policy has limits. Also, we present evidence that reducing poverty can increase output, eliminating the necessity of transfers and reducing considerably the fluctuations of taxes. Third, we propose a model that is a version of a compe- titive equilibrium of the basic neoclassical growth model, which incorporate income inequality endogenously and heterogeneous agents: poor and rich, allowing us to understand this problem in a dynamic way. We use the Ramsey problem to determine the optimal sequences for the three types of flat-rate tax: capital income, labor income and consumption, in a non-stochastic economy. The analytical solution suggests that in the steady state, optimal tax on capital should always be zero, regardless of the government’s favoritism towards particular agents. Also, the government should finance the transfers to the poor agent using different combinations of taxes on consumption and labor income.
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CASTI, CAROLA. "Empirical essays on income inequality and finance". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/261273.
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This thesis deals with investigating the link between the pervasive role of finance and the level of income inequality, by adopting different methodologies and approaches, both macro and micro. Indeed, in the first chapter I have studied how different dimensions of financial development, namely the size, the financial structure and banking efficiency have affected the level of inequality in a sample of worldwide economies. In the second chapter I have also explored the impact of structural banking deregulation on top income inequality in Italy and Canada, by finding that banking reforms have boosted the top income shares.In the final chapter, by focusing on the case of Italy and its pervasive banking deregulation wave in the early 1990’s, I have investigated whether structural banking deregulations, aiming at privatizing the banking system and allowing for the universal bank model, have affected the households’ ability to smooth consumption and insure against transitory and permanent income shocks. Interestingly, financial institutional changes might significantly matter in terms of income distribution and resource allocation.
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Kwong, Sunny Kai-Sun. "Price-sensitive inequality measurement". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25807.
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The existing inequality indexes in the economics literature (including the more sophisticated indexes of Muellbauer (1974) and Jorgenson-Slesnick (1984)), are found to be insensitive to relative price changes or are unjustifiable in terms of social evaluation ethics or both. The present research fills this gap in the literature by proposing a new index, named the Individual Equivalent Income (IEI) index.
A household indirect utility function is hypothesized which incorporates certain attribute parameters in the form of equivalence scales. These attributes are demographic and environmental characteristics
specific to a given household. This indirect utility function gives a number which represents the utility of each member of the household. A particular level of interpersonal comparison of utilities is assumed which gives rise to an exact individual utility indicator named equivalent income. A distribution of these equivalent incomes forms the basis of a price-sensitive relative inequality index.
This index can be implemented in the Canadian context. Preferences
are assumed to be nonhomothetic translog and demand data are derived from cross-section surveys and time-series aggregates. Based on demand data, the translog equivalent income function can be estimated and equivalent incomes imputed to all individuals in society. An Atkinson index of equivalent incomes is then computed to indicate the actual degree of inequality in Canada.
The new IEI index is compared with other indexes based on a common data set. The main findings are: conventional indexes give bad estimates of the true extent of inequality and the IEI index, while providing a more accurate estimate, indicates distributive price impact in a predictable manner, i.e., food price inflation aggravates while transportation price inflation ameliorates the inequality problem.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
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Al-Samarrai, Samer Mehdi. "Educational inequality in Tanzania". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343368.
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SCATURRO, FRANCESCA. "An Empirical Investigation on Income Inequalities". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/243127.
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La ricerca intende valutare la relazione tra distribuzione del reddito ed alcune variabili aggregate, attraverso uno studio
dettagliato della disuguaglianza basato sull’impiego di misure alternative e sul computo di alcune scomposizioni dei più
noti indici.
Il primo capitolo propone una rassegna dei più significativi contributi della letteratura, sia teorica che empirica,
ponendo particolare attenzione ai meccanismi attraverso cui la disuguaglianza può avere effetti sulla crescita. Il secondo
capitolo presenta la stima di un modello di crescita per un panel di Paesi OCSE, ad alto reddito, utilizzando misure
alternative di disuguaglianza calcolate a partire da un dataset di micro-dati armonizzati a livello internazionale. Inoltre,
integrando la letteratura di riferimento, alcune scomposizioni dei più noti indici sono state calcolate, consentendo in tal
modo uno studio approfondito della disuguaglianza tra gruppi di reddito e al loro interno. Tuttavia, le limitate
dimensioni del panel esaminato non hanno consentito la valida applicazione degli stimatori preposti a stimare in modo
consistente la regressione di crescita oggetto dell’analisi. Di conseguenza, nel terzo capitolo, il dataset è stato ampliato
includendo ulteriori Paesi, ad alto, medio e basso reddito. Con riferimento al nuovo panel, tra le variabili di interesse -
crescita e disuguaglianza - emerge l’evidenza di un’associazione non lineare. Il quarto capitolo, infine, assume una diversa prospettiva e mira a studiare gli impatti distributivi dello sviluppo finanziario, analizzando la possibile
associazione tra credito al settore privato e disuguaglianza. In questo caso, obiettivo dell’analisi è valutare se l’impatto
della variabile credito risulta omogeneo, o differisce invece, lungo la distribuzione del reddito. A tal fine, sono state
utilizzate misure alternative di disuguaglianza, caratterizzate da una diversa sensibilità a trasferimenti di reddito che
interessano parti diverse della distribuzione, o relative a vari gruppi di reddito.The research aims to empirically investigate the relationship between income distribution and some aggregate variables, by developing a detailed study of inequality through the assessment of alternative measures and the computation of some decompositions. In the first Chapter, the most influential contributions of the literature, both theoretical and empirical, have been reviewed, and the mechanisms through which inequality may affect growth have been highlighted and discussed. The second Chapter deals with the estimation of the relationship of interest in a panel of high-income, OECD countries, for which a rich set of inequality measures has been built using internationally harmonized microdata on income. In addition, some decompositions of the most commonly used inequality indexes have been computed, allowing a punctual study of the within- and the between-group inequality, thus adding to the reference empirical literature relying mostly on the Gini index. However, the limited number of available observations and the restricted dimension of the panel do not allow for a proper application to the reference growth model of those estimators controlling for both the heterogeneity and the endogeneity bias. As a consequence, in the third Chapter an extended dataset has been assembled, including high, middle and low-income countries, in order to check whether more robust results can be obtained. By estimating the reference model, evidence of non-linearities in the relationship between inequality and growth in fact emerges. Finally, the fourth Chapter reverses somehow the perspective and aims to focus on the distributional impact of financial development, by assessing the association between the credit to the private sector and inequality. The analysis points to understand, in particular, whether the effects of credit are homogeneous or rather differentiated along the income distribution.
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Rigg, John Andrew. "Income shares and income inequality in OECD countries since the late 1970s". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624524.
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McHargue, Susan L. (Susan Layne). "A Comparison of Permanent and Measured Income Inequality". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500812/.
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The degree of inequality present in the distribution of income may be measured with a gini coefficient. If the distribution is found to empirically fit a particular distribution function, then the gini coefficient may be derived from the mean value of income and the variation from the mean. For the purpose of this study, the Beta II distribution was used as the function which most closely approximates the actual distribution of income. The Beta II function provides the skewness which is normally found in an income distribution as well as fulfilling other required characteristics. The degree of inequality was approximated for the distribution of income from all sources and from ten separate components of income sources in constant (1973) dollars. Next, permanent income from all sources and from the ten component sources was estimated based upon actual income using the double exponential smoothing forecasting technique. The estimations of permanent income, which can be thought of as expected income, were used to derive measures of permanent income inequality. The degree of actual income inequality and the degree of permanent income inequality, both being represented by the hypothetical gini coefficient , were compared and tested for statistical differences. For the entire period under investigation, 1952 to 1979, the net effect was no statistically significant difference between permanent and actual income inequality, as was expected. However, significant differences were found in comparing year by year. Relating permanent income inequality to the underlying, structural inequality present in a given distribution, conclusions were drawn regarding the role of mobility in its ability to alter the actual distribution of income. The impact of business fluctuations on the distribution of permanent income relative to the distribution of actual income was studied in an effort to reach general conclusions. In general, cyclical upswings tend to reduce permanent inequality relative to actual inequality. Thus, despite the empirically supported relationship between income inequality and economic growth, it would appear that unexpected growth tends to favor a more equal distribution of income.
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Niehues, Judith Verfasser] y Clemens [Akademischer Betreuer] [Fuest. "Income Inequality, Inequality of Opportunity and Redistributive Policies / Judith Niehues. Gutachter: Clemens Fuest". Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1038112141/34.
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Niehues, Judith [Verfasser] y Clemens [Akademischer Betreuer] Fuest. "Income Inequality, Inequality of Opportunity and Redistributive Policies / Judith Niehues. Gutachter: Clemens Fuest". Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-44675.
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Inthisang, Jirapa. "Essay on income inequality: Export and FDI, employment, and income inequality in Thailand: A SAM approach, and, The effect of capital account liberalization on education and income inequality: A human capital approach". Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3315851.
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Garza, Cantu Vidal. "The political economy of inequality : an assessment of the evolution of earnings inequality in Mexico and the Americas, 1968-2000 /". Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008333.
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Wu, Su y mikewood@deakin edu au. "Trade liberalization and income inequality: a theoretical analysis". Deakin University. School of Economics, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060817.100610.
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Guilera, Rafecas Jordi. "Income inequality in historial perspective. Portugal (1890‐2006)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131018.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis aims to provide a complete picture on the long term evolution of economic inequality in Portugal. Indeed, Portugal is today one of the most unequal European countries and in this thesis we look at the historical roots of this phenomenon.
Last decades, economic historians have provided a wide variety of indexes to estimate the long term evolution of income inequality. In this thesis we estimate all those indexes of inequality proposed by the literature. More concretely, we provide long term series on the evolution of top income and wealth shares, wage inequality, personal income inequality, functional income distribution, the Williamson index, the Extraction ratio, Economic polarization, Welfare and Regional inequality.
Wage inequality in Portugal followed an N-curve, increasing until the late 1950s to decline until the 1980, when it turned to increase again. The Portuguese experience fits to the international pattern since the 1950s onwards. The Portuguese case also fits to the Extended Kuznets Curve hypothesis, according to which, wage inequality may follow an N-curve during the transition from an agrarian to a post-industrial society.
Top income shares decreased until the 1980 to increase intensively thereafter following the international pattern, and specially the Anglo-Saxon countries experience.
Although Leigh (2007) stated that top income shares were a good proxy of income inequality, the Portuguese case shows that this relation may not always hold. In this sense, during Portuguese industrialization top income shares decreased continuously whereas income inequality followed an inverted U-curve, which fits the predictions made by the well-known paper by Kuznets (1955). All approaches to inequality are relevant although this finding shows that they are not equivalent and may evolve in opposite directions.
Personal income inequality increased intensively during the first half of the Salazar regime and remained in high levels until the end of the dictatorship. It fell dramatically during the Portuguese revolution of the 1970s and it turned to increase thereafter. The Extraction ratio, which measures the capacity of the economic elites to gather the surplus of an economy also increased intensively during the first half of the dictatorship, clearly defining this regime as deeply regressive in distributional terms. It decreased intensively after the 1950s due to rapid economic growth and turned to increase during the democratic period. The global balance is striking because this index uses to decline in the long term. In Portugal, however, the ER was higher in 2006 than in the 1920s.
Finally, this thesis also provides the first long term estimates of regional pc GDP for Portugal since 1890 onwards. Regional inequality increased until the 1970s to decrease afterwards. Increasing regional inequality was due to a long term process of regional specialization, whereas the declining trend was associated to the industrialization of the more backward Portuguese regions. During the period analysed, economic activity concentrated intensively on the Atlantic Coastal regions whereas the inner (and overall northern) regions fell behind.
To conclude, Portuguese fast economic growth over the twentieth century should be re-evaluated from the social point of view if we look inside the black box of income per capita. This thesis has enlightened this black box and the vision is rather negative. The fruits of economic growth have not trickled down to most of the population during most of the period studied. As a result, most of the Portuguese have been largely excluded from the growing prosperity of the country.El principal objectiu d’aquesta tesi és oferir una panoràmica completa sobre l’evolució de la distribució de la renda a llarg termini a Portugal. Portugal és actualment un dels països més desiguals d’Europa i aquí volem determinar quins són els orígens d’aquest fenomen. Per tal d’assolir aquest objectiu s’han estimat una àmplia varietat d’indicadors proposats per la literatura sobre les desigualtats. Els principals resultats d’aquest treball són els següents. En primer lloc, les desigualtats salarials segueixen una corba en forma de N ajustant-se a la pauta internacional a partir de la segona meitat del segle XX i a les prediccions de la Corba estesa de Kuznets. Per altra banda, els top income shares han caigut fins als anys 1980, però d’aquí en endavant han crescut amb molta intensitat ajustant-se a la pauta distributiva dels països anglosaxons. La desigualtat personal de la renda va augmentar amb molta intensitat durant la primera meitat del règim Salazarista i es va mantenir en uns nivells molt elevats fins al final de la Dictadura. Va caure amb intensitat durant la Revolució del 1974 i va tornar a créixer durant el període democràtic. La ràtio d’extracció també va créixer amb molta intensitat durant els primers anys de la dictadura definint clarament aquest règim com a molt regressiu en l’esfera distributiva. És important destacar que la ràtio d’extracció era més elevada al 2006 que als anys 1920, un fet absolutament extraordinari. Finalment, aquesta tesi també aporta noves estimacions sobre els PIBs regionals de Portugal des de 1890 fins al 1980. Aquestes noves dades mostren com les desigualtats regionals van créixer fins al 1970 per caure durant la següent dècada. També es pot observar una concentració molt intensa de l’activitat econòmica a les regions costeres. Per acabar, el ràpid creixement econòmic de Portugal al llarg del segle XX hauria de ser re-avaluat des del punt de vista social si es mira a l’interior de la caixa negra de la renda per càpita. Aquesta tesi ha il•luminat aquesta caixa negra i ha mostrat com els fruits del creixement econòmic han estat distribuïts persistentment de forma molt desigual.