Artículos de revistas: "Human trunk"

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Stelmakh, G. Ya. "The Role of Sympathetic Trunks in the Innervation of the Posterior Mediastinum Blood Vessels in Human Fetuses." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, no. 3 (July 2, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.03.073.

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The purpose of the study was to establish patterns of variation of the branches of the right and left sympathetic trunks in the thoracic aorta azygos and hemiazygos veins during the fetal period of human ontogenesis. Materials and methods. An anatomical study was performed on 47 human fetuses using macromicroscopic preparation of neurovascular branches under the control of binocular magnifier, vascular injection, application contrasting of prepared vessels and nerves, making 3D reconstruction models of the posterior mediastinum structures and morphometry. Results. The anatomical variability of nodes and branches of the thoracic right and left sympathetic trunks involved in the innervation of the thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins has been established in the human fetuses of different age groups. The segmental-metameric distribution of the visceral branches of the thoracic sympathetic trunk was revealed, as well as the preservation of the segmental sympathetic innervation of the thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins both on the left and on the right. Despite the significant progress in the study of morphological features of innervation of posterior mediastinum organs and structures, the active development of fetal surgery in recent years raises a number of questions related to the sources of sympathetic innervation of the thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins. Conclusion. The sources of innervation of the thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins in human fetuses are: thoracic nodes and internodal branches of the right and left sympathetic trunks; large visceral nerves; branches of the esophageal, pulmonary and cardiac plexuses; vagosympathetic trunks; collateral trunk. The number of branches to the thoracic aorta from the left sympathetic trunk is 4-16, and from the right sympathetic trunk – 3-14. The largest number of branches that enter the wall of the thoracic aorta, from the left sympathetic trunk skeletotopically determined at the level of III-VI thoracic segments, and from the right sympathetic trunk – at the level of IV-VI thoracic segments. Different skeletotopic levels of the branches of the right and left large visceral nerves are involved in the innervation of the thoracic aorta – from V to X thoracic segments. It is noted that the right and left sympathetic trunks are almost equally involved in the innervation of the azygos and hemiazygos veins. The number of sympathetic branches to the azygos vein ranges from 4 to 7, and the number of sympathetic branches to the hemiazygos vein is usually 2-4

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Kahilogullari, Gokmen, Hasan Caglar Ugur, Ayhan Comert, Ibrahim Tekdemir, and Yucel Kanpolat. "The branching pattern of the middle cerebral artery: is the intermediate trunk real or not? An anatomical study correlating with simple angiography." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 5 (May 2012): 1024–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.1.jns111013.

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Object The branching structure of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) remains a debated issue. In this study the authors aimed to describe this branching structure in detail. Methods Twenty-seven fresh, human brains (54 hemispheres) obtained from routine autopsies were used. The cerebral arteries were first filled with colored latex and contrast agent, followed by fixation with formaldehyde. All dissections were done under a microscope. During examination, the trunk structures of the MCA and their relations with cortical branches were demonstrated. Lateral radiographs of the same hemispheres were then obtained and comparisons were made. Angles between the MCA trunks were measured on 3D CT cerebral angiography images in 25 patients (50 hemispheres), and their correlations with the angles obtained in the cadaver brains were evaluated. Results A new classification was made in relation to the terminology of the intermediate trunk, which is still a subject of debate. The intermediate trunk was present in 61% of cadavers and originated from a superior trunk in 55% and from an inferior trunk in 45%. Cortical branches supplying the motor cortex (precentral, central, and postcentral arteries) significantly originated from the intermediate trunk, and the diameter of the intermediate trunk significantly increased when it originated from the superior trunk. In measurements of the angles between the superior and intermediate trunks, it was found that the intermediate trunk had significant dominance in supplying the motor cortex as the angle increased. The intermediate trunk was classified into 3 types based on the angle values and the distance to the bifurcation point as Group A (pseudotrifurcation type), Group B (proximal type), and Group C (distal type). Group A trunks were seemingly closer to the trifurcation structure that has been reported on in the literature and was seen in 15%. Group B trunks were the most common type (55%), and Group C trunks were characterized as the farthest from the bifurcation point. Group C trunks also had the smallest diameter and fewest cortical branches. Similarities were found between the angles in cadaver specimens and on 3D CT cerebral angiography images. Beyond the separation point of the MCA, trunk structures always included the superior trunk and inferior trunk, and sometimes the intermediate trunk. Conclusions Interrelations of these vascular structures and their influences on the cortical branches originating from them are clinically important. The information presented in this study will ensure reliable diagnostic approaches and safer surgical interventions, particularly with MCA selective angiography.

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Marras, William S., and Garya Mirka. "Trunk Strength during Asymmetric Trunk Motion." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 31, no. 6 (December 1989): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088903100603.

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It is important to understand how trunk strength varies as a function of workplace factors so that the work environment can be designed to minimize the risk of low back injury. In this study maximal trunk torque production around the lumbosacral junction was measured in 44 subjects as trunk concentric and eccentric isokinetic velocity and trunk asymmetric line of action were varied. Trunk torque decreased by approximately 8.5% of maximum for every 15 deg of asymmetric trunk angle. Increases in concentric velocity decreased trunk strength, whereas increases in eccentric trunk velocity increased strength. Significant interactions were also found, and it was determined that the common finding that eccentric strength exceeds concentric strength is true only for forward trunk angles at all asymmetric angles. These results should have significant implications for the design of manual materials handling tasks.

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Kim, Kyungsoo, Yoon Hyuk Kim, and SuKyoung Lee. "General Computational Model for Human Musculoskeletal System of Spine." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/484759.

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A general computational model of the human lumbar spine and trunk muscles including optimization formulations was provided. For a given condition, the trunk muscle forces could be predicted considering the human physiology including the follower load concept. The feasibility of the solution could be indirectly validated by comparing the compressive force, the shear force, and the joint moment. The presented general computational model and optimization technology can be fundamental tools to understand the control principle of human trunk muscles.

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Uysal, İsmihan İlknur, Muzaffer Şeker, Ahmet Kağan Karabulut, Mustafa Büyükmumcu, and Taner Ziylan. "Brachial Plexus Variations in Human Fetuses." Neurosurgery 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000079485.24016.70.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE We examined the anatomic variations of the brachial plexus (BP) in human fetuses. METHODS This study was performed with 200 BPs from spontaneously aborted fetuses without detectable malformations. The plexuses were dissected, and the normal position and/or morphological variations of the BP were determined and photographed. RESULTS There were no variations in 93 plexuses, and 107 plexuses were observed to have different variations. Morphological variations were observed more frequently among female fetuses and right sides. The BPs were composed mostly of the C5, C6, C7, and C8 nerves and the T1 nerve (71.5%). A prefixed plexus was observed in 25.5% of cases, and a postfixed plexus was observed in 2.5% of cases. In one case (0.5%), the C4 and T2 nerves joined the formation. The inferior trunk was not formed in 9% of cases. The superior trunk was not formed in 1% of cases. In one plexus, the superior trunk was formed by the ventral rami of the C4 and C5 nerves. In one case, the inferior trunk was formed by the ventral rami of the T1 and T2 nerves. Division variations were observed most frequently. There were also variations in the terminal branches, such as the roots of the median nerve joining in the distal part of the arm (8.5%), the axillary nerve being separate from the posterior division of the superior trunk (2.5%), and a connection existing between the median and musculocutaneous nerves (1%). CONCLUSION Knowledge of BP variations is important for surgeons who perform surgical procedures in the cervical and axillary regions.

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Alexandrov, Alexei, Alexander Frolov, and J. Massion. "Axial synergies during human upper trunk bending." Experimental Brain Research 118, no. 2 (January 19, 1998): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050274.

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Faustino Martins, Jorge-Miguel, Cornelius Fischer, Alessia Urzi, Ramon Vidal, Severine Kunz, Pierre-Louis Ruffault, Loreen Kabuss, et al. "Self-Organizing 3D Human Trunk Neuromuscular Organoids." Cell Stem Cell 26, no. 2 (February 2020): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2019.12.007.

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Faustino Martins, Jorge-Miguel, Cornelius Fischer, Alessia Urzi, Ramon Vidal, Severine Kunz, Pierre-Louis Ruffault, Loreen Kabuss, et al. "Self-Organizing 3D Human Trunk Neuromuscular Organoids." Cell Stem Cell 27, no. 3 (September 2020): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2020.08.011.

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9

ASHTON-MILLER, JAMES A., and ALBERT B. SCHULTZ. "Biomechanics of the Human Spine and Trunk." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 16 (1988): 169???204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00003677-198800160-00008.

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10

Astik, Rajesh, and Urvi Dave. "Variations in branching pattern of the axillary artery: a study in 40 human cadavers." Jornal Vascular Brasileiro 11, no. 1 (March 2012): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-54492012000100003.

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BACKGROUND: Variations in the branching pattern of the axillary artery are a rule rather than an exception. The knowledge of these variations is of anatomical, radiological, and surgical interest to explain unexpected clinical signs and symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The large percentage of variations in branching pattern of axillary artery is making it worthwhile to take any anomaly into consideration. The type and frequency of these vascular variations should be well understood and documented, as increasing performance of coronary artery bypass surgery and other cardiovascular surgical procedures. The objective of this study is to observe variations in axillary artery branches in human cadavers. METHODS: We dissected 80 limbs of 40 human adult embalmed cadavers of Asian origin and we have studied the branching patterns of the axillary artery. RESULTS: We found variations in branching pattern of axillary artery in 62.5% of the limbs. Anatomical variations included: origin of lateral thoracic artery from the subscapular artery; absent thoracoacromial trunk and all its branches arose directly from the second part of the axillary artery; division of thoracoacromial trunk into deltoacromial and clavipectoral trunks, which were divided into all branches of thoracoacromial trunk; origin of subscapular, anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex humeral and profunda brachii arteries from a common trunk from the third part of the axillary artery; and origin of posterior circumflex humeral artery from brachial artery in addition to third part of the axillary artery. CONCLUSIONS: The study was carried out to show important variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery, in order to orient the surgeons performing angiography, coronary bypass, and flaps in reconstructive surgeries.

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Mizoguchi, T., and Y. Kobayashi. "Interactive Trunk Extraction from Forest Point Cloud." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5 (June 6, 2014): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-433-2014.

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For forest management or monitoring, it is required to constantly measure several parameters of each tree, such as height, diameter at breast height, and trunk volume. Terrestrial laser scanner has been used for this purpose instead of human workers to reduce time and cost for the measurement. In order to use point cloud captured by terrestrial laser scanner in the above applications, it is an important step to extract all trees or their trunks separately. For this purpose, we propose an interactive system in which a user can intuitively and efficiently extract each trunk by a simple editing on the distance image created from the point cloud. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed system from various experiments.

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SADIC, Ayberk, Akihiro OHNO, and Koichi SUZUMORI. "1A1-P01 Development of a Human Trunk Exoskeleton with Pneumatic Artificial Muscles." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2015 (2015): _1A1—P01_1—_1A1—P01_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2015._1a1-p01_1.

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Ophaswongse, Chawin, Rosemarie C. Murray, Victor Santamaria, Qining Wang, and Sunil K. Agrawal. "Human Evaluation of Wheelchair Robot for Active Postural Support (WRAPS)." Robotica 37, no. 12 (June 26, 2019): 2132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574719000948.

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SummaryPeople with severe neuromuscular trunk impairment cannot maintain or control upright posture of the upper body in sitting while reaching. Passive orthoses are clinically available to provide support and promote the use of upper extremities in this population. However, these orthoses only position the torso passively without any degree of trunk movement.We introduce for the first time a novel active-assistive torso brace called Wheelchair Robot for Active Postural Support (WRAPS). It consists of two rings over the hips and chest connected by a 2RPS-2UPS parallel robotic device. WRAPS can modulate the displacement of the upper ring and/or the forces applied on the torso through the ring in four degrees-of-freedom (DOF), including rotations and translation in the sagittal and frontal planes.In the present study, we evaluate the design of WRAPS and its functions. Moreover, we discuss the potential effectiveness of WRAPS as a therapeutic robotic tool in people with severe trunk control deficits. The performance of WRAPS was evaluated in seated healthy subjects. Kinematics and surface electromyography (sEMG) were collected when the participants performed selective trunk movements. First, the torso range of motion (tROM) was calculated with WRAPS in transparent mode—zero-force control mode—which was compared with free-guided tROM (no WRAPS) with motion capture system. Second, a position control mode was configured to mobilize the torso along the trajectories obtained with the transparent mode.Our results show that the design of WRAPS suited well the subject’s anthropometrics while supporting the weight of the torso. Importantly, WRAPS can be programmed to replicate the subject’s tROM, without the full activation of torso muscles. This can be critical in individuals with no trunk control. Altogether, these preliminary results indicate the potential applicability of WRAPS to promote active-assistive trunk mobility in people who cannot sit independently because of trunk dysfunction.

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Kumar, Shrawan. "Trunk rotation: Ergonomic and evolutionary perspective." Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 3, no. 3 (January 2002): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639220110114663.

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Kumar, Shrawan, Ronald M. Dufresne, and Tinie Van Schoor. "Human Trunk Strength Profile in Flexion and Extension." Spine 20, no. 2 (January 1995): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199501150-00006.

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Durdle, N. G., Z. Zhang, V. J. Raso, and D. L. Hill. "Construction of surface models of the human trunk." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 35, no. 1 (January 1997): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02510397.

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UNNO, Tatsuo, Shoichiro TAKEHARA, Fumiya TAKAHASHI, and Kazunori HASE. "Estimation of Human Motion Using Simplified Trunk Model." Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Multibody Dynamics 2016.8 (2016): 04_1286884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeacmd.2016.8.04_1286884.

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REILLY, CHARLES H., and WILLIAM S. MARRAS. "Simulift: A Simulation Model of Human Trunk Motion." Spine 14, no. 1 (January 1989): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198901000-00002.

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RIOS, Constanza Marin de los, Francisco Emílio PUSTIGLIONI, and Giuseppe Alexandre ROMITO. "Biometric study of the width, length and depth of the root trunk groove of human lower second molars." Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira 16, no. 1 (March 2002): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-74912002000100005.

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One hundred human lower second molars, 51 from the left side and 49 from the right side, extracted due to their poor clinical and radiographic conditions were utilized in this study. Using a Contracer apparatus, the profiles of the buccal and lingual root surfaces of these teeth were traced on a millimeter-scaled paper. The profiles were registered from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), millimeter by millimeter, up to the entrance of the furcation. The width, length and depth of the root trunk groove, as well as the length of the root trunk, were studied. After statistical analysis (p < 0.05) it was possible to conclude that: a) the mean width of the root trunk groove on the buccal surface was 3.6 mm and, on the lingual surface, 3.3 mm; b) the mean depth of the root trunk groove on the buccal surface was 0.88 mm and, on the lingual surface, 0.77 mm; c) the mean length of the root trunk groove on the buccal surface was 2.93 mm and, on the lingual surface, 3.61 mm. The mean length of the root trunk on the buccal surface was 3.09 mm and, on the lingual surface, 3.91 mm (p < 0.025). There was a coincidence between the length of the root trunk and that of its groove in 90.2% of the buccal surfaces of the samples from the left side, and in 77.5% of the samples from the right side; on the lingual surface, the coincidence occurred in 77.5% of the teeth from the left side, and on 88.3% of the teeth from the right side. This work revealed that there is a concavity on the root trunk region of the lower second molar, whose depth and width were greater on the buccal surface and whose length was greater on the lingual surface. The depth of the root trunk groove increased in the apical direction, with maximum depth in the last millimeter of the root trunk. The root trunk was longer on the lingual surface than it was on the buccal surface.

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Aragão, J., L. Melo, A. Barreto, A. Da Silva Leal, and F. Reis. "Variations in the formation of the trunks of brachial plexus." Journal of Morphological Sciences 31, no. 01 (January 2014): 048–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.ao063614.

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Abstract Background: The brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves that innervates the upper limbs. Variations in brachial plexus are common, as well as its relationships with other anatomical structures, gaining thus clinical and surgical importance. The aim of this study was to report variations in the formation of the trunks of brachial plexus. Material and Methods: Forty upper limbs from 20 human fetuses were used, fixed and kept in 10% formol solution. Fetal age was estimated from the hallux-calcaneus length and ranged from 20 to 37 weeks of gestation, with a mean of25.63 weeks. The plexus were dissected without the aid of optical instruments, and the access route for dissection began 2 cm below the mastoid process, followed the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle until the medial third of the clavicle, and then went through the deltopectoral groove until the arm. Results: Of the 40 plexuses investigated, 37 (92.5%) had the usual trunk formation, and 3 (7.5%) showed variation in its formation. Among these, in 2 (5%) plexuses of a single fetus, the upper trunk was formed by the C5, C6 and C7 roots, the middle trunk by the C8 root, and the lower trunk by the T1 root, both on left and right sides. In 1 (2.5%) plexus of another fetus, there was the formation of four trunks on the left side: the first trunk was formed by the C4 and C5 roots, the second by the C7 root, the third by the C8 root, and the forth by the T1 root. Conclusion: Studies on variations in brachial plexus should continue to draw the attention of different healthcare professionals who work directly or indirectly with this plexus in their daily routine.

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MARRAS, W. S., S. L. RANGARAJULU, and S. A. LAVENDER. "Trunk loading and expectation." Ergonomics 30, no. 3 (March 1987): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138708969744.

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Iaconetta, Giorgio, Enrico Tessitore, and Madjid Samii. "Duplicated abducent nerve and its course: microanatomical study and surgery-related considerations." Journal of Neurosurgery 95, no. 5 (November 2001): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.95.5.0853.

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Object. The anatomy of the abducent nerve is well known; its duplication (ranging from 5 to 28.6%), however, has rarely been reported in the literature. The authors performed a microanatomical study in 100 cadaveric specimens (50 heads) to evaluate the prevalence of this phenomenon and to provide a clear anatomical description of the course and relationships of the nerve. The surgery-related implications of this rare anatomical variant will be highlighted. Methods. The 50 human cadaveric heads (100 specimens) were embalmed in a 10% formalin solution for 3 weeks. Fifteen of them were injected with colored neoprene latex. A duplicated abducent nerve was found in eight specimens (8%). In two (25%) of these eight specimens the nerve originated at the pontomedullary sulcus as two independent trunks: in one case the superior trunk was thicker than the inferior and in the other it was thinner. In the other six cases (75%) the nerve originated as a single trunk, splitting in two trunks into the cisternal segment: in two of them the trunks ran below the Gruber ligament, whereas in four specimens one trunk ran below and one above it. In all the specimens, the duplicated nerves fused again into the cavernous sinus, just after the posterior genu of the internal carotid artery. Conclusions. Although the presence of a duplicated abducent nerve is a rare finding, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging should be performed to rule out this possibility, thus tailoring the operation to avoid postoperative deficits.

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Mittelstaedt, H., and S. Glasauer. "Crucial Effects of Weightlessness on Human Orientation." Journal of Vestibular Research 3, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1993-3311.

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This contribution examines the consequences of two remarkable experiences of subjects in weightlessness, 1) the missing of sensations of trunk tilt and of the respective concomitant reflexes when the head is tilted with respect to the trunk, and 2) the persistence of a perception of “up” and “down,” that is, of the polarity of the subjective vertical (SV) in the absence of, as well as in contradiction to, visual cues. The first disproves that the necessary head-to-trunk coordinate transformation be achieved by adding representations of the respective angles gained by utricles and neck receptors, but corroborates an extant model of cross-multiplication of utricular, saccular, and neck receptor components. The second indicates the existence of force-independent components in the determination of the SV. Although the number of subjects is still small and experimental conditions are not as homogeneous as desired, measurements and/or reports on the ground, in parabolic, and in space flight point to the decisive role of the saccular z-bias, that is, of a difference of the mean resting discharges of saccular units polarized in the rostrad and the caudad (±z-) direction.

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Budhiraja, Virendra, Rakhi Rastogi, Vaishali Jain, Vishal Bankwar, and Shiv Raghuwanshi. "Anatomical Variations in the Branching Pattern of Human Aortic Arch: A Cadaveric Study from Central India." ISRN Anatomy 2013 (September 12, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/828969.

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Variations of the branches of aortic arch are due to alteration in the development of certain branchial arch arteries during embryonic period. Knowledge of these variations is important during aortic instrumentation, thoracic, and neck surgeries. In the present study we observed these variations in fifty-two cadavers from Indian populations. In thirty-three (63.5%) cadavers, the aortic arch showed classical branching pattern which includes brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. In nineteen (36.5%) cadavers it showed variations in the branching pattern, which include the two branches, namely, left subclavian artery and a common trunk in 19.2% cases, four branches, namely, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left vertebral artery, and left subclavian artery in 15.3% cases, and the three branches, namely, common trunk, left vertebral artery, and left subclavian artery in 1.9% cases.

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Drama, Özge, Johanna Vielemeyer, Alexander Badri-Spröwitz, and Roy Müller. "Postural stability in human running with step-down perturbations: an experimental and numerical study." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 11 (November 2020): 200570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200570.

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Postural stability is one of the most crucial elements in bipedal locomotion. Bipeds are dynamically unstable and need to maintain their trunk upright against the rotations induced by the ground reaction forces (GRFs), especially when running. Gait studies report that the GRF vectors focus around a virtual point above the centre of mass (VP A ), while the trunk moves forward in pitch axis during the stance phase of human running. However, a recent simulation study suggests that a virtual point below the centre of mass (VP B ) might be present in human running, because a VP A yields backward trunk rotation during the stance phase. In this work, we perform a gait analysis to investigate the existence and location of the VP in human running at 5 m s −1 , and support our findings numerically using the spring-loaded inverted pendulum model with a trunk. We extend our analysis to include perturbations in terrain height (visible and camouflaged), and investigate the response of the VP mechanism to step-down perturbations both experimentally and numerically. Our experimental results show that the human running gait displays a VP B of ≈−30 cm and a forward trunk motion during the stance phase. The camouflaged step-down perturbations affect the location of the VP B . Our simulation results suggest that the VP B is able to encounter the step-down perturbations and bring the system back to its initial equilibrium state.

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WU, Q., N. SEPEHRI, A. B. THORNTON-TRUMP, and M. ALEXANDER. "Stability and Control of Human Trunk Movement During Walking." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 1, no. 3 (January 1998): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495739808936705.

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Szpinda, Michał. "Morphometric study of the brachiobicarotid trunk in human fetuses." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 189, no. 6 (November 2007): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2007.03.003.

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van Drunen, Paul, Frans C. T. van der Helm, Jaap H. van Dieën, and Riender Happee. "Trunk stabilization during sagittal pelvic tilt: from trunk-on-pelvis to trunk-in-space due to vestibular and visual feedback." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00867.2015.

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The goal of this study was to investigate the human ability to stabilize the trunk in space during pelvic tilt. Upper body sway was evoked in kneeling-seated healthy subjects by angular platform perturbations with a rotation around a virtual low-back pivot point between the L4 and L5 vertebrae. To investigate motor control modulation, variations in task instruction (balance naturally or minimize trunk sway), vision (eyes open or closed), and perturbation bandwidth (from 0.2 up to 1, 3, or 10 Hz) were applied. Cocontraction and proprioceptive muscle spindle feedback were associated with minimizing low-back flexion/extension (trunk-on-pelvis stabilization), while vestibular and visual feedback were supposed to contribute to trunk-in-space stabilization. Trunk-in-space stabilization was only observed with the minimize trunk sway task instruction, while the task instruction to balance naturally led to trunk-on-pelvis stabilization with trunk rotations even exceeding the perturbations. This indicates that vestibular feedback is used when minimizing trunk sway but has only a minor contribution during natural trunk stabilization in the sagittal plane. The eyes open condition resulted in reduced global trunk rotations and increased global trunk reflexive responses, demonstrating effective visual contributions to trunk-in-space stabilization. On the other hand, increasing perturbation bandwidth caused a decreased feedback contribution leading to deteriorated trunk-in-space stabilization.

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Card, David. "The Impact of Deregulation on the Employment and Wages of Airline Mechanics." ILR Review 39, no. 4 (July 1986): 527–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398603900406.

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This paper describes the effects of deregulation on negotiated wage rates and employment levels of aircraft mechanics in the scheduled airline industry between 1978 and 1984. A firm-by-firm analysis of the established trunk airlines shows relatively small changes in real wage rates since 1978, and only recent changes in interfirm wage differentials. Employment growth rates, however, have varied widely, both among the established trunk airlines and between them and the new-entrant and former local service airlines. The data suggest that deregulation shifted 5,000 to 7,000 maintenance jobs from the established trunks to the smaller airlines. The shift may have reduced average hourly earnings of mechanics in the industry by as much as 5 percent below the level they would have reached in the absence of deregulation.

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30

Thanh, Bui Van, Nguyen Thi Van Anh, Chu Thi Thu Ha, Dinh Thi Thu Thuy, Do Hoang Giang, and Nguyen Tien Dat. "Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic chemical constituents from the trunks of Berberis wallichiana." BioResources 17, no. 3 (May 25, 2022): 4297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.3.4297-4305.

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The chemical compositions and biological activities of the Berberis wallichiana trunk were evaluated for the first time. The alkaloid berberine was found as the main constituent of this plant. In the essential oil fraction, safrole was the most abundant component. The isolated 8-oxypalmatine compound exhibited cytotoxic effects on all three cancer cell lines A549 (human lung carcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (human breast carcinoma), and DU145 (human prostate carcinoma), while berberine was the most active to DU145 cells (IC50 of 4.99 μM). This alkaloid compound also potently inhibited the production of nitric oxide with IC50 at 0.017 μM. These findings suggested that the trunks of B. wallichiana might be a good source of bioactive compounds.

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31

Honjo, Toyoyuki, and Hidehisa Yoshida. "Effect of Trunk Swinging Behaviors on Planar Bipedal Walking with an Upper Body on Gentle Slope." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 686–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0686.

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Bipedal walking locomotion is one of the characteristics of human behavior. Both the lower body and the upper body (trunk) behaviors affect walking characteristics. To achieve a suitable gait, it is important to understand the effect of the trunk behavior. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of three types of trunk swinging behavior on planar bipedal gait in a model with an upper body – forward swinging, backward swinging, and no swinging – were evaluated using numerical simulations. To reduce control inputs and reflect the effect of upper body behavior, an underactuated bipedal walker without knee joints was adopted. This walker walked down a gentle slope using only hip actuation between the stance leg and the trunk. As a result, unique gait characteristics that depended on the direction of the trunk swinging behavior were found, including a longer step length and a lower-frequency gait with forward trunk swinging behavior and a shorter step length and higher-frequency gait with smaller angular momentum with backward trunk swinging behavior.

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32

Takeda, Haruna, Alistair G. Rust, Jerrold M. Ward, Christopher Chin Kuan Yew, Nancy A. Jenkins, and Neal G. Copeland. "Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis identifies genes that cooperate with mutant Smad4 in gastric cancer development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 14 (March 22, 2016): E2057—E2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603223113.

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Mutations in SMAD4 predispose to the development of gastrointestinal cancer, which is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. To identify genes driving gastric cancer (GC) development, we performed a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon mutagenesis screen in the stomach of Smad4+/− mutant mice. This screen identified 59 candidate GC trunk drivers and a much larger number of candidate GC progression genes. Strikingly, 22 SB-identified trunk drivers are known or candidate cancer genes, whereas four SB-identified trunk drivers, including PTEN, SMAD4, RNF43, and NF1, are known human GC trunk drivers. Similar to human GC, pathway analyses identified WNT, TGF-β, and PI3K-PTEN signaling, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, adherens junctions, and RNA degradation in addition to genes involved in chromatin modification and organization as highly deregulated pathways in GC. Comparative oncogenomic filtering of the complete list of SB-identified genes showed that they are highly enriched for genes mutated in human GC and identified many candidate human GC genes. Finally, by comparing our complete list of SB-identified genes against the list of mutated genes identified in five large-scale human GC sequencing studies, we identified LDL receptor-related protein 1B (LRP1B) as a previously unidentified human candidate GC tumor suppressor gene. In LRP1B, 129 mutations were found in 462 human GC samples sequenced, and LRP1B is one of the top 10 most deleted genes identified in a panel of 3,312 human cancers. SB mutagenesis has, thus, helped to catalog the cooperative molecular mechanisms driving SMAD4-induced GC growth and discover genes with potential clinical importance in human GC.

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33

Sorensen, Christopher J., Omid Haddad, Samuel Campbell, and Gary A. Mirka. "The effect of stance width on trunk kinematics and trunk kinetics during sagitally symmetric lifting." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 41, no. 2 (March 2011): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2010.12.007.

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34

Jensen, Robert K., Tina Treitz, and Sylvie Doucet. "Prediction of Human Segment Inertias during Pregnancy." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12, no. 1 (February 1996): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.12.1.15.

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The purpose of this study was to develop prediction equations to estimate mass, radius to the center of mass (CM), and principal moments of the segments during pregnancy. Nonlinear regression equations were determined for the lower trunk, upper trunk, and thigh. The third sampling month of a longitudinal study was used (Sample 1,n= 15). The nonlinear regressions were then used to predict segment inertias above and below the third sampling month (Sample 2, the remaining 74 measurements). For the remaining segments, body mass and segment lengths were used as predictor variables for mass, radius to CM, and radius of gyration about the centroidal axes. The remaining seven segments did not change substantially during pregnancy, and the means of the repeated measures were used for the simple linear regressions. Eighteen of the 28 regressions and all of the CM regressions were significant. With pregnant subjects it is recommended that these regressions be used if application of the elliptical cylinder model is not possible.

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35

Kumar, Shrawan, Ronald M. Dufresne, and and Tinie Van Schoort. "Human Trunk Strength Profile in Lateral Flexion and Axial Rotation." Spine 20, no. 2 (January 1995): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199501150-00007.

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36

Promayon, Emmanuel, and Pierre Baconnier. "A 3D discrete model of the diaphragm and human trunk." ESAIM: Proceedings 23 (2008): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/proc:082305.

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37

Alsharif, Mohammed, Khalid Taha, Abubaker Elamin, and Khalid Al-Dosari. "Behavioral Anatomy of the Celiac Trunk Based on Human Embryology." British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 14, no. 11 (January 10, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2016/23879.

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38

KAWAGUCHI, Masato, Shoichiro TAKEHARA, and Tatsuo UNNO. "Estimating of control parameters of human motion using trunk model." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2016.25 (2016): 3205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2016.25.3205.

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39

Groen, G. J., B. Baljet, A. B. Boekelaar, and J. Drukker. "Branches of the thoracic sympathetic trunk in the human fetus." Anatomy and Embryology 176, no. 4 (September 1987): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00310082.

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40

Hun-Ok Lim and K. Tanie. "Collision-tolerant control of human-friendly robot with viscoelastic trunk." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 4, no. 4 (1999): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3516.809520.

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41

Brown, Stephen H. M., and Stuart M. McGill. "The relationship between trunk muscle activation and trunk stiffness: examining a non-constant stiffness gain." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 13, no. 6 (December 2010): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255841003630652.

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42

Peng, Junfeng, Xuguang Wang, and Lisa Denninger. "Effects of Anthropometric Variables and Seat Height on Automobile Drivers’ Preferred Posture With the Presence of the Clutch." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 60, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720817741040.

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Objective The effects of seat height and anthropometric dimensions on drivers’ preferred postures were investigated using a multiadjustable vehicle mock-up with a large number of adjustments and extended ranges. Background Many studies have been conducted on preferred driving posture under different test conditions showing mixed and even contradictory findings. No studies thus far have considered the clutch and compared Chinese and European drivers. Method Four seat height conditions were tested: free and three imposed heights (250, 300, and 350 mm). Sixty-one subjects (40 French-born and 21 Chinese-born) participated in the experiment, covering a large range of stature and sitting height–to–stature ratio. The RAMSIS kinematic model was used to reconstruct postures, and main intersegmental angles were extracted for characterizing posture. Results Under the free seat height condition, no significant differences in preferred intersegmental angles were observed between different participant groups. Seat height mainly affected trunk–thigh angle, whereas it had almost no effect on trunk orientation and other intersegmental angles. Chinese participants sat more forward in the seat, leading to a more opened trunk–thigh angle and a more reclined trunk. Conclusions Results suggest that intersegmental angles of preferred posture are not dependent on anthropometric dimensions, although shorter drivers prefer a slightly less reclined trunk. Self-selected driving posture results from a compromise between maintaining the intersegmental angles in one’s preferred range and a preferred trunk orientation in space. Applications The findings contribute to a better understanding of preferred driving postures and would be helpful for improving vehicle interior design.

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Nedergaard, Niels J., Jasper Verheul, Barry Drust, Terence Etchells, Paulo Lisboa, Mark A. Robinson, and Jos Vanrenterghem. "The feasibility of predicting ground reaction forces during running from a trunk accelerometry driven mass-spring-damper model." PeerJ 6 (December 20, 2018): e6105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6105.

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Background Monitoring the external ground reaction forces (GRF) acting on the human body during running could help to understand how external loads influence tissue adaptation over time. Although mass-spring-damper (MSD) models have the potential to simulate the complex multi-segmental mechanics of the human body and predict GRF, these models currently require input from measured GRF limiting their application in field settings. Based on the hypothesis that the acceleration of the MSD-model’s upper mass primarily represents the acceleration of the trunk segment, this paper explored the feasibility of using measured trunk accelerometry to estimate the MSD-model parameters required to predict resultant GRF during running. Methods Twenty male athletes ran at approach speeds between 2–5 m s−1. Resultant trunk accelerometry was used as a surrogate of the MSD-model upper mass acceleration to estimate the MSD-model parameters (ACCparam) required to predict resultant GRF. A purpose-built gradient descent optimisation routine was used where the MSD-model’s upper mass acceleration was fitted to the measured trunk accelerometer signal. Root mean squared errors (RMSE) were calculated to evaluate the accuracy of the trunk accelerometry fitting and GRF predictions. In addition, MSD-model parameters were estimated from fitting measured resultant GRF (GRFparam), to explore the difference between ACCparam and GRFparam. Results Despite a good match between the measured trunk accelerometry and the MSD-model’s upper mass acceleration (median RMSE between 0.16 and 0.22 g), poor GRF predictions (median RMSE between 6.68 and 12.77 N kg−1) were observed. In contrast, the MSD-model was able to replicate the measured GRF with high accuracy (median RMSE between 0.45 and 0.59 N kg−1) across running speeds from GRFparam. The ACCparam from measured trunk accelerometry under- or overestimated the GRFparam obtained from measured GRF, and generally demonstrated larger within parameter variations. Discussion Despite the potential of obtaining a close fit between the MSD-model’s upper mass acceleration and the measured trunk accelerometry, the ACCparam estimated from this process were inadequate to predict resultant GRF waveforms during slow to moderate speed running. We therefore conclude that trunk-mounted accelerometry alone is inappropriate as input for the MSD-model to predict meaningful GRF waveforms. Further investigations are needed to continue to explore the feasibility of using body-worn micro sensor technology to drive simple human body models that would allow practitioners and researchers to estimate and monitor GRF waveforms in field settings.

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44

Logan, David, Yuri P. Ivanenko, Tim Kiemel, Germana Cappellini, Francesca Sylos-Labini, Francesco Lacquaniti, and John J. Jeka. "Function dictates the phase dependence of vision during human locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01062.2012.

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In human and animal locomotion, sensory input is thought to be processed in a phase-dependent manner. Here we use full-field transient visual scene motion toward or away from subjects walking on a treadmill. Perturbations were presented at three phases of walking to test 1) whether phase dependence is observed for visual input and 2) whether the nature of phase dependence differs across body segments. Results demonstrated that trunk responses to approaching perturbations were only weakly phase dependent and instead depended primarily on the delay from the perturbation. Recording of kinematic and muscle responses from both right and left lower limb allowed the analysis of six distinct phases of perturbation effects. In contrast to the trunk, leg responses were strongly phase dependent. Leg responses during the same gait cycle as the perturbation exhibited gating, occurring only when perturbations were applied in midstance. In contrast, during the postperturbation gait cycle, leg responses occurred at similar response phases of the gait cycle over a range of perturbation phases. These distinct responses reflect modulation of trunk orientation for upright equilibrium and modulation of leg segments for both hazard accommodation/avoidance and positional maintenance on the treadmill. Overall, these results support the idea that the phase dependence of responses to visual scene motion is determined by different functional tasks during walking.

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Lim, Hun-Ok, and Kazuo Tanie. "Human Safety Mechanisms of Human-Friendly Robots: Passive Viscoelastic Trunk and Passively Movable Base." International Journal of Robotics Research 19, no. 4 (April 2000): 307–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02783640022066888.

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46

Alvarez, Luis, Antonia Aránega, Celia Vélez, Consolación Melguizo, Amanda R. González, and Robert Saucedo. "Morphometric study of the great arterial trunks and their branches in the human fetal heart with perimembranous ventricular septal defects." Cardiology in the Young 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100005862.

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AbstractMorphometric methods were used to study the great arterial trunks in a total of 22 human fetuses and newborn subjects weighing from 1 to 3.8 kg (mean 2.22 ± 0.85 kg). All specimens displayed concordant atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections, and all had perimembranous ventricular septal defects. Thirteen different parameters were measured in each specimen, comprising the orifices of the great arterial trunks, ascending aorta, vessels branching from the aortic arch, the aortic isthmus, descending aorta, pulmonary trunk, orifices of the pulmonary arteries, and arterial duct. The values were Compared with patterns of normality established in an earlier study using hearts from 496 human fetuses and neonates weighing form 60 to 5000 g. Minimum square regression analyses were used to study the relationships between fetal and neonatal log body weight in kilograms, and the various cardiometric parameters. We believe that these morphometric data have immediate clinical and surgical applications in the treatment of fetal and neonatal cardiovascular disorders.

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Karamanoglu, M., D. E. Gallagher, A. P. Avolio, and M. F. O'Rourke. "Functional origin of reflected pressure waves in a multibranched model of the human arterial system." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 267, no. 5 (November 1, 1994): H1681—H1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.267.5.h1681.

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The effects of wave travel and wave reflection were simulated in a mathematical model of the whole arterial tree consisting of 142 uniform transmission line segments. The arterial model was partitioned into three separate segments: upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs. Aging was simulated by increasing average pulse wave velocities of these segments (10.9–12.9, 8.0–11.7, and 9.0–11.3 m/s for upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs, respectively). Reflection coefficients at the terminal elements were altered to simulate vasodilation (0.0) and vasoconstriction (0.95). The impedance patterns and spatial distribution of pressure waveforms generated by the model simulating aging and vasoconstriction were similar to in vivo measurements by other investigators. Reflected pressure waves from each segment reached the ascending aorta and contributed differently to the late systolic peak on the aortic pressure wave. Aging does not alter the origin of these reflected pressure waves in the trunk. Aortic impedance and pressure wave changes induced by simulation of dilation of splanchnic bed were similar to those observed experimentally with nitroglycerin.

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48

Noamani, Alireza, Albert H. Vette, and Hossein Rouhani. "Nonlinear response of human trunk musculature explains neuromuscular stabilization mechanisms in sitting posture." Journal of Neural Engineering 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 026045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac63ed.

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Abstract Objective. Determining the roles of underlying mechanisms involved in stabilizing the human trunk during sitting is a fundamental challenge in human motor control. However, distinguishing their roles requires understanding their complex interrelations and describing them with physiologically meaningful neuromechanical parameters. The literature has shown that such mechanistic understanding contributes to diagnosing and improving impaired balance as well as developing assistive technologies for restoring trunk stability. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the underlying neuromuscular stabilization mechanisms involved in human sitting. Approach. This study characterized passive and active stabilization mechanisms involved in seated stability by identifying a nonlinear neuromechanical physiologically-meaningful model in ten able-bodied individuals during perturbed sitting via an adaptive unscented Kalman filter to account for the nonlinear time-varying process and measurement noises. Main results. We observed that the passive mechanism provided instant resistance against gravitational disturbances, whereas the active mechanism provided delayed complementary phasic response against external disturbances by activating appropriate trunk muscles while showing non-isometric behavior. The model predicted the trunk sway behavior during perturbed sitting with high accuracy and correlation (average: 0.0007 (rad2) and 86.77%). This allows a better mechanistic understanding of the roles of passive and active stabilization mechanisms involved in sitting. Significance. Our characterization approach accounts for the inherently nonlinear behavior of the neuromuscular mechanisms and physiological uncertainties, while allowing for real-time tracking and correction of parameters’ variations due to external disturbances and muscle fatigue. The outcome of our research, for the first time, (a) allows a better mechanistic understanding of the roles of passive and active stabilization mechanisms involved in sitting; (b) enables objective evaluation and targeted rehabilitative interventions for impaired balance; facilitate bio-inspired designs of assistive technologies, and (c) opens new horizons in mathematical identification of neuromechanical mechanisms employed in the stable control of human body postures and motions.

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S Kantharaj Naik, S.A. Premchand, and W Benjamin. "Anatomical Variations in Branching Pattern of Arch of Aorta – A Cadaveric Study in South Indian Population." Academia Anatomica International 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aanat.2020.6.2.15.

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Background: Knowledge of the branching pattern of arch of aorta is important in avoiding surgical and accidental injuries during aortic instru- mentation, thoracic and neck surgeries. Subjects and Methods: The present study is based on dissections that were performed on 50 properly embalmed human cadaver specimens. The anatomical variations of arch of aorta and its branches, diameter of its branches at site of origin and distance of each branch from the point of origin to median plane were measured. Results: The usual three branched pattern of arch of aorta was found in 36 specimens (72%). The common trunk for both brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery was present in 10 specimens (20%). In 2 specimens (4%), the arch gives four branches, left vertebral artery being additional branch. In 1 specimen (2%), the arch gives three branches namely; common trunk for brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery, left vertebral artery and left subclavian artery. In 1 specimen (2%), the arch gives three branches namely; brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and common trunk for left vertebral artery and left subclavian artery. Conclusion: The results in this study provide significant information vital for anatomists, cardiovascular surgeons and radiologists.

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Smaoui, Hichem, Sadok Mehrez, and Mohamed Omri. "Numerical Identification of Deep Muscle Residual Tensions (Tones) Based on Multi-Directional Trunk Stiffness Data." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 11802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211802.

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This work proposes an identification methodology to estimate the residual tension values (tones) for the human trunk muscles, including the deep ones, using multidirectional trunk stiffness data in association with numerical modeling. The role of this residual muscle tension or contraction is to maintain posture and balance. Knowledge of the tone is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of several spinal diseases and is important for realistic modeling and numerical simulation of trunk behavior. Most of the existing techniques for the measurement and estimation of muscle tones, such as electromyography, are restricted to superficial muscles. Those designed for deep muscles are invasive and present risks of infection and pain. In contrast, the proposed identification approach is painless and safe for the subject. It proceeds by matching the experimental trunk stiffness with numerical upper and lower estimates of the stiffness, to construct an inclusive solution domain of possible tone values of superficial as well as deep trunk muscles. By dividing the trunk muscles into three classes, each assumed to share the same tone ratio, a reasonable solution domain is obtained that exhibits a significant overlap with ranges of muscle tones found in the literature.

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