Artículos de revistas: "Hydrogeological hazards"

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Jingye, Xu. "Analysis of Problems and Hazards in Hydrogeological Investigation". Research on Geology 2, n.º 2 (2020): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/rg.0202010c.

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Moiseev, D., L. Gorina, V. Romanovsky, K. Valeeva y O. Gorbunova. "Hydrogeological processes and phenomena and assessment of their danger". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 032018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032018.

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Abstract In modern complex engineering-geological conditions of cities, the growth and scale of development of dangerous natural processes and phenomena can be traced. In many ways, the reasons for this are not only technogenic load on the soil, but also changes in climatic factors. Buildings and objects exposed to hazardous factors of hydrogeological processes are becoming increasingly vulnerable to their impact, which can lead to catastrophic consequences. One of the main conditions for increasing the stability of objects is the adaptation of existing methods or approaches to assessing natural hazards that have a negative impact on the physical state of such objects. The authors of the article propose an adaptation of the international INFORM approach in order to assess the hazard level of natural processes and phenomena in built-up areas. The task is also to develop a methodology for assessing the physical state of objects exposed to such processes and phenomena. To solve this problem, the study examines the practical aspects of applying the principles of the Weber-Fechner law in determining the state of the structural parameters of buildings that are under the influence of negative factors of hazardous natural processes and phenomena. The study is based on the principle of changing the category of the physical state of objects from changes in the level of exposure to hazardous factors of natural processes and phenomena.

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Papagiannaki, Diakakis, Kotroni, Lagouvardos y Andreadakis. "Hydrogeological and Climatological Risks Perception in a Multi-Hazard Environment: The Case of Greece". Water 11, n.º 9 (25 de agosto de 2019): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091770.

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Climate-related hazards, such as wildfires and hydrogeological phenomena, cause extensive damages and casualties around the world. Despite the recent advances and technologies for risk mitigation, it is acknowledged that public risk perception is a critical factor for these tools to succeed. Greece and the broader Eastern Mediterranean is an area where, despite the diversity of natural disasters, there is a lack of understanding of the hazard types that people are most concerned with and how they measure against other groups of hazards (i.e., geophysical). This work uses an online survey targeting Greek people, aiming to provide a better understanding of their perception of different natural hazards. Statistical results show that people consider climate-related hazards less dangerous and likely to occur than earthquakes, which occur often as zero-impact events. Laymen may thus underestimate certain risks, which may inhibit appropriate preparation. Disaster experience was found to increase threat perceptions and to motivate preparedness. However, in what concerns climate-related hazards, the effect of experience may fade out over time. Awareness activities were found to associate with higher emergency response efficacy. Males exhibit lower risk perception and higher coping appraisals. However, prioritization of risks is almost identical between genders. Implications for risk management are discussed.

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Gaprindashvili, Merab. "Geological Hazards in Tbilisi". Works of Georgian Technical University, n.º 1(523) (25 de marzo de 2022): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2022-1-129-150.

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Geological description of the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi, includes the history of its study, geological conditions, all statistical levels in the area and lithological composition with relevant graphic material. The tectonic, seismic, morphological and hydrogeological conditions of the study area are also presented. The main triggers/causes of geological hazards are presented in a separate subsection. The types of geological hazards (landslides, mudflows, rockfalls) spread within the territory of the capital are described in detail. The focus is on recent natural disasters that disrupted the normal rhythm of urban life, threatened the safe movement of traffic, deformed and destroyed many homes and infrastructure, and most regrettably caused loss of life. In the final chapter of the article, recommendations for protective measures are offered for each threat.

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Cowood, A. L., J. Young, T. I. Dowling, C. L. Moore, R. Muller, J. MacKenzie, M. Littleboy y A. T. Nicholson. "Assessing wetland climate change vulnerability for wetland management decision support using the hydrogeological landscape framework: application in the Australian Capital Territory". Marine and Freshwater Research 70, n.º 2 (2019): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17302.

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The hydrogeological landscape (HGL) framework provides a landscape characterisation method that identifies areas of similar physical, hydrogeological, hydrological, chemical and biological properties, referred to as HGL units. The underlying principle of the HGL framework is that water distribution and movement is controlled by climate, landform, geology, regolith, soil and vegetation properties. By understanding the patterns of variability in the setting and controls of atmospheric, surface and groundwater systems for a given landscape, the developed HGL units, and associated landscape element-based management areas, can be used for hazard assessment and natural resource management centred on water availability, quality, sustainability and associated ecological systems. Existing wetland frameworks also demonstrate that it is the hydrogeomorphological or hydrogeological characteristics of the landscape that will determine the variability in water inputs and outputs for a wetland water balance, a principle shared with the HGL framework. It is therefore logical that HGL units and management areas can be used as planning units for wetland hazard assessment and management. This paper presents an assessment of climate change vulnerability for 1296 wetlands across the Australian Capital Territory using indicators representing current anthropogenic pressure, future ecological change and future hydrological change. The use of management areas for the hazard assessment allows understanding of the patterns of variability in the chosen indicators and hazard assessment outcomes specifically for the areas to be managed. This approach allows consideration of the landscape setting when identifying suitable locations to undertake on-ground management actions to address the hazards identified.

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Cucchi, A., I. Q. Valsecchi, M. Alberti, P. Fassi, M. Molari y G. Mannucci. "The alerting system for hydrogeological hazard in Lombardy Region, northern Italy: rainfall thresholds triggering debris-flows and "equivalent rainfall" method". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2015): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-269-2015.

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Abstract. The Functional Centre (CFMR) of the Civil Protection of the Lombardy Region, North Italy, has the main task of monitoring and alerting, particularly with respect to natural hazards. The procedure of early warning for hydrogeological hazard is based on a comparison of two quantities: thresholds and rainfall, both referred to a defined area and an exact time interval. The CFMR studied 52 landslide events (1987–2003) in Medium-Low Valtellina and derived a model of the critical detachment rainfall, in function of the local slope and the Curve Number CN (an empirical parameter related with the land cover and the hydrological conditions of the soil): it's physically consistent and allows a geographically targeted alerting. Moreover, rainfall thresholds were associated with a typical probability of exceedance. The processing of rainfall data is carried out through the "equivalent rainfall" method, that allows to take into account the antecedent moisture condition of the soil: in fact the hazard is substantially greater when the soil is near to saturation. The method was developed from the CN method and considers the local CN and the observed rainfall of the previous 5 days. The obtained value for the local equivalent rainfall, that combines rainfall (observed and forecasted) and local soil characteristics, is a better parameter for the evaluation of the hydrogeological hazard. The comparison between equivalent rainfall and thresholds allows to estimate the local hydrogeological hazard, displayed through hazard maps, and consequently to provide a reliable alerting activity (even localized to limited portions of the region).

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Monteleone, Salvatore y Maria Sabatino. "Hydrogeological hazards and weather events: Triggering and evolution of shallow landslides". International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2, n.º 2 (junio de 2014): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-6339(15)30003-4.

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Gui, Herong, Manli Lin y Xiaomei Song. "Technical research on controlling major karst water hazards in China coalmines". Water Practice and Technology 11, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2016): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.071.

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Karst water is one of the major water hazards in China coalmines, causing frequent mine flooding and sever human casualties. This article, starting out on the spatial relation between mining facility and karst aquifer, extensively illustrates the techniques to identify water burst risks in karst aquifer and field testing methods of key parameters; primary water hazards control techniques for specific mining conditions and hydrogeological properties, such as retaining water-resistant safety rock pillar, water draining and depressurizing, bottom aquifuge consolidation grouting and revamp. All achievements can be of reference to other coal-producing countries confronted with karst water hazards.

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Li, Tao, Jiarui Zhang, Ying Gao, Xinqi Cao, Hongyang Liu, Peng Zhang y Junwei Yang. "Hydrological Characteristics of Ordovician Karst Top in a Deep Region and Evaluation of Its Threat to Coal Mining: A Case Study for the Weibei Coalfield in Shaanxi Province, China". Geofluids 2020 (25 de agosto de 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7629695.

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Widely distributed in North China, Ordovician karst is characterized by having high thickness, nonuniform aquosity, and significant water pressure-bearing properties. Deep mining in North China is threatened by associated water hazards; hence, research on the hydrogeological characteristics of deep Ordovician karst is needed. In this study, the Weibei coalfield in Shaanxi Province, China, was selected as the study area, especially mines in the Hancheng and Chenghe mining areas. In situ experiments, including water pumping, water drainage, water injecting and water pressure, and laboratory experiments, were conducted to study the hydrogeological characteristics of the Ordovician karst top in the study area. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on controlling factors for the development of the Ordovician karst top in the study area, and a method for evaluating the water inrush risk in coal mining areas based on karst hydrogeological characteristics was proposed. The research results indicated that the Ordovician karst top in the study area was characterized by heterogeneity, vertical zonation, and partially filled properties, which were mainly controlled by two factors: sedimentation and tectonism. The hydrogeological conditions of the Ordovician karst could be divided into three types: nonfilled and nonsignificant tectonism, filled and nonsignificant tectonism, and significant tectonism. Among them, the filled and nonsignificant tectonism type Ordovician karst top type had a filling thickness of 20 m. Based on karst hydrogeological characteristics, the methods were proposed to evaluate the water inrush risk in the coal mining floor. The practical tests verified the methods.

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Tam, Vu Thanh, Nguyen Ngoc Ha y Ho Van Thuy. "Establishing 3D hydrogeological solid model and database for sustainable groundwater management in the Vietnam Mekong delta". Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjste.63(4).86-94.

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The Vietnam Mekong delta (VMD) is a tide-dominated delta formed by the Mekong river system. The sediments are dominantly fine grained and were deposited in the receiving basin with slight inclination of pre-existing deposits in the East sea and gulf of Thailand. The VMD is homeland to about 18 million people that exploit about 4-6 million m3/day of groundwater mainly for domestic use. In recent years, significant groundwater depletion has been occurring in many parts of the VMD due to excessive pumping. Consequently, the VMD has become increasingly faced with serious land subsidence, salt groundwater intrusion, and contamination. Establishing a 3D hydrogeological solid model and database are sorely needed to achieve sustainable groundwater management, and to serve as a basis for further in-depth analyses to quantify contributions from the above-mentioned hazards to current hydrogeological conditions. Therefore, a 3D hydrogeological solid model and database were built based on more than 1000 well logs available from the VMD. An areal distribution of the Holocene, Pleistocene, Pliocene, and Late Miocene subsurfaces from this 3D hydrogeological solid model and database showed zones of tectonic depression and uplift from Early Miocene - Quaternary. Also, the resulting areal distribution aquitards and aquifers thicknesses gave hints of ground saltwater intrusion and contamination.

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Mielby, Susie y Hans Jørgen Henriksen. "Hydrogeological Studies Integrating the Climate, Freshwater Cycle, and Catchment Geography for the Benefit of Urban Resilience and Sustainability". Water 12, n.º 12 (26 de noviembre de 2020): 3324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123324.

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Today, there is an increasing need to understand how to link the management of the surface and subsurface to avoid disasters in many urban areas and/or reduce the likelihood of future risks. There is a need for thorough investigation of subsurface processes. This investigation should entail an analysis of water security, flood risks, and drought hazards in urban areas that may affect long-term sustainability and the ability to recover from disturbance, e.g., a capacity for resilience. In this context, as part of this analysis, potential biophysical and hydro-meteorological hazards need to be studied and subdivided according to geological, hydrogeological, man-made, and climatic origin, and by their characteristic temporal scales and site specific characteristics. The introduction of adaptive design and resilience in urban and suburban planning and management requires a shift towards more organic, adaptive, and flexible design and management strategies. This leads to the use of a complex cross-disciplinary methodology. We consider data collation, modelling, and monitoring designed to fit typical urban situations and complexity. Furthermore, implementation of strategic planning, decision-making to manage the consequences of future infrastructure and constructions are considered. The case studies presented are experiences from different hydrogeological studies performed in Odense, Denmark. Rising population and densification is affecting Odense, and there is risk of raised seawater level, groundwater, and surface-water flooding. The anthropogenic modification of subsurface structures and increased climate changes enhance the risk of hazards and the risk of coinciding impacts.

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Robins, N. S. y D. F. Ball. "Groundwater in the Quaternary deposits of Scotland: a valuable resource and a potential engineering hazard". Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, n.º 1 (1991): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.23.

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AbstractThe Scottish Quaternary strata contain a wide range of lithologies with an equally wide spectrum of hydrogeological properties. The more permeable material contains valuable groundwater resources which increasingly are being exploited for rural and island communities. However, the common juxtaposition of high and low permeability strata, the occurrence of confined groundwater in clay-capped gravels, and the risk of ground subsidence due to dewatering, together provide a range of potential Engineering problems and hazards.

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Coakley, J. P. "Contamination Hazard from Waste Disposal Sites near Receding Great Lakes Shorelines". Water Quality Research Journal 24, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1989): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1989.005.

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Abstract Of the approximately 4000 waste disposal sites in Ontario, more than 230 are located within 5 km of the shoreline of the lower Great Lakes. Sixty sites are within 1 km of the shore. Unlike the more resistant bedrock shores of the Upper Great Lakes, the shoreline between Midland (Georgian Bay) and Kingston (Lake Ontario) is composed primarily of unlithified glacial deposits, and thus is prone to significant erosion. This report presents an examination of the potential for contamination of nearshore lake waters either directly through shoreline recession at the waste site, or indirectly through the transport to the lake of leachates from the nearby sites via groundwater discharges. Recession-related hazards were identified at three sites (two on Lake Ontario and one on Lake Erie). Groundwater contamination hazards were harder to identify due to insufficient subsurface and hydrogeological information. However, 31 sites, less than 0.2 km from the shore, were identified as potentially hazardous; 19 of these were located in the northern Lake Ontario shore zone.

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Bukowski, Przemysław. "Evaluation Of Water Hazard In Hard Coal Mines In Changing Conditions Of Functioning Of Mining Industry In Upper Silesian Coal Basin – USCB (Poland)". Archives of Mining Sciences 60, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2015): 455–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0030.

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AbstractWater hazard has been accompanying underground mining since the first mines were built. The hazard is particularly often in the areas of mines situated in hydrogeologically outcropped part of USCB and in water rich formations of Cracow Sandstone Series. To plan properly mining actions and technical measures at each stage of life of a mine it is necessary to evaluate hydrogeological and geomechanical conditions and their changes. The conditions determine formation, occurrence and volume of the most serious sources of water hazard. Symptoms obtained in geomechanical tests and observations of forming and dewatering reservoirs of underground water, show that it is necessary to update constantly evaluation and classification of sources of water hazard or the state of water hazard in the coal mines of USCB.Development of underground mining in 1945-1990, which resulted in a quick increase in production, determined development and the range of influence of mining operations on the rock mass and the influence on the state of drainage and saturation of the rock mass. The result of the changes was an apparent influence on the changes in the state and shaping water hazards in the course of time. Since 1989 economic conditions of functioning of mines have been tightly associated with the conditions and rules of market economy. As a result of each of the so-called restructuring of mining activity a certain number of mining companies was closed, merged or split. The consequence is that in the vicinity of active mines and prospective mining areas, more and more often there are partially or completely flooded abandoned coal mines. Flooded coal mines have changed and still do hydrogeological conditions of their surrounding and force active mining companies to introduce changes in mining activities they are planning and conducting. The current state of flooding mine workings, is a result of realizing previous plans of restructuring mining industry, and all the changes of the state require hydrogeological documentation and evaluation of water hazard.In the today’s conditions of functioning of mining industry, sources of water hazards like water reservoirs in goafs, are one of six main types of sources of hazard, and at the same time the biggest problem and the most serious threat for active mine workings. As the hydrodynamic conditions in the closed areas stabilise and the water piles up close to the surface, an increase in the influence of reservoirs on the state of environmental and public hazard (subsidence, overflowing, flooding, pollution of water in the aquifers located in the overburden and surface water).As there is a qualitative change in the directions, causes and sources of water hazard, it shall be expected that the changes will tend to increase the threat level from the closed mines. Hence since 2000 the Central Mining Institute has been focused mainly on methodology research, both laboratory ones of various scale of observation referring to the properties of rocks and rock debris, and in situ ones and forecasting ones accompanied by proposed multidirectional applications of the developed methods in mining and environmental practice. The effect of the works was developing and patenting a few new methods. The effects of works which have been conducted in the last several years were proposed changes in defining water hazard, classifying the hazard and its sources. Classifications of underground water reservoirs, deposits located in the vicinity of reservoirs in closed coal mines and water safety of shafts were proposed. The devised test and evaluation methods have wide practical applications in evaluating water hazard and limiting the hazard, as well as estimating volume of water in reservoirs of closed mines and estimating energy of the water and free methane deposit in the abandoned goafs and mine workings. Their application in hydrogeology plays an important role in estimating volume of water in aquifers built of porous hard rocks. It is also important and applicable in environmental engineering to evaluate volume of water, estimating conditions of its accumulation and flow, and migration of pollution mainly within surface water reservoirs reclaimed with waste rock.

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Zekri, Slim, Ali Khamis Al-Maktoumi, Osman A. E. Abdalla, Jamila Akil y Yassine Charabi. "Hydrogeological and economical simulations: emergency water supply for Muscat". Water Policy 16, n.º 2 (6 de noviembre de 2013): 340–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.187.

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Urban water in Gulf Cooperation Council countries is principally supplied from desalination plants. However, desalination could be interrupted by natural hazards such as cyclones or harmful algal blooms. Four scenarios have been considered to help public institutions in Muscat to establish a water strategy for emergency situations. The numerical simulations of groundwater pumping have shown that the aquifer can supply emergency water in a safe way without any apparent risk of seawater intrusion to the Al-Khod Aquifer. The results show that Muscat can be easily supplied by emergency groundwater for up to 10 consecutive days with volumes varying between 24 and 71 l/cap/day at a low cost of US$0.18 per m3. Covering up to 66% of the total regular demand during an emergency is technically feasible but would bring the cost up to US$1.49 per m3 for groundwater and a cost of US$38.6 per m3 for storage reservoirs made of concrete. The cost per m3 of using concrete reservoirs is close to the market price of bottled water. Finally, the Public Authority for Electricity and Water might think of decentralizing the water storage at house levels by requiring new houses to be equipped with reservoirs on the roofs.

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Moore, C. L., B. R. Jenkins, A. L. Cowood, A. Nicholson, R. Muller, A. Wooldridge, W. Cook et al. "Hydrogeological Landscapes framework: a biophysical approach to landscape characterisation and salinity hazard assessment". Soil Research 56, n.º 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16183.

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In Australia, salinity has the potential to affect up to 17million hectares of agricultural and pastoral land. For many degraded sites, biophysical hazards are often poorly understood and consequently poorly managed. Attempts to remediate areas affected by salinity have met with varying degrees of success. The New South Wales (NSW) Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW Department of Primary Industries, University of Canberra and Geoscience Australia have collaborated to develop a biophysical expert-based approach for the assessment and management of salinity within landscapes. The Hydrogeological Landscape (HGL) framework provides a structure for understanding how salinity manifests in the landscape, how differences in salinity are expressed across the landscape and how salinity may best be managed. The HGL framework merges the flow dynamics of the groundwater flow system with the landscape elements of the soil landscape or regolith landform approaches. This is the first approach to specifically address all three manifestations of salinity: land salinity, in-stream salt load and in-stream salt concentration. The HGL framework methodology recognises the interplay between surface and subsurface flow systems, as well as the capacity for water to interact with salt stores in the landscape, and identifies biophysical landscape characteristics (e.g. amount and type of vegetation cover, typical land use practice) that affect these interactions. The HGL framework is an expert system that integrates the spatial variability of landscape characteristics and salinity processes to produce a salinity hazard assessment for any given area.

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Yao, Chun Hui y Qiu Hui Yao. "The Hydrogeological Feature and Geological Hazard Prevention of M Coal Mine in Xinjiang Fukang". Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (septiembre de 2013): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.562.

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M coal mine is located in the hilly terrain of mountain front in the southern margin of Junggar Basin in Fukang. The geological structure belongs to a medium type in the mine area where there are surface faults (two larger faults) and structural developments. The stratigraphic dips of south limb of Fukang syncline and southern Fukang anticline are large while that near F5 fault of anticline axis are larger and even upright. Brittle rocks develop fractures. In consideration of meteorology, earthquakes and other factors, mining may lead to such geological hazards as eboulement and surface subsidence, which should be highlighted.

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Rheinberger, C. M., H. E. Romang y M. Bründl. "Proportional loss functions for debris flow events". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, n.º 8 (30 de agosto de 2013): 2147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2147-2013.

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Abstract. Quantitative risk assessments of debris flows and other hydrogeological hazards require the analyst to predict damage potentials. A common way to do so is by use of proportional loss functions. In this paper, we analyze a uniquely rich dataset of 132 buildings that were damaged in one of five large debris flow events in Switzerland. Using the double generalized linear model, we estimate proportional loss functions that may be used for various prediction purposes including hazard mapping, landscape planning, and insurance pricing. Unlike earlier analyses, we control for confounding effects of building characteristics, site specifics, and process intensities as well as for overdispersion in the data. Our results suggest that process intensity parameters are the most meaningful predictors of proportional loss sizes. Cross-validation tests suggest that the mean absolute prediction errors of our models are in the range of 11%, underpinning the accurateness of the approach.

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Barančoková, Mária, Zdena Krnáčová y Silvia Chasníková. "Quantification of the Natural Factors’ Impact Effectiveness on Environmental Hazards – Slope Movements in the Flysch Areas of the Kysuce Region". Ekológia (Bratislava) 36, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2017): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2017-0017.

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Abstract The flysch areas belong to the territories with highest occurrence of landslides in Slovakia. Almost 67% of all landslides in Slovakia take place within the Carpathian flysch. It is a type of slope deformation that responds sensitively to the quality of individual factors that form the landscape and to the change in natural conditions. The occurrence of various geodynamic phenomena can be understood as a geological barrier that reduces or inhibits the use of natural environment and negatively affects the life of society and territorial development. In this paper, we evaluate the statistical significance of selected natural factors of the landscape in relation to the occurrence of unstable slopes in the Kysuce region. In addition, we also evaluated the expansion of unstable slopes in individual landscape factors. Significant linkages between the variables’ hydrogeological base_sandstones with thin clay layers (HB_s) and geological-substrate complex_loamy wastes to loamy-stony debris on sandy conglomerates (GSC_sc) (R = 0.95, p = 0.002) and secondary significant linkages between the variables soil type: Dystric Cambisols (S_CMd) and HB_s (R = 0.40, p = 0.002) (Klokočov and Zákopčie cadastres) were observed. Significant correlation of variables within the areas with unstable slopes was also observed between hydrogeological base_sandy flysch (HB_sf) and geological-substrate complex_loamy wastes on flysch stones (GSC_fs) (R = 0.81, p = 0.002) (Nová Bystrica and Kysucké Nové Mesto cadastres). The most unstable slopes occur in Nová Bystrica cadastre (34.62% of the area) and in the Klokočov cadastre (28.25% of the area). The inclination of slopes (especially slopes above 12°) plays an important role within the unstable slopes. Slopes with steep inclination cover up to 81.45% of the cadastral area of Nová Bystrica, of which almost 1/3 are unstable slopes.

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Andra-Topârceanu, Andreea, Mihaela Verga, Mihaiu Eugen Mafteiu, Marius-Daniel Andra, Marian Marin, Radu-Daniel Pintilii, Giampietro Mazza y Donatella Carboni. "Vulnerability Analysis of the Cultural Heritage Sites—The Roman Edifice with Mosaic, Constanța, Romania". Land 12, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2023): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020385.

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Heritage monuments are religious, historical, strategic, or civil edifices and could be deteriorated or even damaged due to their exposure to natural and anthropogenic hazards. The Roman Edifice with Mosaic (II-IV A.D.), the largest civil edifice (2040 m2) in Eastern Europe, is an ancient civil edifice built on the steep cliff in the western part of the Black Sea, Constanța, Romania, and is exposed to geomorphological and hydrogeological processes, which are affected by degradation. The main objective of this paper is to assess the current state of this ancient historical site in relation to environmental instability and offer scientific support for the rehabilitation process through interdisciplinary and non-destructive methods. Geophysical methods had been applied to comparatively analyze the spatial variations and flows of groundwater around the Roman Edifice with Mosaic in 2008 and 2019. Geomorphological hazards had already been inventoried and mapped. The results emphasize the state of degradation of the Roman mosaic pavement and ancient walls, mainly through high variations in the deposits’ moisture due to poor maintenance, which caused suffosion, and slip processes, bringing the mosaic into a high vulnerability range. The vulnerability map of the Roman Edifice with Mosaic environment is a necessary tool for continuously improving risk management because it clearly emphasizes the sectors that still have hazards.

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Pour, Amin Beiranvand y Mazlan Hashim. "Application of Landsat-8 and ALOS-2 data for structural and landslide hazard mapping in Kelantan, Malaysia". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, n.º 7 (28 de julio de 2017): 1285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1285-2017.

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Abstract. Identification of high potential risk and susceptible zones for natural hazards of geological origin is one of the most important applications of advanced remote sensing technology. Yearly, several landslides occur during heavy monsoon rainfall in Kelantan River basin, Peninsular Malaysia. Flooding and subsequent landslide occurrences generated significant damage to livestock, agricultural produce, homes and businesses in the Kelantan River basin. In this study, remote sensing data from the recently launched Landsat-8 and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2) on board the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) were used to map geologic structural and topographical features in the Kelantan River basin for identification of high potential risk and susceptible zones for landslides and flooding areas. The data were processed for a comprehensive analysis of major geological structures and detailed characterizations of lineaments, drainage patterns and lithology at both regional and district scales. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approach was used for landslide susceptibility mapping. Several factors such as slope, aspect, soil, lithology, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land cover, distance to drainage, precipitation, distance to fault and distance to the road were extracted from remote sensing satellite data and fieldwork to apply the AHP approach. Directional convolution filters were applied to ALOS-2 data for identifying linear features in particular directions and edge enhancement in the spatial domain. Results indicate that lineament occurrence at regional scale was mainly linked to the N–S trending of the Bentong–Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) in the west and Lebir Fault Zone in the east of the Kelantan state. The combination of different polarization channels produced image maps that contain important information related to water bodies, wetlands and lithological units. The N–S, NE–SW and NNE–SSW lineament trends and dendritic, sub-dendritic and rectangular drainage patterns were detected in the Kelantan River basin. The analysis of field investigation data indicates that many of flooded areas were associated with high potential risk zones for hydrogeological hazards such as wetlands, urban areas, floodplain scroll, meander bend, dendritic and sub-dendritic drainage patterns, which are located in flat topographic regions. Numerous landslide points were located in a rectangular drainage system that is associated with a topographic slope of metamorphic and quaternary rock units. Consequently, structural and topographical geology maps were produced for Kelantan River basin using PALSAR-2 data, which could be broadly applicable for landslide hazard mapping and identification of high potential risk zone for hydrogeological hazards. Geohazard mitigation programs could be conducted in the landslide recurrence regions and flooded areas to reduce natural catastrophes leading to loss of life and financial investments in the Kelantan River basin. In this investigation, Landsat-8 and ALOS-2 have proven to successfully provide advanced Earth observation satellite data for disaster monitoring in tropical environments.

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22

Kończak, Beata y Ewa Janson. "Risk analysis for groundwater intake in an old mining shaft with increased chloride content, Upper Silesia, Southern Poland". Journal of Water and Health 19, n.º 2 (18 de marzo de 2021): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.144.

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Abstract Water from underground intakes is the main source of potable water for people in Poland, hence the protection of its resources is of great importance for the functioning of society and the economy. A new regulation in Polish Water Law imposes the obligation of performing risk analysis for water intakes, including the assessment of health hazards, factors negatively affecting water quality which are identified on the basis of hydrogeological and geological analyses. The main objective of the study was to determine the health risk for chlorides and to present an innovative approach to the health risk for non-toxic substances. In Upper Silesia, which is the most industrialized and urbanized area in Poland, old mining shafts are often used as deep wells in the water supply chain, and higher mineralization is the key feature of abstracted water which does not quite eliminate them as a source of drinking water supply. This paper proposes a new method of health risk determination as hazard index (HI). We present analysis of the health risks with increased concentration of chlorides in water which cause health effects for water consumers, especially for men, children aged 4–8, pregnant women and women during lactation.

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23

Xu, Yuan-jun, Jia-ding Wang, Tian-feng Gu y Jia-xu Kong. "Geological Hazards in Loess Induced by Agricultural Irrigation in Arid and Semiarid Regions of China". Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (22 de noviembre de 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859166.

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The development of agriculture in the arid and semiarid regions of China mainly depends on agricultural irrigation. Until 2016, water required for agricultural irrigation has accounted for more than 90% of the total water consumption. But traditionally extensive broad irrigation causes frequent loess geological hazards in irrigation area and it threatens security of local life and property. In this paper, we selected the Heifangtai irrigation district in Yongjing County, Gansu Province, where frequent instabilities occur, as the study area. We used laboratory tests and numerical simulation to examine the mechanism of loess landslides owing to the irrigation hydrological cycle. Irrigation changes the local natural hydrogeological conditions because of the loose and macroporous structure of loess. The numerous pores and fissures constitute preferential migration pathways of irrigation water; thus, irrigation can increase the groundwater level and hydraulic gradient. Broad irrigation is the main inducing factor of geological hazards (including landslides, collapses, and soil salinization) in arid and semiarid regions, and the development of fissures and sinkholes increases the risk of landslides. New water-saving irrigation methods need to replace the traditional irrigation methods and improve the utilization of water resources. A monitoring and warning system in susceptible areas should be established to ensure the sustainability of local agriculture.

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24

Margaa, Khalid y Ahmed Abdelgader. "Une méthodologie de cartographie des zones potentiellement instables Application à la région d'Al Hoceima (Maroc)". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 1998): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-019.

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The Al Hoceima region presents several instability features. Some zones remain relatively stable, but others are subject to signs of instability factors or to active slides. The aim of this study is to establish the different instabilities mapping and to define, in hierarchic order, their potential risk. This work was conducted by selecting all factors influencing stability : geological, hydrogeological, and geotechnical parameters, thus we develop a zoning procedure that permits us to quantify the potential hazards.This study shows that major potential hazards zones are essentially caused by the presence of weak cohesive layers (clay) interbedded within other, mostly stronger, formations in addition to the steep slopes, the intense fracturing, and the presence of a high piezometric surface.Finally, our results are proved by comparison to others obtained from the ZERMOS and P.E.R. cartography modes.Key words: Rif-Maroc, lithologie, évaluation, instabilité, cartographie.

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25

Paladino, Ombretta, Marco Massabò y Edoardo Gandoglia. "Assessment of Nitrate Hazards in Umbria Region (Italy) Using Field Datasets: Good Agriculture Practices and Farms Sustainability". Sustainability 12, n.º 22 (15 de noviembre de 2020): 9497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229497.

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The Nitrates Directive, EU 91/676/EEC, obliged all European Union member states to introduce laws that guarantee the use of proper agriculture and farm methods, with the aim to reduce pollution resulting from the excessive use of nitrates. In this work, we estimated the potential and effective nitrogen load from agriculture, farms, civil, and industrial sources in Umbria region, Italy, and assessed the previous (and actual) contamination by nitrates at different scales. The adopted methodology uses databases of the sources, such as the type of fertilizer (inorganic or manure), the type of industrial site, the census of livestock and field data at a local, basin, and regional scale. Hydrological and geological models are used to compute infiltration. The study shows that the contribution of farms to nitrate pollution is in the order of swine > cattle > sheep and goats; while the highest agricultural load is due to arable land, followed by olive and grape. The study also shows that municipalities that have values of nitrates over the threshold for both groundwater and surface water can rapidly change their status during consecutive years. This means that rules for farm sustainability, complying with the Nitrates Directive, EU 91/676/EEC, should be defined at a sub-basin scale, where the hydrogeological conditions strongly influence infiltration.

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26

Coda, Silvio, Pierluigi Confuorto, Pantaleone De Vita, Diego Di Martire y Vincenzo Allocca. "Uplift Evidences Related to the Recession of Groundwater Abstraction in a Pyroclastic-Alluvial Aquifer of Southern Italy". Geosciences 9, n.º 5 (11 de mayo de 2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050215.

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Aquifer mismanagement is a common anthropogenic cause of subsidence and uplift phenomena in alluvial plains, representing one of the main natural hazards in urban areas due to related damage to urban structures and infrastructures. In this work, the groundwater rebound phenomenon that occurred in the last decades of the 20th century in the Lufrano area (Metropolitan area of Naples, Southern Italy) has been studied by integrating geological data, hydrogeological continuous monitoring and spaceborne SAR information derived from ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT satellites. In the period of 1989–2006, the Lufrano area, which hosts an important well field made up of 180 wells extracting groundwater for drinking use, suffered an initial over-exploitation of the aquifer which was followed by a sudden and severe decrease of the volume abstraction, resulting this last in a rapid ground uplift. The coupled analysis of hydrogeological and DInSAR data have shown a correspondence between piezometric level rise (up to 15 m) and ground uplift (up to 50 mm) trends in the period 1989–2006. In order to examine the spatio-temporal evolution of the phenomena and the cause-effect relationships, showing the link between the two phenomena and their rates, longitudinal cross-sections were carried out and comparisons between piezometric level rise and time-series of displacements were reconstructed. The obtained results represent an initial contribution to the definition of ground deformation related to groundwater level rise phenomena, providing a basis for future studies focused on the modelling of the hydro-mechanical properties of the aquifer.

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27

Aceto, Luigi, A. Aurora Pasqua y Olga Petrucci. "Effects of damaging hydrogeological events on people throughout 15 years in a Mediterranean region". Advances in Geosciences 44 (20 de julio de 2017): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-44-67-2017.

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Abstract. Damaging Hydrogeological Events (DHE) are defined as rainy periods during which landslides and floods can damage people. The paper investigated the effects of DHE on people living in Calabria (southern Italy) in the period 2000–2014, using data coming from the systematic survey of regional newspapers. Data about fatalities, people injured and people involved (not killed neither hurt) were stored in the database named PEOPLE, made of three sections: (1) event identification, (2) victim-event interaction, (3) effects on people. The outcomes highlighted vulnerability factors related to gender and age: males were killed more frequently (75 %) than females (25 %), and fatalities were older (average age 49 years) than injured (40.1 years) and involved people (40.5 years). The average ages of females killed (67.5 years), injured (43.4 years) and involved (44.6 years) were higher than the same values assessed for males, maybe indicating that younger females tended to be more cautious than same-age males, while older females showed an intrinsic greater vulnerability. Involved people were younger than injured people and fatalities, perhaps because younger people show greater promptness to react in dangerous situations. In the study region, floods caused more fatalities (67.9 %), injured (55 %) and involved people (55.3 %) than landslides. Fatalities and injuries mainly occurred outdoor, especially along roads, and the most dangerous dynamic was to be dragged by flood, causing the majority of fatalities (71.4 %). These outcomes can be used to strengthen the strategies aimed at saving people, and to customise warning campaigns according to the local risk features and people's behaviour. The results can improve the understanding of the potential impacts of geo-hydrological hazards on the population and can increase risk awareness among both administrators and citizens.

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28

Tang, Zhen, Lei Song, Dianqi Jin, Ligen Chen, Gan Qin, Yongjun Wang y Lei Guo. "An Engineering Case History of the Prevention and Remediation of Sinkholes Induced by Limestone Quarrying". Sustainability 15, n.º 3 (3 de febrero de 2023): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032808.

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This paper introduces an engineering case history of the prevention and remediation of sinkholes induced by limestone quarrying in Longmen county, Huizhou city, China, through karst groundwater-air pressure monitoring, the design and construction of a grouting curtain, and grouting effect detection. Based on hydrogeological surveys, the location of the main karst development zones and faults can be accurately delineated by combining geophysical exploration with drilling, providing a basis for curtain setting. According to the interpretation results of geophysical exploration, the monitoring boreholes of groundwater-air pressure were set up, which provided support for mine construction, optimization of prevention and remediation of the sinkhole scheme, and reduction of sinkhole risk. In order to prevent the further expansion of sinkhole hazards, grouting curtain technology was used for engineering treatment of the water inflow points of the quarry. After construction of the grouting curtain was completed, comprehensive detection methods were used to evaluate the grouting effect of the curtain. The results showed that the inflow rate reduced from 3500 to approximately 500 m3/day, the water plugging effect was significant, and the occurrence of sinkhole hazards was effectively reduced. The monitoring boreholes can capture the changes of groundwater-air pressure within karst conduit systems, and the purpose of monitoring and warning of sinkholes can be achieved by setting an appropriate warning threshold.

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29

Lisboa, Érico Gaspar, Ronaldo Lopes Rodrigues Mendes, Manuel Maria Pacheco Figueiredo y Leonardo Augusto Lobato Bello. "Fuzzy-Probabilistic Model for a Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contamination: Application to an Urban Zone in the City of Belém, Pará, Brazil". Water 12, n.º 5 (19 de mayo de 2020): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051437.

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This study proposes a fuzzy-probabilistic modelling approach for groundwater contamination risk assessment (FPM-risks) regarding underground fuel storage tanks (UFST). Considering the subjective measures of hydrogeological parameters, a fuzzy inference system is proposed to assess the intrinsic vulnerability of aquifers (Y). Measurement of the UFST hazard degree (H) and natural groundwater quality (Q) is considered as a pattern framing issue, such that they were quantified by fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) of the recognizing patterns model. Though the association among Q and the probability of using groundwater reserves (G), estimated by the Monte Carlo method, the consequences of contamination (C) were measured. Associating Y, H, and C, the basic and value-weighted risk assessment of groundwater contamination was performed in the urban zone of Belém city, Pará state, Brazil. The results showed that the majority of UFSTs concentrated in the more urbanized zone were classified by FPM-risks as high basic risk and very high value-weighted risk of groundwater contamination. Although the risk assessment should be updated regularly because of the dynamic characteristics of hazards from the USFTs, the FPM-risks was shown as a tool to be considered for managing groundwater resources, as these models overcome subjectivities and address uncertainties, thereby providing a higher level of accuracy than usual risk methods and possibly become a decision-making way.

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30

Kokoszka, Wanda. "The Risk Assessment for a Single Building on the Landslide Areas and Floodplains". Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 28, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2018-0049.

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Abstract Mass movements and floods are natural hazards posing a threat to the environment and bring significant economic losses. The flooding and landslide are risks in the municipalities of south-eastern Poland. Long-lasting rains cause initialize process of landslides on the slopes above the river valley, as well as flooding of local infrastructures (buildings, roads, railway tracks) located near water courses. Monitoring of geotechnical and hydrological parameters of the area is the base for the prognosis, as well as the risk assessment associated with them. So, in the paper highlights the issue of the consistency of monitoring and warning systems for these two threats. For landslides work SOPO - System Guards Against Landslides. Hydrogeological bases are defined for floodplains as The Computer System of the National Guard - ISOK. However, notable is the lack of integrity of both systems. In this paper a proposal to determine the overall risk for both threats in case of a single building is presented.

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31

Shekhunova, S. B. y T. V. Kril. "Geological and economic risk assessment for territories of hazardous geological and technogenic processes (exemplified by Solotvyno township)". Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2022): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-2/079.

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Purpose. Assessing the risks of economic and social losses caused by the activization of hazardous natural geological and technogenic processes to establish the hazards of living in post-mining areas, with a view to developing strategies for their amelioration. Methodology. Field observations were carried out to determine the state of the geological environment of the territory and individual engineering objects. The assessment of the territory stability was done relying on the mechanical and mathematical basics of engineering geology in conjunction with the approaches of system analysis and the theory of engineering and geological similarity. Methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics were used for the expert assessment and risk analysis. Cartographic materials were compiled using GIS and digital simulation methods implemented on the example of Solotvyno township. As the source material, the GIS database (geological, engineering-geological, hydrogeological, and so on), compiled at the Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the territory of Solotvyno, was used alongside with the works assessing the occurrence of natural as well as man-induced processes. Findings. It has been established that the most dangerous geological and technogenic hazards on the territory examined are karst-suffusion processes, whose probability in the central part of the territory is 1. At the object level, the economic risk (4.35 10-3 thousand UAH/m2 year) has been estimated, which shows the need for protective engineering measures due to an individual risk (5.86 10-4 people/person year). This is a significant value as compared with the average one for the territory of Ukraine. Integrated and differentiated economic risks have been calculated for the territory of Solotvyno, with the distribution of risks visualized on schematic maps. Originality. The scheme for assessing the risk of hazardous geological and technogenic processes on the post-mining territory has been developed. The combined use of differentiated and integrated assessments of economic risks at the locality and object levels would optimize managerial decisions on protection against geological hazards and would permit the development of a high-quality system for settlement monitoring. Practical value. The implementation of the S&T results obtained will enhance the efficiency of the monitoring and engineering protection systems developed for the territories with the possible occurrence of major emergencies.

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32

Kaphle, Krishna P., L. N. Rimal, A. K. Duwadi, B. Piya y D. Nepali. "Disasters and environmental degradation in Nepal: focus on urban areas". Journal of Nepal Geological Society 38 (25 de septiembre de 2008): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v38i0.31482.

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Nepal is prone to various disasters like earthquake, landslide, debris flow, flood, and glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF). In the last 23 years natural disasters have caused tremendous losses of lives and property. The disasters have brought about the average loss of about 6% of the annual development expenditure of the government. Their frequency is also increasing due to a high rate of population growth and multiple human activities. Disasters disturb the normal life and social system, degrade the environment, and aggravate the poverty and eco-system in the affected areas. Both natural and anthropogenic disasters are deteriorating the natural environment mostly in the urban areas of Nepal. Since there is no effective forecasting and early warning system for such disasters there will be no time for the vulnerable people to save from possible disaster by taking themselves in safe places. Previously the Nepal government put its efforts mainly on post-disaster activities like rescue, relief, and rehabilitation. Only after the 1985 Dig Tso GLOF, 1988 earthquake in eastern Nepal, and 1993 flood and landslide disaster in central Nepal, people realised the importance of pre-disaster preparedness. For the preparedness and mitigation of hazards, geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological information and hazard maps are extremely important. Consequently, the Department of Mines and Geology is publishing the engineering and environmental geological maps of urban areas, which are quite helpful for infrastructural planning, disaster management, and environmental protection.

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33

Mengmeng, Gao, Yang Nan, Wang Yi, Li Xiaolei, Liu Qiong, Wu Jinhui y Zhao Zixin. "Suitability evaluation of underground space development in Dalian". E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124502003.

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Rational development and utilization of urban underground space has become an important measure to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of land resources, improve urban capacity and optimize urban layout. Underground space is an important part of the geological environment because of its natural resources. Unreasonable development will lead to geological environment problems. In this paper, combined with the actual situation of Dalian City, on the basis of comprehensive analysis of geological environment conditions, eight indicators are selected from the aspects of topography, engineering geological conditions, hydrogeological conditions, geological hazards, ecological factors and human activities to construct the hierarchy model of suitability evaluation for underground space development in Dalian City. The analytic hierarchy process and comprehensive index method are applied to the evaluation. The results show that: the suitable area, secondary suitable area, less suitable area and unsuitable area are 3812.58km2, 5430.91km2, 2711.38km2 and 1659.06km2, accounting for 28.00%, 39.89%, 19.92% and 12.19% respectively. The evaluation results can provide the basis for the future development and utilization planning of underground space in Dalian city.

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34

Di Salvo, Cristina, Marco Mancini, Gian Paolo Cavinato, Massimiliano Moscatelli, Maurizio Simionato, Francesco Stigliano, Rossella Rea y Antonio Rodi. "A 3D Geological Model as a Base for the Development of a Conceptual Groundwater Scheme in the Area of the Colosseum (Rome, Italy)". Geosciences 10, n.º 7 (10 de julio de 2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070266.

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Geological models are very useful tools for developing conceptual schemes owing to their capacity to optimize the management of stratigraphic information. This is particularly true in areas where archaeological heritage is exposed to hydrogeological hazards; 3D models can constitute the first step toward the construction of numerical models created to understand processes and plan mitigation actions to improve visitor safety and preserve archaeological heritage. This paper illustrates the results of a 3D hydrostratigraphic model of the site of the Colosseum in the Central Archaeological Area of Rome. In recent years, this area has experienced numerous floods caused by intense meteorological events. A new borehole survey provided the opportunity to update previous maps and cross sections and build a local scale 3D model. The resulting conceptual model was used to identify primary gaps in existing knowledge about the groundwater system and to optimize the planning of a piezometer monitoring network. Further studies can then focus on the development of groundwater numerical models to verify hypotheses regarding inflow-outflow dynamics and facilitate the optimization of water management.

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35

Teofilo, Gianvito, Dario Gioia y Luigi Spalluto. "Integrated Geomorphological and Geospatial Analysis for Mapping Fluvial Landforms in Murge Basse Karst of Apulia (Southern Italy)". Geosciences 9, n.º 10 (26 de septiembre de 2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100418.

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An integrated geomorphological and geospatial study was performed in order to map fluvial landforms in a sector of Lama Lamasinata close to the town of Binetto in the Murge Basse karst (metropolitan area of Bari, Apulia, Southern Italy). This study describes a combined approach, based on geomorphological fieldwork and topographical position index (TPI)-based landform classification, aimed at identifying the main landforms in an anthropically-modified environment, which suffered a progressive transformation of original morphologies. The resulting geomorphological map of fluvial features was then compared with the available cartography in order to highlight the main strength of the applied methodology in mapping fluvial landforms. Moreover, semi-automatic landform classification was performed for the entire catchment of the Lama Lamasinata in order to evaluate the usefulness of the approach for the fast and objective delimitation of widespread geomorphological elements of the Murge area such as flat-bottomed valleys with steep- or gently-dipping flanks and relict incised valleys. We demonstrated that such an approach can efficiently support land use planning in an area affected by hydrogeological hazards.

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36

Crowe, A. S. y J. P. Mutch. "Assessing the Migration and Transformation of Pesticides in the Subsurface : The Role of Expert Systems". Water Quality Research Journal 25, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1990): 293–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1990.016.

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Abstract The expert system described here is designed to aid regulatory personnel in their assessment of the potential for pesticides to contaminate groundwater. The expert system, known as EXPRES (EXpert system for Pesticide Regulatory Evaluation Simulations), consists of existing simulation models coupled with a knowledge-based system. The numerical models are used to simulate the transport and transformation of pesticides in the unsaturated zone. The knowledge-based system guides the user through the choice of all the necessary information for characterizing the physical, climatic, hydrogeological, pedological and agricultural settings of typical agricultural regions across Canada required by the pesticide model, as well as aiding the user with the model predictions. EXPRES is designed to be used as a management tool to aid in policy decisions and is not intended for use as a research tool. Thus, its purpose is not to provide insight into the processes that control the fate of pesticides in porous media, but to provide an assessment of the potential hazards and to identify if further study is warranted.

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37

Gioia, Eleonora, Cristina Casareale, Alessandra Colocci, Fabio Zecchini y Fausto Marincioni. "Citizens’ Perception of Geohazards in Veneto Region (NE Italy) in the Context of Climate Change". Geosciences 11, n.º 10 (15 de octubre de 2021): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11100424.

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Climate-related geohazards, such as landslides, floods, and coastal erosion due to climate change, are increasingly impacting human settlements and activities. This study, part of the European Project RESPONSe (Interreg Italy–Croatia), investigates the perception of climate change as a catalyst of future geohazards among the citizens of the Veneto region (northeastern Italy). A total of 1233 questionnaires were completed by adult citizens and analyzed by means of inferential statistics. The results highlight a widespread perception of climate change as a general threat for the environment, but not directly transposed to the frequency and intensity of future geohazards. Certainly, changes in temperatures and rainfall are widely expected and acknowledged, yet the comprehension related to the hydrogeological effects seems to vary proportionally to the physical proximity to these hazards. Such outcomes underline that there is still a common lack of understanding of the eventual local impact of the climate crisis. For these reasons, it is suggested that decision makers consider directing their efforts to enhance the citizens’ knowledge base in order to build a climate-resilient society.

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38

Lipecki, Tomasz. "Vertical Displacement of the Surface Area over the Leakage to the Transverse salt Mine in 1992–2012". E3S Web of Conferences 35 (2018): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183504003.

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The leakage of water in the salt mine caused considerable deformation of the surface. This article shows the vertical displacement in the area of leakage to the mine excavation, measured by precision leveling, carried out from the first days of leakage in 1992 until 2012. The geological and hydrogeological conditions of the mine, as well as the associated water hazards were described, which in conjunction with the inconvenient location of the excavation site in the northern frontage of the Carpathians and also inadequately conducted mining operations, contributed to the risk of flooding mine. The analysis of the vertical movements of the surface – subsidence and uplift – were present as well as the process of formation of the depression trough in the form of maps and graphs. The analyzes were based on 49 measurement series, starting from the first days of the disaster within the next 20 years. The course of development of the depression trough and the condition of the surface after stopping the water from the rock mass has been shown, which caused the surface to uplift.

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39

Porębska, Anna, Izabela Godyń, Krzysztof Radzicki, Elżbieta Nachlik y Paola Rizzi. "Built Heritage, Sustainable Development, and Natural Hazards: Flood Protection and UNESCO World Heritage Site Protection Strategies in Krakow, Poland". Sustainability 11, n.º 18 (6 de septiembre de 2019): 4886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184886.

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The protection of larger built-up areas that constitute sections of actively functioning urban zones is a challenge, even under favourable political and economic conditions. The case of Krakow’s historical town centre, which is protected as a historical site by national law and it was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites List in 1978, clearly demonstrates how difficult it is to reconcile the passive character of current conservation doctrines with the demands of the free market and growth-oriented economy, when developer pressure is not sufficiently balanced out by public opinion and urban activist movements, when planning tools are incomplete or insufficient, and the criteria according to which strategic decisions are made are of a quantitative rather than a qualitative character. Apart from commonly encountered problems that are associated with the gentrification of town centres or the negative impact of mass tourism, Krakow must also face a growing flood hazard that stems from its specific and unfavourable hydrological and hydrogeological conditions that are compounded by the uncontrolled and uncoordinated expansion of urbanised areas, the decay of the natural environment, and the consequences of climate change. This article presents the multi-aspect site-specific conditions of the historical centre of Krakow, as well as the analysis of its protection as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in the context of flood protection, while taking into consideration the environmental, economic, and social dimension of heritage. The critical conclusions that are featured in the work indicate both areas of possible immediate remedial action and the potential directions that new integrated protection strategies would take.

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40

Zhai, Guang, Manoochehr Shirzaei, Michael Manga y Xiaowei Chen. "Pore-pressure diffusion, enhanced by poroelastic stresses, controls induced seismicity in Oklahoma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, n.º 33 (29 de julio de 2019): 16228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819225116.

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Induced seismicity linked to geothermal resource exploitation, hydraulic fracturing, and wastewater disposal is evolving into a global issue because of the increasing energy demand. Moderate to large induced earthquakes, causing widespread hazards, are often related to fluid injection into deep permeable formations that are hydraulically connected to the underlying crystalline basement. Using injection data combined with a physics-based linear poroelastic model and rate-and-state friction law, we compute the changes in crustal stress and seismicity rate in Oklahoma. This model can be used to assess earthquake potential on specific fault segments. The regional magnitude–time distribution of the observed magnitude (M) 3+ earthquakes during 2008–2017 is reproducible and is the same for the 2 optimal, conjugate fault orientations suggested for Oklahoma. At the regional scale, the timing of predicted seismicity rate, as opposed to its pattern and amplitude, is insensitive to hydrogeological and nucleation parameters in Oklahoma. Poroelastic stress changes alone have a small effect on the seismic hazard. However, their addition to pore-pressure changes can increase the seismicity rate by 6-fold and 2-fold for central and western Oklahoma, respectively. The injection-rate reduction in 2016 mitigates the exceedance probability of M5.0 by 22% in western Oklahoma, while that of central Oklahoma remains unchanged. A hypothetical injection shut-in in April 2017 causes the earthquake probability to approach its background level by ∼2025. We conclude that stress perturbation on prestressed faults due to pore-pressure diffusion, enhanced by poroelastic effects, is the primary driver of the induced earthquakes in Oklahoma.

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41

Liu, Hengfeng, Qiang Sun, Nan Zhou y Zhongya Wu. "Risk Assessment and Control Strategy of Residual Coal Pillar in Room Mining: Case Study in Ecologically Fragile Mining Areas, China". Sustainability 13, n.º 5 (3 de marzo de 2021): 2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052712.

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Gradual instability of coal pillars left behind underground with room mining is one of the main reasons for sudden roof caving in the gob, surface subsidence, and other significant hazards. Moreover, room mining implies great losses of coal resources. In this paper, the main failure mode and room mining coal pillar process were analyzed according to the coalfield regional engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions. A numerical model was adopted to study the effect of different sizes of coal mining pillars and progressive instability failure of coal pillar on the plastic zone’s evolution characteristics and stress field of coal pillars in the stope. The proposed technologies of cemented paste backfilling and reinforcement of residual coal pillars are applied, and a numerical simulation model is established to study the strata movement characteristics and analyze the stability degree of residual coal pillar and key aquiclude strata in the Pliocene series of Neogene. Consequently, the performance and application prospect were evaluated. The results obtained substantiate a new method for the long-term stability control of coal pillars in room mining and protecting the ecological environment in China’s western eco-environmental frangible area.

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42

Wu, Yong-Xia, Tian-Liang Yang, Pei-Chao Li y Jin-Xin Lin. "Investigation of Groundwater Withdrawal and Recharge Affecting Underground Structures in the Shanghai Urban Area". Sustainability 11, n.º 24 (13 de diciembre de 2019): 7162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247162.

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In this paper, the hydrogeological features of Quaternary deposits in Shanghai as well as the characteristics of groundwater withdrawal and recharge in urban areas are investigated. One phreatic aquifer and five confined aquifers (AqI to AqV) are present in Shanghai, and these aquifers are separated by five aquitards. Groundwater withdrawal from confined aquifers has resulted in land subsidence in Shanghai. To control land subsidence, the groundwater withdrawal volume has been decreased, and the groundwater recharge volume has been increased since 1965. Correspondingly, the pressure head in confined aquifers has risen. The groundwater head increases in shallow aquifers may impact underground structures and lead to the following issues: i) an increased risk of water in-rushing hazards caused by confined water pressure during structural excavations and ii) an increased instability risk caused by groundwater buoyancy. Both excavation anti-uprush and underground structure anti-floating are discussed in this paper. Based on the risk possibilities, the anti-uprush of the excavation is divided into six regions, and the structural anti-floating is divided into five regions in urban areas. To avoid geohazards caused by the rise in groundwater head, real-time monitoring of the pressure head in AqII is recommended.

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43

Lu, Zhong y Jinwoo Kim. "A Framework for Studying Hydrology-Driven Landslide Hazards in Northwestern US Using Satellite InSAR, Precipitation and Soil Moisture Observations: Early Results and Future Directions". GeoHazards 2, n.º 2 (22 de abril de 2021): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards2020002.

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The mountainous Pacific Northwest is prone to heavy winter rainfall, resulting in hundreds of landslides per year, human casualties, and billions of dollars of property damage. Precipitation is a major hydrologic trigger for landslides in the northwestern US and around the world. This paper reviews existing literature to outline a framework to study the linkage between precipitation and landslide hazards over the northwestern US using satellite remote sensing techniques including interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite precipitation products, and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite soil moisture data, along with correlation analysis and numerical modeling. InSAR time-series displacements provide an indication of landslide occurrence and extent, and help characterize the basal slip surface and slide-body volume based on the law of mass conservation. Precipitation and soil moisture sensed from the space and ground contribute to creating hydrogeological models associated with water infiltration. These crucial parameters are tracked through correlation and slope stability analysis to understand landslide dynamics. We highlight the results on mapping landslides over the state of Washington and analyses at a few select sites over southern Washington and southwestern Oregon. We conclude that satellite observations of landslide motions and the attributing hydrological variables from both radar and optical images improve our understanding of the inter-relationships between the hydrologic processes along with topographic and geologic settings, and the landslide kinematics and mechanisms inferred from time-series measurements and landslide modeling on a regional scale.

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44

Zaheeruddin y Shadab Khurshid. "Aquifer Geometry and Hydrochemical Framework of the Shallow Alluvial Aquifers in the Western Part of the Yamuna River Basin, India". Water Quality Research Journal 39, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2004): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.020.

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Abstract The Yamuna basin constitutes a part of the Ganga plain which is one of the most densely populated regions and one of the largest groundwater repositories on the earth. Agricultural activities, population growth, rapid industrialization, and unplanned urbanization in the plain have resulted in various geo-environmental hazards, in particular, deterioration of groundwater quality. This studies the aquifer geometry and geochemical evaluation of groundwater in terms of its suitability for domestic and agricultural uses. Groundwater in the basin occurs in Quaternary alluvium and fractures in highly consolidated Alwar quartzites. Hydrogeological cross sections revealed a two- to three-tier aquifer system down to 100 m below ground level. The aquifer sequence comprises of clay, silt, different grades of sand and gravel in varying proportions. Climatic conditions, weathering and anthropogenic activities control the groundwater chemistry in the basin. The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the groundwater is variable (pH = 5.5–8.8; EC = 500–6700 µS/cm). At most places, the groundwater is alkaline, hard, and saline. In general, the groundwater has a composition expressed in equivalent units of Na+>Ca2+>K+>Mg2+ for cations and Cl->SO42->HCO3->CO32- for anions. The majority of the samples analyzed are classified as Na-Cl water which imparts residual sodium carbonate (RSC) hazards in irrigation use. The next dominant water types are Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3-. Groundwater with a higher proportion of NO3-, Na+, F-, and K+ at a few sites represents the influence of anthropogenic sources on groundwater composition. An excess of alkali metals (Na+ + K+) over Cl- reflects input from the weathering of sodium- and potassium-rich minerals. The high %Na, EC and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values at a few sites restrict its suitability for irrigation.

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45

Meldebekova, Gauhar, Chen Yu, Zhenhong Li y Chuang Song. "Quantifying Ground Subsidence Associated with Aquifer Overexploitation Using Space-Borne Radar Interferometry in Kabul, Afghanistan". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 15 (31 de julio de 2020): 2461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152461.

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Rapid population growth combined with recent drought events and decades of political instability have left the residents of Kabul facing water scarcity, significantly relying on groundwater. Groundwater overexploitation might have induced various magnitudes of ground subsidence, however, to date, no comprehensive study of ground subsidence in Kabul has been conducted. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal evolution of ground deformation phenomena and its main governing processes in Kabul from 2014 to 2019 using C-Band Sentinel-1 derived Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time-series from both ascending and descending orbits to extract the two-dimensional (2D) surface displacement field. Four subsidence bowls were distinguished with highly variable spatial extents and deformation magnitudes over four separate aquifer basins, with the maximum value of −5.3 cm/year observed in the Upper Kabul aquifer basin. A wavelet analysis suggests that there is a strong correlation between the groundwater level variations and subsidence. Investigation of hydrogeological data further reveals that the observed subsidence could be attributed to the presence of highly compressible clayey soils. This detailed space-borne regional survey provides new insights into the main governing mechanism of land subsidence in Kabul and may direct better mitigation plans of potential hazards.

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46

Moresi, Federico Valerio, Mauro Maesano, Alessio Collalti, Roy C. Sidle, Giorgio Matteucci y Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza. "Mapping Landslide Prediction through a GIS-Based Model: A Case Study in a Catchment in Southern Italy". Geosciences 10, n.º 8 (12 de agosto de 2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10080309.

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Shallow landslides are an increasing concern in Italy and worldwide because of the frequent association with vegetation management. As vegetation cover plays a fundamental role in slope stability, we developed a GIS-based model to evaluate the influence of plant roots on slope safety, and also included a landslide susceptibility map. The GIS-based model, 4SLIDE, is a physically based predictor for shallow landslides that combines geological, topographical, and hydrogeological data. The 4SLIDE combines the infinite slope model, TOPMODEL (for the estimation of the saturated water level), and a vegetation root strength model, which facilitates prediction of locations that are more susceptible for shallow landslides as a function of forest cover. The aim is to define the spatial distribution of Factor of Safety (FS) in steep-forested areas. The GIS-based model 4SLIDE was tested in a forest mountain watershed located in the Sila Greca (Cosenza, Calabria, South Italy) where almost 93% of the area is covered by forest. The sensitive ROC analysis (Receiver Operating Characteristic) indicates that the model has good predictive capability in identifying the areas sensitive to shallow landslides. The localization of areas at risk of landslides plays an important role in land management activities because landslides are among the most costly and dangerous hazards.

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47

Calò, F., D. Notti, J. P. Galve, S. Abdikan, T. Görüm, O. Orhan, H. B. Makineci, A. Pepe, M. Yakar y F. Balik Şanli. "A MULTI-SOURCE DATA APPROACH FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE KONYA BASIN, TURKEY". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W4 (6 de marzo de 2018): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w4-129-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Groundwater depletion caused by rapid population growth, global climate change, water resources overexploitation is a major concern in many regions of the world. Consequences are not limited to a non-renewable water loss but extend to environmental degradation and geo-hazards risk increase. In areas where excessive groundwater withdrawal occurs, land subsidence induced by aquifer compaction is observed, resulting in severe socio-economic damage for the affected communities. In this work, we apply a multi-source data approach to investigate the fragile environment of Konya plain, central Turkey. The area, which is under strong anthropogenic pressures and faces with serious water-related problems, is widely affected by land subsidence. In order to analyze the spatial and temporal pattern of the subsidence process we use the Small BAseline Subset DInSAR technique to process two datasets of ENVISAT SAR images spanning the 2002&ndash;2010 period and to produce ground deformation maps and associated time-series. Results, complemented with meteorological, stratigraphic and piezometric data as well as with land-cover information, allow us to obtain a comprehensive picture of the climatic, hydrogeological and human dynamics of the study area.</p>

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48

Krassakis, Pavlos, Konstantina Pyrgaki, Vasiliki Gemeni, Christos Roumpos, Georgios Louloudis y Nikolaos Koukouzas. "GIS-Based Subsurface Analysis and 3D Geological Modeling as a Tool for Combined Conventional Mining and In-Situ Coal Conversion: The Case of Kardia Lignite Mine, Western Greece". Mining 2, n.º 2 (10 de mayo de 2022): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining2020016.

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The development of three-dimensional geological models has proven to be critical for conceptualizing complex subsurface environments. This is crucial for mining areas due to their various hazards and unstable conditions. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) models can be the initial step for the development of numerical models in order to support critical decisions and sustainable mining planning. This paper illustrates the results and the development phases of a 3D geological model within the boundaries of the Kardia lignite deposit in western Macedonia, Greece. It also highlights the usefulness of a Geographic Information System (GIS) methodology in the subsurface geological and hydrogeological analysis regarding the Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) methodology. In addition, the work focuses on the integrated geospatial framework that was developed to support the Coal-to-Liquids Supply Chain (CLSC) integration in unfavorable geological settings. A 3D subsurface geological model of the study area was developed to identify a suitable area for in situ coal conversion and UCG considering criteria related to specific coal thickness and depth. In this context, the suggested integrated geomodelling workflow can positively contribute to the implementation of conventional and innovative mining, saving time and reducing the cost to improve the quality of information needed to support decisions related to UCG implementation.

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49

Bai, Yang, Zheng Wu, Tao Huang y Daoping Peng. "A Dynamic Modeling Approach to Predict Water Inflow during Karst Tunnel Excavation". Water 14, n.º 15 (31 de julio de 2022): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152380.

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During tunnel construction in strongly developed karst terrain, water inrush hazards often occur due to the complex hydrogeological conditions, which require accurate prediction of water inflow. In this study, a dynamic modeling approach for water inflow prediction of karst tunnels using the conduit flow process (CFP) is developed that considers both karst duality and changing boundary conditions of the tunnel. The CFP model has a good agreement with field-observed hydraulic head after calibration, and the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) for the CFP model is 97.3%. Numerical calculation of water inflow was conducted in a successive drilling scenario with permeability change of the surrounding rocks. Additionally, a modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW) has been applied to predict the water inflow, for comparison with the CFP model. The prediction results obtained from the CFP model are generally in close agreement with the field-observed results; the percentage errors were 13.3% and 5.4%, respectively. For the MODFLOW model, the percentage errors were 34.2% and 36.8%, respectively. The proposed CFP model is both closer to reality and more reasonable than the MODFLOW model in predictive analysis of water inflow into karst tunnels, reflecting the influence of karst conduits on the water inflow process.

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50

Anggraini, Zeni, Budi Setiawan, Nazhira Shadrina y Dadong Iskandar. "Radiological Impact Assessment of Class 3 Landfill of TENORM Waste from Tin Industry in Bangka Island". Environment and Natural Resources Journal 19, n.º 5 (29 de junio de 2021): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/19/2021020.

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This study assessed the potential radiological impact of a class 3 landfill as a disposal facility of the final tin slag from the tin industry in Bangka Island. Tin slag that contains TENORM (Technically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) with activity concentrations above exemption level limits should be stored safely and securely. The radiological impact analysis of storing TENORM waste was carried out before and after the construction of a landfill facility. RESRAD OFFSITE version 3.2 software was used to simulate dose and cancer risk, and analyze the contribution of exposure pathways. Radionuclide concentration, landfill facility specifications, hydrogeological data, climatological data, and food and water consumption data were used as input parameters of RESRAD. The receptor was a resident farmer who lives 100 meters from the facility, grows his own food, and consumes water from his land. The total dose before and after the construction of the landfill were 3.13 mSv/year and 1.84×10-2 mSv/year while cancer risks were 5.69×10-3 and 6.50×10-5, respectively. The exposure pathways from inhalation of radon become a major contributor to dose acceptance and cancer risk. Based on these results, the landfill facility is effective in reducing the potential impact of radiological hazards from dose acceptance and cancer risk.

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