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Soukup, A. "Human capital, screening theory and education in agriculture". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 10 (7 de enero de 2008): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/928-agricecon.
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Human capital theory views education as a specific production factor and as a specific sort of capital. Besides this theory, alternative concepts of education were developed. Filter theory which is interested in the selective function of education and created a different point of view of economic analysis phenomena in education. Screening theory is similar and is interested in information of labor market attendants and their deciding. Signal equilibrium states are better or worse according to Pareto’s efficiency and according to the higher or lower difference between private and common educational returns.
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Bills, David B. "Credentials, Signals, and Screens: Explaining the Relationship Between Schooling and Job Assignment". Review of Educational Research 73, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2003): 441–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543073004441.
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The empirical relationship between educational attainment and credentials with socioeconomic attainment is well established, but why this relationship arises remains in doubt. The author of this article discusses seven types of middle-range theories meant to explain the relationship: human capital, screening (including filtering), signaling, control, cultural capital, institutional, and credentialist theories. In each, the central causal mechanism concerns how employers and job seekers acquire and use labor market information. The author argues that occupational status attainment and wage determination models are not adequate to explain the mechanisms underlying the process whereby the highly schooled become the highly placed in job hierarchies. He indicates the implications of transformations of the American labor market for further assessment of the relationship between educational credentials and job assignment.
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Bauer, Thomas K., Patrick J. Dross y John P. Haisken‐DeNew. "Sheepskin effects in Japan". International Journal of Manpower 26, n.º 4 (1 de junio de 2005): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720510609528.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of sheepskin effects in the return to education in Japan.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a short description of the Japanese schooling and recruitment system. It then describes the data set and the empirical approach. Estimation results are presented for the various specifications. The baseline specification closely follows existing studies for the USA to facilitate comparability across the two countries. The paper further investigates whether there are significant firm‐size differences in the estimated sheepskin effects and whether sheepskin effects disappear with increasing job tenure.FindingsThe estimation results indicate that sheepskin effects explain about 50 percent of the total returns to schooling. The paper further finds that education as a signal is only important for workers in small firms with the size of these effects being similar to comparable estimates for the USA. Finally, the estimated degree effects decrease with firm tenure, in particular for small firms. These results could be explained by the particular recruitment system of large firms in Japan, which makes university diploma as a screening device unimportant for large firms and the admission policy of Japanese universities.Originality/valueBy investigating the role of sheepskin effects in a labor market that differs substantially from the labor market in the USA, the paper provides additional insights to the human capital theory‐screening hypothesis debate.
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Gajdos, Artur. "Spatial Analysis Of Human Capital Structures". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2014): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0031.
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The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the interdependence between labour productivity and the occupational structure of human capital in a spatial cross-section. Research indicates (see Fischer 2009) the possibility to assess the impact of the quality of human capital (measured by means of the level of education) on labour productivity in a spatial cross-section. This study attempts to thoroughly analyse the issue, assuming that apart from the level of education, the course of education (occupation) can also be a significant factor determining labour productivity in a spatial cross-section. The data used in this paper concerning labour force structure in major occupational groups in a regional cross-section comes from a Labour Force Survey. The data source specificity enables the assessment of labour force occupational specialisation at the regional level and the estimation of this specialisation at the subregional or county level. An in-depth analysis of the occupational structure of the labour market in a spatial cross-section is an important theoretical and practical area of study necessary for the development of effective labour market policies and the education system.
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Lee, Yew Liang y Paul W. Miller. "Screening and Human Capital in the Australian Labour Market of the 1990s". Australian Economic Papers 43, n.º 2 (junio de 2004): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2004.00220.x.
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Killeen, John, Richard Turton, Wayne Diamond, Odile Dosnon y Monique Wach. "Education and the labour market: subjective aspects of human capital investment". Journal of Education Policy 14, n.º 2 (marzo de 1999): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026809399286396.
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Shimada, Akira. "Parental migration, unpaid child labour, and human capital". International Journal of Social Economics 42, n.º 10 (12 de octubre de 2015): 906–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2013-0253.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how parental migration due to poverty affects a child’s education and human capital formation through changes in the child’s supply of unpaid labour. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a small open overlapping generations model where the parent migrates for the family’s subsistence and that the child has to give up a part of education to do the housework during the parent’s absence. Findings – The paper finds that given the level of the human capital, reducing the child’s burden of housework and promoting parental migration to high-wage countries do not necessarily raise the amount of child’s education. The paper also finds a possible underdevelopment trap in the dynamic context. Originality/value – Unlike previous studies on child labour, this paper focuses on unpaid labour, whose share is actually larger than that of paid labour. Even if paid labour is available, children cannot re-allocate their time from doing the housework to the market work; so the author cannot disregard this observation. Investigation into the dynamics of human capital formation under such child labour is new.
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Mueen Nasir, Zafar y Nasir Iqbal. "Employers Size Wage Differential: Does Investment in Human Capital Matter?" Pakistan Development Review 48, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 2009): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4iipp.509-521.
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Wage differential due to employer size is one of the key areas of interest in labour market research because a strong positive relationship between employer size and wages has been observed in developed and developing countries. It is, however, relatively neglected area of research in Pakistan. The purpose of present study is to investigate the employer size wage differential by looking at human capital factors. The study is based on standard methodology and estimates earning functions on Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for year 2007-08. Results clearly show that human capital investment has a bigger role in determining wages in the larger firms as compared to smaller firms. The main policy implications emanating from the analysis are the higher investment in skill which increases opportunities for workers in the labour market for higher wages and for jobs with good characteristics especially in large sized firms. The government policy towards education and skill formation needs serious reforms and better allocation of funds so that people get chance to enhance their skill level hence wages. JEL classification: J31, J40, J24 Keywords: Wage Differential, Human Capital, Labour Market
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Gimpelson, V. "Does the Russian economy need human capital? Ten doubt". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n.º 10 (20 de octubre de 2016): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-10-129-143.
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Positive impact of human capital on economic growth seems to be undisputable but its magnitude depends on to what extent high quality education and skills are demanded and valued by the labour market. This essay argues that the lack of demand for human capital cannot be cured by growing supply if other things remain intact. The author formulates 10 doubts concerning human capital absorption in the Russian economy. These doubts, supported by statistical and anecdotal evidence, relate to low quality of the Russian institutional environment which limits demand for labour and distorts its structure.
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Kumar, Suchitra S. "The Glass Ceiling for Women: An Empirical Investigation". Journal of Global Economy 4, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2008): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i2.122.
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The human capital approach to the gender disparity is not the only approach available. This paper compares and contrasts the two diverse approaches to understand the issues related to human capital formation in women. These approaches are the patriarchal approach and the human capital approach. The patriarchy approach highlights the role of social structures and power relationships in society, while the human capital approach highlights the importance of differential human capital endowments in explaining differences in labour market earnings. The two approaches are not mutually opposed, though they emphasize different channels that produce differences in labour market earnings. For example, lower earnings because of lower human capital investment in women as a result of social attitudes are entirely compatible with the human capital approach. How does one then distinguish the two approaches in an empirical study? This paper makes an attempt to do so. In this paper we attempt to analyse the labour market discrimination by controlling for variables such as gender, age, experience, number of children, and education in the regressions.
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Naroș, Maria-Simona. "Foreign Direct Investment and Human Capital Formation". Journal of Intercultural Management 11, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2019): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2019-0013.
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Abstract Objective: The main objective of this paper is to reveal the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and human capital. Methodology: The analysis consists in a presentation of main achievements in the literature regarding the contribution of human capital to the attraction of FDI. Findings: The investment in human capital formation has leaded to the increase of labour productivity. This will ultimately result in economic growth. Education has the most important role in the process of human capital formation. Value added: FDI has an important role to play in human resource development through its ability to enhance new skills, information and technologies in multinational enterprises. In this way, FDI becomes a determinant factor for education and professional training, because it is the link between the immediate reality based on creation, introduction of new skills, new technologies and provision of a wide range of information and initial training direction. Recommendations: The economic policies should focus on the attraction of FDI that ensures the improvement of human capital quality. On the other hand, the education policies should focus on a better connection of the human resources to the requirements of the labour market and to offer acknowledge and practice that will help the graduates to correspond to the expectations of foreign investors.
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Buchowicz, Izabela. "EDUCATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET IN POLAND – SELECTED ISSUES". Polityka Społeczna 559, n.º 10 (31 de octubre de 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4747.
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Education is considered as an important factor of well-prosperous economy. Education which corresponds to the needs of a labour market becomes the key educational target of young people and employees who want to adopt to the changes at the labour market. Therefore there are still challenges for education in Poland – how to modify the process of teaching and how to infl uence the process of learning in such a way that education would become an important factor in growth of human and social capital. Contemporary education should take into account variable requirements of the labour market, including also needs of the present and future employees and employers. An important challenge for education in Poland is to adopt its structure and teaching programs to the needs of employees not only on the domestic labor market, by also on the labour markets of other countries, mainly in Europe. Simultaneously, Polish educational system must be competitive with respect to those of other European countries, take into account demographic and technological changes in order to prepare employees willing to work in diff erent countries.
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Ho, Wai-Hong. "A NOTE ON CREDIT MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION". Macroeconomic Dynamics 17, n.º 7 (11 de marzo de 2013): 1525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000156.
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This paper explores the interplay between credit market development and human capital accumulation in a two-period overlapping-generations economy with asymmetric information under the assumption that young lenders channel credits to young borrowers and acquire education. We find that, at the self-selection equilibrium, lenders will allocate more time to acquire education if the cost of screening borrowers falls. Furthermore, a longer duration of lenders' schooling time suppresses borrowers' incentive to cheat thereby enabling lenders to screen less frequently. Our preliminary cross-country empirical analysis appears to support these findings.
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Sheerin, Corina y Caitriona Hughes. "Gender-segregated labour spaces and social capital – does context matter?" European Journal of Training and Development 42, n.º 3/4 (8 de mayo de 2018): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-07-2017-0058.
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Purpose This research aims to explore the role of social capital and specifically networks in role, and career development for women within two very distinct gender-segregated contexts of the labour market, namely, investment management and human resource management (HRM). Design/methodology/approach This research is qualitative in nature, underpinned by an interpretivist philosophical stance. Thematic analysis is used to analyse the findings from 32 in-depth interviews with HR and investment management managers. Findings The findings advance our understanding of social capital and its development as a social process, which differs according to labour market contexts. The results indicate divergence among participants regarding how they access networks as well as the perceived role and benefits of networking and social capital accumulation in their career and personal development. Practical implications For human resource development (HRD) practitioners, there are implications in relation to the need to tailor development and support structures cognisant of the occupational context. Specifically, the findings of this study indicate the acute need to support network access for those “outsider” women in male-dominated spaces. A need to enhance awareness of the benefits of networks to both organisations and employees across the labour market is warranted. For organisations, networks underlie social capital accumulation, which in turn increases efficiency and generates business solutions. For the employee, networks are an important self-development and career advancement tool. Such connections need to be supported and developed. Within patriarchal spaces particularly, HRD professionals need to provide support to women in extending their networks both within and outside the organisation. Originality/value This research makes an essential contribution to the literature by examining the influence of context in the development of social capital within two polarized labour market locations. The findings highlight the difficulties women face when developing social capital in investment management in contrast to the relative ease, which HRM professionals experience. Such findings also bring to light the essential role of HRD professionals as advocates for change in such contexts.
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Lin, Mei-ling. "Challenges and Opportunities for Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the local communities: Education and Labour Market for Young People". International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, n.º 3 (12 de marzo de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i3.4136.
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A country’s competitiveness in the global economy depends on its ability to develop a knowledge-based economy. EU has emphasized the importance of education and training systems for the knowledge society. The paper aims to contribute to the debate on vocational education, and specifically to the literatures on varieties of workforce development, human capital, labour market and social cohesion. Findings reveal that education is considered vital for the formation of a skilled and knowledge-able pool of workers. Investments in vocational and technical skills can be an important factor in contributing to economic development. Nevertheless, social cohesion depends on the way in which education and the labour market are linked. The contribution of this paper is to assess the policy strategies dealing with local youngsters’ education, labour market demands and social cohesion with respect to their potential of enabling young people to participate in working life and society. It also offers a contribution to the growing field of political economy of the link between labour market and social cohesion, the variation and dynamics of education systems, and globalisation.
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Fuertes, Vanesa, Ronald McQuaid y Peter J. Robertson. "Career-first: an approach to sustainable labour market integration". International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance 21, n.º 2 (22 de enero de 2021): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10775-020-09451-2.
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AbstractActive labour market policies aim at supporting people entering and, importantly, remaining in the labour market. Initiatives to this end have often been characterised by a mixture of ‘human capital’ and ‘work-first’ approaches, although both have had a relatively limited effect on achieving job sustainability for those most distant from the labour market. This paper explores a distinctive approach to supporting job entry and sustainable employment that we have called ‘career-first’. The career-first approach to labour activation draws on three separate traditions of thinking: labour market, career development, and the capability literatures. Common ground is found in these three perspectives so each complements the weaknesses of the others. A career-first approach may be able to help deliver benefits to the individual, their family, and the wider society.
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Minařík, Bohumil y Jana Borůvková. "Chosen aspects of human capital development in regions of the CR". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, n.º 4 (2011): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040159.
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The essential measurable part of human capital is education. Educational, research and development capacities, economic development of regions, labour market, education of the population, and educational effects in regions of the CR in 2008 are the theme of this paper. The authors have analysed the total of 15 indices, which were shown in logical and conclusive mutual relations. The authors tried to quantify and from this point of view to compare the regions of the CR in light of the economic effect of education, which is based on the status of people with university education in the labour market – this is a combination of higher remuneration, higher economic activity and better employability of people with university education. The effect of education was assessed in the relation to the values of corresponding indices for the whole CR. In this case, a special status of the capital city of Prague and Central-Bohemian Region were manifested, while the opposite end of the ladder was occupied by Karlovy Vary Region and Ústí Region. In most cases, the status of university educated population of the regions corresponds with the values determined for all the CR. An interesting view can be presented by a comparison inside regions, in the relation to the values of indices for the given region. Here the largest effects from education were manifested mainly in some less developed regions, while e.g. Prague, a traditional leader in all similar analyses, is from this point of view found almost at the back.
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Neverauskienė, Laima Okunevičiūtė y Boguslavas Gruževskis. "THE NEED AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT: ASSESSMENT OF EMPLOYERS AND GRADUATES OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS". Ekonomika 87 (1 de enero de 2009): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2009.0.1043.
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The article analyses the problem of human/intellectual capital in the context of the integration of an individual into the labour market, the role of human capital in the activity of enterprises (organizations). According to the information of the Department of Statistics on adult education,and data of sociological research (results of the research of employers and graduates working in their enterprises) the development of human capital, the need and the investment possibilities are assessed in Lithuania.
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Dev, S. Mahendra. "Labour Market Inequalities in India: Dimensions and Policies". Indian Journal of Human Development 12, n.º 2 (agosto de 2018): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703018791386.
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This article deals with dimensions of labour market inequalities and policies for reducing these inequalities. The problem of inequality can be found across sectors, wages and earnings, quality of work, labour market access and, between organized and unorganized sector. Labour market segmentation is another important issue regarding inequalities. Reducing labour market inequalities is important for the sustainability of growth, reduction in poverty and a rise in human development in India. Macro policies, sectoral policies, skill related policies, education and social protection policies are important for reduction of labour market inequalities. At the global level, technological change has been one of the factors responsible for increasing labour market inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers. India has to be prepared for technological revolution and its implication for employment. The country has to address the “fundamental challenge” of improving human capital for all the workers in order to reduce inequalities. Political economy issues have to be tackled in order to address raising inequalities.
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Tomlinson, Michael. "Forms of graduate capital and their relationship to graduate employability". Education + Training 59, n.º 4 (10 de abril de 2017): 338–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-05-2016-0090.
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Purpose In the context of far-reaching changes in higher education and the labour market, there has been extensive discussion on what constitutes graduate employability and what shapes graduates’ labour market outcomes. Many of these discussions are based on skills-centred approaches and related supply-side logic. The purpose of this paper is to develop an alternative, relational conceptualisation of employability based on the concept of capitals. It discusses how this provides a more detailed and multi-dimensional account of the resources graduates draw upon when transitioning to the labour market. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a new model on graduate employability, linked to five areas of capital which are seen as constitutive of graduates’ employability and significant to their transitions to the labour market. The paper draws together existing conceptual approaches and research studies to illustrate the different features of the model and how they relate to graduate employability. It also discusses some practical implications for those helping to facilitate graduates’ transitions to the job market. Findings The paper argues that the graduate capital model presents a new way of understanding graduate employability which addresses the challenges of facilitating graduates’ transitions and early career management. The forms of capital outlined are conceived as key resources that confer benefits and advantages onto individuals. These resources encompass a range of human, social, cultural, identity and psycho-social dimensions and are acquired through graduates’ formal and informal experiences. Research limitations/implications Whilst this is a conceptual model, it has potentially strong implications for future research in this area in terms of further research exploration on the core components and their application in the labour market. Practical implications This re-conceptualization of graduate employability has significant implication for graduates’ career management and strategising in developing resources for enhancing their transitions to and progression within the labour market. It also has implications for career educators in developing practical employability strategies that can be used within institutional settings. Social implications The paper raises salient implications for the effective and equitable management of graduate outcomes post-graduation which has clear relevance for all stakeholders in graduate employability, including students/graduates, career educators and employers. Originality/value The paper develops a new model for conceptualising graduate employability and illustrates and applies this to discussion of graduate employability. It also raises practical applications around the different components of the model.
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Leiper, Jean Mckenzie. "Gender, Education and Socioeconomic Status: Economic Theories, Credentialism and Beyond". Canadian Journal of Higher Education 23, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 1993): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v23i1.183149.
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Human capital theory, market signalling theory and credentialism are explored as ways of explaining the relationship between formal education and socioeconomic status. For both men and women, years of schooling and diplomas or degrees help to ensure access to high-skill jobs which carry high socioeconomic status. The market signalling approach is relevant for men because skills, are positively associated with socioeconomic status: employers value diplomas and degrees if they indicate that employees bring high skill levels to the labour market. The market signalling approach is not confirmed for women in this study. Some economists suggest that human capital theory is limited because it assumes women make voluntary choices to limit their education and job experience in favour of family responsibilities. Credentialism, by discounting the importance of skills acquired in school, ignores the issue of gender-based power differences that are related to skills. New theories are needed to address the issues of work and family commitments for both women and men.
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Ермолин y A. Ermolin. "Child Movement in Russia As an Instrument of Modern Human Capital Development". Profession-Oriented School 3, n.º 2 (17 de abril de 2015): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10981.
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In his article Child movement in Russia as an instrument of modern human capital development the author puts forward the problem of underestimating
and even complete ignoring children community unions while handling the task of preparing effective human potential for Russian regions. According
to author the State as the customer of human capital and the children movement as a potential contract accepter at key stages of forming required
values, competencies and traits, have not yet built regular “business” relationship: they have not defined exact goals of educational process according
to current labour market demands, and have not drawn ”game rules” for educators market. Fineness of the publication is due to the fact that many
advocates of pushing global human and Russian traditional spiritual values into education do not see themselves as professionals responsible for
forming competencies for success at modern labour markets as well. Even the terms human capital, educators market, personal development program
are strongly confronted by many teachers. But it is impossible not to talk about that. Especially after publishing State strategy of pedagogy in Russian
Federation up to 2025 and its stating the task of forming national pedagogical ideal.
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Koval, Viktor, Yuriy Polyezhayev y Anastasiia Bezkhlibna. "COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCES IN ENHANCING OF REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN THE LABOUR MARKET". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, n.º 5 (11 de febrero de 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-105-113.
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The characteristic of the regional labour market requires the usage of modern aspects for the key factors’ analysis of labour cost increase. The high rate of migration, covering Ukraine in recent years, is influencing negatively on the labour market structure. It is necessary to remark among positive features that the demand increasing for highly intellectual staff, skilful in communication in foreign languages and building up social relations is of great importance. The subject of scientific research defines communicative competences as the key factors of human capital, which promotes the increase in competitiveness of an individual in the labour market and, as a result, an increase of the regional competitiveness. The aim of the research is to establish the dependency between the level of communicative competence and competitiveness in the labour market studying communicative competence factors in terms of the theory of human capital, the determination of the conformity between the requirements to human capital and the conformity of the investigated factors to these requirements. Communicative competencies are a set of skills, which allows labour market entity distinctly expressing and applying the business format of communication. The practical use of oratory allows negotiating with foreign counterparties, putting into practice the etiquette of business communication, and competently solving the complicated situations. The research of existing requirements to communicative competence defined the levels of qualification, which ensure the development of new kinds of activities. It defined the position of Ukraine in professional communicative competence in the world rating. The research was to carry out of rating assessment of the economic situation in regions according to economic indicators, which can be changed under the influence of a factor of the communicative contractors’ competence (average monthly-paid salary per an employee, export, and import of goods in the region, turnover of retail trade). The methodology of the research is based on the research of the role of human capital factors in increasing the cost of labour on the basis of the statistical method and analysing data of the labour market economic indicators, and in substantiating the relationship between the level of professional communicative competence in the country and its social and economic indicators. Value/originality. The methods of analysis and synthesis allowed revealing regularities and formulating recommendations for improving the competitiveness of the regional labour market by inducing the development of communicative competences and raising the index of human capital of the country in a whole. Positive dynamics of import and export, business activity, direct foreign investment and overall trade turnover indicators will be immediately reflected in a whole at the regional level and at the level of the country. Life expectancy of the population, the level of education and culture, the criminal situation decreasing will be approved by the social indicators.
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Obadić, Alka y Lorena Pehar. "Employment, Capital and Seasonality in Selected Mediterranean Countries". Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 19, s1 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zireb-2016-0012.
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Abstract The paper examines the influence of tourism industry on GDP, employment and capital investments in selected Mediterranean countries (Croatia, France, Greece, Italy and Spain). It points out important contribution which tourism has on economic activity and capital investment of selected economies and labour market. The analysis highlights the importance of tourism strength in generating employment. It synthesizes data on tourism employment and employment according to educational level. The results show that the quality of human capital is increasing but at the same time indicating gender discrimination in tourism labour market. Despite women being the majority of higher education degree holders in tourism, men hold upper-management and decision-making positions more often than women do. Lastly the paper indicates strong contribution of tourism sector in GDP and total employment in selected countries showing strong problem of seasonality.
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Dobbins, Tony y Alexandra Plows. "Labour market intermediaries: a corrective to the human capital paradigm (mis)matching skills and jobs?" Journal of Education and Work 30, n.º 6 (9 de noviembre de 2016): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2016.1255315.
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Kozak, Sylwester y Łukasz Grzęda. "The Development of Human Capital on the Labor Market of the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship". Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 13, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2020-0004.
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SummarySubject and purpose of work: This paper presents the development of human capital on the labour market of the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship in 2004-2017.Materials and methods: The study uses methods of literature review and comparative analysis based on data provided by Statistics Poland.Results: The results of the analysis show that constant development of human capital is taking place in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship, and its level measured by the number of students and graduates of universities, as well as the number of registered patents is comparable to the average in Poland. The high quality of human capital contributed to achieving above-average economic results and household incomes.Conclusions: Development of human capital and raising professional qualifications at post-graduate studies was particularly important in the period of negative impact on the Polish economy of the financial crises of 2007-2009 and 2010-2012. A combination of higher education and innovative abilities, as well as involvement in R&D contributed to the increased competitiveness of the voivodeship’s economy.
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Mospan, Natalia. "HIGHER EDUCATION AND LABOUR MARKET IN UKRAINE: A DECADE OF INTERACTION". Educological discourse 32, n.º 1 (2021): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2312-5829.2021.1.2.
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The national model of interaction between higher education and the labour market was formed under the influence of world processes (globalization, marketization, internationalization, Europeanization). In 2020, the national economy, having reached the frontier of its development, was struck by the COVID-19 pandemic, whose negative consequences require rigorous analysis and careful study. Since 2014, the negative trends in the interaction of higher education with the labour market have begun to grow. They manifested in a shortage of highly qualified workers, or inconsistency of qualifications with the requirements of the national labour market. These trends continue to escalate in recent years. At the legislative level, there was an attempt from the government to outline steps towards the interaction of higher education with the labour market but without defining specific mechanisms. The economic and financial crisis has required the government to transit to another form of financing higher education institutions and to restructure and even reduce their number. The current state of interaction between higher education and the labour market is defined as unbalanced. That has led to a mismatch between supply and demand in the national labour market; the high level of unemployment among graduates of higher educational institutions and professionals with higher education; increasing student and labour migration; distance learning and work remotely. Ukraine is gradually losing modern factors of economic growth – human capital. Prospective trends are considered in the transition to a circular economy; the inclusion of the “environmental” dimension of the circular economy in professionals training and education. The article analyses the interaction of higher education with the labour market in Ukraine over the past decade (2010-2020). The study focuses on an analysis of past, current and future trends in higher education, the labour market and national legislation from the perspective of sustainable economic development. The research is interdisciplinary and mixed (theoretical and empirical). For visualization of the analysed phenomena and conclusions, the surveys data conducted in 2015, 2017 and 2020 are presented.
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Benko, Nadiia. "DOMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF HUMAN CAPITAL AS A STRATEGIC COMPONENT OF CHANGE". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, n.º 2 (26 de marzo de 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-2-28-36.
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The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, methodological and applied provisions of state regulation of development and reproduction of human capital for the national economic system management. Methodology. General scientific methods were used in the research process. The method of comparison was used for generalizing the approaches of different researchers on the main dominants of development and reproduction of human capital. Analysis was used to determine the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the dominants of human capital. Syn-thesis was used to determine the methodological principles of labour market regula-tion and human capital development. Induction and deduction were used for deter-mining approaches to the main dominants of human capital. The aim of the article is to generalize various approaches to the main dominants of development and reproduction of human capital on different bases and purposes, to develop a modern theoretical basis for the development of human capital in the country’s economy. The results of the study have shown that to ensure the effectiveness of state regulation of the development and reproduction of human capital, it is necessary to create an appropriate social environment and conditions that promote the fullest use of knowledge and intellectual, creative potential of individuals. Conclusion. The composition of the bases and goals of the dominants of development and reproduction of human capital in Ukraine, in contrast to the existing one, should include labour market regulation policy, national model of combating unemployment, working capacity, cost of human capital and human development index. This will ensure investment, development and human capital management in Ukraine. Analysis of the methodological principles of labor market regulation and human capital development of the European Union and Ukraine, and problems of human capital development in Ukraine allowed us to conclude that they differ significantly. Their difference is explained by different levels of economic and social situation of countries and other factors, in particular the low speed of dissemination and implementation of progressive results of investment in education and science. The practical significance lies in increasing the scientific substantiation of theoretical provisions and practical measures to ensure the mechanism of state regulation of development and reproduction of human capital is in accordance with transformational changes in social relations and market conditions, processes of globalization.
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Venegas-Muggli, Juan I., Claudia Cifuentes-Donald, Mario Rozas-Retamal y María José González-Clares. "Determining factors of labour market outcomes for recently graduated, underrepresented college students". Australian Journal of Career Development 30, n.º 2 (julio de 2021): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10384162211012016.
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This study examined the factors that determined labour market outcomes for recently graduated, underrepresented college students. Chile’s largest higher education institution, which has a significant number of first-generation students from more deprived social sectors, was considered. A quantitative methodology was applied using logistic and multinomial regression models. Occupational status and income level were chosen as the dependent variables and five dimensions of independent variables were considered: sociodemographic attributes, human capital, academic characteristics, personality traits, and work environment. The results indicated that males, graduates who worked during their studies, heads of households, graduates from technical-professional high schools, those who completed their higher education studies in a timely manner, those who worked for larger private companies, and those who worked in a different geographical region to the one in which they studied had better labour market outcomes. Suggestions for institutional practices to help underrepresented students have successful career transitions are discussed.
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Andreyanova, Elena L. "Problems of the labour market and educational services market in Irkutsk region". Herald of Omsk University. Series: Economics 18, n.º 4 (28 de diciembre de 2020): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1812-3988.2020.18(4).92-103.
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The article is aimed at identifying the problems of the regional labor market and the market of educational services in order to improve the system of youth employment. The paper identifies the role of education as the most important institution for the formation of the internal socio-economic potential of the territory and the development of the local community. The relevance of the problem for the Irkutsk region lies in the imbalance of supply and demand of young professionals - generation Z - in the conditions of the resource nature of the economy. The study confirmed that young people aged 20-24 are the most vulnerable in the regional labor market. The main results of the work are as follows: 1) there is no effective interaction of market participants with the changed labor claims of modern youth; 2) educational services of the Irkutsk region are not relevant to the regional labor market. Uncertainty in the interaction of market actors does not give a clear understanding of the prospects for the formation of labor skills and activates the migration of young people. As a result, the territorial labor market lacks human and educational potential, and the return on the regional structure of the resource economy does not contribute to the transformation of potential into capital. The study emphasizes that the realization of the potential of the population and the activation of territorial unification cannot be effective without a clear understanding of the vector of development of the higher education system. It is necessary to supplement the regulatory and strategic documents of the region with reasonable indicators of employment of university graduates. The results obtained can be used by regional authorities, higher education, science and business structures in order to effectively interact the territorial markets of educational services and labor.
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Paresashvili, Nino, Nino Abesadze, Rusudan Kinkladze, Ketevan Chitaladze y Teona Edzgveradze. "Georgian Labour Market during the Coronavirus Pandemic". SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 07046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219207046.
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Research background: The paper analyzes and assesses the current situation in the Georgian labor market in the conditions of the pandemic. The article discusses the current, post pandemic state of the labour market in Georgia and the outcomes, impacts of Covid-19 on socio-economic situation. Purpose of the article: According to the present situation, it is necessary to create institutions and mechanisms that will ultimately provide the public as well as private sectors with highly qualified workforce, increase the efficiency of organizations and at the same time reduce unemployment. Since the progress of the labour market hinges crucially on higher education systems, it is necessary for educational organizations to take decisions and specific actions in accordance with the challenges of the global environment. One of the main priorities of the “Georgia 2020” strategy is the development of human capital. Methods: In the article the above-mentioned issues are discussed based on the statistical analysis which describes the challenges in almost every direction. There are revealed the results of the Coronavirus Pandemic. It is very interesting to picture the comparison between the previous and post pandemic situation in Georgia. Findings & Value added: It is necessary to prepare training courses and specialists according to the current requirements of the labour market. Moreover, specific steps and recommendations are given in the article which are needed to be taken into consideration by the Government of Georgia.
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Indrašienė, Valdonė, Violeta Jegelevičienė, Odeta Merfeldaitė, Daiva Penkauskienė, Jolanta Pivorienė, Asta Railienė, Justinas Sadauskas y Natalija Valavičienė. "The Value of Critical Thinking in Higher Education and the Labour Market: The Voice of Stakeholders". Social Sciences 10, n.º 8 (27 de julio de 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080286.
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Critical thinking has been more than just a part of academic rhetoric and educational practice for some time now. In the rapidly changing world of information flow, critical thinking is often identified as the goal of higher education, and in the modern labour market, the importance of critical thinking to an organisation’s success is emphasised. Critical thinking is recognised as one of the tools for the formation and development of human and social capital. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidence about the manifestation in the labour market of the critical thinking developed at institutions of higher education. This article seeks to reveal the attitude toward the importance of critical thinking in the modern labour market and toward the responsibility for developing it from the perspective of different stakeholder groups (lecturers, students, employers and employees) (the case of Lithuania). Quantitative research methodology was chosen, using a questionnaire for data collection. It was found that in both higher education and the labour market, critical thinking is treated as a developed and dynamic competence that encompasses both cognitive skills and dispositions. All of the stakeholder groups consider inference and argumentation to be the most important critical thinking skills in the modern labour market. Critical thinking dispositions such as self-confidence and fairness are the most valued. All of the stakeholder groups delegate responsibility for the development of critical thinking to the individual. In evaluating critical thinking, no divide was established between the higher education and labour market segments. The most differences in attitudes emerged in evaluating the assumption of responsibility for the development of critical thinking.
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Bejaković, Predrag. "EDUCATION, EMPLOYABILITY AND LABOUR FORCE COMPETITIVENESS IN CROATIA". Problems of Education in the 21st Century 58, n.º 1 (25 de marzo de 2014): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/14.58.13.
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Employability and labour force competitiveness are important parts of an economy’s overall competitiveness. The key role of knowledge as a structural part of the competence in stimulating economic growth has been widely recognised by economists and other scientists. In modern societies, the acceptance and development of knowledge, skills and ideas have a crucial role in the creation of wealth. The key determinant of a knowledge-based economy is human capital, or more precisely its knowledge, competence and ability. In many modern employment strategies there has been great emphasis on worker employability. The general idea of employability is not new, although only in recent times efforts have been made to define it clearly as policy has shifted emphatically towards supply side issues. Employability can be defined as the extent to which employees have skills, which the market and employers regard as attractive and is of increasing importance for the economic sector. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the relationship between education, employability and labour force competitiveness in Croatia. Key words: competitiveness, Croatia, educational system, employability, knowledge-based society, labour force.
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Sowho, P. O., T. O. Abubaka y U. O. Uba. "HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE MANAGEMENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT CRISES IN NIGERIA". Sokoto Educational Review 17, n.º 2 (29 de diciembre de 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35386/ser.v17i2.40.
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Unemployment is a condition whereby the able-bodied men and women who are qualified and ready to work do not have commensurate work to do. In Nigeria it has developed to a crises situation as the unemployment now affect both the graduates and non-graduates alike which is principally blamed on mismatch between the skills acquired in institutions of learning and the country labour market needs. This calls for question on the type of education system and the constituents of human capital formation in Nigeria. The paper therefore concluded that the rate of unemployment in Nigeria will continue to increase manifest in multidimensional problem to the economy and the entire social fabrics of the national life if the system of education fails to evolve talents and skills that will use materials resources to develop technology which will be compliant with human potentials. Based on this, the researchers recommended among others that the school curriculum should be review in line with societal demand pattern, education system that will focus on developing indigenous technology and avoid waste of manpower.
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Lantz, Sarah. "Students Working in the Melbourne Sex Industry: Education, Human Capital and the Changing Patterns of the Youth Labour Market". Journal of Youth Studies 8, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2005): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676260500431669.
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Ortiz, Luis. "Not the right job, but a secure one". Work, Employment and Society 24, n.º 1 (marzo de 2010): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017009353657.
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Recent educational expansion in many OECD countries has renewed interest in over-education. The educational system has often been highlighted as the main source of over-education, whereas the role of the labour market has been neglected. Using European Community Household Panel data on three countries with similar systems of education but different levels of temporary employment, the association between job security and over-education is explored here. The results show that in quite segmented labour markets, where a permanent contract is an especially valuable asset, human capital might be traded off for job security. Over-education thus becomes paradoxically likelier among permanent workers than among temporary ones.
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Nasir, Zafar Mueen. "An Analysis of Occupational Choice in Pakistan: A Multinomial Approach". Pakistan Development Review 44, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2005): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i1pp.57-79.
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Occupational choice plays an important role in determining earnings and success in the labour market. In the social structure of Pakistan, an occupation reflects the socio-economic status of the individual. In this backdrop, the paper looks at the occupational structure and analyses how different characteristics help individuals to access jobs of their choice. The main issue discussed in the paper is how men and women have a different occupation distribution. Estimates are based on a multinomial log model of occupation choices for men and women, using the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 data. The empirical results show that individuals with high educational achievements choose high-ranking jobs. It is also noted that gender has a role in the labour market and males are sorted out in high-paying occupation. Occupational choice is influenced more by the human capital variables than by the individual characteristics. Among human capital variables, education has the strongest impact in the selection of an occupation of choice.
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Brinbaum, Yaël. "Incorporation of Immigrants and Second Generations into the French Labour Market: Changes between Generations and the Role of Human Capital and Origins". Social Inclusion 6, n.º 3 (30 de julio de 2018): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i3.1453.
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This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. Using the 2013–2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes—activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification—and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration—duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality—with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.
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Drydakis, Nick. "Economics applicants in the UK labour market". International Journal of Manpower 36, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2015): 296–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2014-0061.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate whether job applicants who have obtained a BSc in economics from 15 UK universities face different labour market prospects. The author examines whether university entry standards and Russell Group membership affect UK economics applicants’ occupational access and entry-level annual salaries when unobserved heterogeneities, such as ability, motivation, family characteristics and networks, are minimized. Design/methodology/approach – The author evaluate the research question by recording the job search processes of 90 British economics applicants from randomly selected universities. The key elements of the approach are as follows: third-year undergraduate students apply for early career jobs that are relevant to their studies. Applications are closely matched in terms of age, ethnicity, experience and other core characteristics. Differential treatment in the access to vacancies and entry-level annual salaries per university applicant are systematically measured. Findings – By observing as much information as a firm does, the estimations suggest that both entry standards and Russell Group membership positively affect applicants’ labour market prospects. Although the firms cannot evaluate by themselves whether graduates from highly reputable universities are more or less capable and motivated than graduates from less reputable universities, it appears that the university attended affects firms’ recruitment policies. Importantly, valuable variables that capture firms’ and jobs’ heterogeneities, such as occupational variation, regions, workplace size, establishment age, and the existence of trade unions and human resources, are also considered and provide new results. Practical implications – Understanding the impact of entry standards and university reputation on students’ labour market outcomes is critical to understanding the role of human capital and screening strategies. In addition, obtaining accurate estimates of the payoff of attending a university with a high entry threshold and reputation is of great importance not only to the parents of prospective students who foot tuition bills but also to the students themselves. Furthermore, universities will be interested in the patterns estimated by this study, which will allow recent UK economists to evaluate the current employment environment. In addition, universities should be keen to know how their own graduates have fared in the labour market compared with graduates of other universities. Originality/value – In the current study, the author attempt to solve the problem of firms’ seeing more information than econometricians by looking at an outcome that is determined before firms see any unobservable characteristics. In the current study, ability, motivation, family characteristics and networks cannot affect applicants’ access to vacancies and entry-level salaries. The current study can estimate the effect of university enrolment on applicants’ occupational access and entry-level salaries, controlling for unobserved characteristics that would themselves affect subsequent outcomes in the labour market.
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Refeque, Muhammed, P. Azad y P. K. Sujathan. "How Do Workers Sustain COVID-induced Labour Market Shock: Evidence from the Indian State of Kerala". Indian Economic Journal 69, n.º 3 (25 de junio de 2021): 520–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211023814.
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This article is an empirical analysis of the resilience of workers over the COVID-hit labour market in the Indian state of Kerala. Quantile regression methods are used to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 on the labour market. This method is more advantageous than the traditional OLS method as it does not presume a constant effect of explanatory variables on the distribution of dependent variable. Evidences convey that all the five categories of workers under study were disproportionately buffeted by the pandemic. However, the factors education and experience were found to have a stabilising effect on the rate of labour market participation. The article pitches for a more responsive and responsible role that the State can deliver to embolden and reinforce human capital so that the pandemic like COVID-19 can at best be averted. JEL Codes: E24, H12, I15, J64
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Arif, G. M. y Nusrat Chaudhry. "Demographic Transition and Youth Employment in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 47, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2008): 27–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i1pp.27-70.
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There is convincing evidence that Pakistan has entered the demographic bonus phase; child dependency is declining and youth share in the total population is rising. This paper has examined youth employment in the context of demographic transition evidenced since the early 1990s. Changes in the level of educational attainment have also been analysed. The study has used the data from Pakistan Demographic Surveys and Labour Force Surveys carried out between 1990 and 2005. Findings of the study show that the benefits of demographic transition in terms of rising share of youth in the total population has partially been translated through development of their human capital and productive absorption in the local labour market. While the pace of human capital formation seems to be satisfactory in urban Pakistan, it is dismal in rural areas, particularly for females. High levels of both female inactivity across the education categories and unemployment for males as well as females urge a strong youth employment policy in Pakistan to reap the benefits of the ongoing demographic transition. Youth are a source of development, and a high priority may be placed on preparing them with the skills needed for their adjustment in the labour market.
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Brown, Phillip. "Cultural Capital and Social Exclusion: Some Observations on Recent Trends in Education, Employment and the Labour Market". Work, Employment & Society 9, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 1995): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017095009001003.
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Brown, Phillip. "Cultural Capital and Social Exclusion: Some Observations on Recent Trends in Education, Employment and the Labour Market". Work, Employment and Society 9, n.º 1 (marzo de 1995): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709591002.
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Spitz-Oener, Alexandra. "Human Capital, Job Tasks and Technology in East Germany After Reunification". National Institute Economic Review 201 (julio de 2007): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107083054.
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At the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall, employees in East Germany were at least as well educated as employees in West Germany in terms of formal educational qualifications. However, it is unclear to what extent the skills and knowledge acquired through the East German education system, and through employment in a socialist labour market, are transferable to the new market-based economy. This study aims to shed light on this issue by giving a comprehensive description of the work of those employees who remained employed after the first phase of restructuring (i.e. in 1991) in East Germany, and comparing it with work in West Germany. Overall, the similarity between workplaces in East and West Germany soon after reunicication is striking. In addition, the patterns of task changes between 1991 and 1999 were very similar in both parts of Germany. Neither the level of task inputs in1991 nor the changes in task inputs between 1991 and 1999 were driven by cohort effects, a surprising finding given how differently the age groups were affected by the historical event. The Largest difference between the east and the west exists in terms of workplace computerisation. Although East Germany has caught up rapidly, it was still lagging behind the west in terms of computer use in 1999.
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Kang, Lili y Fei Peng. "Economic Reform and Productivity Convergence in China". Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice 17, n.º 1 (junio de 2018): 50–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976747918773129.
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This article investigates the effect of physical and human capital formation on the productivity growth of China. We focus on the market reform factors including ownership shifts, population policy, openness and fiscal expenditures on education, and the convergence of productivity growth within the traditional four economic regions of China. We find that Chinese economic miracle is mainly pushed by the (physical) capital service rather than human capital. The physical capital inputs contribute even more to the economic growth of China since the returns to education decrease with the education expansion and increasing tuition fees after 1994. The four economic regions of China show different growth patterns. The capital inputs mostly help the labour productivity (LP) growth of the West region and the wage growth of the interior region, but human capital formation contributes to the total factor productivity (TFP) of all four regions. Moreover, provinces within each region present strong evidence of convergence of productivity growth. The convergence is most prominent for the provinces within the Northeast and Coastal regions for LP and TFP growth, suggesting fast technology spillovers within these regions.
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Fernández-Reino, Mariña, Jonas Radl y María Ramos. "Employment Outcomes of Ethnic Minorities in Spain: Towards Increasing Economic Incorporation among Immigrants and the Second Generation?" Social Inclusion 6, n.º 3 (30 de julio de 2018): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i3.1441.
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This article examines the labour market outcomes of immigrants in Spain, a country that has become a migration destination only since the end of the 1990s. Differentiating between first and second generation of immigrant descent, we compare the labour market involvement of the main ethnic groups with the majority group. One particular focus is to understand which minorities have been hit the hardest by the Great Recession. To this end, we use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey for the years 2008 and 2014, and more specifically the two ad-hoc modules on the labour market situation of migrants. Analysing men and women separately, we run a set of multivariate logistic regression models to control for compositional differences. In this way, we examine ethnic gaps not only in labour force participation but also in the degree of underutilisation of human capital, measured as workers’ level of over-education as well as the incidence of involuntary part-time employment. Our results show that while most origin groups do not show significantly lower employment participation than the majority group, the employment quality of immigrants in terms of involuntary part-time work and over-education is substantially worse, especially since the crisis.
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Patzina, Alexander y Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio. "Early Careers of Dropouts from Vocational Training: Signals, Human Capital Formation, and Training Firms". European Sociological Review 36, n.º 5 (25 de junio de 2020): 741–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa011.
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Abstract Dropping out of post-secondary education has negative consequences for career progression. However, as human capital theory predicts and as previous studies have shown, having some training still pays off. For a large part of the European workforce who has attended vocational training, however, the theoretical predictions are less clear and empirical studies are scarce. In occupational labour markets, signalling and credentialism theories predict negative effects of dropping out. Furthermore, apprenticeship dropouts learn at different training firms, which differ in their influence on human capital development and the provision of job opportunities. Relying on a unique panel data set from Germany and estimating normalized fixed effects growth curve estimators, our study reveals the following results. First, the timing of dropping out structures career progression, as late dropouts have the highest employment rates and highest wages within the dropout population. However, in an occupational labour market setting, credentials and signals are still highly important for career progression, as the wage advantage of late dropouts within the dropout population is rather small, and late dropouts suffer a wage penalty when we compare their wage profiles to those of graduates. Second, our study emphasizes the importance of training firms, which influence the human capital development of individuals during the course of training and provide dropouts with connections to their first jobs. Thus, in occupational labour markets, the consequences of dropping out depend mainly on different mechanisms, as in other settings.
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Strihul, M. V. y H. А. Khomeriki. "Economism and commercialization as manifestation of the globalization of higher education". Науково-теоретичний альманах "Грані" 21, n.º 4 (2 de mayo de 2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/171859.
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The main point of the article is to disclose the essence of the phenomena of economism and commercialization. Economism is seen as part of globalization of education, a global corporatization of education provides training for the global labour market, using human capital economic theories. As noted by George Spring, the human capital, economists argue that investments in education lead to economic growth, reducing income inequality and increasing employment.In general, the globalization of higher education is considered as a process of increasing interdependence and convergence of national economics, trade liberalization and market dominated by competition, struggle, transnational education and the commercialization of knowledge, as well as the erosion and disappearance of national boundaries and models of education. Despite the fact that most researchers associate globalization with the increasing influence of the World Bank and Americanization of higher education, globalization of higher education is not linear, and the same process of unification of educational systems. In modern conditions has acquired a strong relevance to international competition and stratification of higher education is also an increasing competition for social and academic prestige. In the context of this increased institutional cross-border activities and academic mobility, global communications and mobility have created conditions for the emergence of the global higher education market. Consequently, the competition among elite universities is now globally closer to capitalist economic forms. The economization of education is considered as a component of global education, a global corporatization of education provides training for the global labour market using human capital economic theories. Such massive development of higher education is associated with a number of factors such as socio-economic and socio-cultural, which are manifested at both macro level of the whole society and the microsocial level of the individual.It becomes obvious by the fact that in a globalized world, the consumer society is transformed into goods, and the goods that will bring a significant profit with the appropriate investment. However, commercialization of education is quite dangerous for the classical Institute of education. Because education as another global business trend threatens the institutional framework and its content.The processes of globalization is greatly affected the emergence and spread of economism and the commercialization in various educational systems, in particular it is proved that they formed a single world information-educational space, the characteristics of which are: the rapid penetration of the globalization trends in the national educational system; integration of educational systems into the world market for educational services and intellectual products; increased competition in the global educational environment.
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Nazli, Hina. "The Effect of Education, Experience and Occupation on Earnings: Evidence from Pakistan". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 9, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2004): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2004.v9.i2.a1.
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The theory of human capital posits a significant and positive relationship between earnings and work experience. This theory assumes a continuous increase in wages with employment experience at different levels of schooling. Several studies have established that earnings rise rapidly as the level of educational attainment improves. Similarly increase in work experience adds to skills, makes an individual more productive and hence leads to higher earnings. Education provides not only an initial labour market advantage, but also cumulative benefits over the working life. Therefore, it is misleading to assume a uniform rate of return to experience at different levels of education.
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Cipollone, Angela, Marcella Corsi y Carlo D’Ippoliti. "Knowledge and job opportunities in a gender perspective: Insights from Italy". Panoeconomicus 58, n.º 5 (2011): 735–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1105735c.
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The paper proposes an enlargement of the traditional notion of human capital, by conceptualising knowledge in a comprehensive and multidimensional way. In our empirical approach, knowledge encompasses several formal and informal skills, to complement the mainstream view narrowly concerned with education and on-the-job training. Our results for Italy point out that despite much rhetoric about the reduction (or even the reversal) of gender gaps in education, women often lack the main skills and competencies that can profitably be deployed in the labour market. Unsurprisingly, in Italy women?s accumulation of labour market experience is mostly hindered by unpaid housework burdens. However, when adopting an extensive definition of knowledge these activities may be regarded as a source of relevant knowledge. Yet, they do not seem to be positively valued by the market, either in terms of employability or in terms of wages, thus calling for a serious rethinking of the role of knowledge in shaping men?s and women?s economic opportunities.