Bibliografías temáticas / Hydrogen resist

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Hydrogen resist"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Hydrogen resist"

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Horibe, Hideo, Masashi Yamamoto, Eiji Kusano, Tomokazu Ichikawa y Seiichi Tagawa. "Resist Removal by using Atomic Hydrogen". Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 21, n.º 2 (2008): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.21.293.

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Horibe, H., M. Yamamoto, T. Maruoka, Y. Goto, A. Kono, I. Nishiyama y S. Tagawa. "Ion-implanted resist removal using atomic hydrogen". Thin Solid Films 519, n.º 14 (mayo de 2011): 4578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.01.287.

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Rommel, Marcus y Jürgen Weis. "Hydrogen silsesquioxane bilayer resists—Combining high resolution electron beam lithography and gentle resist removal". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 31, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2013): 06F102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4822136.

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Tsubouchi, Kazuo, Kazuya Masu y Keiichi Sasaki. "Area-Selective Aluminum Patterning Using Atomic Hydrogen Resist". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, Part 1, No. 1B (30 de enero de 1993): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.32.278.

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Manfrinato, Vitor R., Lin Lee Cheong, Huigao Duan, Donald Winston, Henry I. Smith y Karl K. Berggren. "Sub-5keV electron-beam lithography in hydrogen silsesquioxane resist". Microelectronic Engineering 88, n.º 10 (octubre de 2011): 3070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.05.024.

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Winston, D., B. M. Cord, B. Ming, D. C. Bell, W. F. DiNatale, L. A. Stern, A. E. Vladar et al. "Scanning-helium-ion-beam lithography with hydrogen silsesquioxane resist". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 27, n.º 6 (2009): 2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.3250204.

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Maruoka, Takeshi, Yousuke Goto, Masashi Yamamoto, Hideo Horibe, Eiji Kusano, Kazuhisa Takao y Seiichi Tagawa. "Relationship between the Thermal Hardening of Ion-Implanted Resist and the Resist Removal Using Atomic Hydrogen". Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 22, n.º 3 (2009): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.22.325.

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Ramjaun, T. I., S. W. Ooi, R. Morana y H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "Designing steel to resist hydrogen embrittlement: Part 1 – trapping capacity". Materials Science and Technology 34, n.º 14 (13 de julio de 2018): 1737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2018.1475919.

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Ooi, S. W., T. I. Ramjaun, C. Hulme-Smith, R. Morana, M. Drakopoulos y H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "Designing steel to resist hydrogen embrittlement Part 2 – precipitate characterisation". Materials Science and Technology 34, n.º 14 (13 de julio de 2018): 1747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2018.1496536.

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Komori, Takuya, Hui Zhang, Takashi Akahane, Zulfakri bin Mohamad, You Yin y Sumio Hosaka. "Effect of Salty Development on Forming HSQ Resist Nanodot Arrays with a Pitch of 15×15 nm2 by 30-keV Electron Beam Lithography". Key Engineering Materials 534 (enero de 2013): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.534.113.

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We investigated the effect of ultrahigh-resolution salty (NaCl contained) development of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist on forming fine dot arrays with a pitch of 15×15 nm2 by 30-keV electron beam lithography for patterned media. The optimized concentration of resist developers was determined to fabricate most packed pattern. We found that increasing the concentration of NaCl into tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) could greatly improve the resist contrast (γ-value) of HSQ. And by using 2.3 wt% TMAH/4 wt% NaCl developer, we demonstrated 15×15 nm2 pitched (3 Tbit/in.2) HSQ resist dot arrays with a dot size of < 10 nm.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Hydrogen resist"

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SERIKAKU, ANA L. "Influência da irradiação do laser de Er:YAG na adesão da resina composta à dentina, após o clareamento dental com o laser de diodo". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11704.

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Dissertação (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia)
IPEN/D-MPLO
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo
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Stickney, Katherine W. "Hydrogen bonding as it relates to miscibility of high performance poly(arylene ether)s with epoxy resins". Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08232007-112745/.

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Néspoli, Fabiana Gomes. "Avaliação da adesão dental do cimento de ionômero de vidro e resina composta em função do tratamento dentinário com agentes clareadores". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25138/tde-04112009-165237/.

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O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a diferença da força de cisalhamento da dentina quando submetida a ação de algumas substâncias utilizadas como clareadores dentais e posteriormente restaurados com cimento de ionômero de vidro e resina composta. Utilizou-se 152 terceiros molares superiores hígidos que tiveram suas superfícies palatinas desgastadas e preparadas para receber os materiais restauradores após o tratamento com os agentes clareadores.Os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 12 grupos de acordo com as condições em teste a saber: G1: Soro+Resina, G2: Soro+Ionônero de vidro, G3: Perborato de Sódio+Soro+Resina, G4: Perborato de Sódio+Soro+Ionônero de vidro, G5: Perborato de Sódio+Peróxido de hidrogênio 6%+Resina, G6: Perborato de Sódio+Peróxido de hidrogênio 6%+ Ionônero de vidro, G7: Perborato de Sódio+ Peróxido de hidrogênio 35%+Resina, G8: Perborato de Sódio+Peróxido de hidrogênio 35%+ Ionônero de vidro, G9: Peróxido de hidrogênio 6%+Resina, G10: Peróxido de hidrogênio 6%+ Ionônero de vidro, G11: Peróxido de hidrogênio 35%+Resina, G12: Peróxido de hidrogênio 35%+ Ionônero de vidro.Ao término das restaurações os corpos de prova foram levados à máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC) e os resultados obtidos foram analisados através do teste de ANOVA a um critério e Tukey para comprovação de possíveis diferenças estatísticas .Por essas análises podemos concluir que os materiais restauradores tiveram um comportamento equivalente em todos os grupos e as diferenças significantes ocorreram mais por conta do agente clareador, sendo os grupos G1 e G2 aqueles que tiveram melhores resultados ao teste de adesividade, onde podese observar resultados significantes do grupo G1,em relação aos G5, G9, G10 e G11.O peróxido de hidrogênio a 6% ou 35% gerou os piores resultados de adesividade, melhorados com a associação ao perborato de sódio, revelando significância estatística do grupo G7 em relação aos grupos G9, G10 e G11.
The aim of this study was to evaluate \"in vitro the difference of shear bond strength of dentin when subjected to action of some substances used as dental bleaching and then restored with glass-ionomer cements and composite resin. We used 152 healthy third molars that had their palatal surfaces worn and ready to receive the restorative materials after treatment with bleaching agents. The teeth were randomly divided into 12 groups according to the conditions in testing are: G1: Serum + resin, G2: Serum + glass ionomer , G3: sodium perborate + Serum + Resin, G4: sodium perborate + Serum + glass ionomer , G5: sodium perborate + Hydrogen Peroxide 6% + Resin, G6: perborate of Sodium Hydrogen peroxide 6 +% + glass ionomer , G7: sodium perborate + 35% hydrogen peroxide + Resin, G8: sodium perborate + 35% hydrogen peroxide + glass ionomer, G9: Hydrogen peroxide 6% + Resin , G10: Hydrogen peroxide 6% + glass ionomer , G11: Hydrogen peroxide 35% + Resin, G12: Hydrogen peroxide 35% + glass ionomer .Finely finish the restorations of the bodies of evidence were brought to universal testing machine (EMIC) and results obtained and the results were analyzed using the Anova test and a Tukey test for evidence of possible statistical differences. For this analysis we can conclude that the restorative materials had an equivalent behavior in all groups, significant differences occurred due to the bleaching agent, and the G1 and G2 who fared better adhesion to the test, we can observe results significant in the G1, for the G5, G9, G10 and G11.The hydrogen peroxide 6% or 35% yielded the worst results of adhesiveness, enhanced with the combination of sodium perborate, showing statistical significance in the G7 the groups G9, G10 and G11.
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ARAUJO, LEANDRO G. de. "Degradação da resina de troca iônica utilizando o reagente de Fenton". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10534.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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5

Shigeoka, Anderson Akio. "Análise da alteração dimensional em guias cirúrgicos de resina acrílica após esterilização por meio de plasma de peróxido de hidrogênio". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23149/tde-24102009-113432/.

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O presente trabalho verificou a alteração dimensional dos guias cirúrgicos confeccionados em resina acrílica para cirurgia ortognática quando submetidos à esterilização por meio de plasma de peróxido de hidrogênio. Foram utilizados 15 corpos de prova confeccionados em resina acrílica quimicamente ativada a partir de moldes metálicos em três espessuras: 1,5 mm, 3,0 mm e 5,0 mm, em um total de 45. A imagem de cada corpo de prova foi digitalizada antes e após o processo de esterilização e processada pelo programa Photoshop® CS2. Foi realizada a vetorização das imagens pelo programa Corel Trace ® 12 para mensuração pelo programa Corel Drawn ® 12. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste estatístico dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon, ao nível de significância de 0,05%. Os resultados obtidos foram que nos corpos de prova de 1,5 mm de espessura não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as mensurações realizadas antes e após o processo de esterilização (P>0,05), porem, nas espessuras de 3,0 mm e 5,0 mm houve pelo menos uma das medidas estatisticamente diferentes (p=0,011 e p=0,017, respectivamente). Fato este que nos levou a acreditar que o processo de esterilização não leva a alteração dimensional, porem em volumes maiores provavelmente houve uma contração de polimerização diretamente proporcional.
Dimensional alterations in surgical splints made of acrylic resin used in orthognathic surgery were evaluated after hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization. Fifteen specimens of resin acrylic was made by a metal model master with three different thickness: 1,5 mm, 3,0 mm and 5,0 mm, totally 45 specimens. Specimens digital image was acquired before and after sterilization and process by Photoshop® CD2 software. The images were transformed in vector form by Corel Trace® 12 software. The measures were performed by Corel Draw® 12 software. The results were submitted to Wilcoxon statistic method, 0.05 level of confidence. The results showed no statistical differences in 1.5 mm specimens (p0,307) before and after sterilization process but, in 3.0 and 5.0 mm, there was at least one measure statistically different (p=0,011 and p=0,017, respectively). It was possible to conclude that the sterilization process did not lead to dimensional alteration but, in higher thickness probably had happen a proportional polymerization contraction.
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Sacono, Nancy Tomoko [UNESP]. "Efeito citotóxico trans-amelodentinário de um gel clareador com 35% de peróxido de hidrogênio aplicado sobre dentes restaurados ou não com resina composta". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104270.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a citotoxicidade trans-amelodentinária de um gel clareador com 35% de H2O2 aplicado sobre dentes com ou sem restauração de resina composta e submetidos ou não a procedimento de envelhecimento. Cavidades preparadas em discos de esmalte/dentina obtidos de dentes bovinos íntegros foram restauradas com sistema adesivo autocondicionante e resina composta. Os discos foram armazenados em solução aquosa por 24 horas ou 6 meses e o procedimento de termociclagem foi realizado somente nos grupos armazenados por 6 meses. Os discos foram posicionados em câmaras pulpares artificiais e distribuídos em grupos: Íntegros 24 horas; Íntegros 24 horas clareados; Íntegros 6 meses; Íntegros 6 meses clareados; Restaurados 24 horas; Restaurados 24 horas clareados; Restaurados 6 meses; e Restaurados 6 meses clareados. O gel clareador foi aplicado sobre os discos por 15 minutos (1 aplicação) ou por 45 minutos (3 aplicações consecutivas de 15 minutos cada), sendo que os extratos (meio de cultura em contato com a dentina + componentes dos gel clareador que se difundiram através dos discos) foram recolhidos e aplicados por 1 hora sobre células odontoblastóides MDPC-23 em cultura (12.500 células/cm2). Para o experimento no qual o gel clareador foi aplicado somente uma vez, observouse redução significativa do metabolismo celular apenas para o grupo de dentes restaurados quando comparado ao controle (íntegros 24 horas não clareados) e ao grupo restaurado não clareado, independente do tempo de armazenamento (Tukey, p<0,05). Quando o gel clareador foi aplicado por três vezes consecutivas, houve diminuição do metabolismo celular estatisticamente significante em todos os grupos clareados (Mann-Whitney, p<0,05), sendo observadas intensas alterações morfológicas das células MDPC-23. Entretanto, não houve diferença com relação a presença de restauração e o tempo...
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the trans-enamel and transdentinal cytotoxic effects of a 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel applied on non-restored or restored teeth, submitted or not to aging by water storage and thermocycling. Enamel/dentin discs were obtained from bovine central incisors and restored or not with self-etching adhesive system and composite resin. These discs were storage in water for 24 hours or 6 months (aging). Thus, the discs were adapted individually in artificial pulp chambers and distributed according to the following treatments: non-restored teeth stored for 24 hours submitted or not to bleaching procedures; non-restored teeth stored for 6 months submitted or not to bleaching procedures; restored teeth stored for 24 hours submitted or not to bleaching procedures; and restored teeth stored for 6 months submitted or not to bleaching procedures. The bleaching gel was left in contact with the enamel surface for 15 minutes (1 application) or for 45 minutes (3 applications of 15 minutes each). The extracts (culture medium in contact to the dentin surface of the discs + bleaching agents components that diffused across the discs) were collected and applied on previously cultured MDPC-23 cells (12.500 cells/cm2) for 1 hour. Cell metabolism was evaluated by the MTT assay and cell morphology by scanning electron microscopy. One application of bleaching gel in the enamel surface of the discs caused a significant decrease in cell metabolism only in the restored discs in comparison with control discs (unbleached and non-restored discs stored for 24 hours) and unbleached restored discs, regardlles of the storage time (Tukey, p<0.05). On the other hand, bleaching agent applied for three consecutive times on enamel caused a significant decreased in cell metabolism in all bleached discs (Mann- Whitney, p<0.05). However, there were no differences between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Manni, Hassan. "An in vitro study of post-restorative bleaching : effect on microleakage". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1776_1307617941.

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Aim and Objectives: To assess the effect of bleaching on the marginal integrity of Class V composite resin restorations. To determine the effect of a 6% hydrogen peroxide over the counter and a 38% hydrogen peroxide in-office vital bleaching treatment products on the microleakage of Class V composite restorations.

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Abe, Andréa Tami. "Adaptação marginal de restaurações em resina composta expostas a diferentes agentes clareadores". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23134/tde-18062018-154302/.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptação marginal de restaurações em resina composta confeccionadas utilizando-se como agentes adesivos sistemas de diferentes estratégias de interação, expostas a agentes clareadores e submetidas a ciclagem mecânica, por meio de avaliação em tomografia por coerência óptica (OCT). Para este estudo foram utilizados 90 molares humanos hígidos recém-extraídos. Uma cavidade classe V foi confeccionada na face vestibular de cada dente com a margem oclusal localizada em esmalte e a margem cervical em cemento/ dentina. Os espécimes foram divididos em 3 grupos experimentais, de acordo com o sistema adesivo utilizado (SB2: Single Bond 2, SBU: Single Bond Universal e CSE: Clearfil SE Bond). As cavidades foram então preenchidas com a resina composta nanoparticulada Filtek Z350XT, e em seguida o acabamento e o polimento foram realizados. Os espécimes foram submetidos a duas ciclagens mecânicas, sendo a primeira antes e a segunda após o clareamento. Ao final da primeira ciclagem, os espécimes foram subdivididos em 3 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o tratamento realizado (controle - água destilada, HPB: Whiteness HP Blue - pH 8.8, PO: Pola Office - pH 3.6). As imagens em OCT das restaurações foram obtidas em 4 momentos diferentes (antes da primeira ciclagem, depois da primeira ciclagem, após o tratamento e depois da segunda ciclagem). A interface dente-restauração foi analisada de duas formas, por meio de classificação das fendas por escore e mensuração da profundidade da fenda em micrômetros (?m), para esmalte e dentina separadamente. Os valores de escore foram analisados com o teste estatístico não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0.05), e para os dados de profundidade de fenda em ?m, a ANOVA dois fatores (p<0.05) e teste de Tukey foram empregados. A correlação de Spearman foi empregada para correlacionar esses dois dados e foi observada uma correlação forte entre os dados de escore e de profundidade em ?m (r=0.85 p<0.0001). A comparação entre os grupos, tanto por escores quanto por profundidade em ?m, demonstraram que as fendas observadas após a primeira ciclagem foram estatisticamente maiores (p<=0.05) do que as fendas observadas inicialmente, exceto para a análise por escores, onde essa diferença foi detectada apenas para o adesivo SB2. O adesivo SBU apresentou as menores fendas marginais tanto em esmalte quanto em dentina. Em esmalte o adesivo CSE mostrou-se mais estável à degradação e em dentina não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os adesivos CSE e SB2. Entre os diferentes tratamentos, nenhuma diferença foi observada, independente do tempo de análise e do adesivo utilizado. Pode-se concluir que os clareadores utilizados não promoveram alteração da integridade marginal das restaurações em resina composta, sendo que as fendas marginais observadas estão mais relacionadas ao efeito do envelhecimento por ciclagem mecânica e são dependentes do sistema adesivo utilizado. Foi observada correlação direta entre os dois métodos de análise para mensuração da fenda marginal, contudo a análise da profundidade em ?m, utilizando teste paramétrico, mostrou-se mais sensível para a detecção de diferenças.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal adaptation of resin composite restorations using different dental adhesive systems, exposed to dental bleaching agents and mechanical load cycling, by evaluation using optical coherence tomography (OCT). For this study 90 sound recently extracted human molars were used. One class V cavity was prepared in the buccal surface of each tooth with occlusal margin in enamel and cervical margin in dentin. The specimens were divided into 3 experimental groups, according to the adhesive system used (SB2: Single Bond 2, SBU: Single Bond Universal e CSE: Clearfil SE Bond). The cavities were restored with the nanocomposite Filtek Z350XT, and then the finishing and polishing were done. The specimens were submitted to two mechanical load cycling, the first one before bleaching and the second one after it. By the end of the first load cycling, the specimens were subdivided into 3 groups (n=10) according to the treatment accomplished (control - distilled water, HPB: Whiteness HP Blue - pH 8.8, PO: Pola Office - pH 3.6). The OCT images of the restorations were obtained in 4 distinct moments (before the first load cycling, after the first load cycling, after the treatment, and after the second load cycling). The tooth-restoration interface was analyzed by two ways: analyzing the gap by score and measurement of the gap depth in micrometer (?m), for enamel and dentin separately. The scores were analyzed with the non-parametric statistic test Kruskal-Wallis (p<0.05), and for the gap depth data, the two-way ANOVA (p<0.05) and Tukey test were used. The Spearman correlation were done to correlate these two data and a strong correlation between the score analysis an depth in ?m was observed (r=0.85 p<0.0001). The comparison between the groups, as by score as by depth in ?m, demonstrated that the gaps observed after the first load cycling were statistically deeper (p<=0.05) than the gaps observed initially, except for score analysis, when this difference was detected only for the adhesive SB2. The adhesive SBU showed less deep marginal gaps both in enamel and dentin. In enamel, the adhesive CSE was more stable to degradation and in the dentin no statistically difference was observed between the adhesives CSE and SB2. Between the different treatments, no difference was observed, regardless the evaluation time and the dental adhesive used. In conclusion, the bleaching agents used in this study did not affect the marginal integrity of resin composite restorations, thus the marginal gaps observed were more related to the aging by mechanical load cycling and were dependent of the dental adhesive system used. There was a direct correlation between both methods for marginal gap analysis, however the depth in ?m analysis, using parametric statistical test, showed more sensitive to detect differences.
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Sacono, Nancy Tomoko. "Efeito citotóxico trans-amelodentinário de um gel clareador com 35% de peróxido de hidrogênio aplicado sobre dentes restaurados ou não com resina composta /". Araraquara : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104270.

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Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
Banca: André Luiz Fraga Briso
Banca: Marcelo Giannini
Banca: Edson Alves de Campos
Banca: Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade
Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a citotoxicidade trans-amelodentinária de um gel clareador com 35% de H2O2 aplicado sobre dentes com ou sem restauração de resina composta e submetidos ou não a procedimento de envelhecimento. Cavidades preparadas em discos de esmalte/dentina obtidos de dentes bovinos íntegros foram restauradas com sistema adesivo autocondicionante e resina composta. Os discos foram armazenados em solução aquosa por 24 horas ou 6 meses e o procedimento de termociclagem foi realizado somente nos grupos armazenados por 6 meses. Os discos foram posicionados em câmaras pulpares artificiais e distribuídos em grupos: Íntegros 24 horas; Íntegros 24 horas clareados; Íntegros 6 meses; Íntegros 6 meses clareados; Restaurados 24 horas; Restaurados 24 horas clareados; Restaurados 6 meses; e Restaurados 6 meses clareados. O gel clareador foi aplicado sobre os discos por 15 minutos (1 aplicação) ou por 45 minutos (3 aplicações consecutivas de 15 minutos cada), sendo que os extratos (meio de cultura em contato com a dentina + componentes dos gel clareador que se difundiram através dos discos) foram recolhidos e aplicados por 1 hora sobre células odontoblastóides MDPC-23 em cultura (12.500 células/cm2). Para o experimento no qual o gel clareador foi aplicado somente uma vez, observouse redução significativa do metabolismo celular apenas para o grupo de dentes restaurados quando comparado ao controle (íntegros 24 horas não clareados) e ao grupo restaurado não clareado, independente do tempo de armazenamento (Tukey, p<0,05). Quando o gel clareador foi aplicado por três vezes consecutivas, houve diminuição do metabolismo celular estatisticamente significante em todos os grupos clareados (Mann-Whitney, p<0,05), sendo observadas intensas alterações morfológicas das células MDPC-23. Entretanto, não houve diferença com relação a presença de restauração e o tempo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the trans-enamel and transdentinal cytotoxic effects of a 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel applied on non-restored or restored teeth, submitted or not to aging by water storage and thermocycling. Enamel/dentin discs were obtained from bovine central incisors and restored or not with self-etching adhesive system and composite resin. These discs were storage in water for 24 hours or 6 months (aging). Thus, the discs were adapted individually in artificial pulp chambers and distributed according to the following treatments: non-restored teeth stored for 24 hours submitted or not to bleaching procedures; non-restored teeth stored for 6 months submitted or not to bleaching procedures; restored teeth stored for 24 hours submitted or not to bleaching procedures; and restored teeth stored for 6 months submitted or not to bleaching procedures. The bleaching gel was left in contact with the enamel surface for 15 minutes (1 application) or for 45 minutes (3 applications of 15 minutes each). The extracts (culture medium in contact to the dentin surface of the discs + bleaching agents components that diffused across the discs) were collected and applied on previously cultured MDPC-23 cells (12.500 cells/cm2) for 1 hour. Cell metabolism was evaluated by the MTT assay and cell morphology by scanning electron microscopy. One application of bleaching gel in the enamel surface of the discs caused a significant decrease in cell metabolism only in the restored discs in comparison with control discs (unbleached and non-restored discs stored for 24 hours) and unbleached restored discs, regardlles of the storage time (Tukey, p<0.05). On the other hand, bleaching agent applied for three consecutive times on enamel caused a significant decreased in cell metabolism in all bleached discs (Mann- Whitney, p<0.05). However, there were no differences between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Gagliardi, Anna. "A new, environmentally friendly approach towards the synthesis of epoxy functionalized poly-DCPD". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19196/.

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Epoxy resins are thermosetting resins with excellent mechanical properties, high adhesiveness to many substrates, good thermal stability and chemical resistances, high tensile strength and modulus, and ease of handling and processability. Currently epoxy resins are very popular as fiber-reinforced materials, general-purpose adhesives, high-performance coatings, paints and encapsulating materials. During the last decades, demand for material systems with precise control over multiple properties has increased, as well as the necessity to find new sustainable processes for their manufactory. Thanks to a collaboration between the German company Rutgers and professor Raveendran of the University of Amsterdam, the work presented here was focused on a novel, environmentally friendly path for the achievement of epoxy functionalized poly-DCPD. Reaction of epoxidation of DCPD with hydrogen peroxide, catalyzed by various metal oxides, was studied and optimized in view of a future polymerization of the functionalized monomers. Direct epoxidation of poly-DCPD was also attempted.
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Libros sobre el tema "Hydrogen resist"

1

Vincent, Julian. Biomimetic materials. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0010.

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Biological materials present the conventional materials scientist with alternative ways of achieving durability, recyclability, and adaptability. Technical materials are commonly designed to resist the initiation of cracks; biological materials control disaster by initiating failure where it can be more closely controlled and the strain energy can be more easily absorbed, at the same time controlling shape so that stress concentrations are avoided in sensitive areas. Most materials are hydrated and soft, achieving stiffness by dehydration and mineralization. The low energy of the predominant hydrogen bonds allows relatively easy breakdown and recycling of the units of biological materials. Since most biological materials are metabolically accessible (obvious exceptions are keratins and wood) they can be recycled and repaired in situ, adapting the organism to changing circumstances internally and externally. At the molecular level, liquid crystallinity is a driving force.
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Levin, Frank S. Spin ½ and the Periodic Table. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0011.

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Some major quantal developments are described in Chapter 10. The Stern-Gerlach experiment is encountered first, wherein a beam of silver atoms is deflected by a magnetic field, leading to a pair of traces on a detecting plate. Next is the proposal that electrons have a new attribute known as spin, used to explain the Stern-Gerlach result, thereby confirming the validity of this new attribute. To account for the structure of the periodic table, the central-field approximation is introduced. In it, electrons in an atom are treated like those in hydrogen, except that they have four not three quantum numbers, the fourth related to spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle requires that no four can be the same for any electron in the atom, a feature that explains the occurrence of shells in the periodic table. The electronic structure of various atoms is stated, with silver being a giant spin ½ system.
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Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington y Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Disorders of acid–base balance. Editado por Patrick Davey y David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0178.

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Normal metabolism results in a net acid production of approximately 1 mmol/kg day−1. Physiological pH is regulated by excretion of this acid load (as carbon dioxide) by the kidneys and the lungs. A series of buffers in the body reduces the effects of metabolic acids on body and urine pH. For acid–base disorders to occur, there must be excessive intake (or loss) of acid (or base) or, alternatively, an inability to excrete acid. For these changes to result in a substantially abnormal pH, the various buffer systems must been overwhelmed. The pH scale is logarithmic, so relatively small changes in pH signify large differences in hydrogen ion concentration. Most minor perturbations in acid–base balance are asymptomatic, as small changes in acid or base levels are rapidly controlled through consumption of buffers or through changes in respiratory rate. Alterations in renal acid excretion take some time to occur. Only when these compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed do symptoms related to changes in pH develop. This chapter reviews the causes and consequences of acid–base disorders.
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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. y United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Standards Division., eds. National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP): Generic MACT background information for acetal resins, acrylic and modacrylic fiber, hydrogen fluoride, and polycarbonate production final rule : summary of public comments and responses. Research Triangle Park, N.C: Emission Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1999.

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National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for the acetal resins, acrylic and modacrylic fiber, hydrogen fluoride, and polycarbonate production source categories: Background information for promulgated standards - summary of public comments and responses. Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1999.

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Seco, Josi M., Emilio Quiqoa y Ricardo Riguera. The Assignment of the Absolute Configuration by NMR using Chiral Derivatizing Agents. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199996803.001.0001.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy) is a research technique that uses the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to determine physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained. Proton NMR (1H NMR) is a technique that applies NMR spectroscopy specifically to the hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of that substance's molecules. The use of 1H NMR for the assignment of absolute configuration of organic compounds is a well-established technique. Recent research describes the technique's application to mono-, bi- and trifunctional compounds. In addition, several new auxiliary reagents, mono- and biderivatization procedures, on-resin methodologies and more recently, the use of 13C NMR, have been introduced to the field. In The Assignment of the Absolute Configuration by NMR Using Chiral Derivatizing Agents: A Practical Guide, eminent Professor of Organic Chemistry Ricardo Riguera organizes this cutting-edge NMR research. Professor Riguera offers a short and usable guide that introduces the reader to the research with a plethora of details and examples. The book briefly explains the theoretical aspects necessary for understanding the methodology, dedicating most of its space to covering the practical aspects of the assignment, with examples and spectra taken from the authors' own experiments. Upper-level undergraduates, graduate students, and chemical researchers will find this guide useful for their studies and practice.
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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Hydrogen resist"

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Heffner, Sharon A., Mary E. Galvin, Elsa Reichmanis, Linda Gerena y Peter A. Mirau. "Hydrogen Bonding in Sulfone- andN-Methylmaleimide-Containing Resist Polymers with Hydroxystyrene and Acetoxystyrene". En ACS Symposium Series, 166–79. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0614.ch011.

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Kim, HoDong y Hatsuo Ishida. "Hydrogen Bonding of Polybenzoxazines". En Handbook of Benzoxazine Resins, 237–61. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53790-4.00057-6.

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Olaitan Kolawole, Funsho, Shola Kolade Kolawole, Luis Bernardo Varela, Adebayo Felix Owa, Marco Antonio Ramirez y André Paulo Tschiptschin. "Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings for Automobile Applications". En Engineering Applications of Diamond [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95063.

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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are amorphous carbon material which exhibits typical properties of diamond such as hardness and low coefficient of friction, characterized based on the sp3 bonded carbon and structure. The proportion of sp2 (graphetically) and sp3 (diamond-like) determines the properties of the DLC. This coating can be applied to automobile engine component in an attempt to provide energy efficiency by reducing friction and wear. However, DLC coatings are faced with issues of thermal instability caused by increasing temperature in the combustion engine of a vehicle. Therefore, it became necessary to seek ways of improving this coating to meetup with all tribological requirements that will be able to resist transformational change of the coating as the temperature increases. This chapter discusses the need for diamond-like carbon coatings for automobile engine applications, due to their ultra-low friction coefficient (<0.1) and excellent wear resistance (wear rate ~ 7 x 10−17 m3/N.m). The importance of DLC coatings deposited using PECVD technique, their mechanical and tribological properties at conditions similar to automobile engines would also be discussed. Non-metallic (hydrogen, boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, fluorine and sulfur) or metals (copper, nickel, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, silicon, chromium and niobium) has been used to improve the thermal stability of DLC coatings. Recently, incorporation of Ag nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, WO3 nanoparticles and MoO3 nanoparticles into DLC has been used. The novel fabrication of diamond-like carbon coatings incorporated nanoparticles (WO3/MoO3) using PECVD for automobile applications has shown an improvement in the adhesion properties of the DLC coatings. DLC coatings had a critical load of 25 N, while after incorporating with WO3/MoO3 nanoparticles had critical load at 32 N and 39 N respectively.
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Baquero, Jossie Esteban Garzón y Daniela Bellon Monsalve. "A Proposal for the Transformation of Fossil Fuel Energy Economies to Hydrogen Economies Through Social Entrepreneurship". En Entrepreneurial Innovation for Securing Long-Term Growth in a Short-Term Economy, 48–70. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3568-4.ch004.

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The world is growing at an ever-increasing rate, but this growth has occurred alongside an energy model based on fossil fuels, which presents serious sustainability problems. The current study seeks to illustrate one of the new alternative energy schemes which could replace fossil fuels in the future: hydrogen. The promise of hydrogen fuel has led large nations to invest in transitioning their fossil fuel economies to a hydrogen-based model. This will result in significant social impacts, leading to the question, How should it be done? Social entrepreneurship can integrate socio-economic actors and agents and help them to devise and implement new forms of energy innovation, which will open spaces for new business models. The current study conceptualizes within a present-day context the connotations of the hydrogen economy at an international level, its implications to society, and its synergy with social entrepreneurship. The authors observed the rapid growth that these entrepreneurship initiatives are generating and how the models used to manage these undertakings play a vital role.
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Seifter, Julian. "A physiological approach to acid–base disorders: The roles of ion transport and body fluid compartments". En Oxford Textbook of Medicine, editado por Timothy M. Cox, 2182–98. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0238.

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The normal pH of human extracellular fluid is maintained within the range of 7.35 to 7.45. The four main types of acid–base disorders can be defined by the relationship between the three variables, pH, Pco2, and HCO3 –. Respiratory disturbances begin with an increase or decrease in pulmonary carbon dioxide clearance which—through a shift in the equilibrium between CO2, H2O, and HCO3 –—favours a decreased hydrogen ion concentration (respiratory alkalosis) or an increased hydrogen ion concentration (respiratory acidosis) respectively. Metabolic acidosis may result when hydrogen ions are added with a nonbicarbonate anion, A−, in the form of HA, in which case bicarbonate is consumed, or when bicarbonate is removed as the sodium or potassium salt, increasing hydrogen ion concentration. Metabolic alkalosis is caused by removal of hydrogen ions or addition of bicarbonate. Laboratory tests usually performed in pursuit of diagnosis, aside from arterial blood gas analysis, include a basic metabolic profile with electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Calculation of the serum anion gap, which is determined by subtracting the sum of chloride and bicarbonate from the serum sodium concentration, is useful. The normal value is 10 to 12 mEq/litre. An elevated value is diagnostic of metabolic acidosis, helpful in the differential diagnosis of the specific metabolic acidosis, and useful in determining the presence of a mixed metabolic disturbance. Acid–base disorders can be associated with (1) transport processes across epithelial cells lining transcellular spaces in the kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and skin; (2) transport of acid anions from intracellular to extracellular spaces—anion gap acidosis; and (3) intake.
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Atkins, Peter. "Give and Take: Neutralization". En Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0006.

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The almost infinite can spring from the almost infinitesimal. Two almost infinitesimally small fundamental particles are of considerable interest to chemists: the proton and the electron. As to the almost infinite that springs from them, almost the whole of the processes that constitute what we call ‘life’ can be traced to the transfer of one or other of these particles from one molecule to another in a giant network of reactions going on inside our cells. I think it quite remarkable, and rather wonderful, that a hugely complex network of extremely simple processes in which protons and electrons hop from one molecule to another, sometimes dragging groups of atoms with them, sometimes not, results in our formation, our growth, and all our activities. Even thinking about proton and electron transfer, as you are now, involves them. Here I consider the transfer of a proton in some straightforward reactions in preparation for seeing later, in the second part of the book, how the same processes result in eating, growing, reproducing, and thinking. For reactions that involve the transfer of electrons, see Reaction 5. What is a proton? For physicists, a proton is a minute, positively charged, very stable cluster of three quarks; they denote it p. For chemists, who are less concerned with ultimate things, a proton is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom; they commonly denote it H+ to signify that it is a hydrogen atom stripped of its one electron, a hydrogen ion. I shall flit between referring to this fundamental particle as a proton or a hydrogen ion as the fancy takes me: they are synonyms and the choice of name depends on convention and context. An atom is extraordinarily small, but a proton is about 100 000 times smaller than an atom. If you were to think of an atom as being the size of a football stadium, then a proton would be the size of a fly at its centre. It is nearly 2000 times as heavy as an electron. Nevertheless, a proton is still light and nimble enough to be able to slip reasonably easily out from its home at the centre of a hydrogen atom in some types of hydrogen-containing molecules.
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Coppens, Philip. "Chemical Bonding and the X-ray Scattering Formalism". En X-Ray Charge Densities and Chemical Bonding. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098235.003.0005.

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The assumption that the atomic electron density is well described by the spherically averaged density of the isolated atom has been the basis of X-ray structure analysis since its inception. The independent-atom model (IAM) is indeed a very good approximation for the heavier atoms, for which the valence shell is a minor part of the total density, but is much less successful for the lighter atoms. The lightest atom, hydrogen, has no inner shells of electrons, so that the effect of bonding is relatively pronounced. Because of the overlap density in covalent X—H bonds (X = C, N, O), the mean of the hydrogen electron distribution is significantly displaced inwards into the bond. When a spherical IAM hydrogen scattering factor is used in a least-squares adjustment of the atomic “position,” the result will be biased because the centroid of the density associated with the H atom is shifted in the direction of the bond. The result is an apparent shortening of X—H bonds which is far beyond the precision of X-ray structure determination (Hanson et al. 1973). For sucrose, for example, the differences between X-ray and neutron bond lengths are 0.13 (1) Å averaged over 14 C—H bonds, and 0.18 (3) A averaged over eight O—H bonds (Hanson et al. 1973). The observed discrepancy between X-ray results and spectroscopic values was first explained in terms of the electron distribution in the 1950s by Cochran (1956) and Tomii (1958). That the bond density is also of significance for heavier atoms is evident from the occurrence of the spherical-atom forbidden (222) reflection of diamond and silicon, even at low temperatures where anharmonic thermal effects (see chapter 2) are negligible. The historical importance of the nonzero intensity of the diamond (222) reflection is illustrated by the following comment made by W. H. Bragg, in 1921: . . . Another point of interest is the existence of a small (222) reflection (in diamond). This has been looked for previously but without success. . . .
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Sahli, Youcef, Bariza Zitouni y Ben Moussa Hocine. "Three-Dimensional Numerical Study of Overheating of Two Intermediate Temperature P-AS-SOFC Geometrical Configurations". En Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology for Stationary Applications, 186–222. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4945-2.ch008.

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The purpose of this work is to perform a three-dimensional and stationary numerical study of the heat transfer phenomenon in the planar anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells operating at intermediate temperature (IT-P-AS-SOFC). With particular interest to evaluate and localize the maximum and minimum temperatures in a single cell during their stable operation according to two geometrical configuration types, repetition, and symmetry of the cell stages to determine the best configuration that minimizes and produces more homogeneous thermal stresses and logically improves their lifetime and performance. The considered heat sources are mainly due to electrical overpotentials (Ohm, activation, and concentration). The results are obtained according to a FORTRAN code based on the proposed model that is numerically modeled using the finite difference method. From the obtained result analysis, the achieved temperature values by IT-P-AS-SOFC with cell stages repetition are greater than obtained by IT-P-AS-SOFC with cell stages symmetry.
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Campbell, John. "Defects in Aluminum Alloy Castings". En Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000253.

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Most of the major defects in Al alloy castings are the result of entrainment processes. The entrainment of the surface of the liquid creates bifilm defects, and the entrainment of air creates bubbles and bubble trails. Occasionally the entrainment of foreign inclusions, such as sand inclusions, can also be a problem. Bifilms form the initiators of gas porosity, shrinkage porosity, hot tears, and cracks. Since bifilms can be controlled by improved melting and casting techniques, all these defects are controllable. In addition, bifilms control the mechanical properties of castings, particularly tensile elongation, toughness, and fatigue. The other important effects caused by bifilms such as invasive corrosion behavior including pitting, stress corrosion cracking, and possibly hydrogen embrittlement, are beyond the scope of this review.
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Dyall, Kenneth G. y Knut Faegri. "One-Electron Atoms". En Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195140866.003.0012.

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The development of quantum chemistry, that is, the solution of the Schrödinger equation for molecules, is almost exclusively founded on the expansion of the molecular electronic wave function as a linear combination of atom-centered functions, or atomic orbitals—the LCAO approximation. These orbitals are usually built up out of some set of basis functions. The properties of the atomic functions at large and small distances from the nucleus determines to a large extent what characteristics the basis functions must have, and for this purpose it is sufficient to examine the properties of the hydrogenic solutions to the Schrödinger equation. If we are to do the same for relativistic quantum chemistry, we should first examine the properties of the atomic solutions to determine what kind of basis functions would be appropriate. However, the atomic solutions of the Dirac equation provide more than merely a guide to the choice of basis functions. The atoms in a molecule retain their atomic identities to a very large extent, and the modifications caused by the molecular field are quite small for most properties. In order to arrive at a satisfactory description of the relativistic effects in molecules, we must first of all be able to treat these effects at the atomic level. The insight gained into the effects of relativity on atomic structure is therefore a necessary and useful starting point for relativistic quantum chemistry. As in the nonrelativistic case, most of the salient features of the atomic systems are exposed in the treatment of the simplest of these, the hydrogen-like one-electron atoms. In Hartree atomic units the time-independent Dirac equation yields the coupled equations where we have shifted the energy by −mc2 (with m = 1), as discussed in section 4.6. We will use this shifted energy scale for the rest of the book unless otherwise explicitly indicated. V is here a scalar, central potential.
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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Hydrogen resist"

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Tsubouchi, Kazuo, Kazuya Masu y Keiichi Sasaki. "Area Selective Aluminum Patterning by Atomic Hydrogen Resist". En 1992 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1992.s-v-8.

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Jamieson, Andrew T., C. Grant Willson, Yautzong Hsu y Alan D. Brodie. "Hydrogen silsesquioxane bilayer resist process for low-voltage electron beam lithography". En SPIE's 27th Annual International Symposium on Microlithography, editado por Theodore H. Fedynyshyn. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.474194.

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Yu, Ran, Samaresh Das, Richard Hobbs, Yordan Georgiev, Isabelle Ferain, Pedram Razavi, Nima Dehdashti Akhavan, Cynthia A. Colinge y Jean-Pierre Colinge. "Top-down process of Germanium nanowires using EBL exposure of Hydrogen Silsesquioxane resist". En 2012 13th International Conference on Ultimate Integration on Silicon (ULIS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ulis.2012.6193378.

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Smith, Kyle Z., Akshitha Gadde, Anand Kadiyala y Jeremy M. Dawson. "Fabrication of two-dimensional visible wavelength nanoscale plasmonic structures using hydrogen silsesquioxane based resist". En SPIE OPTO, editado por Ali Adibi, Shawn-Yu Lin y Axel Scherer. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2213000.

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Singh, G., P. Stenberg, P. Vahima, M. Kuittinen, R. P. Yadav y V. Janyani. "Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ): a perfect negative tone resist for developing nanostructure patterns on a silicon platform". En SPIE MOEMS-MEMS, editado por Winston V. Schoenfeld, Jian Jim Wang, Marko Loncar y Thomas J. Suleski. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.874851.

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Ledesma-Orozco, E. R., A. Salazar-Garibay, S. M. Aceves y F. Espinosa-Loza. "CFD Analysis of a Cryogenic Pressure Vessel Hydrogen Leak". En ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65391.

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This paper reports the numerical simulation of the sudden hydrogen release from a cryogenic pressure vessel due to a broken tube where hydrogen vents into the vacuum jacket. Real gas effects are considered and the specific “vessel within vessel” geometry of cryogenic vessels. For practical reasons, this study focuses on hydrogen release from 34.5 MPa, with initial temperatures of 62 K and 300 K. The high pressure vessel internal volume is 151 L. Pressure versus time graphs indicate that the vacuum jacket resist the pressure build up until reaching the rupture disc setting to finally release into the atmosphere, and a comparative of this result with the ASME Code burst pressure calculation is presented.
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Rebak, Raul B. y Young-Jin Kim. "Hydrogen Diffusion in FeCrAl Alloys for Light Water Reactors Cladding Applications". En ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63164.

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There is a worldwide effort to develop nuclear fuels that are resistant to accidents such as loss of coolant in the reactor and the storage pools. In the United States, the Department of Energy is teaming with fuel vendors to develop accident tolerant fuels (ATF), which will resist the lack of cooling for longer periods of times than the current zirconium alloy - uranium dioxide system. General Electric (GE) and its partners is proposing to replace zirconium alloys cladding with an Iron-Chromium-Aluminum (FeCrAl) alloy such as APMT, since they are highly resistant to attack by steam up to the melting point of the alloy. FeCrAl alloys do not react with hydrogen to form stable hydrides as zirconium alloys do. Therefore, it is possible that more tritium may be released to the coolant with the use of FeCrAl cladding. This work discusses the formation of an alumina layer on the surface of APMT cladding as an effective barrier for tritium permeation from the fuel to the coolant across the cladding wall.
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Jorgensen, Scott. "Engineering Hydrogen Storage Systems". En ASME 2007 2nd Energy Nanotechnology International Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/enic2007-45026.

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Increased research into the chemistry, physics and material science of hydrogen cycling compounds has led to the rapid growth of solid-phase hydrogen-storage options. The operating conditions of these new options span a wide range: system temperature can be as low as 70K or over 600K, system pressure varies from less than 100kPa to 35MPa, and heat loads can be moderate or can be measured in megawatts. While the intense focus placed on storage materials has been appropriate, there is also a need for research in engineering, specifically in containment, heat transfer, and controls. The DOE’s recently proposed engineering center of expertise underscores the growing understanding that engineering research will play a role in the success of advanced hydrogen storage systems. Engineering a hydrogen system will minimally require containment of the storage media and control of the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes, but an elegant system design will compensate for the storage media’s weaker aspects and capitalize on its strengths. To achieve such a complete solution, the storage tank must be designed to work with the media, the vehicle packaging, the power-plant, and the power-plant’s control system. In some cases there are synergies available that increase the efficiency of both subsystems simultaneously. In addition, system designers will need to make the hard choices needed to convert a technically feasible concept into a commercially successful product. Materials cost, assembly cost, and end of life costs will all shape the final design of a viable hydrogen storage system. Once again there is a critical role for engineering research, in this case into lower cost and higher performance engineering materials. Each form of hydrogen storage has its own, unique, challenges and opportunities for the system designer. These differing requirements stem directly from the properties of the storage media. Aside from physical containment of compressed or liquefied hydrogen, most storage media can be assigned to one of four major categories, chemical storage, metal hydrides, complex hydrides, or physisorption. Specific needs of each technology are discussed below. Physisorption systems currently operate at 77K with very fast kinetics and good gravimetric capacity; and as such, special engineering challenges center on controlling heat transfer. Excellent MLVSI is available, its cost is high and it is not readily applied to complex shape in a mass manufacture setting. Additionally, while the heat of adsorption on most physisorbents is a relatively modest 6–10kJ/mol H2, this heat must be moved up a 200K gradient. Physisorpion systems are also challenged on density. Consequently, methods for reducing the cost of producing and assembling compact, high-quality insulation, tank design to minimize heat transfer while maintaining manufacturability, improved methods of heat transfer to and from the storage media, and controls to optimize filling are areas of profitable research. It may be noted that the first two areas would also contribute to improvement of liquid hydrogen tanks. Metal hydrides are currently nearest application in the form of high pressure metal hydride tanks because of their reduced volume relative to compressed gas tanks of the same capacity and pressure. These systems typically use simple pressure controls, and have enthalpies of roughly 20kJ/mol H2 and plateau pressures of at most a few MPa. During filling, temperatures must be high enough to ensure fast kinetics, but kept low enough that the thermodynamically set plateau pressure is well below the filling pressure. To accomplish this balance the heat transfer system must handle on the order of 300kW during the 5 minute fill of a 10kg tank. These systems are also challenged on mass and the cost of the media. High value areas for research include: heat transfer inside a 35MPa rated pressure vessel, light and strong tank construction materials with reduced cost, and metals or other materials that do not embrittle in the presence of high pressure hydrogen when operated below ∼400K. The latter two topics would also have a beneficial impact on compressed gas hydrogen storage systems, the current “system to beat”. Complex hydrides frequently have high hydrogen capacity but also an enthalpy of adsorption >30kJ/mol H2, a hydrogen release temperature >370K, and in many cases multiple steps of adsorption/desorption with slow kinetics in at least one of the steps. Most complex hydrides are thermal insulators in the hydrided form. From an engineering perspective, improved methods and designs for cost effective heat transfer to the storage media in a 5 to 10MPa vessel is of significant interest, as are materials that resist embrittlement at pressures below 10MPa and temperatures below 500K. Chemical hydrides produce heat when releasing hydrogen; in some systems this can be managed with air cooling of the reactor, but in other systems that may not be possible. In general, chemical hydrides must be removed from the vehicle and regenerated off-board. They are challenged on durability and recycling energy. Engineering research of interest in these systems centers around maintaining the spent fuel in a state suitable for rapid removal while minimizing system mass, and on developing highly efficient recycling plant designs that make the most of heat from exothermic steps. While the designs of each category of storage tank will differ with the material properties, two common engineering research thrusts stand out, heat transfer and structural materials. In addition, control strategies are important to all advanced storage systems, though they will vary significantly from system to system. Chemical systems need controls primarily to match hydrogen supply to power-plant demand, including shut down. High pressure metal hydride systems will need control during filling to maintain an appropriately low plateau pressure. Complex hydrides will need control for optimal filling and release of hydrogen from materials with multi-step reactions. Even the relatively simple compressed-gas tanks require control strategies during refill. Heat transfer systems will modulate performance and directly impact cost. While issues such as thermal conductivity may not be as great as anticipated, the heat transfer system still impacts gravimetric efficiency, volumetric efficiency and cost. These are three key factors to commercial viability, so any research that improves performance or reduces cost is important. Recent work in the DOE FreedomCAR program indicates that some 14% of the system mass may be attributed to heat transfer in complex hydride systems. If this system is made to withstand 100 bar at 450K the material cost will be a meaningful portion of the total tank cost. Improvements to the basic shell and tube structures that can reduce the total mass of heat transfer equipment while maintaining good global and local temperature control are needed. Reducing the mass and cost of the materials of construction would also benefit all systems. Much has been made of the need to reduce the cost of carbon fiber in compressed tanks and new processes are being investigated. Further progress is likely to benefit any composite tank, not just compressed gas tanks. In a like fashion, all tanks have metal parts. Today those parts are made from expensive alloys, such as A286. If other structural materials could be proven suitable for tank construction there would be a direct cost benefit to all tank systems. Finally there is a need to match the system to the storage material and the power-plant. Recent work has shown there are strong effects of material properties on system performance, not only because of the material, but also because the material properties drive the tank design to be more or less efficient. Filling of a hydride tank provides an excellent example. A five minute or less fill time is desirable. Hydrogen will be supplied as a gas, perhaps at a fixed pressure and temperature. The kinetics of the hydride will dictate how fast hydrogen can be absorbed, and the thermodynamics will determine if hydrogen can be absorbed at all; both properties are temperature dependent. The temperature will depend on how fast heat is generated by absorption and how fast heat can be added or removed by the system. If the design system and material properties are not both well suited to this filling scenario the actual amount of hydrogen stored could be significantly less than the capacity of the system. Controls may play an important role as well, by altering the coolant temperature and flow, and the gas temperature and pressure, a better fill is likely. Similar strategies have already been demonstrated for compressed gas systems. Matching system capabilities to power-plant needs is also important. Supplying the demanded fuel in transients and start up are obvious requirements that both the tank system and material must be design to meet. But there are opportunities too. If the power-plant heat can be used to release hydrogen, then the efficiency of vehicle increases greatly. This efficiency comes not only from preventing hydrogen losses from supplying heat to the media, but also from the power-plant cooling that occurs. To reap this benefit, it will be important to have elegant control strategies that avoid unwanted feedback between the power-plant and the fuel system. Hydrogen fueled vehicles are making tremendous strides, as can be seen by the number and increasing market readiness of vehicles in technology validation programs. Research that improves the effectiveness and reduces the costs of heat transfer systems, tank construction materials, and control systems will play a key role in preparing advanced hydrogen storage systems to be a part of this transportation revolution.
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9

Chen, Pengfei, Yonghui Xie, Tiexin Liu, Yuying Li, Chuanfu Lin, Pengfei Chen y Yuying Li. "Most recent result of pulsed microwave hydrogen maser". En 2011 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control and the European Frequency and Time Forum (FCS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fcs.2011.5977291.

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Babaie Rizvandi, Omid y Serhat Yesilyurt. "Modeling of Flow Distribution in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell". En ASME 2018 16th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2018-7658.

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Resumen
Analysis and design of flow fields for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) require coupled solution of the flow fields, gas transport and electrochemical reaction kinetics in the anode and the cathode. Computational cost prohibits the widespread use of three-dimensional models of the anode and cathode flow fields, gas diffusion layers (GDL), catalyst layers (CL) and the membrane for fluid flow and mass transport. On the other-hand, detailed cross-sectional two-dimensional models cannot resolve the effects of the anode and cathode flow field designs. Here, a two-dimensional in-plane model is developed for the resolution of the effects of anode and cathode flow channels and GDLs, catalyst layers are treated as thin-layers of reaction interfaces and the membrane is considered as a thin-layer that resist the transfer of species and the ionic current. Brinkman equations are used to model the in-plane flow distribution in the channels and the GDLs to account for the momentum transport in the channels and the porous GDLs. Fick’s law equations are used to model transport of gas species in the channels and GDLs by advection and diffusion mechanisms, and electrochemical reactions in the CL interfaces are modeled by Butler-Volmer equations. Complete features of the flow in the channels and inlet and outlet manifolds are included in the model using resistance relationships in the through-plane direction. The model is applied to a small cell having an active area of 1.3 cm2 and consisting of 8 parallel channels in the anode and a double serpentine in the cathode. Effects of the anode and cathode stoichiometric ratios on the cell performance and hydrogen utilization are investigated. Results demonstrate that for a sufficiently high cathode stoichiometric ratio enough, anode stoichiometric ratio can be lowered to unity to obtain very high hydrogen utilization and output power.
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Informes sobre el tema "Hydrogen resist"

1

Woodham, W. H. Measurement of Hydrogen Generation Rates during Digestion, Neutralization, Transfer, and Storage of Reillex HPQ Resin. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octubre de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1480839.

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2

Mayer, Marie A. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy ofGaP_{1-x}N_x Photocorroded as a Result of Hydrogen Productionthrough Water Electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/892610.

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Gauglitz, Phillip A., Beric E. Wells, Courtney LH Bottenus y Philip P. Schonewill. Maximum Potential Hydrogen Gas Retention in the sRF Resin Ion Exchange Column for the LAWPS Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1422301.

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Akinleye, Taiwo, Idil Deniz Akin, Amanda Hohner, Indranil Chowdhury, Richards Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer, James Mueller y Will Moody. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil. Illinois Center for Transportation, junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-019.

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Soils containing inorganic compounds are frequently encountered by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way, and they pose a threat to human health and the environment. As a result, construction activities may experience project delays and increased costs associated with management of inorganic compounds containing soils required to meet environmental regulations. Recalcitrance of metal-contaminated soils toward conventional treatment technologies is exacerbated in clay or organic content-rich fine-grained soils with low permeability and high sorption capacity because of increased treatment complexity, cost, and duration. The objective of this study was to develop an accelerated in situ electrochemical treatment approach to extract inorganic compounds from fine-grained soils, with the treatment time comparable to excavation and off-site disposal. Three reactor experiments were conducted on samples collected from two borehole locations from a field site in Illinois that contained arsenic (As)(~7.4 mg/kg) and manganese (Mn)(~700 mg/kg). A combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or citrate buffer solution was used to treat the soils. A low-intensity electrical field was applied to soil samples using a bench-scale reactor that resembles field-scale in situ electrochemical systems. For the treatment using 10% H2O2 and citrate buffer solution, average removal of 23% and 8% were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. With 4% H2O2 and citrate buffer, 39% and 24% removal were achieved for Mn and As; while using only citrate buffer as the electrolyte, 49% and 9% removal were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. All chemical regimes adopted in this study reduced the inorganic compound concentrations to below the maximum allowable concentration for Illinois as specified by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. The results from this work indicate that electrochemical systems that leverage low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and citrate buffer can be effective for remediating soils containing manganese and arsenic.
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5

Graf, N. A., M. Fero y M. Gee. A search for narrow states in the inclusive gamma ray spectra resulting from antiproton annihilations at rest in liquid hydrogen and deuterium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto de 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656814.

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