Artículos de revistas: "Immunization schemes"

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Zhu, Anding, Wanying Chen, Jinming Zhang, Xiaojie Zong, Wenmin Zhao y Yi Xie. "Investor immunization to Ponzi scheme diffusion in social networks and financial risk analysis". International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, n.º 11 (30 de abril de 2019): 1950104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219501042.

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Most illegal Ponzi schemes are ultimately out of control and lead to systemic financial risk. Risk education and precaution are similar to mass random immunization of epidemic spreading. In this study, the effect of random immunization strategy is evaluated based on the potential-investor–divestor (PID) spreading model in both homo- and inhomogeneous social networks. Fund flux function and system balance function are formulated. The zero point of system balance is used as the collapse point. The peak value of balance, the total number of investors involved and the total amount of principal involved are defined to compare the immunization effects in various scenarios. Mathematical derivation and numerical simulation show that the random immunization takes effect by postponing the peak position of the system balance as well as suppressing the peak values of the system balance. This kind of positive effect helps reduce the scheme’s scale of total number of investors involved and total amount of principal involved. The random immunization is more powerful towards the schemes with small spreading rate than those with medium and high spreading rates. Hence, it is suitable for the concentrated regulation on a large amount of small scale and slow spreading schemes in bulk.

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Akimkin, V. G. y T. A. Semenenko. "Epidemiological and Immunological Efficacy of Health Workers Vaccination against Hepatitis B". Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 16, n.º 4 (20 de agosto de 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2017-16-4-52-57.

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The results of specific immunization of hospital health workers with domestic hepatitis B «Combiotech» vaccine indicate its high immunological and epidemiological efficiency. Protective level of collective immunity was established during surveillance according to the standard vaccination scheme, and epidemiological protectability over a period of the emergency vaccination scheme with the threat of professional infection. The marked lack of hepatitis B cases among vaccinated persons when carrying out immunization according to standard and emergency schemes as well as a significant reduction of the morbidity of medical staff of various clinical forms of the infection got registered. Use of domestic preparation taking into account two serotypes of ayw and adw which are contained in vaccines against hepatitis B is advisable.

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Grinchik, Polina R., Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova, Marina V. Fedoseenko, Asiya A. Girina, Sergey V. Kovalev, Anastasia V. Mazokha, Elena D. Makushina et al. "Comparative Analysis of Immunization and Immunization Coverage in Children of Russian Federation Federal Districts". Pediatric pharmacology 19, n.º 1 (3 de marzo de 2022): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v18i6.2351.

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Background. One of the effective ways to maintain the epidemic well-being of vaccine preventable diseases is to estimate immunization rates and coverage.Objective. The aim of the study is to conduct comparative analysis of immunization levels among children in various regions of Russian Federation. Methods. Children aged from 6 months to 15 years conducted comparative analysis of indicators of documented immunization and immunization coverage according to forms 112/y and 036/y in four federal districts of Russian Federation. The immunization rate was estimated in individuals who had completed vaccination scheme according to the national immunization schedule (NIS) (of 2014). Immunization coverage was estimated by number of persons with at least one vaccination in past medical history.Results. The analysis was performed on 2687 children medical records from the Central, Ural, Siberian and Volga federal districts (FD). BCG immunization rates in all FDs tend to be 100%. There are high levels of immunization against hepatitis B, as well as against measles, rubella and parotitis (the lowest values are noted in the Central Federal District: against hepatitis B — 74%, against measles, rubella, mumps — 69%, high — in the Volga Federal District: against hepatitis B — 95%, against measles, rubella, mumps — 97%). There is significant mismatch in immunization rates and immunization coverage for pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis in all FDs (from 20% to 40%) indicating that there are disturbances in vaccination schemes. Low immunization rates are noted against pneumococcal infection (from 12% in the Siberian Federal District to 36% in the Volga Federal District) and influenza (from 0.5% in the Volga Federal District to 9% in the Ural Federal District).Conclusion. The highest immunization rates for all infections included in the NIS (apart from influenza) were revealed in the Volga Federal District. Influenza immunization rate is critically low in all FDs.

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Eyer, Klaus. "Reading the writing of immunizations in mice – the quantitative assessment of secreted antibodies to evaluate the quality of immunizations". Journal of Immunology 206, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de mayo de 2021): 59.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.59.21.

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Abstract Vaccination needs to prepare the immune system to rapidly secrete specific antibodies upon a future encounter with the pathogen. Assessments of this feature are often challenging to perform, as measurements using antibody titers represent only a poorly resolved average of the rapidly evolving repertoire. We recently published and described a novel, droplet-based microfluidic technology that allows the quantitative characterization of humoral immune responses with single-cell and -antibody resolution. The employed snapshot analysis in this system enables studying even rapidly evolving repertoires. Additionally, the method extracts for each secreted antibody its production rate, specificity, and affinity, offering a high-resolution view of immunization. Consequently, this system enables the investigation of the immunization-generated secreted antibody repertoire with high temporal, analytical, and spatial resolution. This study in mice used the above method to characterize the quality of the immunization-induced immunoglobulin-G repertoire, and we correlated these measures with the recall-accessible repertoire. Here, we showed that introducing variation in the immunization schemes led to significant differences in the secreted repertoire. Additional analysis after recall allowed quantifying the accessible antibody repertoire, and due to the single-cell resolution, our data allowed us to compare these two repertoires on a phenotypical level. We showed that the relationships between the two repertoires are not trivial and strongly depend on immunization itself. In summary, the developed approach introduced a novel, quantitative, and functionally resolved alternative to study the quality of immunizations.

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Xiang, Fei y Shan Li. "Parameter Optimization of PID Controller for Boiler Combustion System by Applying Adaptive Immune Genetic Algorithm". Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (julio de 2012): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.961.

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For power plant boiler combustion control system has large inertia, nonlinear and other complex characteristics, a control algorithm of PID optimized by means of adaptive immune genetic algorithm is presented. A variety of improved schemes of GA were designed, include: initial population generating scheme, fitness function design scheme, immunization strategy, adaptive crossover probability and adaptive mutation probability design scheme. By taking the rise time, error integral and overshoot of system response as the performance index, and using genetic algorithm for real-coded of PID parameters, then a group of optimal values were obtained. Simulation results show that the method has a good dynamic performance, superior to the conventional PID controller.

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Liu, Maoxing. "The analysis of HIV/AIDS drug-resistant on networks". International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, n.º 05 (11 de marzo de 2014): 1440008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114400087.

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In this paper, we present an Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) drug-resistant model using an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model on scale-free networks. We derive the threshold for the epidemic to be zero in infinite scale-free network. We also prove the stability of disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and persistence of HIV/AIDS infection. The effects of two immunization schemes, including proportional scheme and targeted vaccination, are studied and compared. We find that targeted strategy compare favorably to a proportional condom using has prominent effect to control HIV/AIDS spread on scale-free networks.

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Shurygina, A. P. S., N. V. Zabolotnykh, T. I. Vinogradova, K. A. Vasilyev, Zh V. Buzitskaya y M. A. Stukova. "Lung memory T-cell response in mice following intranasal immunization with influenza vector expressing mycobacterial proteins". Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 10, n.º 3 (7 de agosto de 2020): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-iol-1232.

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Improving specific prevention of tuberculosis continues to be a top priority in phthisiology. “Prime-boost” vaccination schemes aim to maintain adequate levels of specific immunity while forming long-term protection. They are based on sequential use of BCG vaccine and new vaccine candidates expressing protective mycobacterial proteins. The development of new tuberculosis prevention approaches requires an understanding of how the anti-tuberculosis immune response forms and which mechanisms provide TB protection. Since tuberculosis is an airborne infection, vaccine effectiveness largely depends on mucosal immunity based on the formation of long-lived, functionally-active memory T-lymphocytes in the respiratory tract. We have previously shown that the influenza vector expressing ESAT-6 and Ag85A mycobacterial proteins (Flu/ESAT-6_Ag85A) in vaccination scheme of intranasal boost immunization resulted in significant increase of BCG's protective effect according to key indicators aggregate data in experimental tuberculosis infection. The aim of this work was to study the effect of intranasal immunization with the Flu/ESAT-6_Ag85A influenza vector on the formation of antigen-specific central and effector memory T cells and the cytokine-producing activity of effector T cells (TEM) in BCG standard and “BCG prime — influenza vector boost” vaccination schemes in mice. Intranasal immunization with the influenza vector has been shown to increase the proportion of antigen-specific CD4+ central memory T cells (TCM) in the pool of activated lymphocytes of lung and spleen reaching significant differences from the BCG group in the percentage of spleen CD4+ TCM (p < 0.01). In contrast to BCG, vaccination with the studied vaccine candidate was accompanied by accumulation of highly differentiated CD8 effector cells in lung, the target organ during tuberculosis infection. Comparative evaluation of the cell-mediated, post-vaccine immune response after immunization with influenzavector-based vaccine candidate (intranasal/mucosal) or BCG vaccine (subcutaneous) showed advantages in the mucosal group: in formation of functionally active subpopulations of effector CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes (CD44highCD62Llow) in lungs secreting IL-2 as well as polyfunctional cells capable of coproducing two cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα or IFNγ/IL-2) or three cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα/IL-2). Due to their more pronounced effector function, polyfunctional T-lymphocytes can be considered to be potential immunological markers of protective immunity in tuberculosis.

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Stovba, L. F., O. V. Chukhralya, D. I. Pavel’ev, N. K. Chernikova y S. V. Borisevich. "Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Schemes for Using Recombinant Vector Vaccines against Ebola Fever, Based on Vaccinia Virus, MVA Strain". Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, n.º 4 (7 de enero de 2024): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2023-4-24-31.

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The aim of this review was to investigate the use of the vaccines based on vaccinia virus, MVA stain, and adenovirus vectors for the prevention of Ebola virus disease. The recombinant MVA strains expressing antigen determinants of Filoviridae family representatives were assessed as possible candidates for vaccine preparations. Application of this virus as a vaccine vector is conditioned by the absence of herd immunity to smallpox and its safety for healthy adult volunteers, children, adolescents, individuals suffering from tuberculosis, persons aged 56–80 years, people with diagnosed atopic dermatitis, AIDS. Furthermore, immunization with the vaccine on the basis of vaccinia virus, MVA strain, does not cause complications associated with cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical trials on immunogenicity and protective efficiency were carried out on immune-competent and immune-compromised mice; guinea pigs adapted to Ebola virus; rhesus macaques and cynomolgus monkeys. Presented are the results of experiments on the creation of vaccines expressing either only viral glycoprotein or viral glycoprotein and structural protein Vp40. Given that Ebola fever and other filovirus infection outbreaks are hard to predict, multivalent vaccines that would be able to provide protection against all filovirus species were designed. Clinical trials on simultaneous use of the vaccines based on recombinant adenovirus vectors and MVA strain showed more pronounced safety of vaccines on the basis of recombinant MVA strain. Studies of humoral and T-cell immune responses have revealed that this vector is more suitable for booster vaccination in case of heterologous prime/booster immunization scheme. Vaccination regimens for forming strong durable immune responses have been analyzed. Epidemiological modeling provided evidence that preventive immunization leading to long-term immunity in healthy population in areas of high epidemic risk will be of greater benefit in terms of controlling future outbreaks compared to ring immunization that was effective during smallpox eradication campaign. Increased immunity level, induced by prime/booster vaccination, persisting for a long period of time, will have an advantage over accelerated ring immunization; when the duration of protection is more significant than the speed it is formed at.

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WANG, Jun, Yunqing HAN y Miles F. WILKINSON. "An active immunization approach to generate protective catalytic antibodies". Biochemical Journal 360, n.º 1 (8 de noviembre de 2001): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3600151.

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We report that mice immunized with a phosphate immunogen produced polyclonal catalytic antibodies (PCAbs) that catalysed the hydrolysis of carbaryl, a widely used broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide that exerts toxic effects in animals and humans. The reaction catalysed by the PCAbs (IgGs) obeyed Michaelis–Menten kinetics in vitro with the following values at pH8.0 and 25°C: Km≈ 8.0μM, kcat = 4.8×10−3–5.8×10−1, kcat/knon-cat = 5.6×101–6.8×103 (where knon-cat is the rate constant of the reaction in the absence of added catalyst). The PCAbs were also active in whole sera under physiological conditions in vitro. The PCAbs induced in vivo were also active in vivo, as immunization with the phosphate immunogen decreased the mouse blood concentration of carbaryl. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that active immunization generates antibodies possessing therapeutic catalytic function in vivo. We propose that active immunization schemes that induce enzymically active antibodies may provide a highly specific therapeutic approach for degrading toxic substances.

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Protasov, A. V., N. P. Andreeva y A. M. Kostinovа. "Vaccination of patients with bronchial asthma against influenza and pneumococcal infection". Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, n.º 4 (2 de septiembre de 2019): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2019-4-90-98.

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The review presents data on the role of respiratory agents in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of bronchial asthma and the impact of vaccination on the clinical course of the disease. The features of the formation of protective immunity in various immunization schemes are analyzed. In patients with bronchial asthma, the substantiation of the vaccination scheme with the advantage of priority administration of conjugated polysaccharide vaccine followed by the introduction of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine after 8 weeks is given. It was shown that vaccination against pneumococcal infection resulted in elimination from sputum S. pneumoniae. Influenza vaccination in patients with bronchial asthma reduced the frequency and duration of exacerbations. Combined vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infections did not reduce the clinical and immunological effect.

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Simões, Cláudia, Luís Oliveira y Jorge M. Bravo. "Immunization Strategies for Funding Multiple Inflation-Linked Retirement Income Benefits". Risks 9, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9040060.

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Protecting against unexpected yield curve, inflation, and longevity shifts are some of the most critical issues institutional and private investors must solve when managing post-retirement income benefits. This paper empirically investigates the performance of alternative immunization strategies for funding targeted multiple liabilities that are fixed in timing but random in size (inflation-linked), i.e., that change stochastically according to consumer price or wage level indexes. The immunization procedure is based on a targeted minimax strategy considering the M-Absolute as the interest rate risk measure. We investigate to what extent the inflation-hedging properties of ILBs in asset liability management strategies targeted to immunize multiple liabilities of random size are superior to that of nominal bonds. We use two alternative datasets comprising daily closing prices for U.S. Treasuries and U.S. inflation-linked bonds from 2000 to 2018. The immunization performance is tested over 3-year and 5-year investment horizons, uses real and not simulated bond data and takes into consideration the impact of transaction costs in the performance of immunization strategies and in the selection of optimal investment strategies. The results show that the multiple liability immunization strategy using inflation-linked bonds outperforms the equivalent strategy using nominal bonds and is robust even in a nearly zero interest rate scenario. These results have important implications in the design and structuring of ALM liability-driven investment strategies, particularly for retirement income providers such as pension schemes or life insurance companies.

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Huang, Ting, Kelei Zhao, Xuhao Song, Tao Song, Xinrong Wang, Xiuyue Zhang, Bisong Yue y Yiwen Chu. "Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization with DNA Vaccine and Modified Recombinant Proteins Enhances Immune Response against Trueperella pyogenes in Mice". Vaccines 10, n.º 6 (25 de mayo de 2022): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060839.

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Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) is a crucial opportunistic pathogen normally causing mastitis, abscesses and pneumonia in economically important ruminants. Although only one commercial vaccine of T. pyogenes is currently obtainable, its immunoprotective effect is limited. Pyolysin (PLO) is the most predominant virulence factor highly expressed in T. pyogenes and is an excellent target for the development of novel vaccines against T. pyogenes. In this study, we designed a heterologous prime-boost vaccination scheme combining a DNA vaccine pVAX1-PLO and a subunit vaccine His-PLO to maximize host responses in mice. Humoral and cellular immune responses and protective effects were evaluated in mice to compare the immunogenicity induced by different immunization schemes. Compared to the PBS-control group, in vivo immunization results showed that better immune responses of mice immunized with the pVAX1-PLO plasmids and His-PLO proteins were induced. The residual bacterial burdens from the liver and peritoneal fluid were remarkably decreased in the immunized mice compared with the PBS group. Notably, the heterologous prime-boost vaccination groups significantly enhanced host humoral and cellular immune responses and protected mice from different virulent T. pyogenes strains infection. Conclusively, this study provides a favorable strategy for the further development of next-generation vaccines against T. pyogenes infections.

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LIU, XINZHI y PETER STECHLINSKI. "SWITCHING VACCINATION SCHEMES FOR VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES WITH SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS". Journal of Biological Systems 25, n.º 03 (septiembre de 2017): 441–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339017500218.

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Theory is developed for an epidemic model of a seasonally-spreading vector-borne disease using a hybrid system framework. Applicable to diseases spread by mosquitoes (e.g., chikungunya and Zika virus via Aedes albopictus), seasonal variations in transmission are modeled using switching parameters to represent term-time forcing. The vector agent is assumed to exhibit a period of incubation upon infection, modeled using a distribution. Three hybrid control strategies are analyzed in detail: switching cohort immunization, pulse vaccination at pre-specified times, and state-dependent pulse vaccination. Methods from switched systems theory are used to derive threshold disease eradication conditions involving the model parameters; convergence of solutions to a disease-free set or periodic solution is shown. A comprehensive analysis is performed to compare and contrast the different control schemes.

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Zhang, Juping y Zhen Jin. "The Analysis of Epidemic Network Model with Infectious Force in Latent and Infected Period". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2010 (2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/604329.

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We discuss the epidemic network model with infectious force in latent and infected period. We obtain the basic reproduction number and analyze the globally dynamic behaviors of the disease-free equilibrium when the basic reproduction number is less than one. The effects of various immunization schemes are studied. Finally, the final sizes relation is derived for the network epidemic model. The derivation depends on an explicit formula for the basic reproduction number of network of disease transmission models.

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Siboni, Knud y Herdis von Magnus. "SERODIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN TYPE 1 POLIOVIRUSES WITH ANTISERA PRODUCED IN RABBITS USING FOUR DIFFERENT IMMUNIZATION SCHEMES". Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 58, n.º 3 (17 de agosto de 2009): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1963.tb01584.x.

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Nath, D. C. y B. Patowari. "Estimation and Comparison of Immunization Coverage under Different Sampling Methods for Health Surveys". International Journal of Population Research 2014 (7 de agosto de 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/850479.

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Immunization currently averts an estimated 2-3 million deaths every year in all age groups. Hepatitis B is a major public health problem worldwide. In this study, the estimates of hepatitis B vaccine coverage are compared among three sampling plans namely, 30×30 sampling and 30×7 sampling method under cluster sampling and systematic random sampling schemes. The data has been taken from the survey “Comparison of Two Survey Methodologies to Estimate Total Vaccination Coverage” sponsored by Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. It is observed that the estimations of proportions of this vaccination coverage are significantly not different at 5% level of probability. Both 30×30 sampling and 30×7 sampling will be preferred to systematic sampling in estimation of hepatitis B vaccine coverage for this study population because of quick estimation and lesser cost. The 30×7 cluster sampling is the most recommended method for such immunization coverage especially in a developing country.

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Ivanov, E. V., A. V. Kapustin y N. N. Avduevskaya. "The effectiveness of vaccination in acute postpartum endometritis of cows". Agrarian science, n.º 1 (19 de enero de 2024): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2024-378-1-60-64.

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The article presents the results of studies of the vaccine against infectious mastitis and acute postpartum endometritis of cows inactivated. The specific efficacy of the vaccine was determined by the number of cases of cows with endometritis. The disease was recorded in 14.2% of the experimental and 52.5% of the animals in the control group within a month after calving.An experiment was conducted comparing the effectiveness of two immunization regimens, the first of which provides for primary vaccination of pregnant animals, the second — the beginning of immunization of heifers from 6–8 months of age, followed by a single injection every 6 months at a dose of 3 ml. During the experiment, endometritis was detected in 10% of cows in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, which is 3.7 times lower than in animals in the control group (36.6%). Thus, it was established that both animal immunization schemes are effective in combating the incidence of calving cows with endometritis.When studying the intrauterine secretions of cows with endometritis, a significant effect of immunization on the species composition of pathogens was established. Thus, in cows of the control group, E.coli with endometritis was isolated 3.4 times more often than in animals of the experimental group. A similar pattern was observed for other microorganisms: the number of S. aureus isolates detected was 2.2 times less in the experimental group, S. agalactiae — 15.0 times, S. dysgalactiae — 2.0 times, S. uberis — 6.0 times, S. pyogenes — 3.0 times, K. pneumoniae — 3.4 times less in comparison with the control group.

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Gámez, Gustavo, Juan Pablo Rojas, Santiago Cardona, Juan David Castillo Noreña, María Alejandra Palacio, Luis Fernando Mejía, José Luis Torres et al. "Factors Associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae Nasopharyngeal Carriage and Antimicrobial Susceptibility among Children Under the Age of 5 Years in the Southwestern Colombia". Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 16, n.º 05 (26 de junio de 2021): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731343.

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Abstract Objective This work aimed to evaluate the factors associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility among pediatric outpatients in southwestern Colombia, 2019. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using survey-based interviews and the collection of nasopharyngeal-swab specimens for microbiological characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Logistic regression analyses were performed for factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage. Results A total of 452 children under the age of 5 years were examined in which 41.8% carried S. pneumoniae. Higher pneumococcal carriage frequencies were observed among participants aged <2 years and in individuals belonging to indigenous communities, which were lacking established pneumococcal-conjugated vaccine-10 immunization schemes. Additionally, children attending childcare institutions were also highly colonized by pneumococci. S. pneumoniae showed 57.7% nonsusceptibility to benzyl-penicillin (meningitis-cut); 45.5% intermediate-sensitivity to benzyl-penicillin (oral-cut) and 21.7% to cefotaxime; and resistance to erythromycin (40.7%), tetracycline (36.0%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (24.9%), clindamycin (24.3%), and ceftriaxone (27.0%). Conclusion The 41.8% of participants carrying S. pneumoniae show a scenario with the presence of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant strains, which constitutes important reservoirs of bacterial transmission by children aged <5 years in Colombia, leading to an onset of pneumococcal diseases. Hence, there is an urgent need to expand conjugate pneumococcal immunization in the community and ensure compliance with established immunization schedules.

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Zorzella-Pezavento, Sofia Fernanda Gonçalves, Fernanda Chiuso-Minicucci, Thais Graziela Donegá França, Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa, Larissa Camargo da Rosa, Priscila Maria Colavite, Bianca Balbino et al. "pVAXhsp65 Vaccination Primes for High IL-10 Production and Decreases Experimental Encephalomyelitis Severity". Journal of Immunology Research 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6257958.

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Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) used as a model to study multiple sclerosis immunopathology. EAE has also been extensively employed to evaluate potentially therapeutic schemes. Considering the presence of an immune response directed to heat shock proteins (hsps) in autoimmune diseases and the immunoregulatory potential of these molecules, we evaluated the effect of a previous immunization with a genetic vaccine containing the mycobacterial hsp65 gene on EAE development. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 4 pVAXhsp65 doses and 14 days later were submitted to EAE induction by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35–55) emulsified in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant. Vaccinated mice presented significant lower clinical scores and lost less body weight.MOG35–55immunization also determined less inflammation in lumbar spinal cord but did not change CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells frequency in spleen and CNS. Infiltrating cells from the CNS stimulated with rhsp65 produced significantly higher levels of IL-10. These results suggest that the ability of pVAXhsp65 vaccination to control EAE development is associated with IL-10 induction.

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Crum, Tommie, Kirsten Mooney y Birendra R. Tiwari. "Current situation of vaccine injury compensation program and a future perspective in light of COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases". F1000Research 10 (26 de julio de 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51160.1.

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Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and mortality reduction. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this article is to review the existing vaccine injury compensation programs in different countries. The review also highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods: Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We have identified 27 countries operating vaccine injury compensation programs. In Canada, Quebec is the only province with a scheme; however, discussions are ongoing in Canada for nationwide implementation in light of COVID 19. Study limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.

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Romero-Ibarguengoitia, Maria Elena, Zulema Lourdes Flores-Salazar, Kimberly Dariela Arroyo-García, Rafael Soto-Gámez, Jessica Andrea Leal-Meléndez, Mauricio René Garza-Herrera, Gordon Bennett-Vidales et al. "Evaluation of Transplacental Antibody Transfer in Pregnant Women Immunized with Different SARS-CoV-2 Homologous or Heterologous Schemes". Vaccines 11, n.º 2 (11 de febrero de 2023): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020415.

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There is scarce information related to transplacental antibody transfer against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with different homologous and heterologous vaccination schemes. This study aimed to correlate the magnitude of transplacental transfer anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different homologous and heterologous schemes. An observational cross-sectional study was developed to identify pregnant women vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. They were questioned about their immunization status; blood samples from the mother, umbilical cord during labor, and the newborn 72 h after birth were taken to measure anti-S1 and anti-S2 specific IgG antibodies for SARS-CoV-2. We recruited 104 women with a median age of 29 (SD 1.17). We found antibodies in all newborns with vaccinated mothers. Homologous BNT162b2 mRNA regimen had the highest mean (SD) antibody titers (AU/mL) in maternal (994.93 (3.08), p = 0.039), umbilical cord (1316.43 (2.79), p = 0.016), and newborn (1192.02 (3.55), p = 0.020) blood. The generalized linear model showed a positive effect over antibodies with at least one dose in maternal (β = −1.1, p = 0.002) and newborn (β= −0.717, p = 0.044) blood, and with two doses (β = −0.684, p = 0.026) in umbilical cord blood. In conclusion, antibodies were detected in all vaccinated women and their newborns. Transfer of antibodies was found from the first dose, and the levels increased with the number of vaccine doses. Vaccination should be encouraged in pregnant women with any available scheme.

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Gupta, Archana. "A Review of Government Schemes for Pregnant and Lactating Women in India". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n.º 12 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39281.

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Abstract: India’s current Maternal and Child Health Nutrition (MCHN) statistics reflect poorly of the country’s existing government programme. Experts recognize the phase of pregnancy and lactation as a critical window of opportunity for influencing the MCHN status. A clear identification and clinical assessment of government schemes/ programme that may have an impact on pregnant and lactating women can assist in identifying the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats in these interventions. The objective of the study was to review the government schemes for pregnant and lactating women. A review of all government programme and policies in areas of MCHN was undertaken using multiple strategies namely electronic reference libraries, journals, research papers and reports. The finding of paper identified the strength and weakness of government schemes and it proposes a coping strategy which might be useful for the policy makers in making the programme more enriching in order to implement the program with full potential. The threat analysis of these interventions has shown scope of improvement and areas of learning. The Indian government has implemented a number of measures that have a significant impact on pregnant and lactating women. However interventions focusing on health care needs, immunization, financial benefits are needed to increase the nutrition component. The necessity of nutrition was solely recognized in terms of providing adequate food, with no emphasis on macro and micro nutrients. This is an area where intervention should be strengthened. Index Terms: Government health schemes, Lactating mothers, pregnant women, Nutritional status, SWOT analysis.

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Huang, Shouying. "Dynamic analysis of an SEIRS model with nonlinear infectivity on complex networks". International Journal of Biomathematics 09, n.º 01 (2 de noviembre de 2015): 1650009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524516500091.

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In this paper, we study the spreading of infections on complex heterogeneous networks based on an SEIRS epidemic model with nonlinear infectivity. By mathematical analysis, the basic reproduction number R0 is obtained. When R0 is less than one, the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and the disease dies out, while R0 is greater than one, the disease-free equilibrium becomes unstable and the disease is permanent, and in the meantime there exists a unique endemic equilibrium which is globally attractive under certain conditions. Finally, the effects of various immunization schemes are studied. To verify our theoretical results, the corresponding numerical simulations are also included.

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Babak, V. A. y A. A. Gusev. "PRIMING OF CHIKENS WITH LIVE AND INACTIVATED IBС VACCINE". Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology, n.º 1 (13 de abril de 2023): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11134/btp.1.2023.3.

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The research gives the results of the experiments to study the effect of priming the chickens with a live and inactivated vaccine against the IBC virus, and subsequent immunization with a live vaccine. The research demonstrates the results of the study of optimal schemes of birds’ immunization with live and inactivated vaccines, when the greatest specific effect is achieved. It has been established that priming chickens that do not contain antibodies against IBC with both live and inactivated vaccines causes the formation of intense immunity in them, which indicates a mature immune system capable of actively responding to a foreign antigen in the first days of life. Priming chickens with a live vaccine based on the background of maternal antibodies is not accompanied by the synthesis of antibodies, unlike priming with an inactivated vaccine, which leads to the formation of insignificant humoral immunity. Vaccination chickens containing maternal antibodies with live vaccine, primed with both live and inactivated vaccine depends on the content of specific antibodies in their body and is more effective when the level of antibodies in their body is low.

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Wang, Yan, Shanshan Chen, Dingguo Yu, Lixiang Liu y Ke-Ke Shang. "Propagation Dynamics of an Epidemic Model with Heterogeneous Control Strategies on Complex Networks". Symmetry 16, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2024): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16020166.

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Complex network theory involves network structure and dynamics; dynamics on networks and interactions between networks; and dynamics developed over a network. As a typical application of complex networks, the dynamics of disease spreading and control strategies on networks have attracted widespread attention from researchers. We investigate the dynamics and optimal control for an epidemic model with demographics and heterogeneous asymmetric control strategies (immunization and quarantine) on complex networks. We derive the epidemic threshold and study the global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria based on different methods. The results show that the disease-free equilibrium cannot undergo a Hopf bifurcation. We further study the optimal control strategy for the complex system and obtain its existence and uniqueness. Numerical simulations are conducted on scale-free networks to validate and supplement the theoretical results. The numerical results indicate that the asymmetric control strategies regarding time and degree of node for populations are superior to symmetric control strategies when considering control cost and the effectiveness of controlling infectious diseases. Meanwhile, the advantages of the optimal control strategy through comparisons with various baseline immunization and quarantine schemes are also shown.

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Min, Serim, Sun-Hong Kwon, Yeon-Woo Lee, Jung-Min Lee, Eun Jin Bae y Eui-Kyung Lee. "Estimating the Total Societal Cost of a Hexavalent Vaccine versus a Pentavalent Vaccine with Hepatitis B in South Korea". Vaccines 11, n.º 5 (15 de mayo de 2023): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050984.

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In South Korea, the ready-to-use hexavalent vaccine (against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis B) is not listed despite its facility of no need to reconstitute. It, therefore, has the potential to augment the efficiency of prevention against the six infectious diseases, and it may reduce vaccine-related errors of reconstitution when compared with the currently used vaccination scheme of the pentavalent vaccine with the additional shots against hepatitis B. Given the assumed clinical equivalence between the two vaccination schemes, a cost-minimization analysis has been performed from a societal perspective including all the medical and non-medical direct and indirect costs when vaccinating one birth cohort. The results indicate that the ready-to-use hexavalent vaccine induces a cost reduction of KRW 47,155 (USD36.22) per infant or 12,026 million Korean Won ($9,236,417) in total for the whole birth cohort with 260,500 children. Using the ready-to-use hexavalent vaccine causes a lower infection rate, has fewer vaccination sessions, and may save much time as compared with the current vaccination scheme in place. The ready-to-use hexavalent vaccine may, therefore, benefit the National Immunization Program by reducing the total societal costs of vaccination while improving convenience of infants, parents, and medical care professionals.

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A., Dharmalingam, N. S. Raghupathy, M. Sowmiya, D. Amudharaj y H. M. Jehangir. "Immunization knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers of children from 0 to 5 years". International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, n.º 3 (25 de abril de 2017): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20171488.

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Background: Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective child survival interventions which is practiced throughout the world. All countries in the world have an immunization programme to deliver selected vaccines to the targeted beneficiaries, specially focusing on pregnant women, infants and children, who are at a high risk of diseases preventable by vaccines. In India, six vaccines for preventable diseases (VPD) to reduce childhood mortality & morbidity ie. BCG, DPT, OPV, TT was coming into practice in 1978, after WHO immunization programme that was launched in 1974. The purpose of this study was to determine the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of mothers regarding their understanding of immunization in rural areas in and around Pondicherry through the questionnaire is prepared in English and Tamil.Methods: Five hundred and one mothers of children from 0 to 5 years of age were included in the study. Questionnaire was carried out in mothers to assess the following parameters; The age of the mother, educational status, socioeconomic status, awareness and knowledge of immunization in previous siblings, knowledge about newer vaccines.Results: Out of 501 mothers included in the study, the mean age of the mother whose child undergoing vaccination is 25.88+4 years. The predominant mothers have completed higher education and mean annual income was 86,682.00. Birth order of the child showed no significance. Majority of children (62.6%) included in the study were born at Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital. The results were analyzed through chi square test and they were significant for role of education (p value = 0.000), effect on maternal age (p value = 0.000) and not significant with birth order. Finally, correlating the effect of Delivery Place on antenatal vaccine awareness, Children who were born at ACMCH, showed higher significance rate in the knowledge of Antenatal Vaccine (p value = 0.000), proper dosage to be given (p value = 0.034), primary vaccination (p value = 0.000). Also, they were not aware of special vaccination (p value = 0.025) and the risk of not immunizing their children (p value = 0.016).Conclusions: Vaccination is the cost-effective preventive intervention carried out by the government to completely eliminate the preventable diseases by vaccines. There is a 100% immunization coverage up to 18 months were recorded for children born at our hospital. This is because of the incentive schemes practiced at our institute. The knowledge and awareness of antenatal vaccination is approximately 70-80 % of the mother’s. Over all 30% of mothers are not aware that immunization can be done during minor ailments and after minor adverse reactions. Health professionals play a major role in creating both Immunization awareness and administration in prescribed date to mothers. In spite of awareness through various sources, knowledge on special vaccination to mothers is yet very poor. Initiative programme has to be taken to overcome this.

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Protasov, A. D., A. V. Zhestkov, M. P. Kostinov, M. L. Shteiner, Yu V. Tezikov, I. S. Lipatov, N. E. Yastrebova, A. M. Kostinova, A. A. Ryzhov y V. B. Polishchuk. "Analysis of the effectiveness and long-term results of formation of adaptive immunity in the use of various medications and vaccination schemes against pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Terapevticheskii arkhiv 89, n.º 12-2 (20 de diciembre de 2017): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh20178912165-174.

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Aim. To assess the long-term clinical results of vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugated polysaccharide vaccines in the separate and sequential use, by determining the optimal vaccination schedule in adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to investigate adaptive immunity levels. Subjects and methods. The clinical effects of vaccination were evaluated in patients with COPD within 1 and 4 years after immunization against pneumococcal infection using various schemes, as well as the time course of changes in adaptive immunity indicators was examined. Results. Four years after vaccination, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)/23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) group showed a decline in the number of patients with COPD exacerbations by 50% (p

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Arakelyan, P. K., N. V. Khristenko, Yu E. Gaivoronskaya, A. S. Dimova, S. K. Dimov y T. A. Yanchenko. "ТЕХНОЛОГИЧНОСТЬ РАЗНЫХ СХЕМ ИММУНИЗАЦИИ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА ПРОТИВ БРУЦЕЛЛЕЗА С ВОЗМОЖНОСТЬЮ РАННЕЙ ПОСТВАКЦИНАЛЬНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ". "Veterinary Medicine" Journal 26, n.º 05 (mayo de 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2023.26.5.11-15.

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Lootsik, M. D. y R. S. Stoika. "Experimental model and approaches to investigation of the acquired resistance to tumor transplantation in mice". Studia Biologica 15, n.º 1 (2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sbi.1501.647.

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Introduction. An acquired resistance to experimental tumors was detected in animals that recovered from a primary transplanted tumor due to treatment or spontaneously, and demonstrated intolerance to a renewal tumor inoculation. This phenomenon is much less frequently observed, although it is of great scientific interest and medical significance. Here, we have addressed the expression of the resistance phenomenon in a model tumor in mice – Nemeth–Kelner lymphoma (NK/Ly). The aim of our study was to elaborate a reproducible method for induction of resistance to transplantation of lymphoma NK/Ly in mice and to investigate the mechanisms of its development. Methods and Results. Three schemes for induction of resistance were tested. The first one included treatment of tumor-bearing mice with vinblastine and, thereafter, reconvalescent animals were checked for the development of resistance expressed as a complete suppression of tumor growth after re-inoculation of tumor cells. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with NK/Ly ascitic cells and then subjected to 2–4 intraperitoneal injections of vinblastine at a dose of 1mg/g of body weight. The recovered mice were re-inoculated with tumor cells and the absence of tumor growth was considered as resistance development. The disadvantage of this approach is that less than 5% of mice achieve a long lasting recovery due to the treatment. The second scheme included the immunization of mice with intraperitoneal injection of the minimal number of viable tumor cells that do not cause tumor growth, but initiate the immune response. However, this approach was not effective, since there was no reliable number of cells corresponding to these demands. The minimal number of 15×103 injected cells per mouse caused a retarded but still progressive tumor growth. In the third scheme, the immunization of mice was conducted by the intraperitoneal injections of NK/Ly cells permeabilized with saponin. It should be noted that treatment with saponin leads to cell death with a minimal damage to cell morphology. The scheme of immunization with permeabilized NK/Ly cells appeared to be simple and effective. It provided a reproducible resistance to transplanted tumor and might be used as a model in studies of the mechanisms of this phenomenon. Cytological investigation of tumor and immunocompetent cells in ascites of control and of tumor-resistant mice was conducted. As revealed, the number of lymphocytes in ascites of tumor-resistant mice was about 4 times higher than such amount in the control (non-resistant) mice. A destruction of tumor cells by the adherent mono-nuclears was observed. Conclusions. The method of induction of resistance to transplantation of experimental tumor NK/Ly by immunization of mice with tumor cells permeabilized with saponin is described. The intraperitoneal inoculation of tumor cells to the tumor-resistant mice caused the marked increase of the mononuclear leukocytes population in the peritoneal fluid, which showed a harmful effect upon tumor cells. Thus, the induction of resistance to transplantation of NK/Ly lymphoma in mice might be provided mainly via the mechanisms of cell immunity, in particular, by the appearance of cytotoxic lymphocytes specific to distinct tumor cells.

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Lismidiati, Wiwin, Vivian Nanny Lia Dewi, Widyawati Widyawati, Wenny Artanty Nisman, Anis Widyasari, Ika Parmawati y Ova Emilia. "Feasibility of HPV vaccination program implementation: A qualitative study". Journal of Community Empowerment for Health 5, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.69099.

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The implementation of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program is still experiencing obstacles in several developing countries. This setback is related to the lack of knowledge and the high cost of the vaccine so that it affects people's behavior about the HPV vaccine. HPV vaccination in adolescents itself as primary prevention has not been widely conducted by adolescents in Indonesia. The results of previous studies showed that not many teenagers had vaccinated against HPV by using self-financing guarantees such as health savings. The obstacles faced in implementing HPV vaccination are that the vaccine is still expensive and there is lack of knowledge of parents and adolescents about the importance of HPV immunization. This formative research using qualitative methods was conducted to analyze the implementation plan of the HPV vaccination program. Data were collected through focus group discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews. At the end of each FGD activity or interview, transcription and thematic analysis based on content were done. The FGD participants were ten teachers, while the in-depth interview participants were one school committee. This study found two main themes, namely the scheme of implementing the HPV vaccination program and obstacles to the implementation of HPV vaccination. Schools generally supported the program implementation. However, parents still question the importance of the HPV vaccination for their daughters and consider the vaccine costs expensive. Implementation of the HPV vaccination program must consider the existing program schemes in schools and possible obstacles. The results suggested that for the next HPV vaccination program, the facilitators should provide intense and relevant education to parents about the importance and side effects of HPV immunization, and are expected to build a willingness of parents to vaccinate their daughters and seek vaccination costs, one of which can be through a savings program.

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Lebdah, Mohamed, Alaa Abdallah, Esraa Hamouda, Nora Elseddawy y Reham ElBakrey. "Protective effectiveness of two vaccination schemes against the prevalent Egyptian strain of Newcastle disease virus genotype VII". Open Veterinary Journal 14, (1) (International Zagazig Vet (2024): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.5.

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Background: Despite the strict preventive immunization used in Egypt, Newcastle disease remained a prospective risk to the commercial and backyard chicken industries. The severe economic losses caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) highlight the importance of the trials for the improvement and development of vaccines and vaccination programs. Aim: In the present study we evaluated the effectiveness of two vaccination schemes for protection against the vNDV challenge. Methods: Four groups (A–D) of commercial broiler chickens were used. Two groups (G-A and G-B) were vaccinated with priming live HB1 GII simultaneously with inactivated GVII vaccines at 5 days of age, then boosted with live LaSota GII vaccine in group A and live rNDV GVII vaccine in group B on day 16. Groups A to C were challenged with NDV/Chicken/Egypt/ALEX/ZU-NM99/2019 strain (106 EID50/0.1mL) at 28 days of age. Results: Two vaccination schemes achieved 93.3% clinical protection against NDV with body gain enhancement; whereas, 80% of the unvaccinated-challenged birds died. On day 28, the mean HI antibody titers were 4.3±0.33 and 5.3±0.33 log 2 in groups A and B, respectively. As well as both programs remarkably reduced virus shedding. The two vaccination schemes displayed close protection efficacy against the vNDV challenge. Conclusion: Therefore, using the combination of a live attenuated vaccine with an inactivated genetically matched strain vaccine and then boosting it with one of the available live vaccines could be considered one of the most effective programs against current field vNDV infection in Egypt.

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Tabilo Valenzuela, Paz Beatriz, Gabriela Flores Balter, Gustavo Saint-Pierre Contreras, Daniel Conei Valencia, Catalina Moreno Calderón, Constanza Bohle Venegas, Marcia Guajardo Rivera, Francisco Silva Ojeda y Maria Jesus Vial Covarrubias. "Cellular Immune Response in Patients Immunized with Three Vaccine Doses of Different Vaccination Schemes Authorized by the Chilean Ministry of Health in January 2022". Life 12, n.º 4 (5 de abril de 2022): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12040534.

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In December 2019, a case of atypical pneumonia was reported in Wuhan, China. It was named COVID-19 and caused by SARS-CoV-2. In a few months, scientific groups around the world developed vaccines to reduce the disease’s severity. The objective was to evaluate the humoral and cellular immune response post immunization with three different vaccination schedules administered in Chile until January 2022. Sixty volunteers were recruited with a three-dose schedule, who had no history of infection nor close contact with a positive patient. IgG against the spike antigenic domain was detected, and the neutralization capacity against two groups of variants, Original/Alpha and Beta/Gamma, was also measured. Finally, the cellular response with interferon release was measured through IGRA. Results showed that there were significant differences in the neutralizing antibodies for the original and alpha variant when comparing three Comirnaty doses with Coronavac and Vaxzevria. A high number of reactive subjects against the different SARS-CoV-2 variants, alpha, gamma, and delta, were observed, with no significant differences between any of the three schemes, confirming the existence of a cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, the three vaccine schemes generated a cellular immune response in these volunteers.

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Galán-Huerta, Kame A., Samantha Flores-Treviño, Daniel Salas-Treviño, Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias, Ana M. Rivas-Estilla, Eduardo Pérez-Alba, Sonia A. Lozano-Sepúlveda, Daniel Arellanos-Soto y Adrián Camacho-Ortiz. "Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Variants of Interest in COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections in a Hospital in Monterrey, Mexico". Viruses 14, n.º 1 (14 de enero de 2022): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14010154.

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SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) or of interest (VOIs) causing vaccine breakthrough infections pose an increased risk to worldwide public health. An observational case-control study was performed of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in hospitalized or ambulatory patients in Monterrey, Mexico, from April through August 2021. Vaccination breakthrough was defined as a SARS-CoV-2 infection that occurred any time after 7 days of inoculation with partial (e.g., first dose of two-dose vaccines) or complete immunization (e.g., second dose of two-dose vaccines or single-dose vaccine, accordingly). Case group patients (n = 53) had partial or complete vaccination schemes with CanSino (45%), Sinovac (19%), Pfizer/BioNTech (15%), and AstraZeneca/Oxford (15%). CanSino was administered most frequently in ambulatory patients (p < 0.01). The control group (n = 19) received no COVID-19 vaccines. Among SARS-CoV-2 variants detected by whole-genome sequencing, VOC Delta B.1.617.2 predominated in vaccinated ambulatory patients (p < 0.01) and AY.4 in hospitalized patients (p = 0.04); VOI Mu B.1.621 was detected in four (7.55%) vaccinated patients. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in our hospital occurred mostly in patients vaccinated with CanSino due to the higher prevalence of CanSino vaccine administration in our population. These patients developed mild COVID-19 symptoms not requiring hospitalization. The significance of this study lies on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants compromising the efficacy of local immunization therapies in Monterrey, Mexico.

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Senkina, E. L., T. D. Zdolnik y M. S. Burtasova. "Epidemiological characteristics of measles in the Ryazan region in 2000–2023: current trends and unresolved problems". Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), n.º 8 (5 de agosto de 2024): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2408-02.

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The aim of the work was to analyze and identify the features of the epidemic process of measles in the Ryazan region in 2000–2023. Based on the study of materials from state reports «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.» It was found that there was no constant circulation of the measles virus in the Ryazan region in 2000–2023. There have been periodic increases in morbidity due to the importation of the pathogen with its subsequent spread among unvaccinated individuals. The main reasons for the deterioration of the epidemic situation were errors in the immunoprophylaxis of the population, mainly associated with refusals of preventive vaccinations and violation of immunization schemes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking into account the identified features, a set of measures aimed at achieving the elimination of measles in the studied region is proposed.

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Dykman, Lev A., Sergey A. Staroverov, Sergey V. Kozlov, Alexander S. Fomin, Daniil S. Chumakov, Konstantin P. Gabalov, Yevgeny S. Kozlov, Dmitry A. Soldatov y Nikolai G. Khlebtsov. "Immunization of Mice with Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated to Thermostable Cancer Antigens Prevents the Development of Xenografted Tumors". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 22 (18 de noviembre de 2022): 14313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214313.

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Gold nanoparticles as part of vaccines greatly increase antigen stability, antigen accumulation in the lymph nodes, and antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells. The use of such particles as part of anticancer vaccines based on heat shock proteins to increase vaccine effectiveness is timely. We prepared and characterized nanoconjugates based on 15-nm gold nanoparticles and thermostable tumor antigens isolated from MH22a murine hepatoma cells. The whole-cell lysate of MH22a cells contained the main heat shock proteins. BALB/c mice were injected with the conjugates and then received transplants of MH22a cells. The highest titer was produced in mice immunized with the complex of gold nanoparticles + antigen with complete Freund’s adjuvant. The immunized mice showed no signs of tumor growth for 24 days. They also showed a decreased production of the INF-γ, IL-6, and IL-1 proinflammatory cytokines compared to the mice immunized through other schemes. This study is the first to show that it is possible in principle to use gold nanoparticles in combination with thermostable tumor antigens for antitumor vaccination. Antitumor vaccines based on thermostable tumor antigens can be largely improved by including gold nanoparticles as additional adjuvants.

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Asbach, Benedikt, Alexander Kliche, Josef Köstler, Beatriz Perdiguero, Mariano Esteban, Bertram L. Jacobs, David C. Montefiori et al. "Potential To Streamline Heterologous DNA Prime and NYVAC/Protein Boost HIV Vaccine Regimens in Rhesus Macaques by Employing Improved Antigens". Journal of Virology 90, n.º 8 (10 de febrero de 2016): 4133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03135-15.

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ABSTRACTIn a follow-up to the modest efficacy observed in the RV144 trial, researchers in the HIV vaccine field seek to substantiate and extend the results by evaluating other poxvirus vectors and combinations with DNA and protein vaccines. Earlier clinical trials (EuroVacc trials 01 to 03) evaluated the immunogenicity of HIV-1 clade C GagPolNef and gp120 antigens delivered via the poxviral vector NYVAC. These showed that a vaccination regimen including DNA-C priming prior to a NYVAC-C boost considerably enhanced vaccine-elicited immune responses compared to those with NYVAC-C alone. Moreover, responses were improved by using three as opposed to two DNA-C primes. In the present study, we assessed in nonhuman primates whether such vaccination regimens can be streamlined further by using fewer and accelerated immunizations and employing a novel generation of improved DNA-C and NYVAC-C vaccine candidates designed for higher expression levels and more balanced immune responses. Three different DNA-C prime/NYVAC-C+ protein boost vaccination regimens were tested in rhesus macaques. All regimens elicited vigorous and well-balanced CD8+and CD4+T cell responses that were broad and polyfunctional. Very high IgG binding titers, substantial antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and modest antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI), but very low neutralization activity, were measured after the final immunizations. Overall, immune responses elicited in all three groups were very similar and of greater magnitude, breadth, and quality than those of earlier EuroVacc vaccines. In conclusion, these findings indicate that vaccination schemes can be simplified by using improved antigens and regimens. This may offer a more practical and affordable means to elicit potentially protective immune responses upon vaccination, especially in resource-constrained settings.IMPORTANCEWithin the EuroVacc clinical trials, we previously assessed the immunogenicity of HIV clade C antigens delivered in a DNA prime/NYVAC boost regimen. The trials showed that the DNA prime crucially improved the responses, and three DNA primes with a NYVAC boost appeared to be optimal. Nevertheless, T cell responses were primarily directed toward Env, and humoral responses were modest. The aim of this study was to assess improved antigens for the capacity to elicit more potent and balanced responses in rhesus macaques, even with various simpler immunization regimens. Our results showed that the novel antigens in fact elicited larger numbers of T cells with a polyfunctional profile and a good Env-GagPolNef balance, as well as high-titer and Fc-functional antibody responses. Finally, comparison of the different schedules indicates that a simpler regimen of only two DNA primes and one NYVAC boost in combination with protein may be very efficient, thus showing that the novel antigens allow for easier immunization protocols.

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Crum, Tommie, Kirsten Mooney y Birendra R. Tiwari. "Current situation of vaccine injury compensation program and a future perspective in light of COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases". F1000Research 10 (7 de diciembre de 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51160.2.

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Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and reducing mortality. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review focuses on vaccine injury compensation programs and highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods: Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We conclude that the vaccine injury compensation programs are available in limited number of countries across four continents - mostly in Europe. Lack of standard approach and scope of injury prevention and compensation programs across the countries exists. Some important limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Therefore, additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.

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Polishchuk, V. B., M. P. Kostinov, A. A. Ryzhov, N. A. Karchevskaya, E. A. Тarabrin y T. E. Kallagov. "Approaches to vaccination against the new coronavirus infection in solid organ recipients". PULMONOLOGIYA 32, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2022): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/08690189-2022-32-2-239-243.

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Solid organ recipients represent a high risk group for all adverse outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the immunosuppressive treatment and the presence of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension.The aim of the study was to assess the ability of solid organ recipients to form immune response after vaccination against a new coronavirus infection and safety of the vaccines in this population.Conclusion. An analysis of the literature and the results obtained in Russia show that vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 do not cause unusual clinical events in recipients of solid organs. Levels of post-vaccination antibodies in these patients, especially in the elderly patients shortly after transplantation who take antimetabolites, are lower than in the general population. This group of patients needs alternative immunization schemes against the new coronavirus infection, which may include more than two booster doses or a combination of different types of vaccines, as well as doubling the vaccine dose.

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Karalnik, B. V. "On the Road to Individualization of Vaccination: the Significance of Age and Sex". Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, n.º 6 (6 de enero de 2022): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-6-88-99.

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Relevance. The high variability of protection against vaccine-controlled infections, including COVID-19, is one of the actual problem of infectology. Aim. Based on the results of scientific publications and reports, the role of age and sex factors, their interactions and the main mechanisms in the immune response to vaccines, in the improvement of vaccines and vaccination regimens, has been analyzed. Conclusion. It has been shown that vaccine prophylaxis has always developed in the direction of individualization, going through the stages of defining target groups and developing immunization schemes for various groups. The important data obtained in recent decades on the importance of genetic and external factors, in particular, age and sex, in the variability of response to vaccines are analyzed. Analysis of the role of such factors has also been performed for coronavirus vaccines. The necessity and possibilities of next steps that can provide optimal responses of different people to vaccination were discussed.

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Okonko, I. O., M. A. Ogbonnia, B. J. Okonko, E. N. Onu y M. U. Igwe. "Serum antibodies against ToRCH agents in pregnant women presenting at a tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria." Scientia Africana 22, n.º 3 (25 de enero de 2024): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i3.19.

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ToRCH infections pose a great risk to the fetus and neonates if the mother is actively infected during pregnancy. This may lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, delayed fetal growth and maturation (intrauterine growth retardation), or pre-term delivery. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ToRCH infections in pregnant women in Port Harcourt. Sera from 84 pregnant women between the ages of 16 and 45 were analysed for detectable ToRCH IgM antibodies using the Dia-Pro ToRCH IgM kit. The results from the study showed an IgM seroprevalence rate of 82.1%, with the highest rate of seropositivity obtained among married women (91.0%), Civil servants (92.3%) and women within the age group 25-34 years (92.9%). There was significant relationship between the ToRCH IgM seropositivity and age, marital status and occupational status. The seropositivity of ToRCH agents among pregnant women in Port Harcourt is high, suggesting an acute infection which may adversely affect fetal health. This underscores the need for preventive antenatal screening and universal immunization schemes.

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Skorikov, M. S. y D. V. Vlodavets. "General principles of vaccination of patients with neuromuscular diseases". Neuromuscular Diseases 13, n.º 3 (30 de octubre de 2023): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2222-8721-2023-13-3-40-47.

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Vaccination is recognized as the most effective, safe, and cost-effective way to prevent infectious diseases and their complications. For patients with chronic diseases, and for patients with neuromuscular diseases in particular, vaccination is the highest priority for the prevention of infectious diseases. In the current literature, there is a lack of information describing the principles of vaccination of patients with spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In patients with neuromuscular diseases, full immunization has to be done in accordance with the National calendar and recommendations with the introduction of an additional vaccine against such diseases as: rotavirus infection, pneumococcal infection (using an additional dose of 23-valent vaccine), meningococcal infection, virus human papilloma, respiratory viral infection. syncytial virus and influenza. In this regard, of particular importance is the development of recommendations describing the schemes for the use of vaccines in children suffering from spinal muscular atrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

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Shapovalova, Viktoriia. "Forensic and Pharmaceutical Risks in the Organization of Pharmacotherapy of Covid, Post-Covid and Long-Covid Disorders. COVID-19 and Vaccination Practice Standards." SSP Modern Pharmacy and Medicine 2, n.º 4 (19 de octubre de 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53933/sspmpm.v2i4.69.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has strained the healthcare system. It is important to consider forensic and pharmaceutical risks in the organization of vaccination practices and pharmacotherapy of covid, post-covid and long-covid disorders. Scientific sources on the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 have been systematized. The standards of vaccination practice (immunization, vaccination) of different age categories of the population in Ukraine, England, USA, Belgium, Greece, Japan, and Portugal were analyzed. Proven that the organization of pharmacotherapy schemes is difficult due to the presence of mixed infections, comorbid and complicated forms of diseases, the formation of virus resistance to drugs, and the development of secondary immunological insufficiency. The risks of pharmacotherapy with regard to mortality in patients with COVID-19 due to the development of severe lung lesions and systemic multiorgan pathology are indicated. Schemes of combined pharmacotherapy including antiviral, anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids, genetically engineered biological drugs and "targeted" basic anti-inflammatory drugs were analyzed. The theoretical prerequisites for "repositioning" (drug repurposing) for the treatment of COVID-19 and ego complications are indicated. New directions of anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 Janus kinase with a range of anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects were noted. Emphasis was placed on the importance of informing health care professionals about forensic pharmaceutical risks in pharmacotherapy and vaccination practices. The relevance of legal support for medical activity in the conditions of a pandemic was noted. Further research is ongoing.

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Jackson, Sukhan, Adrian C. Sleigh, Li Peng y Liu Xi-Li. "Health Finance in Rural Henan: Low Premium Insurance Compared to the Out-of-Pocket System". China Quarterly 181 (marzo de 2005): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005000081.

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China's health reforms of the 1980s led to privatization of rural health care with adverse impact on farmers. A decade later a new rural co-operative medical scheme (RCMS), was piloted throughout many provinces to promote better equity. Although many schemes later collapsed owing to inadequate funding, some continue to the present. This article compares such a scheme with the out-of-pocket system in Henan province. We study the township hospitals, focusing on cost of services, utilization rates and impact of RCMS on hospitals' financial sustainability. Our results derive from monthly hospital records and a survey of four hospitals in two adjacent counties, one county with low-premium RCMS and the other with the out-of-pocket system.All hospitals charged for preventive activities (such as antenatal care, immunization), an unfortunate consequence of limited government support. It was not clear that on average, the total cost of individual patient visits in RCMS hospitals was lower than non-RCMS hospitals. Farmers were generally unaware of their insurance entitlements, except the catastrophic illnesses for which there was a real benefit from refund of US$100 or more. Although the effect of the RCMS on hospital charges was unclear it was notable that the utilization rates in RCMS areas were twice those in non-RCMS.We conclude that RCMS hospitals were better funded because of re-imbursements from the insurance scheme and therefore were more viable as sources of good health care. Thus, health care could become more equitable under RCMS than the out-ofpocket system. China is now beginning to test a revised form of RCMS with pooling at the county level, increased premiums (10 yuan per person) and increased government funding. However, it must be followed closely to determine the effect on rural services and health care costs for farmers.

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Kuznetsova, Lidia, Giorgio Cortassa y Antoni Trilla. "Effectiveness of Mandatory and Incentive-Based Routine Childhood Immunization Programs in Europe: A Systematic Review of the Literature". Vaccines 9, n.º 10 (13 de octubre de 2021): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101173.

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There is a lack of comprehensive and systematic data and evidence regarding the effectiveness of mandatory and incentive-based vaccination schemes. The results of such programs in some countries have not been adequately studied. A number of countries have recently introduced tightening vaccination measures, and it is important to analyze and assess the results of these programs. The unprecedented situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and mass vaccination made the topic of the effectiveness of vaccination policies and mandates even more relevant. The aim of the study is to assess childhood vaccination programs implemented in selected countries. The study focuses on initiatives implemented in the European Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). A total of 466 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 26 articles on seven countries were included in the synthesis. Additionally, we obtained and performed an analysis of data on the impact of COVID-19 on vaccine coverage and incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases, and the implementation of vaccine mandates in the selected countries. The evidence collected and analyzed in this review allowed us to conclude that the introduction of children routine vaccination mandates increases vaccine coverage and reduces the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases when compared to the situation before the introduction of the mandates.

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Hurwitz, J. L., C. J. Hackett, E. C. McAndrew y W. Gerhard. "Murine TH response to influenza virus: recognition of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix, and nucleoproteins." Journal of Immunology 134, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1985): 1994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.134.3.1994.

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Abstract BALB/c mice were primed with type A influenza virus by footpad injection or by aerosol infection with PR8 [A/PR/8/34-(H1N1)]. Isolated T cells from draining lymph nodes were then tested for their proliferation in the presence of purified viral proteins hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix, and nucleoprotein. Significant responses [( 3H]thymidine incorporation) were seen against each of the four proteins after either priming scheme. When helper T (TH) cell clones were isolated by hybridoma formation from two different strains of mice, responsiveness (interleukin 2 production) towards each protein was against apparent. Of 12 virus-specific T cell hybridomas isolated, four responded to matrix, three to nucleoprotein, one to neuraminidase, three to hemagglutinin, and one cell was of undefined specificity. Each hybridoma was also tested for recognition of the HK virus [A/Hong Kong/1/68-(H3N2)], which differs in subtype from the priming strain. All matrix-specific cells, two nucleoprotein-specific cells, and the cell of undefined specificity were cross-reactive with HK virus. H1-subtype specificity was seen for all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase-specific cells and one of the three nucleoprotein-specific cells. Because many virus-immune TH cells recognize antigenically variable determinants, a significant fraction of TH cell function may be lost after virus evolution. When selecting priming schemes for long-term immunization against influenza, the isolated enhancement of TH cells recognizing conserved determinants on matrix and nucleoprotein may therefore be considered.

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Kriz, P., J. Vlckova y M. Bobak. "Targeted vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in one district of the Czech Republic". Epidemiology and Infection 115, n.º 3 (diciembre de 1995): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058568.

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SummaryVaccination againstNeisseria meningitidisis not part of routine immunization schemes in any country; instead, targeted vaccination of groups at the highest risk is recommended during outbreaks and epidemics. After a long period of sporadic occurrence of meningococcal invasive disease, a new clone ofNeisseria meningitidisC: 2a: P1.2, ET-15/37, occurred in the Czech Republic, and caused local outbreaks in two neighbouring districts, Olomouc and Bruntal, in spring 1993. In Olomouc, a mass campaign was conducted during which 6191 students were vaccinated (5·6 % of the total population of this locality and 96% of all students in the age group 15–19) within 2 weeks in June 1993. In Bruntal district, no such campaign was organized. In Olomouc, the incidence of invasive disease caused byNeisseria meningitidisC in the age group 10–24 decreased from 57 to 0 per 100000 (P < 0·001) during the post-vaccination period (July 1993–August 1994), but no such decrease was observed in Bruntal. Although other factors can affect the frequency of disease, these results support the current recommendations of targeted vaccination in outbreaks of meningococcal disease.

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Adamu, Abdu, Rabiu Jalo, Duduzile Ndwandwe y Charles Wiysonge. "Assessing the Implementation Determinants of Pilot Malaria Vaccination Programs in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi through a Complexity Lens: A Rapid Review Using a Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research". Vaccines 12, n.º 2 (23 de enero de 2024): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020111.

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In 2019, national immunization programs in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi commenced the implementation of RTS,S/AS01 vaccination in large-scale pilot schemes. Understanding the implementation context of this malaria vaccination in the pilot countries can provide useful insights for enhancing implementation outcomes in new countries. There has not yet been a proper synthesis of the implementation determinants of malaria vaccination programs. A rapid review was conducted to identify the implementation determinants of the pilot malaria vaccination programs in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi, and describe the mechanism by which these determinants interact with each other. A literature search was conducted in November 2023 in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify those studies that described the factors affecting malaria vaccine implementation in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi. Thirteen studies conducted between 2021 and 2023 were included. A total of 62 implementation determinants of malaria vaccination across all five domains of the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR) were identified. A causal loop diagram showed that these factors are interconnected and interrelated, identifying nine reinforcing loops and two balancing loops. As additional countries in Africa prepare for a malaria vaccine roll-out, it is pertinent to ensure that they have access to adequate information about the implementation context of countries that are already implementing malaria vaccination programs so that they understand the potential barriers and facilitators. This information can be used to inform context-specific systems enhancement to maximize implementation success. Going forward, primary implementation studies that incorporate the causal loop diagram should be integrated into the malaria vaccine implementation program to enable immunization program managers and other key stakeholders to identify and respond to emerging implementation barriers in a timely and systematic manner, to improve overall implementation performance.

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Isakova, M. N., M. V. Ryaposova y U. V. Sivkova. "The effectiveness of the use of mastitis vaccine in breeding farms". Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, n.º 1 (11 de abril de 2023): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2023.1.51.

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The article presents data showing the effectiveness of the use of anti-mastitis vaccine in breeding farms of the Sverdlovsk region, based on the study of the level of diagnosed mastitis and the indicator of somatic cells in milk. Studies have shown that the use of animal immunization against mastitis has a positive effect, so 6 months after the first vaccination of animals in the breeding reproducer and plant, the number of detected mastitis decreased by 16,6% and 7,3%, respectively, and the level of somatic cells in the milk of highly productive cows by 26,5% and 10,7%, respectively. 12 months after the first vaccination scheme was applied, the total number of animals with signs of mastitis in the breeding reproducer and plant was 13,3% and 7,5%, respectively. The level of somatic cells in the nucleus amounted to 290 thousand. /ml., and the stud farm of 450 thousand/ml 24 months after first use of vaccination schemes, the level of mastitis was identified at 6,0% and 5,7% of the studied population of high yielding cows breeding farm and breeding farm, respectively. The average number of somatic cells found in milk of animals of a farm decreased by 80 thousand/ml, the farm – to 79 thousand/ml, in comparison with the previous study period. The study revealed a significant decrease in diagnosed mastitis in animals after 32 months due to the use of the STARTVAK antimastitic vaccine, the total number of diseases in the breeding reproducer decreased by 30,6% compared to the period of the beginning of vaccination, and in the breeding plant – by 26,2%. As a result, the dynamics of reduction of subclinical and clinical mastitis in the breeder compared to the period at the time of immunization was 19,5% and 11,1%, respectively. And in the stud farm, the level of subclinical and clinical mastitis decreased by 16,9% and 9,0%, respectively. The number of somatic cells in the milk of cows contained in the breeding reproducer was 152 thousand/ml, which is 83,9% lower compared to the initial study period. The level of somatic cells in the studied samples of milk of animals kept in the breeding plant was 263 thousand/ml, which is 62,2% lower than this indicator before the application of the animal vaccination program against mastitis.

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Chernokhaeva, L. L., G. B. Maikova, Yu V. Rogova, V. V. Romanenko, A. V. Ankudinova, A. S. Kilyachina, M. F. Vorovich y G. G. Karganova. "COMPARISON OF RESULTS OBTAINED BY ELISA AND NEUTRALIZATION TEST IN ASSESSING THE PROTECTION OF POPULATION FROM TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS". Problems of Virology, Russian journal 63, n.º 1 (20 de febrero de 2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-1-36-40.

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The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the neutralization test (NT) are often used to determine the level of seropositive population and to evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines. ELISA provides information on the total pool of antiviral antibodies, while NT allows the antiviral protection level of a person to be estimated. It is assumed that the 1:100 titer in ELISA and the 1:10 titer in NT are protective. Obviously, the ratio of the total pool and virus neutralizing antibodies can vary as a result of natural immunization or vaccination. In this study, two methods were used to study the blood serum samples taken in a group of inhabitants of the Sverdlovsk region aged from 1 to 60 years. The samples were collected before immunization and 30 days after two immunizations with inactivated vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis of different manufacturers. Immunizations were performed either according to a standard scheme (30-day interval between immunizations), or according to an emergency scheme (14-day interval). It was shown that the data on the presence of antiviral antibodies in protective titers obtained by ELISA and NT were consistent in more than 85% of cases. The discrepancies between the data are due, in the first place, to the difference in the sensitivities of the two methods. The proportion of seropositive people according to NT data is always greater than that according to the results of ELISA. Nevertheless, among 174 children, about 5% of recipients after a double immunization were seropositive according to ELISA, but did not have neutralizing antibodies in protective titers.

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