Artículos de revistas: "In vitro gut model"

1

Tang, Lei. "In vitro intestine model for gut microbiome". Nature Methods 16, n.º 7 (27 de junio de 2019): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0489-5.

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Malaguarnera, Giulia, Miriam Graute y Antoni Homs Corbera. "The translational roadmap of the gut models, focusing on gut-on-chip". Open Research Europe 1 (4 de junio de 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13709.1.

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It is difficult to model in vitro the intestine when seeking to include crosstalk with the gut microbiota, immune and neuroendocrine systems. Here we present a roadmap of the current models to facilitate the choice in preclinical and translational research with a focus on gut-on-chip. These micro physiological systems (MPS) are microfluidic devices that recapitulate in vitro the physiology of the intestine. We reviewed the gut-on-chips that had been developed in academia and industries as single chip and that have three main purpose: replicate the intestinal physiology, the intestinal pathological features, and for pharmacological tests.

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Malaguarnera, Giulia, Miriam Graute y Antoni Homs Corbera. "The translational roadmap of the gut models, focusing on gut-on-chip". Open Research Europe 1 (18 de enero de 2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13709.2.

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It is difficult to model in vitro the intestine when seeking to include crosstalk with the gut microbiota, immune and neuroendocrine systems. Here we present a roadmap of the current models to facilitate the choice in preclinical and translational research with a focus on gut-on-chip. These micro physiological systems (MPS) are microfluidic devices that recapitulate in vitro the physiology of the intestine. We reviewed the gut-on-chips that had been developed in academia and industries as single chip and that have three main purpose: replicate the intestinal physiology, the intestinal pathological features, and for pharmacological tests.

4

Tottey, William, Nadia Gaci, Guillaume Borrel, Monique Alric, Paul W. O'Toole y Jean-François Brugère. "In-vitro model for studying methanogens in human gut microbiota". Anaerobe 34 (agosto de 2015): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.04.009.

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Bouillon, Grégoire, Olav Gåserød, Łukasz Krych, Josué L. Castro-Mejía, Witold Kot, Markku T. Saarinen, Arthur C. Ouwehand, Dennis S. Nielsen y Fergal P. Rattray. "Modulating the Gut Microbiota with Alginate Oligosaccharides In Vitro". Nutraceuticals 3, n.º 1 (26 de diciembre de 2022): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3010003.

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Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates from brown kelp. As such, they are dietary fibers and may have prebiotic potential. Therefore, we investigated the capacity of gut bacteria to utilize AOS with single-strain cultures and as a complex bacterial community. Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei showed weak growth (relative to unsupplemented medium; p < 0.05) in the presence of AOS and alginate, while strong growth (p < 0.01) was observed for Bacteroides ovatus when grown with alginate as carbohydrate source. Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae were for the first time reported to be able to grow on AOS. Further, AOS as substrate was investigated in a complex bacterial community with colonic fermentations in an in vitro gut model. The in vitro gut model indicated that AOS increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in donors with a low endogenous SCFA production, but not to the same level as inulin. Bacteroides was found to dominate the bacteria community after in vitro gut simulation with alginate as substrate. Further, stimulation of Bacteroides was observed with AOS in the gut model for two out of three donors with the third donor being more resistant to change. Our results allowed the identification of AOS utilizers among common gut species. The results also demonstrated the capacity of AOS to elevate SCFA levels and positively modulate the gut microbiota during in vitro simulated colon fermentations, although some subjects appear to be resilient to perturbation via substrate changes.

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Fournier, E., L. Etienne-Mesmin, S. Denis, C. Verdier, S. Chalancon, C. Durif, O. Uriot, M. Mercier-Bonin y S. Blanquet-Diot. "Impact of polyethylene microplastics on human gut microbiota as assessed in an in vitro gut model". Toxicology Letters 350 (septiembre de 2021): S232—S233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00781-5.

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Towfigh, Shirin, Tracy Heisler, David A. Rigberg, O. Joe Hines, Jason Chu, David W. McFadden y Charles Chandler. "Intestinal Ischemia and the Gut–Liver Axis: An in Vitro Model". Journal of Surgical Research 88, n.º 2 (febrero de 2000): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsre.1999.5767.

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Barrack, K., R. Valls, S. Surve, T. Hampton y G. O’Toole. "520 Developing an in vitro model of the cystic fibrosis gut". Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 22 (octubre de 2023): S275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-1993(23)01444-3.

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Lockman, K. A., N. Plevris, A. Pryde, P. Lee, P. Cowan, P. C. Hayes, C. Filippi y J. N. Plevris. "Oleate upregulates lectin galactoside-binding soluble 2 (LGALS2) in in vitro model of cellular steatosis". Gut 60, Suppl 1 (13 de marzo de 2011): A239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2011.239301.505.

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Ames, Jennifer M., Anthony Wynne, Andrea Hofmann, Saskia Plos y Glenn R. Gibson. "The effect of a model melanoidin mixture on faecal bacterial populationsin vitro". British Journal of Nutrition 82, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1999): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001749.

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The Maillard reaction produces coloured, macromolecular materials (melanoidins) in a variety of foods, on heating. Significant quantities may enter the human gut on a daily basis, but there is little information on their metabolism in the human colon. As the large bowel contains a diverse population of bacteria involved in normal bowel function, it is possible that melanoidins are metabolized therein. Depending on the bacteria involved, there may be disease or health implications. The aim of the present study was to usein vitromodels to determine the digestibility of melanoidins and the effect of melanoidins on colonic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Melanoidins were prepared and the effects of simulated upper-gut secretions on their stability determined in a model system. The effects of faecal bacteria were also determined, in batch culture, with a combination of phenotypic and genotypic (probes) criteria being used to identify the microbial diversity involved. Simulation of peptic and pancreatic digestion showed that the melanoidins did not produce detectable amounts of low-molecular-mass degradation products. However, melanoidins affected the growth of gut bacteria during mixed culture growth. The effect was to cause a non-specific increase in the anaerobic bacteria enumerated. Thisin vitrostudy indicates that melanoidins can affect the growth of human large-bowel bacteria and serves to demonstrate possible effects that may occurin vivo. Given the large and varied number of food items that contain Maillard reaction products, this may have relevance for lower-gut health.

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Mortelé, Olivier, Elias Iturrospe, Annelies Breynaert, Christine Lammens, Xavier Basil Britto, Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar, Philippe Jorens, Luc Pieters, Alexander L. N. van Nuijs y Nina Hermans. "Chlorogenic Acid as a Model Compound for Optimization of an In Vitro Gut Microbiome-Metabolism Model". Proceedings 11, n.º 1 (19 de abril de 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019011031.

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It has been believed that the metabolism of xenobiotics occurred mainly by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in the liver. However, recent data clearly suggest a significant role for the gut microbiota in the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds. This microbiotic biotransformation could lead to differences on activation, inactivation and possible toxicity of these compounds. In vitro models are generally used to study the colonic biotransformation as they allow easy dynamic and multiple sampling over time. However, to ensure this accurately mimics communities in vivo, the pre-analytical phase requires optimization. Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenolic compound abundantly present in the human diet, was used as a model compound to optimize a ready-to-use gut microbiome biotransformation platform. Samples of the in vitro gastrointestinal dialysis-model with colon stage were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Complementary screening approaches were also employed to identify the biotransformation products.

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Yi, Banya, Kyu Young Shim, Sang Keun Ha, Jeonghun Han, Hong-Hoa Hoang, Inwook Choi, Sungsu Park y Jong Hwan Sung. "Three-dimensional in vitro gut model on a villi-shaped collagen scaffold". BioChip Journal 11, n.º 3 (2 de junio de 2017): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13206-017-1307-8.

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Delsante, Costanza, Carlo Pinna, Federica Sportelli, Thomas Dalmonte, Claudio Stefanelli, Carla G. Vecchiato y Giacomo Biagi. "Assessment of the Effects of Edible Microalgae in a Canine Gut Model". Animals 12, n.º 16 (17 de agosto de 2022): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162100.

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Microalgae are a source of bioactive compounds having recently been studied for their possible application as health-promoting ingredients. The aim of the study was to evaluate in an in vitro canine gut model the effects of four microalgae, Arthrospira platensis (AP), Haematococcus pluvialis (HP), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) and Chlorella vulgaris (CV), on some fecal microbial populations and metabolites. The four microalgae were subjected to an in vitro digestion procedure, and subsequently, the digested biomass underwent colonic in vitro fermentation. After 6 h of incubation, PT increased propionate (+36%) and butyrate (+24%), and decreased total BCFA (−47%), isobutyrate (−52%) and isovalerate (−43%) and C. hiranonis (−0.46 log10 copies/75 ng DNA). After 24 h, PT increased propionate (+21%) and isovalerate (+10%), and decreased the abundance of Turicibacter spp. (7.18 vs. 6.69 and 6.56 log10 copies/75 ng DNA for CTRL vs. PT, respectively); moreover, after 24 h, CV decreased C. coccoides (−1.12 log10 copies/75 ng DNA) and Enterococcus spp. (−0.37 log10 copies/75 ng DNA). In conclusion, the microbial saccharolytic activities and the shift in fecal bacterial composition were less pronounced than expected, based on current literature. This study should be considered as a preliminary assessment, and future investigations are required to better understand the role of microalgae in canine nutrition.

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Isenring, Julia, Lea Bircher, Annelies Geirnaert y Christophe Lacroix. "In vitro human gut microbiota fermentation models: opportunities, challenges, and pitfalls". Microbiome Research Reports 2, n.º 1 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2022.15.

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The human gut microbiota (HGM) plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Consequently, nutritional and medical research focusing on HGM modulation strategies as a means of improving host health is steadily increasing. In vitro HGM fermentation models offer a valid complement to human and animal studies when it comes to the mechanistic exploration of novel modulation approaches and their direct effects on HGM composition and activity, while excluding interfering host effects. However, in vitro cultivation of HGM can be challenging due to its high oxygen sensitivity and the difficulties of accurately modeling the physio-chemical complexity of the gut environment. Despite the increased use of in vitro HGM models, there is no consensus about appropriate model selection and operation, sometimes leading to major deficiencies in study design and result interpretation. In this review paper, we aim to analyze crucial aspects of the application, setup and operation, data validation and result interpretation of in vitro HGM models. When carefully designed and implemented, in vitro HGM modeling is a powerful strategy for isolating and investigating biotic and abiotic factors in the HGM, as well as evaluating their effects in a controlled environment akin to the gut. Furthermore, complementary approaches combining different in vitro and in vivo models can strengthen the design and interpretation of human studies.

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Carvalho, Nelson Mota de, Francisco Teixeira, Sara Silva, Ana Raquel Madureira y Manuela Estevez Pintado. "Potential prebiotic activity of Tenebrio molitor insect flour using an optimized in vitro gut microbiota model". Food & Function 10, n.º 7 (2019): 3909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01536h.

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Valiei, Amin, Javad Aminian-Dehkordi y Mohammad R. K. Mofrad. "Gut-on-a-chip models for dissecting the gut microbiology and physiology". APL Bioengineering 7, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2023): 011502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126541.

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Microfluidic technologies have been extensively investigated in recent years for developing organ-on-a-chip-devices as robust in vitro models aiming to recapitulate organ 3D topography and its physicochemical cues. Among these attempts, an important research front has focused on simulating the physiology of the gut, an organ with a distinct cellular composition featuring a plethora of microbial and human cells that mutually mediate critical body functions. This research has led to innovative approaches to model fluid flow, mechanical forces, and oxygen gradients, which are all important developmental cues of the gut physiological system. A myriad of studies has demonstrated that gut-on-a-chip models reinforce a prolonged coculture of microbiota and human cells with genotypic and phenotypic responses that closely mimic the in vivo data. Accordingly, the excellent organ mimicry offered by gut-on-a-chips has fueled numerous investigations on the clinical and industrial applications of these devices in recent years. In this review, we outline various gut-on-a-chip designs, particularly focusing on different configurations used to coculture the microbiome and various human intestinal cells. We then elaborate on different approaches that have been adopted to model key physiochemical stimuli and explore how these models have been beneficial to understanding gut pathophysiology and testing therapeutic interventions.

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d’Angelo, Michele, Laura Brandolini, Mariano Catanesi, Vanessa Castelli, Cristina Giorgio, Margherita Alfonsetti, Mara Tomassetti et al. "Differential Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in an In Vitro Model of Human Leaky Gut". Cells 12, n.º 5 (24 de febrero de 2023): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12050728.

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The intestinal barrier is the main contributor to gut homeostasis. Perturbations of the intestinal epithelium or supporting factors can lead to the development of intestinal hyperpermeability, termed “leaky gut”. A leaky gut is characterized by loss of epithelial integrity and reduced function of the gut barrier, and is associated with prolonged use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories. The harmful effect of NSAIDs on intestinal and gastric epithelial integrity is considered an adverse effect that is common to all drugs belonging to this class, and it is strictly dependent on NSAID properties to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase enzymes. However, different factors may affect the specific tolerability profile of different members of the same class. The present study aims to compare the effects of distinct classes of NSAIDs, such as ketoprofen (K), Ibuprofen (IBU), and their corresponding lysine (Lys) and, only for ibuprofen, arginine (Arg) salts, using an in vitro model of leaky gut. The results obtained showed inflammatory-induced oxidative stress responses, and related overloads of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) accompanied by protein oxidation and morphological changes to the intestinal barrier, many of these effects being counteracted by ketoprofen and ketoprofen lysin salt. In addition, this study reports for the first time a specific effect of R-Ketoprofen on the NFkB pathway that sheds new light on previously reported COX-independent effects, and that may account for the observed unexpected protective effect of K on stress-induced damage on the IEB.

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Jubelin, Grégory, Mickaël Desvaux, Stephanie Schüller, Lucie Etienne-Mesmin, Maite Muniesa y Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot. "Modulation of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Survival and Virulence in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract". Microorganisms 6, n.º 4 (19 de noviembre de 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6040115.

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Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for human diseases ranging from diarrhoea to life-threatening complications. Survival of the pathogen and modulation of virulence gene expression along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are key features in bacterial pathogenesis, but remain poorly described, due to a paucity of relevant model systems. This review will provide an overview of the in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the effect of abiotic (e.g., gastric acid, bile, low oxygen concentration or fluid shear) and biotic (e.g., gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids or host hormones) parameters of the human gut on EHEC survival and/or virulence (especially in relation with motility, adhesion and toxin production). Despite their relevance, these studies display important limitations considering the complexity of the human digestive environment. These include the evaluation of only one single digestive parameter at a time, lack of dynamic flux and compartmentalization, and the absence of a complex human gut microbiota. In a last part of the review, we will discuss how dynamic multi-compartmental in vitro models of the human gut represent a novel platform for elucidating spatial and temporal modulation of EHEC survival and virulence along the GIT, and provide new insights into EHEC pathogenesis.

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Vidal, O. Sabuz, J. Blanco, M. Schuhmacher y V. Kumar. "P10-06 Development of a gut microbiota-host in-vitro model for immunotoxicity". Toxicology Letters 368 (septiembre de 2022): S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.437.

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Warn, P., A. Sharp, E. Clark y D. Denning. "IN VITRO MODEL OF THE TRANSLOCATION OF CANDIDA SPP. ACROSS THE GUT WALL". Mycoses 45, S2 (agosto de 2002): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2002.tb04750.x.

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Le Blay, GwenaÃ«lle, Julia Rytka, Annina Zihler y Christophe Lacroix. "New in vitro colonic fermentation model for Salmonella infection in the child gut". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 67, n.º 2 (febrero de 2009): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00625.x.

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22

Chilton, C. H., G. S. Crowther, S. L. Todhunter, S. Nicholson, J. Freeman, L. Chesnel y M. H. Wilcox. "Efficacy of surotomycin in an in vitro gut model of Clostridium difficile infection". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69, n.º 9 (9 de mayo de 2014): 2426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku141.

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23

Lee, Seung Yeon y Jong Hwan Sung. "Gut–liver on a chip toward an in vitro model of hepatic steatosis". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 115, n.º 11 (17 de septiembre de 2018): 2817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.26793.

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24

Nissen, Lorenzo, Flavia Casciano, Elena Chiarello, Mattia Di Nunzio, Alessandra Bordoni y Andrea Gianotti. "Colonic In Vitro Model Assessment of the Prebiotic Potential of Bread Fortified with Polyphenols Rich Olive Fiber". Nutrients 13, n.º 3 (27 de febrero de 2021): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030787.

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The use of olive pomace could represent an innovative and low-cost strategy to formulate healthier and value-added foods, and bakery products are good candidates for enrichment. In this work, we explored the prebiotic potential of bread enriched with Polyphenol Rich Fiber (PRF), a defatted olive pomace byproduct previously studied in the European Project H2020 EcoProlive. To this aim, after in vitro digestion, the PRF-enriched bread, its standard control, and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) underwent distal colonic fermentation using the in vitro colon model MICODE (multi-unit colon gut model). Sampling was done prior, over and after 24 h of fermentation, then metabolomic analysis by Solid Phase Micro Extraction Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (SPME GCMS), 16S-rDNA genomic sequencing of colonic microbiota by MiSeq, and absolute quantification of main bacterial species by qPCR were performed. The results indicated that PRF-enriched bread generated positive effects on the host gut model: (i) surge in eubiosis; (ii) increased abundance of beneficial bacterial groups, such as Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillales; (iii) production of certain bioactive metabolites, such as low organic fatty acids; (iv) reduction in detrimental compounds, such as skatole. Our study not only evidenced the prebiotic role of PRF-enriched bread, thereby paving the road for further use of olive by-products, but also highlighted the potential of the in vitro gut model MICODE in the critical evaluation of functionality of food prototypes as modulators of the gut microbiota.

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García-Rodríguez, Alba, Fabiola Moreno-Olivas, Ricard Marcos, Elad Tako, Cláudia N. H. Marques y Gretchen J. Mahler. "The role of metal oxide nanoparticles, Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on small intestinal enzyme activity". Environmental Science: Nano 7, n.º 12 (2020): 3940–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0en01001d.

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To understand the effects of engineered nanomaterials added intentionally and unintentionally to food, we improved a gastrointestinal in vitro model using in vitro digested nanoparticles, Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells and gut microbiota.

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Qualtrough, D., T. Hinoi, E. Fearon y C. Paraskeva. "Expression of CDX2 in normal and neoplastic human colon tissue and during differentiation of an in vitro model system". Gut 51, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2002): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.51.2.184.

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Calvigioni, Marco, Adelaide Panattoni, Francesco Biagini, Leonardo Donati, Diletta Mazzantini, Mariacristina Massimino, Costanza Daddi, Francesco Celandroni, Giovanni Vozzi y Emilia Ghelardi. "Impact of Bacillus cereus on the Human Gut Microbiota in a 3D In Vitro Model". Microorganisms 11, n.º 7 (17 de julio de 2023): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071826.

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In vitro models for culturing complex microbial communities are progressively being used to study the effects of different factors on the modeling of in vitro-cultured microorganisms. In previous work, we validated a 3D in vitro model of the human gut microbiota based on electrospun gelatin scaffolds covered with mucins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Bacillus cereus, a pathogen responsible for food poisoning diseases in humans, on the gut microbiota grown in the model. Real-time quantitative PCR and 16S ribosomal RNA-gene sequencing were performed to obtain information on microbiota composition after introducing B. cereus ATCC 14579 vegetative cells or culture supernatants. The adhesion of B. cereus to intestinal mucins was also tested. The presence of B. cereus induced important modifications in the intestinal communities. Notably, levels of Proteobacteria (particularly Escherichia coli), Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia were reduced, while abundances of Bifidobacterium and Mitsuokella increased. In addition, B. cereus was able to adhere to mucins. The results obtained from our in vitro model stress the hypothesis that B. cereus is able to colonize the intestinal mucosa by stably adhering to mucins and impacting intestinal microbial communities as an additional pathogenetic mechanism during gastrointestinal infection.

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Martina, A., G. E. Felis, M. Corradi, C. Maffeis, S. Torriani y K. Venema. "Effects of functional pasta ingredients on different gut microbiota as revealed by TIM-2 in vitro model of the proximal colon". Beneficial Microbes 10, n.º 3 (19 de abril de 2019): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2018.0088.

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Diet-related modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolic activity represents an intriguing research context, particularly in the case of disorders related to imbalances in gut microbial communities. We here explored the effects of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC30), β-glucans, and innovative whole-grain pastas, with or without these functional ingredients, on gut microbiota from three groups of children, presenting different susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, by using the well-controlled TNO in vitro model of the proximal colon (TIM-2). Short- and branched-chain fatty acids production and microbiota composition were assessed by means of gas chromatography and 16S rRNA gene profiling, respectively. In most cases, in vitro dietary interventions caused microbiota-dependent modulations as a result of intergroup variability, but also specific changes in microbial groups were shared between the three microbiotas, highlighting specific diet-microbial taxa connections.

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Hourioux, C., R. Patient, A. Morin, E. Blanchard, A. Moreau, S. Trassard, B. Giraudeau y P. Roingeard. "The genotype 3-specific hepatitis C virus core protein residue phenylalanine 164 increases steatosis in an in vitro cellular model". Gut 56, n.º 9 (5 de abril de 2007): 1302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.108647.

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An, Chihyeok, Hyeyeon Chon, Wanrim Ku, Sunho Eom, Mingyu Seok, Sangha Kim, Jaesun Lee et al. "Bile Acids: Major Regulator of the Gut Microbiome". Microorganisms 10, n.º 9 (6 de septiembre de 2022): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091792.

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Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol and play an important role in regulating intestinal microflora. The different degrees of hydrophobicity and acidity of individual bile acids may affect their antimicrobial properties. We examined the antimicrobial effects of different bile acids on various microorganisms in vitro and confirmed whether these remain consistent in vivo. Using human bile acids, including ursodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid, a disc diffusion test was performed, and a rodent model was created to determine the antimicrobial effects of each bile acid. The fecal bacterial population was analyzed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Each bile acid showed different microbial inhibitory properties. The inhibitory activity of bile acids against microbiota which normally resides in the gastrointestinal tract and biliary system, was low; however, normal flora of other organs was significantly inhibited. Changes in microbial counts after bile acid administration in a rodent model differed in the colon and cecum. The in vivo and in vitro results show that the antimicrobial effects of bile acids against intestinal microbiota were similar. In conclusion, bile acids could be a novel treatment strategy to regulate gut microbiota.

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McDonald, Julie A. K. "In vitro models of the human microbiota and microbiome". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 1, n.º 4 (30 de noviembre de 2017): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20170045.

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Gut microbiome studies have been gaining popularity over the years, especially with the development of new technologies (e.g. metataxonomics, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabonomics) that makes it easier for researchers to characterize the composition and functionality of these complex microbial communities. The goal of these studies is to identify a microorganism, group of microbes, or microbial metabolite which correlates with a disease state (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and obesity). Many of these are cross-sectional studies, where fecal samples from a group of diseased individuals are compared with those from a group of healthy individuals at a single time point. However, there are a wide range of variables that can affect the gut microbiota of humans which make mechanistic studies challenging. Longitudinal studies are required for research to more reliably correlate interventions or disease status to microbiota composition and functionality. However, longitudinal studies in humans and animals are difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. This review will discuss in vitro gut fermentation models and how they can be used to perform longitudinal studies that complement in vivo microbiome studies. Gut fermentation models support the growth of stable, reproducible, and diverse microbial communities in a tightly controlled environment set to mimic the conditions microbes encounter in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut fermentation models will make it easier for researchers to perform mechanistic studies and aid in the development of novel treatments that are both targeted and maintained over time.

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Cuffaro, Bernardo, Aka L. W. Assohoun, Denise Boutillier, Lenka Súkeníková, Jérémy Desramaut, Samira Boudebbouze, Sophie Salomé-Desnoulez et al. "In Vitro Characterization of Gut Microbiota-Derived Commensal Strains: Selection of Parabacteroides distasonis Strains Alleviating TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice". Cells 9, n.º 9 (16 de septiembre de 2020): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9092104.

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Alterations in the gut microbiota composition and diversity seem to play a role in the development of chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), leading to gut barrier disruption and induction of proinflammatory immune responses. This opens the door for the use of novel health-promoting bacteria. We selected five Parabacteroides distasonis strains isolated from human adult and neonates gut microbiota. We evaluated in vitro their immunomodulation capacities and their ability to reinforce the gut barrier and characterized in vivo their protective effects in an acute murine model of colitis. The in vitro beneficial activities were highly strain dependent: two strains exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory potential and restored the gut barrier while a third strain reinstated the epithelial barrier. While their survival to in vitro gastric conditions was variable, the levels of P. distasonis DNA were higher in the stools of bacteria-treated animals. The strains that were positively scored in vitro displayed a strong ability to rescue mice from colitis. We further showed that two strains primed dendritic cells to induce regulatory T lymphocytes from naïve CD4+ T cells. This study provides better insights on the functionality of commensal bacteria and crucial clues to design live biotherapeutics able to target inflammatory chronic diseases such as IBD.

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Duque, Ana Luiza Rocha Faria, Fernanda Manaia Demarqui, Mariana Marchi Santoni, Cleslei Fernando Zanelli, Maria Angela Tallarico Adorno, Dragan Milenkovic, Victoria Mesa y Katia Sivieri. "Effect of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic on the gut microbiota of autistic children using an in vitro gut microbiome model". Food Research International 149 (noviembre de 2021): 110657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110657.

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De Fazio, Luigia, Isadora Beghetti, Salvatore Nicola Bertuccio, Concetta Marsico, Silvia Martini, Riccardo Masetti, Andrea Pession, Luigi Corvaglia y Arianna Aceti. "Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Overview on In Vitro Models". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 13 (23 de junio de 2021): 6761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136761.

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Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gut inflammatory disorder which constitutes one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for preterm infants. The pathophysiology of NEC is yet to be fully understood; several observational studies have led to the identification of multiple factors involved in the pathophysiology of the disease, including gut immaturity and dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome. Given the complex interactions between microbiota, enterocytes, and immune cells, and the limited access to fetal human tissues for experimental studies, animal models have long been essential to describe NEC mechanisms. However, at present there is no animal model perfectly mimicking human NEC; furthermore, the disease mechanisms appear too complex to be studied in single-cell cultures. Thus, researchers have developed new approaches in which intestinal epithelial cells are exposed to a combination of environmental and microbial factors which can potentially trigger NEC. In addition, organoids have gained increasing attention as promising models for studying NEC development. Currently, several in vitro models have been proposed and have contributed to describe the disease in deeper detail. In this paper, we will provide an updated review of available in vitro models of NEC and an overview of current knowledge regarding its molecular underpinnings.

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Guibourdenche, Marion, Johanna Haug, Noëllie Chevalier, Madeleine Spatz, Nicolas Barbezier, Jérôme Gay-Quéheillard y Pauline M. Anton. "Food Contaminants Effects on an In Vitro Model of Human Intestinal Epithelium". Toxics 9, n.º 6 (9 de junio de 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060135.

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Pesticide residues represent an important category of food contaminants. Furthermore, during food processing, some advanced glycation end-products resulting from the Maillard reaction can be formed. They may have adverse health effects, in particular on the digestive tract function, alone and combined. We sought to validate an in vitro model of the human intestinal barrier to mimic the effects of these food contaminants on the epithelium. A co-culture of Caco-2/TC7 cells and HT29-MTX was stimulated for 6 h with chlorpyrifos (300 μM), acrylamide (5 mM), Nε-Carboxymethyllysine (300 μM) alone or in cocktail with a mix of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The effects of those contaminants on the integrity of the gut barrier and the inflammatory response were analyzed. Since the co-culture responded to inflammatory stimulation, we investigated whether this model could be used to evaluate the effects of food contaminants on the human intestinal epithelium. CPF alone affected tight junctions’ gene expression, without inducing any inflammation or alteration of intestinal permeability. CML and acrylamide decreased mucins gene expression in the intestinal mucosa, but did not affect paracellular intestinal permeability. CML exposure activated the gene expression of MAPK pathways. The co-culture response was stable over time. This cocktail of food contaminants may thus alter the gut barrier function.

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Butucel, Eugenia, Igori Balta, David McCleery, Adela Marcu, Ducu Stef, Ioan Pet, Todd Callaway, Lavinia Stef y Nicolae Corcionivoschi. "The Prebiotic Effect of an Organic Acid Mixture on Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Metabolism and Its Anti-Pathogenic Role against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shrimp". Biology 12, n.º 1 (29 de diciembre de 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010057.

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Increasing the abundance of probiotic bacteria in the gut requires either direct dietary supplementation or the inclusion of feed additives able to support the growth of beneficial commensal bacteria. In crustaceans, the increased presence of probiotic-like bacteria in the gut, including of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), will guarantee a positive health status and a gut environment that will ensure enhanced performance. The aim of this study was to investigate if a mixture of organic acids, AuraAqua (Aq) can stimulate the growth and the anti-pathogenic efficacy of F. prausnitzii through a combination of in vitro and ex vivo models. The results showed that 0.5% Aq was able to improve the growth rate of F. prausnitzii in vitro and in an ex vivo shrimp gut model. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate that Aq increases butyrate production and cellulose degradation in culture or in the shrimp gut model. The growth-stimulating effect of Aq also led to an improved and anti-pathogenic effect against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a co-culture experiment with shrimp gut primary epithelial cells (SGP). In conclusion, our work demonstrates that Aq can stimulate the growth of F. prausnitzii, increase the production of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate, improve substrate digestion, and prevent V. parahaemolyticus invasion of SGP cells.

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del Pozo, Susana, Sonia Gómez-Martínez, Ligia E. Díaz, Esther Nova, Rafael Urrialde y Ascensión Marcos. "Potential Effects of Sucralose and Saccharin on Gut Microbiota: A Review". Nutrients 14, n.º 8 (18 de abril de 2022): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14081682.

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Artificial sweeteners are additives widely used in our diet. Although there is no consensus, current evidence indicates that sucralose and saccharin could influence the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to analyze the existing scientific evidence on the effects of saccharin and sucralose consumption on gut microbiota in humans. Different databases were used with the following search terms: sweeteners, non-caloric-sweeteners, sucralose, splenda, saccharin, sugartwin, sweet’n low, microbiota, gut microbiota, humans, animal model, mice, rats, and/or in vitro studies. In vitro and animal model studies indicate a dose-dependent relationship between the intake of both sweeteners and gut microbiota affecting both diversity and composition. In humans, long-term study suggests the existence of a positive correlation between sweetener consumption and some bacterial groups; however, most short-term interventions with saccharin and sucralose, in amounts below the ADI, found no significant effect on those groups, but there seems to be a different basal microbiota-dependent response of metabolic markers. Although studies in vitro and in animal models seem to relate saccharin and sucralose consumption to changes in the gut microbiota, more long-term studies are needed in humans considering the basal microbiota of participants and their dietary and lifestyle habits in all population groups. Toxicological and basal gut microbiota effects must be included as relevant factors to evaluate food safety and nutritional consequences of non-calorie sweeteners. In humans, doses, duration of interventions, and number of subjects included in the studies are key factors to interpret the results.

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Zhang, Yu, Zhuang Ding, Xiaoyu Chen, Min Wen, Qingpeng Wang y Zhengping Wang. "Effects of Oligosaccharide Fermentation on Canine Gut Microbiota and Fermentation Metabolites in an In Vitro Fecal Fermentation Model". Fermentation 9, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2023): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9080722.

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Owing to the well-established application of prebiotics in human food products, there is a growing interest in their potential as dietary supplements for gut microbiota composition and improvement of the digestive health of dogs. However, targeted studies with dogs as research subjects are still limited. In the present study, an in vitro simulated gut microbiota fermentation system using canine feces from a healthy Border Collie breed was used to investigate the prebiotic effects of five different oligosaccharides and compare their regulatory effects on the gut microbiota structure and the resultant metabolites. Due to the addition of oligosaccharides, the fermented samples had lower pH and higher bacterial proliferation. The oligosaccharide-fermentation selectively boosted Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., and hindered Escherichia-Shigella spp., Paeniclostridium, spp., and Bacteroides spp. Each oligosaccharide showed distinct characteristics and preferences for regulating gut microbiota structure and abundance. Furthermore, the addition of oligosaccharides increased the production of short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyric acid. This study provides a preliminary basis for the rapid and rational selection of prebiotic oligosaccharides as canine dietary supplements and further explores the function of oligosaccharides and their combinations in canine health.

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Newland, Grace A. I., Glenn R. Gibson, Frances L. Jackson y Anisha Wijeyesekera. "Assessment of stool collection and storage conditions for in vitro human gut model studies". Journal of Microbiological Methods 185 (junio de 2021): 106230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106230.

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Baines, S. D., G. S. Crowther, S. L. Todhunter, J. Freeman, C. H. Chilton, W. N. Fawley y M. H. Wilcox. "Mixed infection by Clostridium difficile in an in vitro model of the human gut". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 68, n.º 5 (25 de enero de 2013): 1139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks529.

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Playford, Raymond, Daniel Murray y Tania Marchbank. "Sa1978 ZINC CARNOSINE REDUCES INJURY IN AN IN VITRO MODEL OF GUT ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION". Gastroenterology 158, n.º 6 (mayo de 2020): S—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(20)31895-3.

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Du, Mingzhu, Xinqiang Xie, Shuanghong Yang, Ying Li, Tong Jiang, Juan Yang, Longyan Li et al. "Lysozyme-like Protein Produced by Bifidobacterium longum Regulates Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Models". Molecules 26, n.º 21 (27 de octubre de 2021): 6480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216480.

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The extracellular secreted protein of Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the human intestinal microenvironment. However, the mechanism(s) of interaction remain unclear. Lysozyme is a kind of antibacterial peptide. In this study, the amino acid sequence of a lysozyme-like protein of B. longum based on whole-genome data of an isolate from human gut feces was found. We further predicted functional domains from the amino acid sequence, purified the protein, and verified its bioactivity. The growth of some bacteria were significantly delayed by the 020402_LYZ M1 protein. In addition, the gut microbiota was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and an in vitro fermentation model, and the fluctuations in the gut microbiota under the treatment of 020402_LYZ M1 protein were characterized. The 020402_LYZ M1 protein affected the composition of human gut microbiota significantly, implying that the protein is able to communicate with intestinal microbes as a regulatory factor.

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Kråkström, Matilda, Alex M. Dickens, Marina Amaral Alves, Sofia D. Forssten, Arthur C. Ouwehand, Tuulia Hyötyläinen, Matej Orešič y Santosh Lamichhane. "Dynamics of the Lipidome in a Colon Simulator". Metabolites 13, n.º 3 (27 de febrero de 2023): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13030355.

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Current evidence suggests that gut microbiome-derived lipids play a crucial role in the regulation of host lipid metabolism. However, not much is known about the dynamics of gut microbial lipids within the distinct gut biogeographic. Here we applied targeted and untargeted lipidomics to in vitro-derived feces. Simulated intestinal chyme was collected from in vitro gut vessels (V1–V4), representing proximal to distal parts of the colon after 24 and 48 h with/without polydextrose treatment. In total, 44 simulated chyme samples were collected from the in vitro colon simulator. Factor analysis showed that vessel and time had the strongest impact on the simulated intestinal chyme lipid profiles. We found that levels of phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, triacylglycerols, and endocannabinoids were altered in at least one vessel (V1–V4) during simulation. We also found that concentrations of triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and endocannabinoids changed with time (24 vs. 48 h of simulation). Together, we found that the simulated intestinal chyme revealed a wide range of lipids that remained altered in different compartments of the human colon model over time.

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Xiao, Lu, Ying Liu y Tao Yi. "Development of a New Ex Vivo Lipolysis-Absorption Model for Nanoemulsions". Pharmaceutics 11, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11040164.

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The use of lipid-based formulations (LBFs) in improving the absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs has now well established. Because the in vivo evaluation of LBFs is labor-intensive, in vitro or ex vivo approaches could provide advantages. In this study, a new ex vivo lipolysis-absorption model (evLAM) composed of an intestinal digestion system and an intestinal tissue system was developed to evaluate and predict the in vivo absorption performances of LBFs. Model factors, including the pH of the system and concentrations of d-glucose and pancreatic lipase, were investigated and optimized by a Box-Behnken design. To evaluate this new model, a lipid formulation of indomethacin, which was chosen based on preliminary studies of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, emulsion droplets, and solubility, was further investigated by an in vivo pharmacokinetic study of rats, the everted gut sac model, and the evLAM, respectively. The absorption percentages obtained from the evLAM were much more similar to the data of rats in vivo than those from the everted gut sac model, showing a preferable in vitro-in vivo correlation (r = 0.9772). Compared with the conventional in vitro and in vivo methods, the evLAM, which allowed precise insights into the in vivo absorption characteristics without much time or a complicated process, could be a better tool for assessing LBFs of poorly water-soluble drugs.

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O’Neill, John D., Meghan R. Pinezich, Brandon A. Guenthart y Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic. "Gut bioengineering strategies for regenerative medicine". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 320, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): G1—G11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00206.2020.

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Gastrointestinal disease burden continues to rise in the United States and worldwide. The development of bioengineering strategies to model gut injury or disease and to reestablish functional gut tissue could expand therapeutic options and improve clinical outcomes. Current approaches leverage a rapidly evolving gut bioengineering toolkit aimed at 1) de novo generation of gutlike tissues at multiple scales for microtissue models or implantable grafts and 2) regeneration of functional gut in vivo. Although significant progress has been made in intestinal organoid cultures and engineered tissues, development of predictive in vitro models and effective regenerative therapies remains challenging. In this review, we survey emerging bioengineering tools and recent methodological advances to identify current challenges and future opportunities in gut bioengineering for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.

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Weiss, Anna S., Anna G. Burrichter, Abilash Chakravarthy Durai Raj, Alexandra von Strempel, Chen Meng, Karin Kleigrewe, Philipp C. Münch et al. "In vitro interaction network of a synthetic gut bacterial community". ISME Journal 16, n.º 4 (2 de diciembre de 2021): 1095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01153-z.

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AbstractA key challenge in microbiome research is to predict the functionality of microbial communities based on community membership and (meta)-genomic data. As central microbiota functions are determined by bacterial community networks, it is important to gain insight into the principles that govern bacteria-bacteria interactions. Here, we focused on the growth and metabolic interactions of the Oligo-Mouse-Microbiota (OMM12) synthetic bacterial community, which is increasingly used as a model system in gut microbiome research. Using a bottom-up approach, we uncovered the directionality of strain-strain interactions in mono- and pairwise co-culture experiments as well as in community batch culture. Metabolic network reconstruction in combination with metabolomics analysis of bacterial culture supernatants provided insights into the metabolic potential and activity of the individual community members. Thereby, we could show that the OMM12 interaction network is shaped by both exploitative and interference competition in vitro in nutrient-rich culture media and demonstrate how community structure can be shifted by changing the nutritional environment. In particular, Enterococcus faecalis KB1 was identified as an important driver of community composition by affecting the abundance of several other consortium members in vitro. As a result, this study gives fundamental insight into key drivers and mechanistic basis of the OMM12 interaction network in vitro, which serves as a knowledge base for future mechanistic in vivo studies.

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Mahalak, Karley K., Jamshed Bobokalonov, Jenni Firrman, Russell Williams, Bradley Evans, Brian Fanelli, Jason W. Soares, Masuko Kobori y LinShu Liu. "Analysis of the Ability of Capsaicin to Modulate the Human Gut Microbiota In Vitro". Nutrients 14, n.º 6 (18 de marzo de 2022): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14061283.

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Previous studies on capsaicin, the bioactive compound in chili peppers, have shown that it may have a beneficial effect in vivo when part of a regular diet. These positive health benefits, including an anti-inflammatory potential and protective effects against obesity, are often attributed to the gut microbial community response to capsaicin. However, there is no consensus on the mechanism behind the protective effect of capsaicin. In this study, we used an in vitro model of the human gut microbiota to determine how regular consumption of capsaicin impacts the gut microbiota. Using a combination of NextGen sequencing and metabolomics, we found that regular capsaicin treatment changed the structure of the gut microbial community by increasing diversity and certain SCFA abundances, particularly butanoic acid. Through this study, we determined that the addition of capsaicin to the in vitro cultures of the human gut microbiome resulted in increased diversity of the microbial community and an increase in butanoic acid. These changes may be responsible for the health benefits associated with CAP consumption.

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Torihashi, Shigeko, Masaki Kuwahara, Takunori Ogaeri, Pu Zhu, Masaaki Kurahashi y Toyoshi Fujimoto. "Gut-Like Structures from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells as an In Vitro Model for Gut Organogenesis Preserving Developmental Potential After Transplantation". Stem Cells 24, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2006): 2618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.2006-0148.

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Aguirre, Marisol, Anat Eck, Marjorie E. Koenen, Paul H. M. Savelkoul, Andries E. Budding y Koen Venema. "Diet drives quick changes in the metabolic activity and composition of human gut microbiota in a validated in vitro gut model". Research in Microbiology 167, n.º 2 (febrero de 2016): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2015.09.006.

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Sost, Mônica Maurer, Sanne Ahles, Jessica Verhoeven, Sanne Verbruggen, Yala Stevens y Koen Venema. "A Citrus Fruit Extract High in Polyphenols Beneficially Modulates the Gut Microbiota of Healthy Human Volunteers in a Validated In Vitro Model of the Colon". Nutrients 13, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 3915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113915.

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The effect of a Citrus Fruit Extract high in the polyphenols hesperidin and naringin (CFE) on modulation of the composition and activity of the gut microbiota was tested in a validated, dynamic in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2). CFE was provided at two doses (250 and 350 mg/day) for 3 days. CFE led to a dose-dependent increase in Roseburia, Eubacterium ramulus, and Bacteroides eggerthii. There was a shift in production of short-chain fatty acids, where acetate production increased on CFE, while butyrate decreased. In overweight and obesity, acetate has been shown to increase fat oxidation when produced in the distal gut, and stimulate secretion of appetite-suppressive neuropeptides. Thus, the data in the in vitro model point towards mechanisms underlying the effects of the polyphenols in CFE with respect to modulation of the gut microbiota, both in composition and activity. These results should be confirmed in a clinical trial.

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