Tesis sobre el tema "Impact sur la communauté microbienne"
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Henry, Sonia. "Impact des exsudats racinaires sur l’activité, la densité et la diversité des communautés nitrate réductrice et dénitrifiante". Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS078.
Texto completoDenitrification is a microbial respiratory process during which nitrate and nitrite are reduced into gaz, NO, N2O or N2. This process is very important for the balance of the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle because it allows allowing the return of the fixed nitrogen from biological fixation and fertilizers to the atmosphere. This process is also responsible of N2O emissions, which have a significant role in the increase of greenhouse gases and in evolution of stratospheric ozone. Nitrate reducers and denitrifying are mainly heterotrophic micro-organisms heterotrophic that need organic carbon for their development. Organic carbon in soil comes mainly from the plant whose influence on nitrate reductase and denitrifying activities are known for a long time. In order to better understand the impact of the plant on nitrates reducing and denitrifying communities, the objective of this thesis was to study the effect of carbon exuded by the roots on activity, diversity and density of nitrate reducing and denitrifying communities. This work was completed through measurements of activities and by molecular approaches allowing studying density and diversity of these communities. Carbon had a significant impact on activity but a minor impact on diversity and density but stimulates the enzymatic activities might be not sufficient to structure or to increase the size of nitrates reducing and denitrifying communities
Laffet, Lucie. "Impact de la pollution plastique sur les communautés microbiennes de rivière". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0149.
Texto completoPlastic pollution, resulting from massive production and use of plastic polymers since the 20th century, is now ubiquitous in the biosphere. Plastics durability makes them able to persist for decades to centuries, fragmenting into microplastics, that can accumulate everywhere from the deep ocean to the top of the mountains. In aquatic environments, plastics promote the formation of microbial communities similar to natural aquatic biofilms known as the 'plastisphere'. While the presence and impact of plastics on microbial communities has been extensively characterized for the marine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems have been less explored. Furthermore, most of the studies focus on the effect of the microplastics size fraction rather than on macroplastics.The first part of this thesis compared the microbial colonization between two plastic types (non-biodegradable and biodegradable) and natural substrata (sediments, rocks, and leaves) in two sites of the same watershed with contrasting plastic-pollution levels. This comparison included an analysis of the structural and functional descriptors of microbial communities during substrata colonization. Overall, microbial densities and enzymatic activities involved in organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous decomposition were higher on natural substrata (sediments, rocks, and leaves) than on plastics substrata. This could be due to the greater availability of organic carbon and nutrients in natural substrata. River microorganisms exhibited colonization differences between plastic types at the downstream site, with higher bacterial density and enzymatic activities values measured on the biodegradable compared to the non-biodegradable plastic. Consequently, the presence of biodegradable macroplastics would increase heterotrophy to the river ecosystem more than the presence of non-biodegradable macroplastics.The second part assessed the structural and functional impact of the same plastic types on sediment and rock microbial communities in a river microcosm experiment. Main findings revealed contrasting plastic effects depending on the approach used. At the substratum scale, the addition of non-biodegradable plastic increased β-glucosidase activity and the addition of biodegradable plastic reduced the fungal density in microbial communities from rocks. However, at the microcosm scale, the presence of both plastics reduced N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and phosphatase activities, as well as fungal and algal biomasses in the entire microcosm. At both substratum and microcosm scales, the addition of leaf litter tended to mitigate the plastic impact on microbial communities, especially those from rocks.The impact of plastics on benthic microbial communities depends on several factors, including the plastic type, water physicochemical characteristics, the presence of organic substrata (e.g. leaves), and the scale of the study. This research highlights the impact of macroplastics on the structure and function of rock microbial communities, and calls for a more balanced research between the study of microplastics and plastics form other size fractions
Auer, Lucas. "Vers la maîtrise des communautés microbiennes lignocellulolytiques : impact de la source d'inoculum et du prétraitement du substrat sur le fonctionnement des communautés". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0050/document.
Texto completoLignocellulose is the main component of vegetal cell wall and is thus the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Its conversion into industrially relevant molecules is of concern to reduce fossil resources consumption. In the dedicated carboxylates platform, lignocellulose conversion relies on the metabolic potential of microbial consortia, but lignocellulose transformation rates can still be improved, despite substrate pretreatment approaches. In order to improve these rates, we here tested the transformation capacities of microbial communities originated from cow rumen and termite guts. 16S sequencing was used to characterize the effects of inoculum source and substrate pretreatment on the selected communities’ functioning. It allowed the comparison between obtained communities, but also between their dynamics during lignocellulose transformation. Culture conditions appeared to have a strong effect on the selected communities, which presented high similarities despite differences between initial inocula. Finally, communities associated to lignocellulose degradation showed marked dynamics, with a strong decrease in diversity indexes and the dominance of a few bacterial populations during the degradation maximum
Benomar, Saida. "Etude d'un écosystème bactérien synthétique anaérobie producteur d'hydrogène : Impact des interactions bactérie-bactérie sur le métabolisme". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4718.
Texto completoNumerous microorganisms can produce hydrogen by “dark fermentation”. Isolated from various environments, they present a broad range of different metabolisms. Until now, literature reports have mainly dealt with the use of pure microbial cultures producing biohydrogen from simple sugars, such as glucose and sucrose. More recently, studies on biohydrogen production by mixed cultures from complex organic sources have been developed. Even though biohydrogen productivities and conversion yields can be interesting for industrial purposes, several scientific and technical constraints remain to be addressed. In particular, the presence of alternative metabolic ways of hydrogen consumption generally results in chronic instability of the biological processes. To increase the stability and the efficiency of dark fermentative processes, it is now necessary to acquire a better understanding of the metabolic interaction networks existing between producing and consuming microorganisms.We have developed an innovative and multidisciplinary approach to ecological engineering, which consists of the construction and study of synthetic microbial consortia to establish the metabolic networks existing between microorganisms for further optimization of biohydrogen production. First we have studied the networks of metabolic interactions between two bacterial models known as involved in a natural bacterial consortium: a bacterium from Clostridium genus; Clostridium acetobutylicum and one from Desulfovibrio genus, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. The first one being producing of hydrogen by fermentation of complex sugars and the second
Moreau, Sébastien D. V. "Effets combinés du réchauffement climatique et du rayonnement UVB sur la composition et le métabolisme de la communauté microbienne marine dans l'ouest de la Péninsule Antarctique : impact potentiel sur le cycle du carbone". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20028.
Texto completoRegional warming in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), along with the expected decrease in sea-ice cover and the seasonal ozone layer breakdown could modify the composition and the structure of the microbial community. In addition, these environmental changes could modify the potential of the WAP as a CO2 sink. In this context, this thesis aimed at evaluating the combined effects of regional climatic changes on the primary production and the composition and structure of the microbial community in the WAP. In a second time, this thesis aimed at evaluating the role of the microbial community structure, composition, primary production and respiration on air-sea CO2 gas exchanges.First, the variations in sea-ice cover, stratospheric ozone layer thickness and sea surface temperature over the last 30 years (1972-2007) were described. Related to the warming of WAP waters, the retreat of sea-ice was happening earlier each decade in the WAP. The observed changes in these environmental parameters offer a new temporal window for primary production. Indeed, the annual primary production increased from 1997 to 2007, in relation with the sea-ice cover anomaly for the previous winter. In addition, daily primary production was negatively and positively correlated to, respectively, sea-ice cover and sea-water temperature from September to November and from February to March, suggesting that regional warming favoured more primary production during spring and fall. On the contrary, the early retreat of sea-ice in spring, in coincidence with the spring ozone layer breakdown, led to an increase in photoinhibition (with an average of 11.6 ± 2.8 % of the daily primary production being photoinhibited). Therefore, regional climatic changes in the WAP had both a positive and a negative impact on primary production.The microbial community variability was also described in the Melchior Archipelago (in the WAP) from fall to spring 2006. Because of the extreme environmental conditions, the microbial community abundance and biomass were low in fall and winter and the community was dominated by small cells (< 2 µm), hence by a microbial food-web. Indeed, phytoplanktonic biomass was low during fall and winter (with respective chlorophyll a concentration, Chl-a, of 0.3 and 0.13 µg l-1). Phytoplankton biomass increased in spring (with a maximum Chl-a of 1.13 µg l-1) but, despite favourable growth conditions, phytoplankton was still dominated by small cells (2-20 µm), hence by a microbial or multivorous food-web. In addition, the early retreat of sea-ice in the spring 2006 exposed the WAP waters to strong ultraviolet B radiations (UVBR, 280-320 nm) that had a negative impact on the microbial community in surface waters.Finally, the relationship between air-sea CO2 and O2 exchanges in the WAP with the phytoplankton community biomass and composition and with the microbial community primary production and respiration was described. A positive relationship existed between Chl-a and the proportion of diatoms in the phytoplankton community. In addition, a negative relationship existed between Chl-a and ΔpCO2. The net community production (NCP) was mainly controlled by primary production and was negatively and positively related to ΔpCO2 and the %O2 saturation, respectively, suggesting that primary production was the main driver of air-sea CO2 and O2 gas exchanges in the WAP. In addition, the average ΔpCO2 for the summers and falls 2002 to 2004 was -20.04 ± 44.3 µatm, leading to a potential CO2 sink during this period in the WAP. The southern WAP was a potential CO2 sink (-43.60 ± 39.06 µatm) during fall while the northern part of the Peninsula was mainly a potential CO2 source during summer and fall (-4.96 ± 37.6 and 21.71 ± 22.39 µatm, respectively). The higher Chl-a concentrations measured in the southern WAP may explain this spatial distribution
Wertz, Sophie. "Impact d'une érosion de la diversité microbienne du sol sur le fonctionnement et la stabilité des communautés hétérotrophes, dénitrifiantes et nitrifiantes". Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10092.
Texto completoBarbi, Florian. "Impact de l’essence forestière sur les processus de dégradation et d’assimilation des polysaccharides végétaux par la communauté fongique des sols forestiers". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10347.
Texto completoThe degradation of plant biomass is an essential process for the proper functioning of forest soils and terrestrial carbon cycling. Mechanisms involved in these processes are strongly controlled by saprotrophic fungi which secrete several hydrolytic enzymes to access at their primary nutrient sources found under the form of polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses). Enzymatic hydrolysis of plant polymers releases a high diversity of low molecular weight compounds (mono- and oligosaccharides). These molecules enter in fungal cell using transmembrane transporter systems. Consequently, the presence/absence and the substrate specificity of these transporters might contribute to the metabolic versatility of soil fungi. Several studies have demonstrated that tree species strongly affect diversity and composition of fungal communities. In this context, we hypothesized that the fungal communities selected by the different tree species expressed specific lignocellulolytic enzymes and sugar transporters; and thereby each fungal community was specifically adapted to the nature of litter produced by the tree species considered. We assessed, by the high-throughput sequencing of gene-fragments amplified from soil cDNA, the impact of tree species (Beech vs Spruce) on the diversity of genes encoding either lignocellulolytic enzymes or sugar porters expressed by soil fungi in two mono-specific forests. Our results revealed that most detected genes, encoding either lignocellulolytic enzymes or sugar transporters, have an unknown origin and are specifically found (for more than 80% of them) in one of the two forest soils. This work showed a significant “tree species effect” on the composition of functional genes expressed by soil fungi and suggests that beyond the species level, functional diversity of fungal communities must be addressed to better understand ecosystem functioning. Moreover, by using a functional metatranscriptomic approach, we identified functional transporter sequences differing with respect to their substrate specificities. From a spruce cDNA library, and for the first time, we identified high affinity or mannose specific transporters. Coincidently, as opposed to beech, spruce is indeed a tree species with a large proportion of mannose in its hemicelluloses
Simonin, Marie. "Dynamique, réactivité et écotoxicité des nanoparticules d’oxydes métalliques dans les sols : impact sur les fonctions et la diversité des communautés microbiennes". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10164/document.
Texto completoManufactured metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging pollutants of soils due to their increasing utilization in numerous commercial products (cosmetics, food, paint…). In vitro studies have demonstrated NPs toxicity on microorganisms but data are still scarce on the fate and ecotoxicity of these contaminants in soils. The objective of this thesis was to assess the influence of soil properties on (i) the physicochemical characteristics and the transport of NPs, and (ii) on the NPs toxicity on soil microbial communities, especially on microbial functional groups involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles. This work highlighted that soil properties influenced the aggregation and the surface charges of titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2-NPs) and copper oxide NPs (CuO-NPs). In the six agricultural soils studied, we observed a very low transport of the two NPs in a soil column experiment. We observed a low toxicity of TiO2-NPs for soil microbial communities, except in a silty-clay soil with a high organic matter content. In this soil, microbial activities (soil respiration, nitrification and denitrification) and nitrifier abundances were strongly decreased and archaeal and bacterial community structure were altered after 90 days of exposure. Furthermore in this soil, we observed decreases of nitrification activity, even for very low TiO2-NPs concentrations (0.05 mg kg-1) which were explained by a high sensitivity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) involved in this process. Additional studies in soil columns demonstrated that chronic contamination with TiO2-NPs caused more deleterious effects on nitrification than acute contamination
Quibel, Edouard. "Impacts de la préparation du sol lors de la phase de plantation sur la dynamique des matières organiques et la fonction de stockage du Carbone dans les sols forestiers Impact du travail du sol localisé sur le stock de carbone organique du sol et la communauté microbienne en condition de plantation en forêt tempérée Changes in soil organic carbon stock by mechanical site preparation in oak and pine plantations on an acidic soil Impact du travail du sol localisé sur le stock de carbone organique du sol et la communauté microbienne en condition de plantation sur sol à engorgement temporaire en eau". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR017.
Texto completoIn the current context of climate change, forests are seen as a carbon sinj, i. e. they can contribute to C storage. This storage can take place in the medium term in woody biomass and in the longer term in soils. In order to preserve forests and their C storage capacity, foresters have to carry out artificial regeneration (i. e. planting) to adapt stands to future conditions. To ensure the success of this planting stage, it is sometimes necessary to remove some constraints such as the presence of blocking vegetation, compaction or waterlogging of soil. To do this, a Mechanical Soil Preparation (MSP) can be carried out prior to plantin. This PMS work may cause a Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) loss by mineralization. In order to limit the negative effects of PMS, tools have been developed to prepare the soil only in a localized area, on the future line of plants. These tools have been developed to respond to some situations. The Reversible Scarifier® (RS) tool and the Multifunction Subsoiler (MFSS) are designed to prepare soils compacted and/or invaded by eagle fern (Pteridium aquilinum). The Razherb® (RAZ) and the Culti 3B® (C3B) tools are designed to prepare compacted and/or waterlogged soils invaded by Molinia caerulea (Molinia caerulea). First, based on 6 sites belonging to the ALTER network, the impact of the RS tool alone and in combination with MFSS on COS was evaluated 5 years after the PMS. This evaluation therefore focused on the quantity and quality of SOC. The impact of the tools on the microbial functioning of the soil was also tested. This part showed a decrease in the stock of C and mineralized C by the microbial community under controlled conditions localized to the prepared area but impacts at the forest stand scale depend on soil characteristics. Second, based on 3 sites belonging to the PILOTE network, the impact of the combination of RAZ+C3B tools on SOC stocks and potential mineralization was evaluated. On these soils with temporary waterlogging, adecrease in SOC stock was observed in the prepared area only in the topsoil (0-30 cm). On the other hand, both SOC stock on the full profile and the potential mineralization did not have a significant effect on the prepared area. At the forest stand scale, the RAZ+C3B combination had no effect on SOC stock or potential mineralization. This thesis work suggests that although they had an impact on the prepared area, the tools used in this study had low influence on the soil at the forest plot scale. However, these observations may vary according to the soil type and have a significant impact on the forest plot
Papin, Marine. "Efficiency and impact of recurrent microbial inoculation in soil, a lab to field assessment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK051.
Texto completoWith the urgent need to adopt more sustainable practices that sustain agricultural production while protecting the environment, microbial inoculants are gaining increasing attention for their potential to reduce reliance on agrochemicals. However, despite decades of research, the benefits of soil microbial inoculants for crop yields remain highly variable across different soils, climates, plant genotypes, and inoculant strains. This variability makes outcomes difficult to predict and may ultimately reduce farmers’ confidence. This work explores the potential of recurrent inoculations as a strategy to overcome the biotic resistance of the resident soil microbial community and promote inoculant establishment. It also examines the effects of these inoculations on the resident microbial community. In a first microcosm experiment, we showed that recurrent inoculation could transiently improve the abundance of the inoculant (Pseudomonas fluorescens) with minimal impact on the resident bacterial community. A second experiment in greenhouse evidenced the unexpected potential of recurrent inoculation carried out until sowing to enhance maize growth while exerting a weaker impact on the bacterial resident community compared to recurrent inoculation starting at sowing. The third experiment conducted under field conditions reflected the challenges of translating the growth benefits observed in controlled environments to uncontrolled field conditions. Overall, this work suggests that both the timing and frequency of inoculation should be adjusted in a complementary way. Specifically, recurrent inoculation may transiently enhance the abundance of the inoculant during the critical early stages of plant growth. This may either promote successful host colonization when an adequate dose is applied, or indirectly influence the soil microbial community at sowing
Meilhac, Julien. "Impact de la diversité génétique des communautés prairiales sur la production et la biodiversité du sol : Implications pour l'amélioration des plantes". Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2302/document.
Texto completoMany studies highlight a positive effect of species diversity on plant community productivity and associated biodiversity. But genetic diversity effect on species community is still poorly studied despite the rare studies showing a positive effect with prospects for application in the field of plant breeding. It is in this context that this thesis examines the genetic diversity effect on grassland communities and associated soil biodiversity. This thesis is based on a real situation via an evaluation design of grassland mixtures installed by and in a plants breeding company. The major results of this thesis are a positive effect of the species genetic diversity on mixture biomass production, especially during drought episodes, and on species abundance equilibrium. These positive effects seem to be the result of a niche differentiation of species which is at the basis of species complementarity in ecology. Temporal complementarity of species has been demonstrated by asynchronous growth dynamics, but also by a complementarity for light acquisition via selection and plasticity mechanisms. Finally, genetic diversity effects have been observed on microbial diversity with plants feedbacks. In view of these results, it appears that genetic diversity occupies a central role in the assembly and structure of plant and microbial communities, leading us to consider how it could be integrated into plant breeding program
Jassey, Vincent. "Impact d'un réchauffement climatique sur le fonctionnement de la sphagnosphère : relations polyphenols-communautés microbiennes". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802903.
Texto completoJassey, Vincent. "Impact d’un réchauffement climatique sur le fonctionnement de la sphagnosphère : relations polyphenols-communautés microbiennes". Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA2011/document.
Texto completoCarbon stocks of Sphagnum-peatlands are likely to be altered by climate warming due to important changes in “Sphagnum-microorganisms” relationships which are responsible for carbon sequestration. The objectives of the thesis are (1) to identify the chemical interactions between Sphagnum-polyphenols and Sphagnum associated microbial communities and (2) to understand the impact of warming on these relationships.An experimental design using Open-Top-Chambers (OTC) was used to simulate an increase of air temperatures (+1°C) on a peatland situated in Jura Mountains (Frasne, 25). Temperature increase induced a modification of the microbial food web with an increase of the biomass of bacteria and a strong decrease of the biomass of top-predators (-70%), i.e. testate amoebae. Warming also induced a decrease of Sphagnum-polyphenols, diminishing their inhibitory effect on microbial communities. In parallel, an increase of phenoloxidase enzymatic activities was recorded in OTC. Climate warming thus modified polyphenol-phenoloxidase interplay, two crucial components of carbon cycle in peatlands. Warming effects on the different components – i.e. polyphenols, phenoloxidases, microbial food web – induced a modification of Sphagnum-microbial communities interplay, favoring carbon and nutrient recycling, which could alter peatland functioning in long-term
Moineau-Jean, Andréanne. "Impact des procédés de fabrication des yogourts de type grec sur les communautés microbiennes durant l'entreposage". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27904.
Texto completoGreek-style yogurt became very popular in North America in the past few years. To produce these yogurts, an additional step is required to increase the protein content. Composition and rheological properties of yogurt are greatly influenced by the production process applied. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the impact of Greek-style yogurt production processes on microbial communities. The aim of this project was to compare the growth and the survival of probiotic bacteria and microbial contaminants added in Greek-style yogurts and regular stirred yogurt during storage. Three kinds of yogurt were produced; Greek-style yogurt obtained by ultrafiltration of the milk prior to fermentation, Greek-style yogurt obtained by centrifugation of the curd after fermentation, and regular stirred yogurt. In a first series of experiments, yogurts were produced with probiotic cultures (Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum R0175 or Lactobacillus helveticus R0052). Bacterial populations and physicochemical properties of the products were analyzed during refrigerated storage at 4°C. In a second series of experiments, microbial contaminants (Escherichia coli ATCC® BAA-1430™ or Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC® 36907™) were added to the three yogurt types after fermentation, and their populations were followed during storage at 4°C or 8°C. None of the processes tested could improve B. longum R0175 survival in yogurt. On the other hand, with a more resistant probiotic species as L. helveticus R0052, fresh Greek-style products provided higher populations than regular stirred yogurt. Moreover, Greek-style yogurt produced by centrifugation improved probiotic stability during storage, while Greek-style yogurt produced by ultrafiltration is more detrimental to E. coli. However, Greek-style products also improved the growth of the contaminating yeast K. marxianus, in comparison with regular stirred yogurt. Therefore, production processes greatly influence microbial populations in Greek-style yogurt.
Schimann, Heidy Maria. "Impacts de perturbations liées à l'orpaillage sur l'évolution des communautés et fonctionnalités microbiennes d'un sol". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001435.
Texto completoPersonnic, Sébastien. "Dynamique des communautés microbiennes et impacts des virus sur les bactéries auto- et hétérotrophes en milieu lacustre". Chambéry, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CHAMS023.
Texto completoA pluri-annual study was conducted, from July 2002 to December 2006, in the three peri-alpine lakes : Annecy, Bourget and Geneva. It allowed us to observe spatial and temporal variations for the abundances of viruses, auto- and heterotrophic bacteria, flagellates, ciliates and small-pigmented eukaryotes between 0 and 50 m depth. We could observe that (I) the dynamics of these micro organisms was relatively well reproducible from one year to the other (II) abiotic parameters (e. G. Temperature) and water column layers (i. E. Epi- vs. Hypolimnion) were significantly involved in the variability of microorganism abundance (III) some differences were observed according to the trophic status of lakes (the mesotrophic Geneva and Bourget vs. The oligotrophic lake Annecy), (IV) at a pluri-annual scale, the variation of abundance of grazers and viruses explained only a low fraction of bacterial abundance variability. A second approach (based on a modified dilution method) was used to quantify simultaneously the impact of viruses and flagellated predators (< 10 µm) as mortality agents of heterotrophic bacteria and picocyanobacteria. Lysis and predation pressure exerted on heterotrophic bacteria was undetectable in winter, whereas in summer they could be responsible for up to 71 % of the heterotrophic bacterial mortality in Lake Geneva. Also, in autumn, lysis and predation reached 42 and 18 % in Lake Geneva and Bourget, respectively. At the same period, viruses could explain 9,8 % and 7,6 % of the picocyanobacterial mortality in the two mesotrophic lakes, suggesting that they could play a key role in fall bloom termination. In contrast, for the oligotrophic Lake Annecy, viruses and predators did not seem to impact strongly and thus control bacterial community abundance. All together, the results obtained during this PhD work allowed us to verify and specify the variability and potential importance of viruses and predators to regulate the procaryotic abundance in large peri-alpine lakes. This work also highlighted the necessity to go further in the knowledge of the different viral life strategies and determine which factors are involved in the control of these strategies
Mrad, Fida. "Décomposition de résidus de culture et de matériaux biosourcés : impact sur les communautés microbiennes des sols agricoles et les fonctions associées". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR109/document.
Texto completoWaste management is a major problem worldwide. In agriculture, the return of crop residues to the soil is a common practice and represents an interesting opportunity to maintain soil fertility and / or to store carbon. The decomposition of plant materials in soils is influenced by several factors (such as microbial composition, plant material’s nature and quality), and soil microorganisms are its main actors. Moreover, other ways of valorization of non-harvested plant materials are possible, such as their transformation for non-food applications. In the building industry, the interest in using biobased materials (for thermal insulation) is growing and encouraged by the public authorities in construction or renovation projects. However, to our knowledge, the issue of management of these materials end-of-life is not yet addressed, after deconstructing the buildings. In order to better understand different crop residues (wheat straw, rapeseed straw and sunflower stems) decomposition in agricultural soils, we have combined different biochemical / physicochemical characterizations such as biochemical fractionation, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy, with microbial dynamics monitoring (abundance, diversity, function), supplemented by carbon and nitrogen mineralization measures during 3 months incubation in microcosms. Crop residues mineralization is mainly governed by initially different microbiodiversities (derived from permanent grassland or conventional cropping system), and to a lesser extent by their biochemical quality. However, microbial dynamics are influenced by both, types of soils and nature of inputs. As for the sunflower stem coproducts (pith and bark), C mineralization is mainly dictated by their initial quality. Concerning the manufacturing process of a sunflower pith biobased material, it seems to favor its mineralization in soil. The return of this type of material to soil could thus constitute an interesting means of managing its end-of-life
Ndiaye, Daouda. "Impact des structures biogéniques de termites sur l'activité et le fonctionnement des communautés microbiennes du cycle de l'azote, en zone soudano-sahélienne". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066464.
Texto completoCoclet, Clément. "Impacts de la contamination multiple en éléments traces métalliques sur les communautés microbiennes dans un environnement côtier fortement anthropisé : la rade de Toulon". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUL0010.
Texto completoToulon Bay is a highly anthropized coastal ecosystem that present multiple trace metal contamination gradients, and was considered as a model system. The coupling of field campaigns and laboratory experiments were used to study the impact of trace metal contamination on bath planktonic and biofilm microbial communities. Chemical analyses, flux cytometry, and metabarcoding were used to study several characteristics of communities, as abundance and taxonomie diversity in response to trace metal contamination in the Toulon Bay. Then, bath ultraphytoplankton and bacterioplankton showed strong spatial patterns along the trace metal contamination gradients. Laboratory experiments showed that trace metals played an important raie on bath abundance and diversity patterns of ultraplanktonic communities, by bath potential direct (toxicity) and indirect (phytoplankton-bacterioplankton interactions). Conversely to planktonic communities, trace metal contamination had limited impact on microbial biofilm community. ln contrast, microbial biofilm community seemed to be influenced by surrounding sediments, and by potential colonizer taxa from benthic compartment resuspended du ring sediment resuspension events. ln conclusion, trace metals seemed to have impacts on all the microbial communities of Toulon Bay, with variations of influence depending on the compartment
Sultan, Gehan. "Impact d’une formulation minérale sur les composantes biologiques des sols agricoles". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0103.
Texto completoNumerous arable lands in the world have a low availability of micronutrients. This lack of micronutrients has a serious impact on crop production. To increase plant productivity more attention must be paid to micronutrients. A number of studies have focused on the effect of micronutrients on plant and bacterial metabolism. However, studies on the impact of these micronutrients, when all living organisms (plant, macrofauna and microorganism) present in a field are taken into account, are scarce..The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of these micronutrients on the three soil components. Different parameters were chosen such as plant productivity, bacterial community, soil enzyme and fauna to determine the impact of micronutrients on these organisms.A field experimental approach consisted of micronutrient treatments during oilseed rape cultivation in the Aisne Department (France) was carried out. In comparison to control plots, the weight and number of siliques (seed pods), the chlorophyll content of leaves, the weight and density of earthworms, soil enzyme activities, bacterial communities and total microbial activity were analysed. The addition of micronutrients caused changes to all the biological parameters studied in relation to the plant growth stage. Among the enzymes tested (alkaline and acid phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta xylosidase), a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and alpha-glucosidase was measured at the 3rd stage of oilseed rape development with the addition of micronutrients. At this stage of oilseed rape development, total microbial activity and the weight and density of earthworms were higher in plots under micronutrient treatment. On the other hand, micronutrients had a significant impact on the nitrifying bacterial community and the total bacterial community only at the 2nd stage of oilseed rape development. All these results suggest that micronutrients act as a catalyst by stimulating plants, soil fauna and microorganisms directly or indirectly. Thus micronutrients can modify biological processes in all living organisms through successive complex interactions.The second objective of this study was to compare the impact of micronutrients on bacterial communities in presence/absence of plants or earthworms. An in vitro experimental approach using microcosms has been conducted to study different parameters (bacterial community, soil enzyme activity, total microbial activity). Because characteristics of soil contents are important in determining the availability of micronutrients in soils the experiment was conducted on three type of soil: sandy; loamy and clay soil. Our results bring to light that the application of micronutrients affected the bacterial communities. However the nature and the importance of this impact varies according to the organisms presents (plant or earthworms) and the nature of the soil.The results of this study provide a scientific basis for fertilizing and utilizing soil, protecting microbial diversity, and accomplishing the sustainable development of agroecology
DELANGLE, MARIE-HELENE. "Impact de l'utilisation des fluoroquinolones sur l'ecologie digestive : consequences sur l'emergence de bacilles a gram negatif resistants aux fluoroquinolones". Nantes, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NANT250M.
Texto completoBestion, Elvire. "Impact du changement climatique sur un vertébré ectotherme : de l'individu à la communauté". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30389.
Texto completoRecent global change has dramatic impacts on biodiversity, through modifications in abiotic and biotic factors. Species vulnerability to changing climates depend for instance of its habitat, its position within the community and its thermal physiology. In this respect, ectotherm species are considered particularly vulnerable as their body temperature depend directly on their environment. We experimentally studied the impact of future climate change on an ectotherm vertebrate species, the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). We used the Metatron, a system of semi-natural enclosures in which climatic conditions can be manipulated. We studied the impact of warmer climatic conditions (+2°C) on common lizard's population dynamics and extinction risk, and on population adaptation capacity through plasticity, selection and dispersal. We further investigated the impact of climate change at the community scale. We demonstrated that future climatic conditions pose a threat to common lizard. However, possibilities of adaptation exist through changes in phenology and physiology (preferred temperature and melanism). Finally, we show that changing climatic conditions have an impact on the entire communities, from plants and insects to microbial communities
Yacoub, Amira. "Relations entre l’omycète, Pythium oligandrum, et la vigne : étude de l’induction de résistance contre un agent pathogène du bois et impact sur les communautés microbiennes colonisant la plante". Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3053/document.
Texto completoApproximately 13% of French vineyards are currently considered unproductive due to trunk diseases, mainly Esca, a particularly destructive disease that affects grapevines worldwide. Accordingly, biological control of a pathogen implicated in Esca, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, was developed using the oomycete, Pythium oligandrum. The selection of P. oligandrum strains, isolated from vineyards, which produced in vitro large quantities of oligandrin, an elicitin-like protein inducing plant defences, was carried out. Three greenhouse assays showed that the necroses caused by P. chlamydospora were significantly reduced (40 to 50%) when P. oligandrum colonized the root system of vine cuttings. At stem level, the expression of a set of 22 genes involved in Vitis vinifera defence mechanisms was measured by quantitative PCR. Depending on the treatments employed, significant differences in grapevine responses were observed. Six of the genes (PR proteins, phenyl-propanoid pathway, oxylipins and the oxydo-reduction system) were strongly induced in plants pre-treated with P. oligandrum, and subsequently infected by P. chlamydospora. In order to characterize the mechanisms occurring during this tri-partite interaction, the global transcriptomic grapevine responses at stem level were analysed, using microarray and RNAseq, in plants in which induced systemic resistance (ISR) had taken place. Several genes involved in ethylene and jasmonate biosynthesis were strongly induced in plants that were pre-treated with P. oligandrum, and subsequently infected by P. chlamydospora. The transcription factors involved in the regulation of these signalisation pathways were also induced. Analysis of the P. chlamydospora RNA messenger (mRNA), showed that certain genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis, transcription factors implicated in pathway regulations, and certain Carbohydrate Active enZymes, were modulated, when P. oligandrum colonised the roots. These results demonstrated that root inoculation with P. oligandrum induced indirect stress on P. chlamydospora responses. In order to promote P. oligandrum implantation in nurseries and vineyards, the capacity of this biocontrol agent to colonize the roots of grafted-plants, and to protect them against P. chlamydospora attacks, was studied. Three rootstocks (SO4, 3309 and 101-14), grafted on two scion varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc), were inoculated or not with P. oligandrum. Depending on the particular scion/rootstock associations, the oomycete colonized the various root systems differently. Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analyses revealed complex and diverse fungal and bacterial communities in both the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere. These microflora, which were organ-dependent, were not direcly or indirectly affected by the root inoculation of P. oligandrum. Protection of grafted vines (SO4 + Cabernet Sauvignon) was probably induced by P. oligandrum against the pathogen, P. chlamydospora
Bordenave, Sylvain. "Impact d'une contamination pétrolière sur les tapis microbiens et étude de leur réponse". Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3018.
Texto completoAncestral and ubiquist ecosystems, microbial mats present an important biodiversity and a high metabolic richness. In coastal zone, these vertically laminated bacterial structures are exposed to diverse forms of contamination. Because they are main actors in biochemical cycles, the appreciation of contamination impact on these ecosystems is essential in microbial ecology. In this context, the present PhD study attempts specifically to better understand the impact of petroleum contamination on the complex bacterial community of microbial mats. The study is essentially based on microcosm experiments performed with different microbial mats. First, molecular approaches (T-RFLP and clone libraries analyses) based on 16S rRNA encoding genes allowed to follow during at least three months and up to one year of incubation, a petroleum pollution impact on bacterial communities of microbial mats. The study was also performed at the transcriptomic level (16S rRNA) in order to precise the response of metabolically active bacterial communities in these microbial structures. The main result of this work showed the resilience capacity of microbial mats. Afterward, the study of genes encoding for enzymes involved in hydrocarbon degradation (dioxygenases and benzylsuccinate synthase) have been performed in order to precise the functional response of microbial mats after petroleum contamination. Since the study of these functional genes could not relay the impact of petroleum we focused our study on new potentially involved genes. For this purpose, differential display approach on ARN was applied and allowed to display some gene/function potentially involved in microbial mat response after petroleum contamination
Royer-Tardif, Samuel. "Les causes et les conséquences de la mixité entre le peuplier faux-tremble et le pin gris en forêt boréale un regard sur les propriétés édaphiques". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5155.
Texto completoAyache, Chrystelle. "Impact of biological pre-treatment on membrane fouling and micropollutant rejection in water recycling". Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2256.
Texto completoOne of the most reliable alternative solutions to water shortage and scarcity in urban areas is potable reuse of what would otherwise be considered "waste" water. The combination of low and high-pressure membrane processes is the favoured technology for direct and indirect potable water recycling due to the very high water quality produced. Despite the fact that membrane technology is well established, membrane fouling remains a major challenge affecting plant operation technically and economically. This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of membrane fouling in water reuse by investigating the importance of the feed water quality on fouling development and the impact of the fouling on the treated water quality. In order to achieve these objectives, it was important to develop better knowledge of the impact of feed water quality on the membrane process. The organic composition of the effluents was successfully differentiated with the use of advanced analytical tools such as fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) and liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). To evaluate water quality impact on membrane fouling, a membrane pilot unit consisting of ultrafiltration and a two stage reverse osmosis train was operated on two different sites. Different monochloramine dosages (0 to 2 mg/L NH2Cl) were applied and their impact on RO membrane performance was studied in order to provide recommendations for plant design
Calbrix, Raphaël. "Impact des intrants organiques et des conduites culturales sur la biomasse microbienne et la diversité des bactéries telluriques". Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES028.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is to analyse the effects of four different organic products (turkey manure, compost of turkey manure and ligneous wastes, sewage sludge and compost of sewage sludge) on soil microbial communities in function of agricultural managements, during a 24 months kinetic. The microbial communities were characterised in a quantitative point of view (enumeration of heterotrophic cultivable bacteria, assay of soil total, microbial carbon assay) and in a qualitative one by potential metabolic fingerprinting (Biolog) and genetic structure of soil bacterial communities (T-RFLP 16S rDNA). A transitory impact specific to the different organic products was shown. The impact of organic products on microbial biomass and on bacterial community structure seemed to depend on their rate of lignin (Van Soest) and of mineralisable carbon. The influence of the tillage and the vegetation was revealed by the evolution of bacterial community structure during the 24 months of the experiments
Garin, Tiffany. "Impact des compétitions inter-microbiennes médiées par le Système de Sécrétion de Type VI (T6SS) sur la dynamique de transmission du microbiote des graines aux plantules". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2024. https://dune.univ-angers.fr/documents/dune18434.
Texto completoSeeds represent the initial inoculum source for plant microbiota. During germination, the release of exudates near the seeds triggers intense microbial competitions, which play a pivotal role in the assembly of the plant microbiota. This thesis work aims to explore the role of interference competition mediated by the Type VI secretion system (T6SS). The T6SS of a strain of Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, a bacterium efficiently transmitted to seedlings, was used as a study model. This T6SS inhibits the growth of many bacterial species in vitro, including the phytopathogenic strain Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc8004). This inhibition of bacterial growth is correlated with the phylogenetic and metabolic proximity between S. rhizophila and the tested bacterial species. The antimicrobial activity of S. rhizophila T6SS limits the transmission of Xcc8004 from radish seed to seedling under gnotobiotic conditions. Its activity also influences the dynamics of bacterial community assembly during the seed-to-seedling transition in non sterile soil. The composition of the co-inoculated microbial consortium on the seed affects the competitive advantage conferred by the T6SS to S. rhizophila. Therefore, T6SS-mediated interference competition plays a significant role in the assembly dynamics of the plant microbiota, and the inoculation of bacterial consortia composed of T6SS-carrying bacteria appears as a potential solution for reducing the transmission of phytopathogenic agents to seedlings
Jacquier, Hervé. "Impact des mutations aléatoires sur les bêta-lactamases : le paysage adaptatif de la résistance aux bêta-lactamines". Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077082.
Texto completoThe evolution of enzymes is constrained by the effect of mutations on their activity. To unravel the molecular determinants of these effects, we produced and sequenced 10,000 random mutants of beta-lactamase TEM-1. We estimated the amoxicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 990 mutants carrying each a unique missense mutation. Mutation type, solvent accessibility of residues and the predicted effect of mutations on protein stability contributed alone or in combination to explain changes in the MIC of mutants. The drastic modification of the distribution of mutations effects induced by the presence of the stabilizing mutation M182T, could be captured by a simple biophysical model centered on protein stability, that generates an integrated framework to study mutation effects and their epistastic interactions
Le, Campion Paul. "Impact d'un stockage géologique de CO2 sur les écosystèmes profonds des basaltes". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077204.
Texto completoBasaltics rocks harbor diverse and active microbial populations when associated temperatures are consistent with their development. However, they are rarely considered in engineering operations as carbon capture and storage technology (CCS), white they can potentially alter the storage conditions and hence the fate at depth of the injected gas. During this PhD work the first monitoring cf the microbial diversity hosted in a deep basait aquifer (400-800 m depth) was carried out on a CCS pilot site at Hellisheidi in Iceland. Microbial communities have been described before gas injection and their evolution was monitored during two successive injections of 174. 6t of pure CO2 and 65t of CO2+112S+H2. Before the injections, phylogenetic affiliations suggest that most of the detected microorganisms are endemic to the aquifer. Metabolisms inferred for the OTUs identified are consistent with the geochemistry of wi ter, a result reinforced by statistical analysis, pointing out a potentiel link between the carbonated system and the structure of the microbial populations. Over the injections, analyses highlight variations in the composition of microbial communities that seem to be impacted only by the injection of pure CO2. Particularly, it records a "bloom" of a sequence affiliated to an autotrophic bacterium oxidazing Fe(II), Sideroxydans lithotrophicus. The stimulation of autotrophic metabolisms during the injection of pure CO2 updates the question of whether some of the CO2 was converted into biomass in the subsurface, hence providing an alternative way for CO2 storage
Devictor, Vincent. "La nature ordinaire face aux perturbations anthropiques : impact de la dynamique temporelle et de la fragmentation spatiale des paysages sur les communautés". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066682.
Texto completoPerron, Béatrice. "Impact de la nutrition azotée sur l'activité microbienne du milieu de culture et sur la qualité de la tomate et du concombre biologiques de serre". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31390.
Texto completoFoulon, Julie. "Impact du phytomanagement de sites pollués par les éléments traces métalliques sur les micro-organismes du sol". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2090.
Texto completoAnthropogenic activities can cause dramatic changes in ecosystem structures and their ecological services. Phytomanagement based on the use of woody species can contribute to soil and microbial diversity restoration, while allowing the production of biomass of interest. As part of PROLIPHYT (2013-2018, ADEME), BIOFILTREE (2010-2014, ANR) and PHYTOPOP (2007-2011, ANR) projects, managed by the Chrono-environment laboratory, phytomanagement plots were installed on trace elements (TE) polluted sites to determine the growth potential of woody species and the recovery methods of biomass produced. In my PhD project, different approaches have been implemented to identify and characterize microorganisms subservient to implanted woody plants, with the aim of producing microbial resources to improve the recovery and growth of trees on polluted soil. The first approach was to study microbial communities in association with woody species by innovative high throughput sequencing approach associated with the physical and chemical analysis of soils. This method was developed and tested on three experimental sites contaminated by TE. It revealed changes in the structure and composition of microbial communities due to the nature of the vegetation cover and the soil characteristics (Zappelini et al., 2015; Foulon et al., 2016a; b). The second approach was to isolate and characterize mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes associated with poplars (Berthelot et al., 2016; Lacercat-Didier et al., 2016). These fungi are known to promote the growth of the plants they colonize but also to increase their TE tolerance. Several sampling campaigns of roots and sporocarps on different polluted sites have allowed the isolation of fungal strains tolerant to TE (like Serendipita vermifera) and enhancing growth (Phialophora sp. and Leptodontidium sp.). In a third approach, the mechanisms involved in TE resistance were studied i) in Paxillus involutus for Hg (Foulon et al. In prep) ii) by functional metatranscriptomics for Zn and Cd (Lehembre et al., 2013). In conclusion, this work allowed to i) improve our understanding of the impact of a woody cover on the structure and composition of microbial communities, and on the understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved ii) to constitute a collection of fungal strains that will be of great interest for future phytomanagement projects
Birouste, Marine. "Impact des traits racinaires sur les composantes du stockage de carbone : du fonctionnement de l'espèce à celui de la communauté". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0017/document.
Texto completoThe main objective of this thesis is to understand the impact of fine root functional diversity on carbon storage components at different levels of organization. We hypothesized that fine root traits, measured at the species and community levels, influence three major processes of carbon inputs and outputs : root production, respiration and decomposition and thus have consequences on soil carbon stocks. Ours results show that root functional traits are good proxies of processes of decomposition and respiration at the species level. A carbon resource trade-off exist between species characterized by high root tissue density, C/N and lignin/N ratio with a low rate of respiration and decomposition and those characterized by high specific root length and nitrogen content with a rapid metabolism. At the community level, this scheme is not confirmed. Root mixture decomposition is not predicted by decomposition of species composing it or by root traits. Variations of soil carbon stocks are explained by root quantity and productivity but not by their quality or turnover. Those studies revealed the difficulty to scale up results found at the species level to the community level to predict ecosystem functioning
Zugravu, Natalia. "Croissance, Commerce, IDE et leur impact sur l'Environnement : cas de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale et de la Communauté des Etats Indépendants". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450676.
Texto completoZugravu-Soilita, Natalia. "Croissance, commerce, IDE et leur impact sur l'environnement : cas de l'Europe centrale et orientale et de la Communauté des États indépendants". Paris 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450676.
Texto completoCornuault, Jeffrey. "Impact des phages tempérés sur la stabilité du microbiote intestinal : la lysogénie n'est pas un long fleuve tranquille". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA020/document.
Texto completoA growing number of associations is observed between various human pathologies and intestinal dysbiosis, here defined as an alteration of the microbiota composition. Among the potential factors inducing dysbiosis, bacteriophages, called phages, are relevant candidates by their predatory function.The aim of the thesis was to determine whether prophages of bacterial strains from the human gut microbiota have a negative impact on the stability of their host in the gut environment. We studied this question by using germ-free mice colonized first with Escherichia coli strain LF82, then inoculated with two bacterial strains belonging to dominant species of the human intestinal microbiota, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strain A2-165 or Roseburia intestinalis strain L1-82. Each of these strains has two prophages in its genome, Lagaffe and Mushu for F. prausnitzii, Jekyll and Shimadzu for R. intestinalis. The impact of these prophages was also studied during intestinal inflammation using DSS (Dextran Sulfate Sodium)-induced colitis in mice.In mice colonized with F. prausnitzii and E. coli , prophages of F. prausnitzii did not have any deleterious activity for the bacterial host, even during DSS-induced inflammation. In order to better characterize prophages of the F. prausnitzii species, a bioinformatic analysis carried out on 15 strains of F. prausnitzii highlighted that the prevalence of Mushu and Lagaffe was low. However, this analysis revealed also an enormous diversity of phages and we described 18 species of prophages divided into 8 new proposed genera. An in silico study of their abundance in 173 human intestinal viromes revealed that the phage genera 'Lugh' and 'Epona' were more present and/or abundant in viromes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients compared to healthy subjects. Given that IBD patients have lower populations of F. prausnitzii in their microbiota compared to healthy subjects, our observations suggest an increased activity of these phages during disease. They may trigger or worsen population decline of F. prausnitzii in patients, participating thus to the aggravation of IBD symptomsIn mice colonized with R. intestinalis and E. coli, we did not observe variation of Jekyll population or deleterious effect of this phage on its host. In contrast, the Shimadzu population was not stable. Indeed, even in the absence of DSS treatment we observed in all mice the emergence of a virulent mutant of Shimadzu, called Shi-vir. This mutant massively lysed R. intestinalis, leading to a collapse of the bacterial host population. Then this population rose back to its original level thanks to the emergence of bacterial mutants resistant to the viral infection. This resistance was mainly due to the acquisition of a spacer associated with the CRISPR-Cas type IIC system of R. intestinalis, directed against the Shimadzu phage. However, acquisition of this spacer could not be observed unless the Shimadzu prophage was cured from the strain, showing that this spacer would kill the Shimadzu lysogen.I have shown therefore that a prophage can destabilize its host population in the intestinal environment and create transient intestinal dysbiosis. I have also highlighted that the selection pressure imposed by an ex-temperate phage infection, the Shi-vir phage, has allowed an acceleration of its host evolution.Overall, this work establishes that a fraction of the temperate phages present in intestinal microbiota may impact negatively bacterial population stability, either because the phage/bacteria ratio increases (for the Lugh and Epona phages de F. prausnitzii), or because the temperate phage evolves towards virulence (case of the Shi-vir mutant on R. intestinalis), and induces a transient dysbiosis
Saint-Cyr, Manuel. "Impact des mycotoxines sur le microbiote intestinal humain, cas particulier du déoxynivalénol". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950324.
Texto completoMaasri, Alain. "Impact de l'enrichissement des eaux sur le peuplement d'invertébrés benthiques : approche multi-échelles des relations trophiques structurant la communauté de chironomidae (diptera : nematocera) rhéophiles". Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30031.
Texto completoThe aquatic biocenoses of the Arc stream, a coastal Mediterranean stream, were investigated to assess the impact of the water enrichment on the communities'trophic and taxonomic structures. The benthic macroinvertebrates communities, the chironomid communities and the epilithon were studied for this purpose. At first, the acroinvertebrates communities were studied in the main stem and in different pristine tributaries to consider the role of these tributaries in the maintenance of the macroinvertebrates biodiversity at the catchment scale. Then the chironomid communities were investigated using the pupal exuviae assemblages to assess changes in the chironomid communities' trophic and taxonomic structures along a water enrichment gradient. At the riffle scale, correlations were found between the epilithic algal structure and the chironomid larvae distribution; and the guts content analysis of Eukiefferiella claripennis revealed the foraging behaviour of such opportunistic taxa and helped to understand how this taxa spread under such conditions. All these approaches allowed us to assemble clues for understanding changes occurring in such enriched streams at different scales, going from the epilithic algae to the whole macroinvertebrate community
Inghilterra, Xavier. "L’apprenance collective entre pairs à l’aune du modèle transmissif : Impact des dispositifs de partage social sur les communautés d’apprentissage en ligne". Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0002/document.
Texto completoThis research is interested in the effects led by the digital devices plans of social sharing on the pratices of collaboration, communication and mediation of students in context of distance learning. The goal is the understand the origin of the collaborative process of collective apprenance which is illustrated in the communities of apprenticeship outside the academic institution. A netnographic observation is conducted whith Bachelor and Master's degree in a private training center ; our corpus is made of 1405 messages taken in the forums of the institutional platform and on Facebook or Google +. We assume the information and communication sociotechnical devices participate in the horizontalisation of student's practices. We highlight the paradox of these learning communities which are, unwittingly, in a process of social domination by having choosing a priori a decentralized structure
Mazziotti, Mélanie. "Impact des exsudats racinaires de Miscanthus x giganteus sur les microorganismes impliqués dans la bioremédiation d’un sol contaminé au benzo(a)anthracène". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0046/document.
Texto completoIndustrial activities result of a large number of contaminated sites and soils in France. Among the pollutants found, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and especially those of high molecular weight, are a real environmental and public health problem because of their toxicity and persistence in soils. Biological remediation techniques which stimulate microbial degradation of PAHs using plants (phyto/rhizoremediation), nutrients (biostimulation), or microorganisms (bioaugmentation), appear as interesting strategies because they are more environmental friendly and less expensive than physico-chemical methods. In this context, the ability of the plant Miscanthus x giganteus (MxG) to improve benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) dissipation, a high molecular weight PAH few studied in remediation, was assessed with a multidisciplinary approach through two types of experimentations using an artificially contaminated soil. The first one was to analyze the rhizospheric influence of the plant (phyto/rhizoremediation) over a period of 12 months. Results showed that the presence of MxG led to a 3-fold reduction in BaA concentration in soil at the end of exposure thanks to an increase in pollutant bioavailability, and a positive effect on microbial communities due to a modification of their diversity and an increase in their 16S rRNA and PAH-RHDα GP genes density. In order to improve the understanding of this phenomenon, a second experiment was carried out for 105 days to study specifically the influence of certain molecules exuded in the plant’s root system (biostimulation), and specific microorganisms associated with its rhizosphere having the capacity to degrade BaA (bioaugmentation). These tests demonstrated the complexity of rhizospheric mechanisms, and the necessity to explore this type of analysis to improve the understanding of biodegradation processes in plant rhizosphere. All these results showed that MxG was an ideal candidate for phyto/rhizoremediation of soils contaminated with high molecular weight PAH, but that further studies were still needed to understand processes involved in its rhizosphere
Kikhounga-N'Got, Oumar. "Impact des consensus de Beinjing et de Washington sur la gouvernance et le développement des pays de la Communauté économique et monétaire d'Afrique Centrale (CEMAC)". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5918.
Texto completoSalomez, Mélanie. "Etude du rôle des microorganismes dans les modifications biochimiques intervenant lors de la maturation des coagulums de latex d’Hevea brasiliensis : impact sur les propriétés du caoutchouc naturel sec". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0002.
Texto completoThe overall objective of this thesis was to study the microbial mechanisms involved in the evolution of the structure and the properties of the natural rubber from Hevea brasiliensis during the maturation of latex and cup-coagula. For this, three levels of analyses were performed on maturation experiments under controlled conditions: dry rubber structure and properties, biochemistry and microbial flora. After a methodology development phase aiming at (i) optimizing maturation conditions in a controlled chamber and (ii) defining suitable DNA extraction methods, samples of serum and dry rubber coagulum were produced at different times and under different maturation treatments varying three parameters: the presence of microorganisms, the presence of oxygen, and the latex coagulation method. Dry rubber analyses concerned macrostructure (P0, P30 and PRI) and mesostructure (Mw, Mn and total gel). The microbial flora was analyzed using several complementary methods: plate-counts, total DNA determination, cloning / sequencing and 454 pyrosequencing. The objective was to assess microbial diversity on field and in latex, and to follow the dynamics of their evolution during maturation in a controlled environment. Various biochemical investigations were performed on latex, serum and dry rubber (nitrogen content, proteins, lipids, sugars, quebrachitol, organic acids). The results were then analyzed for correlations to propose mechanisms linking changes in dry rubber properties, latex and coagula biochemistry, and their evolution under the action of microorganisms and enzymes. Some ideas for improving technical routes in the process are also proposed
Lopez, Frédéric. "Présence des marques dans les communautés virtuelles de consommation : rôle et impact sur la relation à la marque". Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020099/document.
Texto completoThis research explains the creation of a first model of relationships between virtual communities, their members and their brands virtual ecosystem. Unlike the many papers on tribal marketing, converging on brand communities, the author chooses to focus his work on the study of virtual communities not centered on a specific brand, allowing for the first time, the exploration of various cases of community-brand relationships modulated by several variables such as the congruence level between the values of the brand and those of the community, the contribution and the intrusion levels of the brand in the community. Besides the identification of these explanatory variables of the community-brand relationship, this research also describes all the possible relationships between brands and communities while assessing their impact on the individual relationship consumer-brand. The results of the study on two couples of brands tested on two different communities especially show that recommendation of a community about a brand has a positive impact on the member trust in this brand and that the denigration has the opposite effect. However, unlike what we observed in brand communities, the co-creation phenomenon between a brand and an “unbranded community” can lead to an erosion of the member trust in this brand. The distinction between brand community and “unbranded community” is therefore essential for the study of these new societal structures
Voisin, Jérémy. "Influence des pratiques de recharge des aquifères par des eaux pluviales sur les communautés microbiennes des nappes phréatiques". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1113/document.
Texto completoIn urban area, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems raises hydrological connectivity between surface and groundwater. These infiltration practices are the cause of many disturbances in groundwaters (e.g. increase of thermal variations, decrease of dissolved oxygen or enrichment in organic matter) but associated consequences on microbial compartment remains unclear. The main aim of the thesis is to determine the effects of stormwater runoff infiltration on microbial communities of groundwater, in terms of abundance, activities and bacterial diversity. Based on environmental changes associated to MAR practices and bacterial community analyses, a fundamental question is to assess the importance of dispersal (e.g. transfers) and selection by abiotic factors (e.g. nutrients availability) on groundwater communities assemblage. This study is based on field experiments with two complementary strategies of sampling: an active one (i.e. groundwater sampling) and a passive one (incubation of artificial substrate). Communities’ description was made by next-generation sequencing (i.e. Illumina MiSeq) of rrs gene. The results showed a significant influence of MAR practices on microbial communities. Growth, activities and diversity of groundwater micro-organisms were mainly stimulated by biodegradable dissolved organic carbon enrichment associated to MAR practices. Nonetheless, this impact was reduced in systems where the vadose zone is thick (> 10 m) and acts as a physical, chemical and biological filter between the infiltration basin and the aquifer. Low similarities between bacterial communities of infiltration waters and bacterial communities of groundwaters reveal that vadose zone is effective on the retention of bacteria in studied systems. To conclude, this thesis constitutes the first major study that aimed to quantify microbial compartment response to disturbances caused by MAR practices in urban area. It also opens new perspectives on assessment tool for groundwater quality
Launois, Lionel. "Impact des facteurs anthropiques sur les communautés piscicoles lentiques : vers l'élaboration d'un indice poisson". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10044/document.
Texto completoFish communities remain underused in the domain of lentic ecosystem bioindication, even though water managers need such tools in the current context of the Water Directive Framework. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the fish communities’ response to various anthropogenic pressures, in order to define the candidate biological variables in bioindication and to develop an index to evaluate the ecological status of French natural lakes and reservoirs. Several questions are raised.First of all, the means available to select fish-based metrics responding to catchment-scale anthropogenic pressures are analysed using a typological approach. This analysis consists in classifying lentic ecosystems using classifications, and then, within each homogenous group of ecosystems identified based on environmental criteria, performing linear regressions between candidate fish-based metrics and anthropogenic pressures. The results clearly show that fish communities could be used as good bioindicators for the lentic ecosystems, but they also underline the limits of typological approaches.To test how a bioindicator shared by natural lakes and reservoirs could be developed, an alternative site-specific method was subsequently developed. Statistical modeling was applied to control the natural environmental effects on lentic fish communities. This analysis shows that fish-based metrics responding to catchment-scale anthropogenic pressures differ in the two types of lentic ecosystems.The last part reports the development of an index, based on the reference condition approach, using a hindcasting statistical approach. This method, still infrequently used, enables one to sidestep the problem related to the selection of reference sites in France. Furthermore, this method allows modeling biological reference conditions, i.e. conditions without anthropogenic pressures. Fish communities’ characteristics are then compared for both undisturbed sites and sites that are more or less impacted by anthropogenic pressures. Both catchment-scale and local anthropogenic pressures were considered in this analysis. Following this protocol, a lake fish-based index resulting from the combination of metrics that respond jointly to global and local anthropogenic pressures was developed for natural lakes and reservoirs. Finally, the advances made as a result of this research and its perspectives are discussed with regards to the European context of aquatic ecosystem management
Inghilterra, Xavier. "L’apprenance collective entre pairs à l’aune du modèle transmissif : Impact des dispositifs de partage social sur les communautés d’apprentissage en ligne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0002.
Texto completoThis research is interested in the effects led by the digital devices plans of social sharing on the pratices of collaboration, communication and mediation of students in context of distance learning. The goal is the understand the origin of the collaborative process of collective apprenance which is illustrated in the communities of apprenticeship outside the academic institution. A netnographic observation is conducted whith Bachelor and Master's degree in a private training center ; our corpus is made of 1405 messages taken in the forums of the institutional platform and on Facebook or Google +. We assume the information and communication sociotechnical devices participate in the horizontalisation of student's practices. We highlight the paradox of these learning communities which are, unwittingly, in a process of social domination by having choosing a priori a decentralized structure
Gadal, Aurélie. "Traitement d'effluent gazeux par biofiltration : Impact des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et hydrodynamiques du matériau support sur les performances et la structure de la communauté bactérienne totale au sein du réacteur". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20006/document.
Texto completoOdour nuisance is a major issue, second cause of complaints after noise. Reduction of odor emissions is essential, binding the industry to implement a process for an economically acceptable treatment in terms of reduction of odours. Among the available techniques, biological ones and particularly biofiltration are the most used on industrial scale. The performances of this process are closely related to operating conditions. Packing material appears as a key factor, its choice is difficult and remains empirical because of the multiple criteriait must satisfy. This thesis work aimed to streamline the selection of a material with a focus on the relationship between physico-chemical and hydrodynamic caracteristics of the packing material and macroscopic and microscopic components of this process. Three materials were selected as models: two granulars and one fibrous differing in their physico-chemical and hydrodynamic caracteristics. The work was carried out on pilot units fed by an effluent gas containing a mixture of three volatile components differing in their solubility and biodegradability. The influence of physico-chemical characteristics of the packing material on the performances seems to be confirmed. However, the impact of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the material on these criteria has not been demonstrated. Regarding the microbiological component, the overall level of diversity is similar, regardless of the material considered. Analysis of the structure of the total bacterial community reveals the existence of three distinct communities, each associated with a carrier material. It is likely that the endogenous community participates largely to the establishment of these communities, making it difficult to give appropriate answers to the questions adressed. The total bacterial community does not seem to be a suitable indicator. By monitoring the functional community, more precise answers could be given. Therefore, the research for specific ecological niches in the biological degradation of a sulfur compound (DMS) has been the subject of special attention in the context of this thesis
Missoum, Lofti. "Bilan de l'accord de coopération de 1976 contracté entre le Maroc et la CEE, son impact sur l'économie marocaine et les perspectives face au troisième élargissement communautaire à l'Espagne et au Portugal". Paris 10, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA100086.
Texto completoMorin, Marie-Françoise. "Etude de l'impact sur le milieu naturel de la bromadiolone, rodonticide anticoagulant : évolution en milieu aqueux et bioaccumulation sur des organismes terrestres et aquatiques". Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2315.
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