Tesis sobre el tema "Impact de la construction sur l'environnement"
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Androšević, Renata. "Vers les systèmes constructifs à faible production de déchets : l'enveloppe des bâtiments résidentiels du XXIème siècle en Bosnie-Herzégovine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PESC1005.
Texto completoThis research is inspired by the visionary projects which are trying to find the way to create built environment with low impact on the nature and all living creatures, especially human beings. It will help decision making process for all stakeholders to choose the best option when considering the materials, building technologies and building systems, which will have the lowest negative environmental impact, providing all necessary data.Analysing the existing methods and tools with their barriers and opportunities, the research attempts to find the way to overcome observed obstacles.Existing methodologies point out the importance of environmental impact predictions and they can show the differences between compared systems. Existing tools give precise numerical data of environmental impact.The approach proposed here shows that symbiosis of methodologies and tools can give the result that reaches the goal - to achieve low or no waste building construction.The new method includes building system evaluation (with comparison and ranking) and quantification of environmental impact. This provides a picture of the chosen system's impact and facilitates decision making. At the end of the process, it is evidently clear what could and should be changed and upgraded in order to have better performance and lower impact.This new method provides comparison, evaluation and quantification in terms of generation of the construction waste and contributes in lowering negative environmental impact
Dechamps, Yves. "Méthode d'analyse des risques majeurs liés aux immeubles de grande hauteur sur leur environnement immédiat". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209500.
Texto completoLa conception d'un IGH ne peut être effectuée sans une analyse des risques engendrés par la présence de tels immeubles sur leur environnement et sur le développement urbain. En effet, quand un événement indésirable y survient, un IGH peut se révéler être une menace pour ses occupants et son
voisinage immédiat. Les IGH sont des immeubles où plusieurs centaines de personnes sont présentes, ce qui engendre de nombreuses contraintes au niveau de la sécurité incendie notamment. En cas d'accident comme un incendie, diverses matières toxiques peuvent être libérées dans l'atmosphère, endommageant l'environnement de l'immeuble.
C'est ici que peut intervenir une méthode d'analyse des risques environnementaux permettant à un expert d'évaluer différentes situations envisagées pour l'immeuble même et son environnement. Le modèle proposé est une nouvelle méthode quantitative issue d'une approche semi-quantitative. Des matrices d'évaluation et une formulation quantitative permettent de quantifier le risque environnemental. Ce risque est déterminé pour différents secteurs autour de l'IGH car chaque environnement étudié est hétérogène et différent.
La méthode proposée reprend un ensemble de paramètres déterminés à l'aide de critères d'évaluation et de paramètres géométriques tels que la différence d'altitude entre les immeubles, la distance, etc. Nous verrons comment ces paramètres influencent le modèle et l'analyse de risques environnementaux. Un ensemble de simulations numériques seront effectuées sur un panel de cas d'études simples afin de valider le programme. Deux IGH actuellement détruits ont été étudiés avec pour objectif de comparer les résultats obtenus avec la réalité de la situation ainsi que les différentes propositions correctives. Pour chaque étude, des critiques et commentaires seront produits afin de se rattacher à la réalité des situations décrites.
The high-rise buildings (HRB) are symbolic constructions linked most often to scarce building lands, urban density challenges for big cities and the problematic of sustainable construction. However, an HRB is not limited to just these items alone: what risk impact does an HRB have on the environment? What analysis method of possible risk on the environment is to be considered for the presence of constructions?
HRB design cannot be done without any environmental risk assessment for such buildings on their environment or their impact on urban development. When an unwanted event occurs, an HRB can be a threat to its occupants and its immediate vicinity. The presence of large numbers of people in those building definitely generates a lot of problems at the level of fire safety, for example. Accidents such as a fire can release toxic materials, which will thus impact the environment of the building.
In such circumstances, a method of analysis of environmental risks come useful to experts to assess the different situations to be considered for the building itself. The proposed model is a new quantitative method which is the result of a semi-quantitative approach. Quantifying the environmental risk is made possible by evaluation matrices and quantitative formulation. This risk is determined for various sectors around HRB because every environment is heterogeneous and different.
The proposed method incorporates a set of parameters which were determined by means of evaluation criteria and geometrical parameters such as the difference in height between the buildings, distance, etc. We will see how these parameters affect the model and analysis of environmental risks. A set of simulations are performed on a range of simple models to validate the program. Two HRBs which have now been demolished were studied so as to compare the results obtained with the real-life of the situation and the corrective different proposals. For each study, criticism and comments will be produced to relate to the reality of the situations which has been described.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Landois, Périne. "Synthèse, fonctionnalisation et impact sur l'environnement de nanotubes de carbone". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/360/.
Texto completoSynthesis of CNT by CCVD starting from MgO based catalyst containing Co and W under a gas mixture of H2/CH4 was studied to compare the effect of tungsten on the growth of CNT to the molybdenum used for the synthesis of double-walled CNT (DWNT) developed at the CIRIMAT. Few-walled CNT were synthesized and the promoter role of tungsten was evidenced. The second part on synthesis was focused on the use of ethanol as carbon source. CNT were synthesized starting from impregnated catalysts Co/Mo-MgO by CCVD at 850°C with a dwell of 30 minutes. The samples have a large distribution of diameter and number of walls and are also partly contaminated by carbon nanofibres. The pristine CNT samples could contain impurities such as amorphous carbon, carbon nanofibres and residual metal nanoparticles. A study of the purification of these samples in air was thus undertaken and a method of purification was developed. It was compared to steam purification. CNT are hydrophobic and we thus investigated the preparation of stable suspensions in water using natural non-toxic surfactants. The results we obtained were applied to the study of the ecotoxicity of DWNT. Evaluation of the environmental impact of the DWNT (EcoLab collaboration) consisted in the static or semi static exposure of amphibian larvae (Ambystoma mexicanum and Xenopus laevis) with different concentrations of raw, purified or functionalised CNT. No genotoxicity was evidenced with DWNT in our test conditions for the two species tested. However, growth inhibition was demonstrated in Xenopus larvae from 10 mg/L
Malterre, Frédéric. "Impact sur l'environnement d'un herbicide du colza d'hiver : la trifluraline". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_MALTERRE_F.pdf.
Texto completoSKAYANNIS, NIKOLAOS. "Le metro dans les transports urbains et son impact sur l'environnement". Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040299.
Texto completoThe characteristics and the capacities of the various metropolitan railway systems as well as their impact on the quality of urban life are investigated in relation to the current needs of great cities of developed countries and with respect to the environmental problems and planning of the urban space. The comparison of the characteristics of the various transportation means available in the great cities demonstrates the advantages of the public transport and in particular of the metropolitan railway. A comparative study of supply and demand in the metropolitan railway systems running in 89 great cities shows the diversity in administration strategies and the relative position of the networks of the developed countries. Reasons for the documented diversity are considered. The impact of the functioning of the metropolitan railway on the urban environment is investigated on three levels. Firstly, the external space of the metropolitan railway; secondly, the metropolitan railway's own space - a non- isolated extension of the city - and, thirdly, the different aspects of the life of the urban man - commuter or non-commuter - which are influenced by the exis- tence of the metropolitan railway
Niboyet, Audrey. "Impact des changements globaux sur le cycle de l'azote". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112264.
Texto completoIn my PhD thesis, I investigated the impact of global change on nitrogen (N) cycle and more specifically on nitrification and denitrification. Impacts of global change were assessed through two experimental designs: a greenhouse experiment in which monocultures of Dactylis glomerata were grown under the interactive effects of elevated CO2 and N supply, and an in situ experiment in which grassland plots were exposed to elevated CO2, temperature, precipitation, N deposition and all their combinations. In addition, the interactive effects of a wildfire and treatments were explored. An interesting result is the non-responsiveness of gross nitrification to global change treatments despite the large effects of N treatments on potential nitrification. The two steps of nitrification also showed contrasting responses to global change treatments: ammonia oxidation increased under high N deposition, while nitrite oxidation decreased in the elevated precipitation treatment. Changes in the abundance and structure of the microbial communities involved could be responsible for these responses. Potential denitrification increased under high N and high precipitation conditions, probably because of higher N availability and lower soil oxygen content. Finally, one of the most striking results of this study was the large impact of fire on soil emissions of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas, especially in the elevated CO2 and increased N deposition plots
Bien-Aimé, Karell. "Impact de l'environnement sur l'endommagement laser des optiques de silice du Laser MégaJoule". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458884.
Texto completoMeynier, Adeline. "Réflexions sur les concepts en droit de l'environnement". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3074.
Texto completoModern environmental law appeared in France in the 1960s. It emerged empirically in response to major ecological disasters and intervened in the most diverse fields to set up legal safeguards to limit the environmental degradation. The law was then fragmented, technical and usually constituted a mere plating of conventional legal mechanisms and concepts on a new object: the environment. The lack of coherence and the construction of the law was gradually mitigated by the assertion of principles, the enactment of a Code and the consecration of the Constitutional Charter of the Environment. In addition, as the reforms proceed, law is being built around new concepts. Ecological concepts, previously qualified as insufficient to understand the environment, are supplemented by taking into account, for instance, ecosystem concepts, ecological processes or ecological solidarity. A conceptual dimension of environmental law emerges in positive law with the flagship notions of the common heritage of humanity, sustainable development, precaution, irreversibility, capable of gathering scattered pieces and asserting the maturity of environmental law. The recent conceptualization of environmental law is part of a more complete construction and a simplification and generalization of the subject matter
Ye, Hong. "Efficacité du blanchiment au peroxyde et au percarbonate des pâtes mécaniques : impact sur l'environnement /". Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2004. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/18143506R.pdf.
Texto completoYe, Hong. "Efficacité du blanchiment au peroxyde et au percarbonate des pâtes mécaniques : impact sur l'environnement". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2004. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/4731/1/000108479.pdf.
Texto completoLarroudé, Solène. "Impact relatif des changements locaux et globaux sur les communautés phytoplanctoniques des écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux et sur la dynamique des populations de cyanobactéries". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066128.
Texto completoGlobal changes can significantly impact phytoplankton communities. These global pressures are combined with local pressures specific from each ecosystem. This project aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of these two types of pressures in the response of freshwater phytoplankton communities, with a particular attention in the populations of cyanobacteria. Two time-series were analyzed: a 24-year survey on the phytoplankton community of the Loire and 11-years one on the population of Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) in Lake Bourget. We have also conducted a review of the impact of herbicides on phytoplankton communities because data available on this topic were very limited and it appeared that this pollution could be involved in some of the changes observed in the Loire. It has been shown that global climate changes had exerted strong selection pressures on the phytoplankton community of the Loire and the dynamics of cyanobacteria in the Bourget. These pressures have resulted in an increase in the relative importance of cyanobacteria in the community of the Loire and in a major influence on the importance of cyanobacteria blooms in the Bourget. It also appared that local pressures such as nutrient availability, weather events or local pesticides pollutions, also had a strong influence on communities and their combination to global pressures had sometimes led to complex and unexpected phytoplankton responses
Alkhalil, Firas. "Supervision, économie et impact sur l'environnement d'un système d'énergie électrique associé à une centrale photovoltaïque". Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00652331.
Texto completoDo, Vinh Bao. "Le vin au Vietnam : impact de l'environnement culturel sur les motivations et les préférences gustatives". Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS004.
Texto completoWine consumption in Vietnam has been on the rise for the last few years... Due to westernization and health awareness, consumers living in towns tend to be interested in wine. We are doing research in understanding how such a cultural context affects the motivations for wine drinking and wine appreciation. In the first part, everyday thinking patterns in Vietnam related to wine are explored within the theoretical framework of motivations. We used focus group techniques to explore consumers’ representations of wine and motivations in two cities in Vietnam and compared them with the ones of consumers from France. Based on items generated by focus groups results a questionnaire was then designed and administered among about 1317 Vietnamese and French participants. The effect of culture and the one of consumer’s degree of involvement were discussed. In the second part, the impact of food habits on Vietnamese consumer’s taste preferences were examined in the South and the North of Vietnam. These two regions appear to have different food habits. For example, recent surveys showed that the consumption per capita of sugar in the South is higher than in the North. Do these different food habits lead to differences in liking for a new food or beverage? Do consumers from the South prefer wine to be sweeter than consumers from the North? To address this question, psycho-physique tests and a wine consumer test were conducted in Hochiminh city in the South and Hanoi in the North of Vietnam. Our results suggest that the “frequency of consumption” matters more than the “region of origin” of the participants
Aguilar, Alicia. "Impact des contraintes physiques sur la maturation des mégacaryocytes : rôle de la rigidité de l'environnement". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ014/document.
Texto completoMegakaryopoiesis is the process of differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the aim to produce platelets able to prevent hemorrhages. These mechanisms are not well known. To better understand the process of platelet formation, we mimicked the medullar microenvironment in vitro, in 3D using hydrogel of stiffness comparable to the bone marrow. In this study we: i) characterized the physical properties of the hydrogel and design the culture of hematopoietic progenitors in this system, ii) showed the MKs ability to feel the physical constraints of their environment, then iii) showed the impact of these constraints on the MK maturation and proplatelet generation, and finally iv) highlighted the MK response to stiffness. MKs are “mecanosensitives”, being able to feel and to adapt to the physicals modifications of the environment. The activation of mechanotransduction pathways (including MKL1) and the cytoskeleton reorganization in response to extracellular physical constraints improves MK maturation, in terms of ploïdy, ultrastructure and ultimately proplatelet generation
Sauvage, Chloé. "Impact de l'environnement atmosphérique sur les liaisons optiques sans fil pour la ville du futur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAT027.
Texto completoThe free space optical (FSO) communication will be set to expand. Especially because they have easier, faster and cheaper deployment than optical fiber network. However, they present weakness in front of low visibility and beyond a range of few kilometers, thus slow down their use.The refined knowledge of the urban atmospheric channel is required in order to bring reliability solution to this technology, in particular with the choice of an appropriate wavelength.The first part of this thesis introduces the experimental FSO operation and describes the different atmospheric phenomena, such as attenuation and turbulence, which affect the laser beam propagation on few kilometers in free space.The second part presents two studies, for the first, I modeled FSO links in order to determine its availability as a function of different wavelength and atmospheric conditions. In the second study, I determined, with real measurements, the temporal evolution of an atmospheric turbulent channel. The third part validates the method Cn² reconstruction, distributed along the turbulent channel. The last part concerns the preparatory study of an experimental FSO link at λ = 4 µm which will relate the telecom performance and the channel state, in term of turbulence, characterized by the refractive index structure constant Cn². All this work constitutes a first step in the FSO links implementation under all weather conditions
Tetreau, Guillaume. "Devenir du bioinsecticide Bti dans l'environnement et impact sur le développement de résistances chez le moustique". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813611.
Texto completoAl, Rajab Abdul Jabbar. "Impact sur l'environnement d'un herbicide non sélectif, le glyphosate : approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL039N/document.
Texto completoThe main processes and factors which influence glyphosate fate in soils and the risks of water resources contamination were studied. Its adsorption in the soils was very fast and intense (Kf between 16.6 to 34.5 depending on the soil) and the effect of pH on this process was confirmed: adsorption decreases when soil pH increased. In addition, glyphosate was slightly desorbed and its degradation in controlled or natural conditions was fast, but its kinetics was very variable according to the biological activity of the soils. Degradation led to the formation of the metabolite (AMPA), which tends to accumulate in the soil. The experimentation in columns of different soils confirmed the low mobility of the glyphosate and the AMPA. The residues exported by the leachates after more than 332 days represented less than 0.28% of the amount applied. The hydrodynamic properties of the soil and the pluviometry observed had a significant effect on the leaching of the residues
Al, Rajab Abdul Jabbar Schiavon Michel. "Impact sur l'environnement d'un herbicide non sélectif, le glyphosate approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles /". S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2007_AL_RAJAB_A.pdf.
Texto completoCôté, Roland. "Impact discursif de la construction de l’Europe sur l’identité syndicale française". Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100232/document.
Texto completoStarting from a tripartite theoretical context, including sociological, sociodiscursive, and analytical aspects, this dissertation relies on the concurrent and complementary use of four textual analysis software packages, as well as discourse analysis. Its originality lies in its bidisciplinary nature, drawing from the fields of sociology and the language sciences. The main hypothesis is that changes in social organization resulting from the establishment of European institutions influence discourse and trade union identity. A diachronic analysis shows the relationship of French trade unions to the European reality. The corpus of over one million words is derived from the work of the research team of Maurice Tournier at the École normale supérieure in St-Cloud undertaken during the 1980’s and from contemporary texts which are all drawn from the congresses of four French trade unions: CFDT, CFTC, CGT, CGT-FO. The corpora are partitioned according to confederation and as a function of time period. The hypotheses posited at the beginning, of a lexical, semantic, or specific nature, concern the expression of identity in trade union discourse, and they suppose lexical changes. The initial results did not necessarily support them, but the analytical posture adopted has allowed a partial verification of them. The European issue does not occupy the whole space of profession and class relations in France. The trade union movement delegates its right of representation and negotiation at the European level to the ETUC. The identity question that emerges at the level of discourse from 1945 to 1960 is primarily of a national nature. What follows is a pursuit of self-definition that favours the emerges of a European identity
Debarbieux, Audrey. "La quête identitaire des AICS en intrafamilial : l'influence de l'environnement sur le fait psychique individuel". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC037.
Texto completoBehind every act there is a sort of "staging", an "attempt to express" what the author cannot put into words nor metabolize, which leads him to act. In this work, amoung Authors of Infringement of Sexual Character (AISC) within familial, the aim is to understand and apprehend the conditions that triggers the act and how they affected the subject's psyche, leading him to give into the transgression.Through notions taken from the analytic's literature, in particular notions linked to the psyche's construction, to traumatic clinic or even the transgenerational transmission, we debate on the question of the influence of the environment on the individual's psyche functionning. Thereby posing hypothesis that identifications and transgenerationals repeats of traumatic origin can contribute in triggering the act, even more for AISC within familial. Could this kind of acting out then represent the consequences of a family's dynamicity experienced as "failing", or even traumatic, by the subject? Using a phenomenologic approach associated with a psychoanalytic positioning, the thorough analysis of seven case-studies could help answer those questions. The objective is to create a clinic study based on the subjective experience of each of them. This is done in hope to bring forward what could lack in their structuring, in their objectals investments and relationships.This trip through the proposed cases allow the question of whether the resolvent nature of these acting out vis-à-vis a family's dynamicity in which a traumatic experience takes its roots? Through the sexual offence, perpetrated within the family, is the subject using the body and the objectisation of another family to shout out his suffering, his "ill-being"? Is the acting out, for Authors of Infringement of Sexual Character (AISC) within familial, a consequence of a traumatic identity crisis, the need to find a sense or the search to the meaning to the subject's own existence? Through the analysis of defense mechanisms, representations, transference and counter-transference positions put in place, the goal is to help rework the senses, allow those patients to develop their elaboration capability, to give them a place, with respect to their subjectivity and that of other, a place capable of sustaining the construction of their originally deficient identity, to rediscover an identity that surpasses the trauma, and open the gates of reconstruction
Juc, Liliana. "« ETUDE DES RISQUES LIES A L'UTILISATION DES PESTICIDES ORGANOCHLORES ET IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT ET LA SANTE HUMAINE »". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00330431.
Texto completoJuc, Liliana. "Étude des risques liés à l'utilisation des pesticides organochlorés et impact sur l'environnement et la santé humaine". Lyon 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/33/04/31/PDF/these_Juc.pdf.
Texto completoThe objective of this work was to study the risks of contamination of soil and food chains with organochlored pesticides (OCP). We have analyzed the soils around stockpiles and the migration of OCP`s downstream of the sites. We have evaluated the risk of a contaminated site (an old stockpile of pesticides) and we have estimated it of “type 2” – site to supervise. We have studied the accumulation of OCP`s in food chains: in vegetables, fish and food products of animal origin (creams, eggs). We found that OCP concentrations exceeded European norms in a lot of samples. These data indicate that the contamination of the food products with pesticide residues is a result of the ban on the use of DDT and HCH in agriculture and public health programs. In the present study we have estimated daily intakes of pesticides (DDT, HCH and HCB). Our results don’t exceed the admissible daily intakes (ADI). We concluded that the old stockpiles are the principal source of pollution of different ecosystems, and we propose an efficient method of remediation of contaminated soils - the “landfarming”
Cherrier, Richard. "Impact sur l'environnement de deux herbicides du maïs : la sulcotrione et l'atrazine : influence du changement d'apports organiques". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL076N.
Texto completoThis study investigates the process at the origin of the become of sulcotrione in soil. We did investigate also the effect of various agricultural amendments on the dynamic of the molecule, in comparison to atrazine's. Adsorption characteristics of the molecules on soil were determined by the experiments led in batch. Degradation was followed through time in controlled conditions with incubation as weil as in natural conditions thanks to soil columns. These last were used to assess also leaching of the molecules. Results show a weak affinity of the sulcotrione with soil constituents (23% of the applied dose) as well as an easy desorption (99% of the applied dose) leading a weak hysteresis. It degradation in controlled conditions as well as natural was fairly rapid (20% mineralization, 40% of extractible residues and 30% of bound residues after 60 days). This led to the apparition of two metabolites with mainly CMBA. Percolates obtained in soil columns did confmn the mobility properties of the sulcotrione (14% of the applied dose) after a period of one month. The changes in organic amendments highlighted that the aggregates of soils amended with compost manure, in comparison to traditional amendment, showed a higher stability and a less developed network of interconnected macro-pores. These modifications decrease the availability of the intraaggregates adsorption sites towards pesticides. Our results hypothesize that we would tend towards same environmental difficultes if the sulcotrione was as much applied as atrazine
Garreau, Isabelle. "Les agences financières de bassin : rôle, fonctionnement et impact sur la qualité de l'environnement depuis leur création". Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P088.
Texto completoStefani, Franck Orsupetru. "Impact des arbres génétiquement modifiés sur les communautés fongiques du sol". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27367/27367.pdf.
Texto completoPobel, David. "Les proliférations cyanobactériennes en étangs piscicoles : impact de l'environnement sur la dynamique et génétique des populations et sur la production de toxines". Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENA007.
Texto completoGenerally, cyanobacteria proliferations show great spatial and temporal variations in their cell abundances and potential toxicity, which makes it difficult to control the development of these microorganisms and to predict the health risks associated with these events. Within this scope, the first goal of my PhD thesis was to test different sampling strategies to guarantee the best monitoring of the cell abundances during cyanobacteria proliferations. We made a high frequency sampling (six points every other day) in a shallow lake located in Forez and we evidenced that the two blooming-species (Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) showed strongly contrasted spatial and temporal patterns of their cell abundances precluding having a common optimal sampling strategy for both species. Even if three sampling points were enough to take into account the spatial heterogeneity of Microcystis and Aphanizomenon cells, a monthly or two-monthly sampling was sufficient for Microcystis whereas a weekly sampling was necessary for Aphanizomenon. The second goal was to gain a better understanding of Microcystis proliferation development. To achieve this aim, we estimated spatial and temporal changes in the genotypic composition (using the SSCP method in the 16S-23S ITS) and in the potential toxicity (by measuring the microcystin concentration and proportion of mcyB+ cells). We obtained a homogeneous spatial repartition of the genotypic composition. Moreover, during the growth phase, there were many rapid changes in the genotypic composition whereas this composition remained stable for several weeks where the maximum cell abundance was reached. As for potential toxicity, the proportion of mcyB+ cells remains at around 60 % during the proliferation but we observed higher variations during the growth phase. No relation was found between the variations of the genotypic composition and proportion of toxic cells on the one hand and the variations of several environmental factors (nutrients, temperature, rain) on the other hand, suggesting that other factors may be involved in these variations and that many complex interactions occur between these factors. Finally, the third goal of my PhD thesis was to compare the genotypic composition and the potential toxicity of different Microcystis populations, which were more or less interconnected. This comparison evidenced the great importance of local environmental factors and processes in the beginning and development of these events
Séférian, Roland. "Impact du changement climatique sur les flux de carbone océaniques : rôle de la variabilité décennale". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0057.
Texto completoSince the industrial revolution, oceans have absorbed roughly one quarter of the anthropogenic emissions of CO2, slowing down climate change. The evolution of the ocean carbon sink, paralleled to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, is ruled by the CO2 as well as climate. Influence of atmospheric CO2 in the recent evolution of the ocean carbon sink is well understood whilst this is not the case for the climate’s one. Indeed, some authors claim that the recent variations of the ocean CO2 sink can be attributed to climate change, whereas some others suggest that these latter are controlled by a decadal variability, which is poorly understood. In this thesis, we address question relative to the role of the decadal variability of the ocean carbon fluxes through the mean of numerical modeling. On one hand, we have demonstrated that ocean carbon fluxes exhibit decadal fluctuations within the high latitudes oceans. These fluctuations displays modes of 10 to 50-year long which account for 20–40% of the year-to-year variability. Thanks to Detection & Attribution methods applied to RECCAP project’s reconstructions (1960–2005), we have then assessed whether the occurrence of fluctuations at decadal time scale could hamper the detection of the climate contribution to the recent evolution of ocean carbon fluxes. We have shown that the climate contribution is indeed not detected in the high latitude oceans due to the presence of decadal mode of variability. In the low latitude oceans instead, the weaker fluctuations of ocean carbon fluxes at decadal time scale favor the detection of climate influence in the recent variations of the CO2 fluxes
Rossano, Manon. "Utilisation des nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane dans les émulsions cosmétiques : impact sur la santé humaine et l'environnement". Thesis, Le Havre, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEHA0003/document.
Texto completoTitanium dioxide, the most commonly used mineral compound in cosmetic sunscreen products, has recently been incorporated in the form of nanoparticles, which raises health issues. We have developed a protocol of oil-in-water emulsions that enables the incorporation of different amount (2.5-10%) of TiO2 nanoparticles coated with two distinct hydrophobic surface treatments: an isopropyl titanium triisostearate / triethoxycaprylylsilane hybrid coating and a triethoxycaprylylsilane coating. The incorporation of nanoparticles preserves the microscopic structure of the emulsion while enhancing the rheological properties. Physico-chemical analyses showed that the initial state of flocculation of the emulsions is coating-dependant. At 50°C, emulsions destabilize over time until a strong aggregation of nanoparticles, in a delayed way for the hybrid coating. Formulations with and without nanoparticles appear slightly cytotoxic, with an enhanced effect for high amount of TiO2 and for a 40 days aging at high temperatures. We have shown that the surface of nanoparticles extracted from the formulations has been modified during aging, due to an adsorption of chemicals of the emulsion to the nanoparticle surface. Such modified nanoparticles become more cytotoxic if compared to raw nanoparticles. Aging mechanisms can therefore release nanomaterials residues with an increased toxic activity compared to their initial state, and thus could lead to health hazard for humans and for the environment
Guillon-Cottard, Isabelle. "Les ports de plaisance et leur impact sur l'environnement maritime et terrestre : études de cas : Provence, Méditerranée, France". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32019.
Texto completoPleasure boat harbours have been a real bonus for coastal towns since the sixties. However, because of a sudden awareness of the fragility of the seashore, their anarchic urbanization was curbed thanks to a number of legal measures. Marinas have nevertheless remained shelters for resident or passing boats ; they are equipped with a range of sailing and yachting facilities which must be managed in the best interests of the communities. This type of development, even though it is specific, has to be considered within its context. First of all, marine flora and fauna are subjected to numerous polluting factors linked to human activities. Physical, biological and chemical pollutants are found inside as well as outside the harbour compound and sometimes combine their harmful effects. Some of these were revealed : turbidity and water dystrophy, modification of the coastal line, regression of posidonia oceanica meadow, bacterial contamination by sewage outflows, important concentrations of heavy metals, presence of hydrocarbons and detergents, and accumulation of waste of various kinds. The urban areas next to the harbours are also under their influence. Because of the hustle and bustle they bring about, marinas can actually generate seasonal commercial activities in the town centers as well as be an element of urban redevelopment. However, it also creates in the town centers, parking and traffic problems connected with the temporary occupancy of the harbours and the neighbouring beaches. All of the data was taken into account in the study of four pleasure boat harbours (provence, mediterranean sea, france) and brought about a number of legal and technical solutions
Sadiki, Mustapha. "Etude des effets coopératifs entre les ions métalliques et les hydrocarbures à l'interface eau-air : Impact sur l'environnement". Brest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BRES2008.
Texto completoBenzene and cyclohexane adsorption, at the air-water interface, from aqueous solutions, and lead nitrate coadsorption from hydrocarbon-water mixtures have been studied by two different methods. Tensiometry has been used for concentrated solutions. For diluted ones, a bubble column has been constructed, standardized and used for the first time in an original study. Hydrocarbon presence in the adsorption layer induces the coadsorption of lead salt. The role of concentrations and hydrocarbon nature is discussed. Coadsorption phenomenon may exist in environment and could explain the passing of heavy metal salts from aqueous sheets to atmosphere through a bubbling phenomenon
Gu, Chao. "Création d'un modèle inductifs de croissance de clusters industriels à flux optimisés, pour réduire leur impact sur l'environnement". Thesis, Le Havre, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEHA0013/document.
Texto completoIndustrial ecology aims to resolve issues related to the use of technological resources in societies in order to add to the party the knowledge to begin to assess quality issues related to the environment and resource availability issues. The concept of industrial ecology can be realized and practiced through the establishment of eco-industrial parks. An eco-industrial park is a manufacturing community and service businesses located together on a common property. Members seek environmental performance, increased economic and social through collaboration in managing environmental and resource. The main aim of this thesis is to create mathematical optimization models to maximize trade flows in an eco-industrial park and to reduce the negative impacts of industry on the environment. The seven symbolic eco-industrial parks have been studied in this thesis in order to get a practical view of the issues and to acquire information from the development of eco-parks in reality. The numerical tools and optimization models for eco-industrial parks were studied. Three optimization models have been proposed with numerical simulations in this thesis
Levet, Anne-Laure. "Impact économique des politiques environnementales : les effets sur les coûts et la compétitivité des entreprises aéronautiques". Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020008.
Texto completoPinard, Émilie. "Charrette participative à Dakar : construction théorique et critique sur l'aménagement participatif dans un cadre de développement". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21365.
Texto completoEn-Nefkhaoui, Aziz. "L' impact du mandat d'arrêt européen sur la construction d'un espace judiciaire pénal européen". Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10028.
Texto completoRoy, Cynthia. "Les variables de l'environnement de travail perçues comme ayant un impact sur le transfert des apprentissages chez des cadres intermédiaires". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6478.
Texto completoKechichian, Ardem. "Impact de l'environnement du diélectrique sur les performances du transistor pour les noeuds technologiques de 32 nm à 14 nm". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066748.
Texto completoFor the sub-32 nm CMOS technological nodes, the implementation of a high dielectric constant oxide and a metal gate has been necessary. However, this architecture has an intrinsic instability that shifts the threshold voltage after a thermal activation. In the literature, this phenomenon is explained by a few models that are all oxygen diffusion-based. One school of thought called Fermi Level Pinning creates a consensus, and justifies the threshold voltage shift with the creation of a dipole at the high-k/metal interface during an annealing. This work focuses on the oxygen diffusion in the 14 nm technological node-oriented stack TiN/HfO2/SiO2/Si. The XPS characterizations of this stack after annealing show that above 450°C, the substrate oxidizes along with the reduction of the Ti+IV into Ti+III. The TiN acts as a catalyst of this reaction, and allows the diffusion of oxygen from the top of the stacks to the substrate. The system is equivalent to a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. This oxidation happens in less than 10 seconds, and is then limited by the diffusion of the oxygen through the SiO2 layer. Two opposite dipoles result at the Si/SiO2 and HfO2/TiN interfaces, with their intensity increasing with the annealing temperature. In accordance with the Fermi Level Pinning model, the second dipole is preponderant, and oriented with its positive charges in the high-k. Finally, electrical characterizations and impedance spectroscopy confirm these results
LACHGAR, MOUSTAPHA. "Desorption d'ions negatifs stimulee par impact d'electrons de basse energie sur les molecules condensees : effets de l'environnement et reactivite induite". Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112042.
Texto completoTran, Tien Dung. "L'usage du vélo en libre-service : impact de l'environnement socio-économique des stations sur la génération de la demande : application sur la Métropole de Lyon". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2179.
Texto completoIn a context of sustainable transport, the bike sharing is an important factor in the policies to promote soft modes of transport in the urban center. Its rapid development in the world requires a need to deepen the usage of this mode of travel. Our contribution through this research is to analyze the important built-environment factors and the characteristics of bike sharing system that influence the use of bike sharing in order to build predictive models of demand for bike sharing. Assuming that socio-economic elements around the bike sharing stations are qualitatively and quantitatively explanatory for the use of bike sharing, our approach are based primarily on statistical analysis of temporal and spatial elements explaining bike sharing usage in order to determine and quantify the important built-environment variables. These variables are then used to model the generation of the daily demand of bike sharing using multiple linear regression method. The models estimating inflows and outflows of bike sharing using socioeconomic variables determined in a buffer area of each station are built. These models are useful for estimating the demand for new stations in an enlargement perspective of an existing bike sharing system or location and sizing of a new bike sharing system. The similar process of determination, quantification of the explanatory variables and modelling can be used to form a framework to predict the demand of other vehicle sharing systems
Thuiller, Wilfried. "Impact des changements globaux sur la biodiversité en Europe : projections et incertitudes". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20101.
Texto completoPailler, Christophe. "Étude de la dissymétrie apportée par l'environnement spatial sur un composite multicouche à matrice organique". Toulouse, ENSAE, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ESAE0011.
Texto completoZugravu, Natalia. "Croissance, Commerce, IDE et leur impact sur l'Environnement : cas de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale et de la Communauté des Etats Indépendants". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450676.
Texto completoZugravu-Soilita, Natalia. "Croissance, commerce, IDE et leur impact sur l'environnement : cas de l'Europe centrale et orientale et de la Communauté des États indépendants". Paris 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450676.
Texto completoGoix, Sylvaine. "Origine et impact des pollutions liées aux activités minières sur l'environnement (eau-sol-atmosphère) et la santé, cas de Oruro (Bolivie)". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1672/.
Texto completoThis work deals with current problematic issues of environment-health interactions. This thesis describes the origin of mining and smelting polymetallic pollution (Ag, Au, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) and its impact on environment and health in the mining city of Oruro, Bolivia. Samples of tap water, the hydrographic network, soils, dusts, aerosols (PM2,5 et PM10) and bioindicators of atmospheric contamination (Tillandsias capillaris) were geochemically (ICP-MS) and mineralogically (DRX, SEM) characterized. All the compartments of the urban area studied ("water ", "soil" and "atmosphere") were contaminated by trace elements, especially near smelters and mines (reaching 16000 µg/g Pb in dust and 200 ng/m3 As in PM10 close to the smelting area). Statistical studies and spatial interpolations helped in the identification of atmospheric contamination sources and their scope. Soil and dust studies also indicated other more local sources, such as old ore stockage areas. Granulometric separation of dusts showed that trace elements were more highly concentrated in fine fractions, but not necessarily in the clay (< 2µm), which is generally considered to be the most contaminated fraction. Oral bioaccessibility of dust fractions (UBM method), is higher overall in the smelting area than in the mining one. Bioaccessibility greatly varies depending on the granulometric fraction or elements considered (up to 90% for As and less than 5% for Sn and Sb). Exposure to trace elements in children depending on their place of residence was calculated considering dust and aerosol inhalation and ingestion. Taking into account granulometry and bioaccessibility can considerably change the absorbed dose calculated. Estimated exposure and trace element content in children's hair previously measured prove to be correlated. In this study, Pb showed a particular behaviour, with soil Pb concentrations were very high when compared to weak aerosol concentrations. Child exposure is thus greatly linked to type and location of the child's activities, which can explain the variability observed in a previous epidemiological study
Goix, Sylvaine. "Origine et impact des pollutions liées aux activités minières sur l'environnement (eau-sol-atmosphère) et la santé, cas de Oruro (Bolivie)". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781152.
Texto completoBoutillier, Mathieu. "Approche méthodologique de l'impact de l'environnement radiatif spatial sur les propriétés intrinsèques d'une diode laser". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00256823.
Texto completoChabot, Valérie. "Impact des applications localisées d'herbicides sur les quantités utilisées et sur le désherbage dans les grandes cultures". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/42709.
Texto completoPouliot, Éric. "Impact de l'environnement d'élevage durant la période hivernale sur les performances de croissance et la qualité de la viande des agneaux lourds". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24667/24667.pdf.
Texto completoBourdin, Delphine Marcelle Jeanne. "Composés organiques volatils émis par les matériaux de construction : impact sur la qualité de l’air intérieur". Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3030.
Texto completoNowadays, buildings are more and more airtight in order to limit heat loss as much as possible. At the same time, building, decorative and furnishing materials are known to be a volatile organic compound (VOC) and formaldehyde source. The result of these two facts is that indoor air is finally more polluted than outdoor air. During this PhD, a new analytical method based on SPME/GC/MS to analyse simultaneously VOCs and formaldehyde in indoor air was developed. A new emission cell was also designed to evaluate materials emission by coupling it with SPME. All these new methods were then applied in two new buildings (a high school and a dwelling) in order to follow indoor air quality and building materials emissions during the six month following their construction. Finally, the data collected during this study were used to develop an indoor air quality modeling
Thoma, Françoise. "Le principe de subsidiarité en droit communautaire : sa signification et son impact sur la construction communautaire". Paris 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA020016.
Texto completoThe principle of subsidiarity has its origins in political philosophy and in the social doctrine of the catholic church. It has then successively progressed towards positive law and has been formalized, from a legal point of view, in article 3b of the european union treaty. The thesis analyses how the principle of subsidiarity has emerged in community law and has become a fundamental constitutional principle of such law. The analysis focuses on the question of the justiciability of the principle of subsidiarity and comes to the conclusion that such principle has a mediate justiciability, i. E. That it is justiciable only in connection with a substantial positive norm. As to the principle's consequences on european integration, such impact is double : on one hand, the insertion of the principle of subsidiarity in positive law implies the necessity of a reorientation of the interpretation of community supremacy and preemption towards a presumption in favor of the smallest level. Absent an explicit list of distribution of powers between the union and the member states, the starting hypothesis must be that the attributed powers are in principle shared and that the member states are presumed to fulfil their functions in a sufficient manner. Concrete examples show that the court of justice is currently inflecting its formerly very pro-communitarian position. On the other hand, the introduction of the principle of subsidiarity into positive law evidences a new interpretation of european 'federalism' : european integration goes beyond the traditional legal categories. It is built on a functional, dynamic and flexible model of distribution of powers, which powers are never attributed once and forever invariably ; the exercise of such powers by one or the other level is organized as a continuum. The new federalism is based on the support of the relevant populations, who require that the higher level justifies its interventions
Mahmoudysepehr, Mehdi. "Modélisation du comportement du tunnelier et impact sur son environnement". Thesis, Centrale Lille Institut, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLIL0028.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis research work consists in understanding the behavior of the TBM according to the environment encountered in order to propose safe, durable and quality solutions for the digging of the tunnel.The main objective of this doctoral thesis work is to better understand the behavior of the TBM according to its environment. Thus, we will explore how the TBM reacts according to the different types of terrain and how it acts on the various elements of tunnel structure (voussoirs). This will make it possible to propose an intelligent and optimal dimensioning of the voussoirs and instructions of adapted piloting