Tesis sobre el tema "Imagerie à rayons X à haute résolution"
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Do, Alexandre. "Emission X de plasmas : Spectroscopie et imagerie à haute résolution". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX061/document.
Texto completoMost of plasmas created in laboratories for experiments in domains such as inertial confinement fusion are non-LTE plasmas. The modeling of the atomic kinetics of these plasmas is crucial to understand the radiative properties of these environments. There is a strong demand for experiments in which the plasma is characterized by independent X-ray spectroscopy diagnostics. Thus the development of new diagnostics for these experiments is also a major stake.In line with previous experiments, we studied L-shell X-ray mission of aluminum (Al Zal = 13) and potassium bromide (KBr, ZK = 19, ZBr = 35). The goal here is to simultaneously obtain the measurement of the plasma’s X-ray emission and the most accurate characterization possible of the hydrodynamic parameters of this emitting plasma. However it has been difficult to reproduce these experimental results with simulation codes because the electron density and temperature spatial gradients were too important. A new preliminary experiment was performed on ELFIE installation for lower Z targets, Al (Z = 12) and C (Z = 6). Its aim is to show that we were able to better control the plasma’s hydrodynamic parameters in order for it to be more homogeneous and thus easier to model.Following the results of this experiment, we could adjust the various geometries (diagnostics and targets) to reproduce it on a KBr plasma.For the Laser MegaJoule project (LMJ) X-ray imagers will observe the target surfaces. The resolutions requirements will reach the order of a few microns.We conducted a preliminary study of Fresnel zone plate (FZP) as new X-ray microscope with very high spatial resolution. Metrology measurements of FZP were performed on synchrotron facilities (SOLEIL, BESSY II) and laser (EQUINOX): its resolution was measured to be less than 3 microns for a monochromatic beam. Adding a multilayer mirror (MMC) to the FZP provides a spectral selection of 100 eV centered on Heβ line of aluminum (1860 eV). This diagnostic was named Fresnel Ultra High Resolution Imager (FUHRI) and was used on luli2000 installation: we measured a 3.8 microns total resolution in January 2015. The diagnostic was upgraded in 2016 by adding a second measurement channel, so called FUHRIx2, which provides the simultaneous measurement of the size of the emission zone of two different wavelengths. This experiment is a first step to show that it is possible to measure the hydrodynamic parameters of a laser-created plasma with high-resolution measurement of this size for multiple lines.In parallel, LZF the LMJ is also tested to investigate their potential and define their terms of use with the restriction of such a facility
Laloum, David. "Tomographie par rayons X haute résolution : application à l'intégration 3D pour la microélectronique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY067/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, an original non-destructive 3D characterization technique has been developed : the X-ray tomography hosted in a scanning electron microscope. This instrument is not widely used in the microelectronics field. This computed tomography (CT) system has been used for the high resolution analysis of metallic interconnections such as copper pillars and through silicon vias (TSVs). These components are widely used in the field of 3D integration to make vertical stacks of interconnected chips.The most significant contributions of this thesis are : (1) the enhancement of the analytical capabilities of the instrument. Many studies – simulations and experiments – have been performed in order to determine and improve the 2D and 3D resolutions of this imaging system. It has been shown that the 2D resolution of this instrument can reach 60 nanometers. The quality of the projections and reconstruction has also been improved through the implementation of iterative reconstruction algorithms and various projections alignment methods. (2) The reduction of the scanning time by a factor 3 through the implementation of constrained reconstruction techniques such as the reconstruction method based on the total variation minimization. (3) The application of effective correction algorithms for removing reconstruction artefacts due to the polychromaticity of the X-ray beam. (4) The application of all these reconstruction methods and algorithms on real cases encountered by materials engineers
Riva, Federica. "Développement des nouveaux scintillateurs en couche mince pour l’imagerie par rayons-X à haute résolution". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1195/document.
Texto completoX-ray detectors for high spatial resolution imaging are mainly based on indirect detection. The detector consists of a converter screen (scintillator), light microscopy optics and a CCD or CMOS camera. The screen converts part of the absorbed X-rays into visible light image, which is projected onto the camera by means of the optics. The detective quantum efficiency of the detector is strongly influenced by the properties of the converter screen (X-ray absorption, spread of energy deposition, light yield and emission wavelength). To obtain detectors with micrometer and sub-micrometer spatial resolution, thin (1-20 µm) single crystal film scintillators are required. These scintillators are grown on a substrate by liquid phase epitaxy. The critical point for these layers is their weak absorption, especially at energies exceeding 20 keV. At the European Synchrotron radiation Facility (ESRF), X-ray imaging applications can exploit energies up to 120 keV. Therefore, the development of new scintillating materials is currently investigated. The aim is to improve the contradictory compromise between absorption and spatial resolution, to increase the detection efficiency while keeping a good image contrast even at high energies.The first part of this work presents a model describing high-resolution detectors which was developed to calculate the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system as a function of the X-ray energy. The model can be used to find the optimal combination of scintillator and visible light optics for different energy ranges, and it guided the choice of the materials to be developed as SCF scintillators. In the second part, two new kinds of scintillators for high-resolution are presented: the gadolinium-lutetium aluminum perovskite (Gd0.5Lu0.5AlO3:Eu) and the lutetium oxide (Lu2O3:Eu) SCFs
Almajdub, Mohamed. "Imagerie haute résolution des tissus mous chez la souris par scanner rayons X : application à l'étude du foie, de la rate et des reins". Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10139.
Texto completoThe validation of targets and the selection of drug candidates require in vivo studies using animal models developped on mice or rats. The challenge resides in the transposition of clinical imaging methods towards the small animal. This work aimed at developing in vivo imaging methods using high resolution X-ray scanner (micro-CT) and contrast media for the analysis of soft tissues in the mouse. In a first part, we report an inventory of fixtures on the instrumental developments on x-ray scanner and on the contrast media, and show the links between clinical and experimental methods. We then report a first part of our work which consisted in validating the use of a new contrast media for the diagnosis and the follow-up in vivo of spleen and liver tumors on mice. The kinetics of the contrast media was evaluated. On a model of neuro-endocrines tumors in NUDE mice, it was possible to visualize precisely splenic tumors and hepatic metastase. A second work was carried out on the anatomical and functional exploration of the kidney in mice. This study demonstrated that contrast-enhanced micro-CT enables accurate in vivo measurement of kidney volume, lengh and thickness in mice. Reference parameters are reported for 4 strains, all used for transgenesis application. The technique provides a useful follow-up research tool for mouse phenotyping and renal disease studies. The development of intravenous urography (IVU) is also reported. This whole work participates to the development of small animal imaging, allowing pre-clinical studies for animal model characterization and drug efficacy evaluation
Dubos, Sébastien. "Nouveau spectro-imageur CdTe à très haute résolution spatiale et spectrale pour l'astronomie X et gamma". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC159.
Texto completoThe thesis work presented in the manuscript corresponds to the first development phase of the MC2 project, an ambitious R & D effort to realize a new type of CdTe-based imaging spectrometer for future hard X- and gamma-rays astronomy missions. The objective is to achieve a 300 micron-pitch pixelated detector plane hybrided with a very low noise front-end electronics for a total pixel density multiplied by 4 compared to the most advanced system recently available in the laboratory (Caliste HD module). Moreover, thanks to the joint development of reading circuits adapted to the interconnection of pixelated detectors with low capacitance and low leakage current, spectroscopic performances of such system are assumed to approach inherent limitations of the CdTe detector, specifically for the lowest energies. My work was organized in parallel and complementary areas: evaluation of current systems, feedback and identification of issues associated with the development of highly-resolved detection planes, implementation and complete characterization of a new two-dimensional ASIC specifically developed for this application, and modelling and study of the associated sensor to optimize the design of the detector pattern. Finally, a first hybrid prototype was completed and first experimental tests thereby conducted
Wollesen, Laura. "Nouveaux films minces scintillants ultra-denses et solutions alternatives pixélisées pour l'imagerie synchrotron par rayon X". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m60k28pm.
Texto completoThe development of scintillators with high stopping power for high spatial resolution X-ray imaging at synchrotrons has been performed by employing two approaches. The first approach was to grow thin Single Crystalline Films (SCFs) of high density and effective Z number by Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE). This is to reach ultimate high spatial resolution while maximizing the absorption efficiency of the films. Before attempting to develop the LPE procedures, the compounds were investigated with a Geant4, Monte Carlo simulation tool combined with subsequent analytical calculations to evaluate their scintillating spatial response. Ultimate high-density compound, Lu2Hf2O7, and other hafnates have in this framework been successfully grown on ZrO2:Y substrates. The atomic structures of the films were confirmed to be iso-structural with the substrate and have a low lattice mismatch. It was experienced that various elements could enter the structure, and a surprising flexibility of the hafnate system for LPE growth is thereby realized. The grown films of Lu2Hf2O7 doped with Europium are discovered to scintillate. However, the substrate itself displays low-intensity emission. The films have a rather low light output but deliver a good spatial response validated by MTFs as well as when performing radiography and tomography. The second approach was to grow state-of-the-art SCF scintillators in a micro-structured manner by LPE. The aim is to increase the stopping power by having tall pillars containing light and maintaining a good spatial response. LSO:Tb and GGG:Eu, were grown micro-structured onto laser-treated LYSO:Ce and GGG substrates, respectively. The morphology of the pillars varies depending on the compound and the substrate orientation. The atomic structures and luminescent properties are comparable to their normal SCF counterparts. Thereby a proof of concept has been demonstrated
Buttard, Denis. "Étude structurale du silicium poreux de type p par diffraction haute résolution des rayons X". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10141.
Texto completoNiedermayr, Thomas. "Étude à haute résolution des rayons X émis lors de l'interaction d'ions légers avec des surfaces". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066275.
Texto completoDupuis, Olivier. "Fusion entre les données ultrasonores et les images de radioscopie à haute résolution : application au contrôle de cordon de soudure". Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0093/these.pdf.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the development of radioscopic (XR) and ultrasonic (US) data fusion for the automatic inspection of steel welded joints in a way to enhance the reliability of defect detection. The mathematical model is the theory of evidence of Dempster-Shafer. The study of physical laws leading to the formation of XR image and US signal helped for the development of a specific processing for the detection and matching of defects. Unfortunately, the detection of low amplitude signal defects also yields false alarm detection. We therefore developed a training stage to attribute a confidence level to a detected object. During this stage, different features of reference defects were calculated (contrast-to-noise ratio, area, elongation…) and compared to the interpretation of human expert analysis. We distinguish different areas of the features space in which some types of objects are predominant. A novel method has been developed for attributing a degree of belief to an unknown object taking both uncertainty and imprecision into account. Eventually, the data fusion stage consists in combining confidence levels to increase the confidence in the presence of a defect, but also to precise its nature and dimensions
Bui, Thaï Thanh Thu. "Etude des interactions halogène...X (X = halogène ou base de Lewis) à partir des mesures diffraction des rayons-X à haute résolution". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10005/document.
Texto completoHalogen bonding is a highly directional intermolecular interaction. It is observed in systems C-Hal•••X, where the halogen atom (Hal) is bound to a carbon atom and interacts with another halogen (X = Hal) or a Lewis base (X = Lewis base). The main objective of this thesis is to better understand these interactions. The thesis is mainly devoted to the study of the electron density and the electrostatic potential of halogenated compounds by high resolution X-ray diffraction. In this work, four chlorinated compounds, containing interactions Hal•••X (Hal = Cl, X = Cl, O, H, C?) were analyzed in their crystalline phase to study the halogen bond. Among the most important results from this work, we report the experimental determination of the anisotropic electronic distribution of the halogen atom. This anisotropy generates electrophilic and nucleophilic regions around the halogen nucleus that are responsible for the interaction that this kind of atom establishes with the environment
Zhang, Tao. "Imagerie multi-résolution par tomographie aux rayons X : application à la tomographie locale en science des matériaux". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876871.
Texto completoBrousses, Rémy. "Études structurales de carbènes de Fischer et de complexes carbéniques N-hétérocycliques par diffraction des rayons X à haute résolution". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2256/.
Texto completoHigh resolution X-ray diffraction analyses enable the experimental determination of the charge density distribution within compounds. In this context, we have investigated the structure of Fischer carbenes and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHCs) complexes of the first-row transition metals series, Mn(I) and Fe(II). At first, on the basis of the high-resolution structural analysis of the MeCp(CO)2Mn=C(Me)OEt complex, we will show that non-covalent interactions between the ethoxy substituent of the carbene ligand and the carbonyl ligands are responsible of the conformation of the Mn(I) piano-stool alkylalkoxy carbene complexes. Analysis of the Cp(CO)2Mn=C(Ph)OC6H2Cl3-2,4,6 complex revealed the existence of a non-covalent interaction between the aryl substituent and the proximal carbonyl group. We will show that, beyond its incidence on the conformation of the complexes, this type of interaction also induces a red-shift of the IR ?CO frequencies of the carbonyl ligand and as a consequence, modifies their response relative the electron-donicity of the ancillary ligands. Then, we were prompted to extend these studies to Mn(I) and Fe(II) NHC piano-stool complexes of the type Cp(CO)2Mn(NHC) and Cp(CO)2Fe(NHC). We will show that a non-covalent interaction between the aryl substituent of the NHC ligand and the proximal carbonyl group also occurs in this type of complexes. In the last part, we will focus on the synthesis and the structural characterization of Mn(II) NHC complexes resulting from the one-electron oxidation of the Cp(CO)2Mn(NHC) complexes cited above. These radical complexes appeared to be stable and one of them could be analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction
Aubert, Emmanuel. "Etude des interactions de molécules hôtes dans des zéolithes synthétiques par diffraction des rayons X à haute résolution". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142220.
Texto completoLes monocristaux nécessaires ont été obtenus au laboratoire par synthèse hydrothermale. L'étude de la densité de charge de AlPO4-15 a révélé les interactions hôte / invité dans ce composé et, avec l'analyse de sa topologie, a permis d'en modéliser le potentiel électrostatique. L'étude de la zéolithe MFI a permis de localiser l'ion fluorure qui se trouve être lié à un atome de silicium de la charpente.
Cendre, Emmanuelle. "Tomographie à haute résolution par rayons X : application à l'étude de la perte osseuse chez le sujet âgé". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0055.
Texto completoThis thesis concerns the study of age-related bone loss mechanisms. The aim is to determine if a high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) system with 150μm resolution is sufficient to-predict non invasively mechanical properties in ewe lumbar vertebrae and in human cancellous bone (vertebrae and os calcis). A first HRCT system allowed to obtain two-dimensional slices with 150 μm resolution. We built a second HRCT system with an adjustable resolution between 200 and 8 μm. Specific segmentation methods were developed in order to extract structural and connectivity parameters. Moreover, bone architecture was characterized by textural parameters. In a first time, we developed on animal model different techniques to evaluate the cancellous bone's quality: its density (physical density and density evaluated by dual x-ray absorptiometry), its structure (estimated by histomorphometry and HRCT) and its mechanical properties. On human os calcis, ultrasonic measures were also performed. The HRCT system (resolution 150 ~rn) was evaluated by referring to the standard histomorphometric technique. The results obtained enabled us to derive significant correlations for most of the measured parameters. Moreover, the strong correlations obtained between HRCT structural parameters and mechanical properties are of the same magnitude as those determined from histomorphometry, but with the remarkable advantage that HRCT is a non invasive method. On the os calcis, significant correlations were equally obtained between compressive properties and the measures of ultrasound attenuation or apparent density. In conclusion, the resolution (150 μm) of our HRCT system enabled the mechanical properties of human cancellous bone to be partly predicted. This type of resolution allows us to consider the possibility of perfecting an in vivo HRCT system on peripheral bone. Further studies are necessary to confirm whether HRCT and ultrasound measurements on the os calcis could help to estimate vertebral rnechanical properties and to predict the vertebral fracture risk
Conchon, Florine. "Défauts et déformations au sein de couches d’oxydes épitaxiées : étude par diffraction des rayons X en haute-résolution". Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/c899b395-9d15-454b-98c0-9a1bf4d72251/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4010.pdf.
Texto completoThis work deals with microstructural analysis in epitaxial oxides films by X-ray diffraction. In this aim, different scattering techniques have been used both on laboratory and synchrotron equipments. A model, combining a microscopic description of the shape and size effects of the crystallites and a phenomenological description of the lattice distortions has been developed in order to account for the effects arising from defects on the scattering profiles. Two oxides systems have been investigated. Firstly, the ZrO2/MgO system, characterized by a high lattice mismatch, exhibits two subsets of misfit dislocations. The first one, is a square network of misfit dislocations randomly distributed and is characterized by a low density of dislocations, whereas the second network constituted by periodic dislocations and characterized by a high density of dislocations is responsible for the strain accommodation between ZrO2 and MgO. The second oxides system, SmNiO3/SrTiO3, presents a low lattice mismatch. The analysis of the reciprocal space maps allowed us to separate the mechanical effect from the chemical effect on the global strain relaxation. The mechanisms responsible for this strain relaxation are respectively the formation of misfit dislocations and the formation of oxygen vacancies. These two mechanisms have been evidenced by a careful interpretation of the transverse scattering profiles of the SmNiO3 films et by valence bond calculations. Finally, a correlation between strain relaxation and the transport properties of the films has been established
Mosse, Caroline. "Spectroscopie X haute résolution à 1 et 2 photons : applications et perspectives pour les plasmas chauds et denses". Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11026.
Texto completoFournier, Bertrand. "Modélisation des propriétés électrostatiques des complexes macromoléculaires à partir des données de diffraction des rayons X à très haute résolution". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10074/document.
Texto completoX-ray diffraction allows to obtain information about atomic structure and charge density distribution of crystal-state compounds, which is of main interest for the understanding of their properties. Reaching experimentally charge density distribution description of macromolecular systems is rarely possible despite technical improvements. To get around this limit, the transferability of charge density distribution parameters is a reliable way to obtain for these systems estimated model and to deduce their electrostatic properties. Works introduced in this PhD thesis manuscript take part in the will of extending methods initially for study of small molecules to macromolecular systems. It is centered on the development of the MoPro software suite and of ELMAM database (Experimental Library of Multipolar Atom Model) for the study of electrostatic interaction energies in enzyme-inhibitor complexes’ active site. The study of fidarestat, an inhibitor of aldose reductase holoenzyme, performed using ultra-high resolution data, is exposed in this manuscript and allowed to improve ELMAM database for the study of electrostatic interaction in aldo-keto reductase holoenzyme complexes. Moreover, the legitimacy of using transferred charge density distribution models was discussed for the first time, thanks to statistical estimation of uncertainties on electrostatic interaction energies between enzyme and inhibitor
Pillet, Sébastien. "Chemins d'intéraction dans les composés magnétiques moléculaires à partir d'études de diffraction X haute résolution". Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10020.
Texto completoHigh resolution X-ray diffraction was used to model the electron density distribution in different molecular magnetic compounds, in which the interaction mechanisms are due to charge transfer, direct or indirect orbital overlaps, hydrogen bonds, electronic polarization or delocalisation. We have correlated the atomic electronic structure of these systems to their magnetic behavior and determined the exchange pathways from the topological analysis of the electron density. We have confirmed the implication of a charge transfer from the SOMO orbital to the LUMO orbital, according to the McConnell I mechanism, by intramolecular delocalisation and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in Nit(SMe)Ph. Three bond critical point in the three intermolecular hydrogen bonds, show the localization of the exchange pathways between radicals, responsible of the cooperativity of the system. 2D interactions by superexchange were characterized in CU2(OH)3N03, by the absence of bond critical , point between copper atoms. Interactions by high and low orbital overlap result from the participation of two hydroxo ions and one hydroxo and one nitrate ion to the exchange pathway respectively. Three hydrogen bonds, characterized by topological analysis, give rise to inter-plane couplings. An electronic delocalization was pointed out from the two metallic centers on the oxamato bridge in the ID ferrirnagrietic system MnCu(pba). The Cu-N and Cu-O bonds, involving higher orbital overlap than Mn-O, enable more efficient delocalization and polarization of the oxamato bridge. The topological analysis showed the implication of four hydrogen bonds in the inter-chairs couplings, explaining the deviation to a pure ID behavior at low temperature
Brunelli, Michela. "Etude par diffraction des rayons X sur poudres haute résolution de solides organiques moléculaires : molécules bicycliques et dérivés halogénés de l'éthane". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10002.
Texto completoDennetiere, David. "Conception et réalisation d'un prototype d'imageur X durs à selection spectrale pour le Laser MégaJoule". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EPXX0102.
Texto completoLegrand, Vincent. "Cristallographie et photo-cristallographie haute résolution de composés moléculaires à transition de spin : propriétés structurales, électroniques et mécanismes de conversion". Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN10142.
Texto completoSpin transition compounds are particularly interesting owing to their bistability properties which give them promising applications as data storage elements or display devices. These compounds can change their spin state with the variation of an external constraint (temperature, pressure, light irradiation. . . ). The present work is the study, by high resolution X-rays diffraction, of iron(II) spin transition complexes (Fe(phen)2(NCS)2 and Fe(btr)2(NCS)2. H2O) obtained by light irradiation (LIESST). This project includes a methodological work apply to the study of these photo-induced states; it also concerns the analysis of the transition mechanism, the structure refinement and the electron density distribution modelling of these photo-induced excited states. These goals enter in a better understanding of the physical mechanisms and of the electronic interaction changes occurring during the spin transition
Follet, Hélène. "Caractérisation Biomécanique et Modélisation 3D par Imagerie X et IRM haute résolution de l'os spongieux humain : Evaluation du risque fracturaire". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003145.
Texto completoFollet, Hélène. "Caractérisation biomécanique et modélisation 3D par imagerie X et IRM haute résolution de l'os spongieux humain : évaluation du risque fracturaire". Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0105/these.pdf.
Texto completoTo prevent bone pathology, the aim of this study is to test a new methodology to evaluate fracture risk of human calcaneus cancellous bone. By using i) clinical data (bone mineral density, microstructure, DXA, Scanner X, Histomorphometry) and ii) high definition imaging techniques (RMN at 78 µm and µComputed Tomography at 10µm), it will be possible to estimate cancellous bone mechanical properties (Young Modulus and compressive maximal stress). Two tests have been implemented : a compressive test on a cubic sample of cancellous bone, and secondly, a bending test on trabecular bone. Different finite element models of these have been used and allow to determine mechanical properties of trabecular bone. Fracture risk can be evaluated by damage quantification and tissue strain level. Results of this methodology will then be compared with those obtained by classical clinical techniques
Bachaalany, Mario. "Utilisation de capteurs CMOS rapides pour l'imagerie X à très haute sensibilité". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955895.
Texto completoBendeif, El-Eulmi. "Cristallographie à haute résolution des complexes acides minéraux bases azotées ou acides aminés : Etude des interactions intermoléculaires". Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0140_BENDEIF.pdf.
Texto completoOrganic-inorganic hybrid materials resulting from the association of amino acids with phosphorous acid have a great importance in industry: IR, very high SGH, and NLO properties make these hybrid materials highly attractive for frequency doubling, they also can be used as infrared detectors and pyroelectric devices). We report in the first part of this work chemical preparation, infrared and NMR spectroscopic studies and structural determination by single crystal X-ray diffraction of six new hybrid complexes. The second part is devoted to an accurate analysis of the reversible first order single crystal phase transition that occurs in m-CPAMP. The thermal behaviour and the study of charge density of m-CPAMP using high-resolution data sets collected with synchrotron and neutron diffraction experiments at low temperature will be presented and discussed. This study allows a better understanding of the phase transition mechanism
Mariam, Riham. "Détermination des intensités absolues d’émission XL d’actinides à l’aide d’un calorimètre métallique magnétique de haute résolution". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS091/document.
Texto completoIsotopic analysis of actinides is necessary for fuel cycle management, non-proliferation treaty control or environmental monitoring. The accuracy of these analyses may be limited by the performance of the detector used but also by the uncertainties associated with the emission intensities available in the nuclear data tables. The disintegration of actinides is generally followed by intense X-ray and gamma photon emissions in the energy range below 100 keV. Their detection may be of particular interest for actinide analysis. However, conventional measurement techniques do not allow to properly separate the lines of the considered emissions. This thesis was devoted to the measurement of intensities using a cryogenic detector. The latter is based on a magnetic metallic calorimeter (MMC) that measures energy deposition as a temperature rise. The MMC, called SMX3, has four pixels and is specifically designed for high resolution X-ray and gamma spectrometry in the energy range below 100 keV to measure actinide emission intensities. In addition to the high resolution provided by SMX3 through its operating principle, this detector has a constant detection efficiency and almost equal to 100% over the energy range below 25 keV, where actinides' XL rays are emitted.The SMX3 yield curve was calibrated by a method that consists of a single standard source measurement of Am-241 combined with Monte Carlo simulations. The three actinides Pu-238, Pu-239, and Cm-244 were measured to provide absolute and relative intensities of Li-Yj emissions (with Y=L,M,N,O,P i=1,2,3 and j=1..7). Thanks to the very high energy resolution of the MMC, the individual XL lines of actinides can be separated. Satellite lines are also detected, their intensities relative to the diagram lines depend on the isotope according to the fundamental atomic parameters. The intensities of the individual XL lines could be determined for the first time, especially for the transitions L₁-L₃. In addition, the intensities of the XLi regions (i=1,2,3) were established. The intensities of the overall XL and XL groups are compared with the calculations and experimental data available in the literature
Moskalenko, Cendrine. "Étude des transitions de phases de fluides confinés dans le silicium poreux : mesures par calorimétrie différentielle et diffraction haute résolution des rayons X". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10150.
Texto completoMaret-Comtesse, Delphine. "Morphométrie haute résolution des germes dentaires : évaluation du Cone Beam CT en tant qu'outil de mesure". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1075/.
Texto completoOdontology can be of great help in determining the age of an individual. With the growth and development of three-dimensional imaging, it has become possible to include measurements such as volumetric data, which give a better grasp of the continuous process of tooth mineralization. The aim of this work is to evaluate the new technique, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) by comparing it with the reference method, micro computed tomography (micro-CT). The analysis sample comprised 120 permanent teeth. The tooth volumes obtained by CBCT and micro-CT acquisitions were similar (no statistically significant difference, Passing-Bablok method). The Bland and Altman method did not show any differences graphically, in spite of the tooth volumes being slightly underestimated by CBCT compared with micro-CT. A comparison of the three-dimensional reconstruction differences did not show areas of systematic errors. This microstructural approach to teeth through CBCT acquisitions opens up perspectives in two principal fields: forensic medicine, for methods of estimating the age of a subject, and clinical medicine, for the study of tooth morphology
Kistler, Marc. "Dimensionnement d'un tomographe à haute énergie pour le contrôle non-destructif d'objets massifs". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI060/document.
Texto completoAs part of its research and development activities on non-destructive characterisation, CEA utilizes a high-energy photonic imaging system. This instrument, unique in France, allows radiographic and tomographic analyses on large objects (e.g., nuclear waste drums). The "Laboratoire de Mesures Nucléaires", responsible for running research projects in the facility, has launched a major upgrade of the system by providing a new higher energy X-ray source and a new mechanical bench possessing a 5 t load, which allows the characterisation of thick objects (up to 140 cm concrete thickness). This PhD thesis concerns the characterisation and commissioning of the new computed tomography (CT) system and introduces new examination modalities, such as dual-energy CT.The first part of the thesis is a comprehensive study of the performance of the upgraded CT system, specifically regarding penetration capacity and spatial resolution and concerning both the X-ray source and the detection system. The X-ray source is a linear accelerator called Saturne, which has been repackaged to reach energies between 15 and 20 MeV with dose rates greater than 100 Gy/min. Simulation is used to assess the expected features of this source: spectra, focal spots and dose rates. Parallel comparison among three detectors -a series of non-abutting CdTe semiconductor sensors, a linear camera with segmented CdWO4 scintillators and horizontal screens of CsI filmed by low noise cameras - assessed the most suitable detection system. All three detection systems are studied using a quantum accounting analysis that highlights potentials and limitations of each system and enables measurement of complementary indicators of their performance: detector quantum efficiency, signal to noise ratio, spatial resolution and dynamic range. This theoretical study is completed, corrected and validated by experimental measurement campaigns. This extensive study predicts the expected performance when combined with the Saturne accelerator, allowing selection of the most appropriate detector for the imaging of large objects.The second part of the thesis concerns the development of a new method for the characterisation of materials by dual-energy CT, allowing a better assessment of the effective atomic number and the density of the material. The state of the art of current techniques highlights the potential interesting method for the characterising nuclear waste: the double effect decomposition. Initially developed for lower energy X-ray imaging, it has been adapted to match the energy range of the CT system by adapting the photon/matter interactions taken into account in the process. The method has been tested and validated on tomographic simulations obtained with the simulation code MODHERATO.This PhD work has shown that the new CT system of the CEA Cadarache has the potential to characterise massive objects with a satisfactory image quality and milli-scale spatial resolution. It also opens opportunities for the execution of dual-energy CT evaluations allowing the assessment of the atomic number and density of materials composing the examined objects
Loubens, Audrey. "Champ de déformation induit dans un monocristal par un réseau de dimensions submicroniques : diffraction des rayons X en mode haute résolution et simulation par éléments finis". Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EMSE0001.
Texto completoMechanical stresses in thin films and nanostructures have a strong influence on the reliability of devices. We propose a non destructive method for local strain measurements, which relies on X-ray diffraction coupled with finite element modelling. Si3N4 line arrays (thickness:149nm, width:145nm, pitch:169nm) on silicon have been analysed. Reciprocal space maps obtained by High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction are compared with maps calculated from displacement fields derived from finite element modelling. The good agreement between experiment and simulation allows for a validation of the calculated displacement field. The second model is an array of SOI (Silicon On Insulator) lines (period:0. 6m, width: period/2, t=50nm). The strain fields in the silicon substrate as well as in the SOI lines have been analysed. There is a qualitative agreement between measurements and calculations. This method is a powerful way to investigate local strain fields in a non-destructive way
WAHI, TAOUFIK. "Mesure des émissions K, satellites, hypersatellites, deux électrons - un photon des éléments légers : carbone, azote et oxygène lors de l'interaction ions multicharges - surface métallique. Etude à haute résolution des transitions satellites K du néon en excitation électronique". Paris, CNAM, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CNAM0238.
Texto completoKuntzinger, Sandrine. "Distribution et topologie de la densité électronique et potentiel électrostatique à partir de la diffraction X haute résolution dans trois aluminosilicates modèles : natrolite, scolécite et spodumène". Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0200_KUNTZINGER.pdf.
Texto completoLaw-Hine, Didier. "Sonder la cinétique d'auto-assemblage de nano-capsules virales à haute résolution spatio-temporelle". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS072/document.
Texto completoViral assembly is an intriguing topic of biophysics that can be studied using concepts of soft matter physics. Although huge efforts have been made to synthesize hybrid or non-hybrid supramolecular assemblies with viral proteins, the fundamental mechanisms of self-assembly are yet poorly understood. In particular, the kinetic pathway in which the proteins interact with the genome to form highly symmetrical monodisperse architectures are not completely solved.In the first part of this thesis, the Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (TR-SAXS) technique is used to probe the kinetics of both self-assembly and disassembly of empty capsids built up from the proteins of the Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV). Chemical kinetics models coupled with concepts of SAXS theory are devised in order to extract information about the nature of the reaction intermediates, their structure and their typical lifetime. The encapsulation of ssRNA with CCMV capsid proteins is also examined in this thesis. At neutral pH where the capsid proteins do not spontaneously assemble in vitro into empty spherical capsids, electron microscopy images show that there is a non-negligible population of disordered nucleoprotein complexes that coexist with well-formed spherical viruses. Additionally, TR-SAXS kinetic data suggest that the protein-nucleic acid assembly undergoes a structural reorganization in which the capsid proteins make the nucleoprotein complexes more compact as they simultaneously bind the RNA. Upon acidification, the particles are well-formed viruses as suggested by electron microscopy images. These findings suggest that the encapsulation of RNA into well-formed viruses is likely a two-step assembly with a binding step and an acidification step
Maccario, Magali. "Caractérisation de nanomatériaux C-LiFePO4 optimisés pour matériaux d'electrode positive pour batteries lithium - ionDétermination du mécanisme de désintercalation / intercalation du lithium à partir de ces matériaux". Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13483.
Texto completoNanomaterials C‑LiFePO4 for use in lithium – ion batteries such as positive electrode were synthesized with various conditions (Li/Fe ratio, temperature, thermal treatment), after mechano-chemical activation of the precursors mixture, a physico-chemical and structural study was done with Solid Chemistry and Material Sciences techniques such as diffraction (X-Ray, neutrons and electrons), spectroscopy (Mössbauer, IR, Raman,. . . ) and microscopy (SEM and HR-TEM) to determine key factor(s) to good electrochemical performance in lithium – ion batteries. X-Ray diffraction and HR-TEM combination allows to propose the “domino-cascade” mechanism to explain the quick lithium deintercalation / intercalation mechanism in “LixFePO4” and thus the good electrochemical performances in lithium – ion batteries. Long range cyclings were also studied at various temperatures
Dahaoui, Slimane. "Cristallographie haute résolution en fonction de la température : application à des matériaux à propriétés optiques non-linéaires de la famille de KTiOPO₄". Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10341.
Texto completoMonnier, Laurine. "Analyses structurales par microscopie électronique d'hexaferrites magnétiques Ca2+xFe16-xO26-(x/2)". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC224/document.
Texto completoThis thesis reports on the synthesis and the characterization of hexaferrite compounds in the Ca-Fe-O system. This work has allowed to isolate four polycrystalline compounds presenting the chemical formula (Ca4Fe5O13)1-x(Fe9O12)1+x (x= 0.334; 0.301 and 0.128) and (Ca4Fe5O13)(Fe4O4). Their crystalline structure has been determined using the precession electron diffraction tomography and has been validated through high resolution imaging microscopy (HREM/HAADF). X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction studies on polycrystalline samples have confirmed the different structural models. Fine analysis of intergrowth defects in HAADF imaging revealed significant deviations in composition with respect to the ideal composition (Ca4Fe5O13)(Fe9O12) at the origin of the three observed polymorphs. In addition to the studies on micron-sized crystals in the 80s, obtaining polycrystralline samples allowed the measurement of their physical properties. Despite the complexity of these structures and the presence of extensive defects, the Mössbauer spectroscopy has highlighted a unique oxidation degree of iron (+3) and confirmed as well the various magnetic transitions initially detected by magnetization measurements, as well as their evolution versus the x deviation value. Electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements were performed on the samples
De, cesare Cinzia. "Traitements numériques pour l’amélioration de la stabilité des détecteurs spectrométriques à fort flux pour l'imagerie X". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT084/document.
Texto completoThe emergence of CdTe Photon Counting Detectors (PCD) with energy discrimination capabilities, opens up new perspectives in X-ray imaging. Medical and security applications are characterized by very high X-ray fluxes and consequently require a very fast shaper in order to limit dead time losses due to pile-up. However, if the shaper is faster than the collection of the charges in the semiconductor, there is a loss of charge called ballistic deficit. Moreover, variations of the electric field profile in the detector over time cause a change in the collection time of the charges. As a result, the conversion gain of the detector will be affected by these variations. The instability of the response is visible over time as a channel shift of the spectra, resulting in a false information of the photon energy. The aim of this work is to characterize this instability in order to understand the mechanisms behind them and to develop a method to correct its effect. We proposed a correction algorithm based on the use of two Single Delay Line (SDL) shaping amplifiers. A fast SDL is used to measure the X-ray spectra at high count rates with limited count rate losses. A slow SDL is used to measure the full collected charge in order estimate a correction factor for the compensation of the ballistic deficit fluctuations of the fast SDL. An important step is to sort the processed pulses in order to reject pile-up and other undesirable effects that may degrade the measurement of the correction factor. The proposed method was implemented in an FPGA in order to correct the ballistic deficit in real-time and to give a stable response of the detector at very high fluxes. The method was tested with a 4x4 pixels detector (CdTe) of 3 mm thickness and 800 micron pitch, which is able to measure transmitted X-ray spectra in the energy range of 20-160 kV on 256 energy bins. The developed method was initially tested at low count rate with a Co-57 and an Am-241 gamma-ray sources, then at high count rates up to ~2 Mc/s with an X-ray source. With the characterization and the validation of this innovative algorithm we prove its ability in providing a stable response of the detector over time without affecting the energy resolution (~7% at 122 keV) and the dead time (~70 ns)
Maccario, Magalie. "Caractérisation de nanomatériaux C-LiFePO4 optimisés pour matériaux d'électrode positive pour batteries lithium – ion. Détermination du mécanisme de désintercalation / intercalation du lithium à partir de cesmatériaux". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362217.
Texto completoGonzalez, Miguel. "Nature and origin of sedimentary deposits in the Ecuador subduction trench : paleoseismological implications". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B009/document.
Texto completoRecent deep marine sedimentation in subduction trenches is characterized by the inter-stratification of hemipelagic and turbidite sediments locally interbedded with debris flow, which can result from continental slope shaking triggered by earthquakes. The active margin of Ecuador comprises tectonic erosion that contributes to the formation of a deep trench filled by a complex suite of sedimentary facies. Gravity flow sedimentation is ubiquitous along the margin and facies range from laterally continuous m-thick mass transport deposits to isolated cm-thick turbidites intercalated with hemipelagite, volcanoclastics and tephra. In this study we show interpretation of swath bathymetry, high-resolution seismic profiles and petrophysical data from cores. The objective is to describe the morphologic complexity on the Ecuadorian border of the Nazca plate where a set of deep marine asperities is subducting at different scales, and their consequences on the distribution of sediments in the different sub-basins. Ecuadorian margin comprises three geomorphological segments: The northern segment, northward of the Carnegie Ridge, is characterized by a wide (5-10 km) and deep trench (3800 – 4000 m), a gentler gullied continental slope and a shelf (10-40 km wide) with active subsidence. The central segment facing the Carnegie Ridge, is strongly influenced by the subduction of the Carnegie ridge which induces a narrow (0–5 km wide) and shallow trench (3100 – 3700 m depth), a steep and gullied slope with no canyons and a 15–40 km wide shelf characterized by areas with active subsidence and uplift. Finally, the southern segment, southward of the Carnegie Ridge, presents a wide (5–10 km) and deep (4000–4700 m) trench, a starved continental slope with well-defined canyon systems and a wide subsiding shelf (20–50 km). The sedimentary dynamics along the margin is evaluated by the analysis of 15 cores. Visual description, high-resolution photographs, X-Ray imagery, XRF data and petrophysical properties led to the identification of 11 sedimentary facies that characterize seven sedimentary processes: turbidites, hemipelagites, tephras, debris flows, homogenites, slumps, and ooze carbonate deposits. Age of the deposits is defined by radiocarbon age dating of hemipelagic sediments. Ages range from 500 to 48,000 years BP. High-resolution seismic profiles allow definition of three echo-facies: transparent, layered and chaotic. Transparent echo-facies is mainly associated to homogenite deposits, layered echo-facies is associated to the turbiditic-hemipelagic interbedded deposits and chaotic echo-facies is associated to reworked gravity flow deposits. The trench fill represents a lacunar but important record of the subduction margin history. Large eastward debris flows in the lower two sequences of the trench fill are provided by the trench outer wall as a results of slope failures along normal faults due to the downward bending of the oceanic plate. The sediment of the upper sequence of the trench fill draping the trench floor, are largely provided by the inner trench wall strongly controlled by the Carnegie Ridge. As a result, depth, frequency, thickness, composition and lateral disposition of the deposits vary greatly from those at north and south. The large, simple mega-beds like slump, debris flows and homogenites are located at the northern and southern segments. They were triggered by large regional faults in the North and enhanced by the activity of sets of splay faults in the South overhanging the seafloor at the slope toe. Small-size, fluid rich events were triggered by subduction of isolated seamounts at the edges of the Carnegie Ridge due to frequent but small destabilizations of an inner trench wall preconditioned by the impacts of successive seamounts. Sets of partly volcanoclastic turbidites in central segment might have been triggered by the complex interaction of slope and continental shelf deformation by seamount subduction
Lachal, Marie. "Etude des mécanismes d'insertion/désinsertion des cations alcalins (Li+/Na+) au sein de la structure olivine FePO4 pour accumulateurs Li-ion et Na-ion". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI035/document.
Texto completoAs part of the development of Na-ion technology, NaFePO4 compound, chemical equivalent of theattractive LiFePO4 material, would be a promising option facing possible lithium shortage. However,olivine-type LiFePO4 and NaFePO4 display different structural and electrochemical behaviors duringcationic insertion. This thesis presents an analysis of the (de)insertion mechanisms of Li+ and Na+ ionswithin olivine-type FePO4 by chemical and electrochemical means. Samples of LiFePO4 weresynthesized by two different methods (hydrothermal and precipitation), then chemically delithiated bydifferent processes. In a first step, structural analysis (XRD) associated with nuclear analyses enabledfollowing the reaction kinetics. We have pointed out that the presence of grain boundaries, resultingfrom the heat treatment, strongly limits the delithiation kinetics. The analysis of the evolution of thecoherency domains enabled us to propose an original "Shrinking Core" type delithiation mechanismwith a core of LiFePO4, observed by HRTEM and STEM-EELS. In a second step, in order to comparechemical and electrochemical mechanisms, insertion and cyclability of Li+ and Na+ were characterizedin lithium and sodium half-cells. Although the electrochemical signature of LiFePO4 and NaFePO4materials is different, the performances in terms of restored capacity or power capability are similar.Finally, electrochemical insertion of Li+ and Na+ in a powder comprising structural defects wascharacterized by operando XRD, during a charge / discharge cycle performed at low rate. Theseanalyses revealed that the cationic co-insertion takes place via a solid solution LixNayFePO4(0
Laurencin, Tanguy. "Étude de la rhéologie des suspensions de fibres non-newtoniennes par imagerie et simulation numérique 3D à l'échelle des fibres". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI013/document.
Texto completoThis study focuses on the processing of short fibre-reinforced polymer composites. The physical and mechanical properties of these materials are mainly affected by the position and orientation distribution of fibres induced during their forming. Thus, we analysed the flow-induced micro-mechanisms that arose at the fibre scale during the forming stage of these complex systems which behave as non-Newtonian fibre suspensions. For that purpose, an original approach was developed by combining 3D imaging technique and direct numerical simulation, both performed at the fibre scale. Hence, several model fibre suspensions with a non-Newtonian suspending fluid and with a concentration regime that ranged from dilute to concentrated were prepared . They were subjected to confined lubricated compression loadings using a rheometer mounted on a synchrotron X-ray microtomograph. Thanks to very short scanning times, 3D images of the evolving fibrous microstructures at high spatial resolution were recorded in real-time. These experiments were also simulated using a dedicated Finite Element library enabling an accurate description of fibre kinematics in complex suspending fluids thanks to high performance computation, level sets and adaptive anisotropic meshing. The efficiency of the numerical simulation from the dilute to semi-dilute concentration regimes was assessed through experimental and numerical comparisons.Then, we showed that the confinement effect and the non-Newtonian rheology of the suspending fluid had a weak effect on the fibre kinematics, if the fibres were sufficiently far from the compression platens, typically the fibre-platen distance should be larger than twice the fibre diameter. Otherwise, confinement effects occurred. Some extensions of the dumbbell model were proposed to correct the fibre kinematics in this flow conditions. In semi-dilute concentration, deviations of the fibre kinematics compared to the Jeffery’s predictions were also observed and related to hydrodynamic interactions between fibres. In this case, the predictions of Jeffery’s model and the related assumption of affine fibre motions are less relevant. In the concentrated regime, even if the overall orientation of fibre suspension could be astonishingly well described by using the Jeffery’s model, strong fluctuations on each fibre motion and rotation were observed. These deviations were induced by the numerous fibre-fibre contacts, which could be correctly predicted by the tube model
Brezgunova, Mariya. "Analyse de la densité de charge et des propriétés topologiques des interactions intermoléculaires faibles - liaisons halogène et chalcogène - et leur comparaison avec des liaisons hydrogène". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0012/document.
Texto completoUnderstanding and control of intermolecular interactions play a crucial role in molecular recognition, crystal engineering, and biological systems. Three very frequent weak contacts linking the molecules in organic solids are halogen, chalcogen, and weak hydrogen bondings. In this thesis, we perform experimental and theoretical charge density rho(r) studies based on the QTAIM methodology for analyzing halogen and chalcogen bonding, and for comparing them with weak hydrogen bonding, as derived from the high-resolution single crystal X-ray diffraction multipole-refined electron density and from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Defining the nature of these weak interactions as electrophilic-nucleophilic, we particularly focus on their strength and directionality. Based on the topology of L(r) = ¬rho inverted delta2 rho(r), a proposed electrostatic descriptor (delta(L/rho)) permitted us to evaluate quantitatively the electrostatic intensity between charge concentration (CC) and charge depletion (CD) regions belonging to the valence shell of the interacting atoms. The interaction energy (Eint) was described from the topological properties of rho(r). The attention has been also paid to the formation of recurrent structural fragments, called synthons. By the developed approach, it is proved that the synthon arrangement can be created not only by groups of atoms, but also by sets of CC and CD sites similarly involved in the contact formation
Fromen, Marie-Claire. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la structure de nanoparticules magnétiques : des particules isolées aux assemblages". Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003695.
Texto completoMorel, Xavier. "Conception d'une optique électrostatique à champ de vue hémisphérique pour l'étude des plasmas magnétosphériques, terrestre et planétaires". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062842.
Texto completoBayart, Alexandre. "Synthèse, caractérisations structurales et propriétés d'oxydes multifonctionnels A2B2O7 (A = lanthanide; B = Ti, Zr) sous forme massive et en couches minces". Thesis, Artois, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ARTO0407/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of new multifunctional Ln2B2O7 oxides phases with Ln = lanthanide, B = Ti, Zr. These oxides possess many properties, including photocatalysis, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity and luminescence. In bulk form, solid solutions of (La1-xLnx)2Ti2O7 with Ln = Pr to Lu and La2(Ti1-xZrx)2O7 were synthesis by solid-solid reaction. Study on the Ln site substitution highlighted the limits of stability of the layered perovskite depending on the nature of the lanthanide. Analysis carried out by Raman spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry also permit the detection of luminescence in (La1-xEux)2Ti2O7 and (La1-xTbx)2Ti2O7 solid solutions, suggesting the possibility to use such compounds for fabrication of new phosphor systemes. Ln2Ti2O7 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition, and characterized by high resolution X-rays diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The new limits of stability of films with layeredperovskite structure have been determined in the case of samples grown on (100)- and (110)-oriented SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates. The piezoelectric/ferroelectrique properties of Ln2Ti2O7 thin films crystallized in the monoclinic α phase were confirmed at the local level by piezoelectric force microscopy measurements. Finally, we have shown the the epitaxial growth of La2Zr2O7 films deposited on (110)-oriented SrTiO3 substrate can induce ferroelectricity for geometrically frustrated pyrochlore structure with the loss of cubic symmetry. These interesting results make Ln2B2O7 compounds promising candidates for the development of new multifunctional oxides. Moreover, the absence of lead in these structures and their resistance to the temperature and irradiation open interesting perspectives for the use of such materials in electronic equipments and in extreme environments
Carlier, Thomas. "Croissance de couches minces et de nanostructures piézoélectriques A2WO6 (A=lanthanide) par ablation laser et caractérisation nanométrique par microscopie à force atomique". Thesis, Artois, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ARTO0407/document.
Texto completoWith the development of nanotechnology in the field of sensors and information storage, the research for new eco-friendly materials in the form of thin films with high performances is part of an ever present environmental policy. The purpose of this work is twofold. It is (i) to synthesize oxide thin films of A2WO6 (A = lanthanide) and to demonstrate the local piezo / ferroelectric behavior; (ii) to nanostructure this type of material by using a "bottom-up" approach. Thus this thesis has began by studying the behavior of these oxides in bulk form, considering particularly the temperature and pressure effects. As a result, La2WO6 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on (100)-oriented SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates. The structural characterization by X-ray diffraction high resolution and transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the lattice parameters and the epitaxial relationships of these films. Thereafter, the piezo / ferroelectric behavior of high temperature α-La2WO6 film was locally confirmed by piezoelectric force microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy combined with the scanning tunneling microscopy. The Nd2WO6 compound has also the characteristics of a piezoelectric material. Finally, the nanostructuration by combining a silicon nitride mask and the pulsed laser deposition technique has enabled the fabrication of La2WO6 piezoelectric islands with diameters of 1.2 μm and 450 nm. These promising results make A2WO6 oxides ideal candidates for the design of piezo / ferroelectric nanodevices
Mokso, Rajmund. "Développement et applications de l'imagerie cohérente aux rayons X à très haute résolution spatiale et temporelle". Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00255334.
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