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1
Alobo, Sarah. "Options de survie, processus de changement et transformation structurelle. Diversification des moyens de subsistance chez les ménages agricoles des régions rurales de l'Afrique sub-saharienne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0022.
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L'objectif général de cette thèse est de comprendre le rôle de la diversification à l’échelle des ménages, ses caractéristiques, ses déterminants et ses effets sur les petits exploitants agricoles d’Afrique subsaharienne. La thèse utilise une méthodologie mixte en combinant différents types de données sur les petits exploitants ruraux d’Afrique subsaharienne pour répondre aux objectifs fixés – une revue bibliographique, des données empiriques tirées d'enquêtes de terrain quantitatives et qualitatives. Les résultats sont présentés en trois articles :Le premier article présente un état de l’art sur la nature et l'évolution de la diversification des moyens de subsistance en milieu rural (« rural livelihoods ») en Afrique subsaharienne, et la situation à l’échelle des petits exploitants. Il révèle des résultats mitigés sur les causes et les conséquences de la diversification des moyens de subsistance des petits exploitants ruraux qui adoptent cette stratégie. De nombreuses études suggèrent que ce sont les petits exploitants les plus aisés ayant suffisamment d'actifs qui réalisent une diversification performante de leurs moyens de subsistance, principalement en exploitant les opportunités et les synergies entre les activités agricoles et non agricoles. Cela met en évidence qu’à cause de contraintes sur les actifs, l’augmentation des revenus et de la richesse grâce à la diversification des moyens de subsistance n'a pas encore bénéficié à la grande majorité des petits exploitants d’Afrique subsaharienne. Le deuxième article examine les caractéristiques et les déterminants de la diversification des sources de revenus en utilisant des données transversales sur les ménages agricoles ruraux de six régions du Sénégal et du Kenya. L'analyse des données quantitatives a été com-plétée par des informations de terrain qualitatives. Les résultats montrent que les caractéristiques et les déterminants de la diversification sont spécifiques et diffèrent sensiblement entre les différentes régions, avec des facteurs « attractifs » et « répulsifs » agissant parfois en même temps. Bien que la région joue sur la diversification des revenus, le classement de celle-ci semble jouer d’avantage, car il influence le type de diversification auquel les ménages se livrent. Dans le troisième article, j'utilise des données de panel pour explorer les dimensions géographiques et sexospécifiques de la diversification des moyens de subsistance et de ses déterminants dans deux régions agricoles du Kenya rural (Kakamega et Nyeri). J'ajoute également aux données de panel, les données qualitatives de mon propre travail de terrain. L'enquête empirique sur la dynamique et les motivations pour la diversification des moyens de subsistance montre, que les effets fixes des ménages soient inclus ou non dans les modèles économétriques de données de panel, qu'il existe une relation positive et significative entre les changements dans la richesse des ménages et la diversification des moyens de subsistance, ceteris paribus. Outre la richesse patrimoniale, d'autres déterminants importants des changements positifs dans la diversification des moyens de subsistance au cours de la période étudiée sont: le niveau initial de diversification, les changements démographiques tels que l'âge, le sexe (étant un ménage dirigé par une femme) et le niveau d'éducation du chef du ménage à Kakamega, et l'utilisation accrue de la main-d'œuvre embauchéeThe overall objective of this thesis is to understand the role of diversification at household level, its patterns, determinants and effects on rural smallholder farmers in SSA, as well as its implications for the process of structural transformation in SSA. In the thesis, I use a mixed methodology and combine different types of data on rural smallholders in SSA to answer the objectives – a review of previous literature, empirical data from quantitative surveys and qualitative fieldwork. The findings are presented in three articles:In the first article, I undertake a comprehensive review of the literature on the nature and evolution of rural livelihood diversification in SSA among smallholder farmers. It reveals mixed findings about the causes and consequences of livelihood diversification on the rural smallholders adopting this strategy. It shows that because of asset constraints increase in incomes and wealth based on livelihood diversification has not yet benefitted the large majority of smallholders in SSA. On the other hand, there are a lot of evidence from the literature suggesting that it is relatively better-off smallholders with sufficient assets, who achieve successful livelihood diversification, mainly by exploiting opportunities and synergies between farm and nonfarm activities. In the second article, I investigate the spatial and geographical patterns and determinants of income diversification using cross-sectional data on rural farm households from six regions in Senegal and Kenya. In addition, I supplement the analysis of the quantitative data with information from qualitative fieldwork. The findings show that the specific patterns and determinants of diversification differ significantly between regions, with push and pull factors sometimes acting concurrently. Although geographical location matters for income diversification, the context of the region seems to matter even more, as it influences the type of diversification households may engage in. In the third article, I use panel data to explore the geographical and gender dimensions of livelihood diversification and its determinants in two agricultural regions of rural Kenya (Kakamega and Nyeri). I complement the panel data with data from my own qualitative fieldwork. The empirical investigation into the dynamics and motivations for livelihood diversification shows that whether or not household fixed effects are included in the econometric panel data models, there is a positive and significant relationship between changes in household asset wealth and changes in livelihood diversification, ceteris paribus. In addition to asset wealth, other important determinants of positive changes in livelihood diversification over the study period include: the initial level of diversification, changes in demographic factors such as age, gender (being a female headed household) and level of education of the household head (in Kakamega), and increased use of hired labour
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Bell, Sandra. "International brand management of Chinese companies : case studies on the Chinese household applicances and consumer electronics industry entering US and Western European markets /". Heidelberg : Physica, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/558190448.pdf.
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Lambertini, Riccardo <1996>. "Household finance: life-cycle strategies". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18124.
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Longevity is increasing and retirees face the risk of outliving their income resources, perceived by the (compulsory) second pillar pension scheme. In this regard the European Commission has launched the pan-European pension program (PEPP) to help workers to deal with this type of risk. In the thesis I address the potential risks and benefits of different life-cycle strategies, which could be adopted in a (voluntary) third pillar pension scheme. I run a simulation and compare the results of eight strategies. The analysis aims at suggesting which one fits best the capital protection characteristics required by a default option in PEPP. The main results of the thesis concern the greater ability of life-cycle strategies in providing a higher wealth realization at retirement with respect to a minimum capital guarantee policy, and the very low probability that these strategies cannot recoup the amount of contributions paid by the worker.
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Mulandi, Bernice N. "Gaining women's views on household food security in Wote Sublocation, Kenya". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1194870643.
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Musekiwa, Pamela. "Livelihood strategies of female headed households in Zimbabwe: the case of Magaso Village, Mutoko District in Zimbabwe". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005967.
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This research study explored livelihood strategies that female headed households adopt in Magaso village of Mutoko district in Zimbabwe. The study intended to achieve the following objectives: (i) examine the existing livelihood strategies of female headed households (ii) explore the various challenges faced by female headed households and (iii) establish the support mechanisms in place for female headed households to cope with life challenges .The literature reviewed in the study was drawn from several researchers, and the study was shaped by the strengths perspectives and the liberal feminism perspective. The study was qualitative in nature and used interviews to collect data from fifteen (15) female headed households. The data collection process used an interview guide. The research employed a qualitative research design in the form of a case study cum a phenomenological study design. Data was analysed qualitatively using the content thematic data analysis which used interpretive approaches and presentation is textual rather than statistical. The study findings were the following: engaging in subsistence farming was found to be the main livelihood activity of the female heads; engaging in home gardens; exchanging labour for food; involvement in business; reliance on temporary employment from different agencies; reliance on handouts from government and other bodies; and household heads sanctioning child labour that compromises school attendance. Moreover, these female heads faced numerous difficulties ranging from emotional, social to financial problems that resulted in worsening the condition of women, and hence validating feminization of poverty among them. Several support mechanisms were discovered to be available for the female heads but they fail to produce to fruitful results to the lives of the female heads. The study made the following recommendations: mainstreaming gender education from childhood stage; efforts aimed at job creation; financial empowerment through setting up of micro schemes for rural women amongst; seeking the services of agricultural extension services to the female head farmers; improving the social services delivery in Zimbabwe equitably across genders and strengthening informal strategies to improve women‘s social capital. Lastly, the study concluded that little is being done in terms of policy formulation to make the support structures responsive to the female headed households especially in rural areas, hence the need for sustainable development through empowerment.
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Stokes, Michelline. "The Household Survival Strategies of Manufacturing Workers Displaced in Henry County and the New River Valley, 1990-2010". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73871.
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In this dissertation, I use interview data to answer three questions concerning the deindustrialization of southwest and southside Virginia. First, how have Radford City, Montgomery County, Pulaski County, the City of Martinsville and Henry County been affected by plant closures and mass layoffs at the community level? Second, how have displaced workers and their households been affected by this loss of manufacturing jobs? And third, what survival strategies have displaced workers and their households employed as a result of being displaced? In carrying out this research, I engage with four theoretical discussions: (1) deindustrialization of the US South, (2) the impact of deindustrialization on local communities and economies, (3) the impacts of deindustrialization on workers, and (4) workers' strategies for coping with job loss. I argue that the strategies employed are influenced, shaped, and/ or constrained by regional resources, family structure, and previous experience(s) with job loss due to plant closures and layoffs. The findings from this research suggest that household survival strategies are based on four influential or motivating factors: (1) the presence of a spouse and/or children in the home, (2) having prior experience with being displaced, (3) use of personal networks, and (4) utilization of spouses' knowledge, skills, and abilities. At the community level, there are two major findings. First, there is a level of resilience in the worst affected communities that keeps them moving forward, if at a slower pace than desired. Second, deindustrialization does not affect all manufacturing communities the same way. Local economic profiles, local resources, and past ties to manufacturing matter both in the severity of impacts and the options for rebounding and/ or creating new economic identities. For these reasons and others, it is suggested that future research continue to focus on individual communities and localities which are working to identify good long term solutions to address changes due to large scale economic disruption.Ph. D.
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Temple, Bogusalawa. "Household Strategies and Types: The construction of social phenomena". Thesis, University of Manchester, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494583.
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Greenough, Karen Marie. "STRATEGIC FLEXIBILITY: HOUSEHOLD ECOLOGIES OF FUL’BE IN TANOUT, NIGER". UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/123.
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(Agro)pastoralism in Sahelian Niger, as elsewhere, operates through household enterprises. Katsinen-ko’en (Fulбe) households, interconnected within kin and community networks, utilize a range of flexible strategies to manage a variety of ecological and economic risks. This dissertation argues that (agro)pastoralist households and communities maintain or improve viability in risky environments first by employing various mobility patterns, among other strategies, and relying on the tightly knit interdependence between household and herd. Secondly, households that most successfully sustain a cooperative integrity (i.e. partnerships between husband and wife, or wives, and parents and children) to negotiate decisions and strategies best withstand adversities such as droughts. The continuance of vital links between household and herd helps the household enterprise more easily weather difficult times and profit during advantageous times. Thirdly, the transfer of endowments from parents to children of ecological, economic and political knowledges and socio-economic networks ensures the continuity of family livelihoods.
This dissertation analyzes a range of household/herd mobility patterns on a livelihood continuum from sedentary agropastoralism to exclusive pastoralism, and the household decisions that lead to those mobilities. In this way, it adds to a growing body of literature that examines household strategies employed in very uncertain natural environments, contributing to pastoral studies and environmental anthropology. By folding household economics and political ecology into household ecology, it analyses resource and asset transfers within and between households, all under the influence of the natural and political-economic environments. Contributing to development anthropology, I argue that the most important buffer against the risks of unpredictable environments is a stable, undivided household, migrating with and managing its own herd.
I conclude by showing how development research and projects should support household/herd integrity to enhance livelihood security. When government or development agencies institute policies and projects that remove children from the household, or separate households and herds, they endanger the integrity of the household and the reproduction of livelihoods that make essential contributions to national economies. Rather than urging pastoralists to modify their livelihoods to fit images held by ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION administrators, these organizations and agencies should help pastoralists to build on adaptations that already facilitate their management of risky environments.
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Watts, B. M. "Regional strategies for managing and developing household waste recycling". Thesis, Swansea University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639365.
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The UK has found it difficult to improve recycling levels with a market driven waste management strategy. These difficulties manifest themselves in barriers to both the supply of and demand for secondary materials. The thesis exposes the need to manage the collection of recyclable materials so as to improve its cost effectiveness and to develop existing and novel higher value markets for the materials recovered. This research has attempted to provide a practical contribution to furthering recycling on a regional level, whilst also providing useful inferences beyond this scope by investigating aspects of both the supply and demand side barriers pertaining to the recycling industry. On the supply side, the thesis presents findings from an audit of a kerbside recycling collection scheme and a survey of public participation. Among the conclusions are that collection must be strategically located and thus the optimisation of the scheme is explored. However, it is imperative that all parts of the recycling loop are addressed concurrently and that recycling strategies are not purely focused on collection. Therefore, the influence of changes in market conditions on the optimal location of collection is investigated. This also enables the prioritisation of material markets to be developed. On the demand side, the thesis examine some initiatives intent on developing markets for recyclate and propagates the need to engage small and medium sized enterprises in using secondary materials and for the provision of support in this regard on a regional level. Consequently, the findings of a series of structured interviews with small manufacturing companies are presented and the needs of industry in being able to utilise secondary materials discussed. Several conclusions are developed and the need for a regional authority to be established to facilitate the regionalisation of waste markets is propounded. In addition, some recommendations are made regarding regional strategies for managing and developing household waste recycling.
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Quinlan, Robert J. "Household composition and reproductive strategies in a Caribbean village /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974675.
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Mulandi, Bernice N. "Gaining women’s views on household food security in Wote sub location, Kenya". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1194870643.
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Brown, Brenda. "Where are the men? : an investigation into female-headed households in Rini, with reference to household structures, the dynamics of gender and strategies against poverty". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002660.
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An in-depth study is conducted into ten female-headed households in the township of Rini, an underprivileged section of Grahamstown in the Eastem Cape region of South Africa. The study provides information on the way in which such households function in conditions of poverty and underemployment. The meaning of the term 'household' is clearly defined. A household consists of a group of people, who may or may not be kin-related, but who usually live under the same roof, eat together and share resources. Household members may be absent for varying periods of time, but are still considered to have rights in the household to which they belong. The female-headed household usually contains a core of adult women who are often uterine kin. Men are frequently members of these households and are usually related to the women who form the core. Their status and roles in such households are defined and intra-household relations between household members are discussed. In this study, female headship is observed to occur in conditions of poverty when an elderly woman is widowed, receives a regular income in the form of and old age pension, and when her status as the senior member of the household is acknowledged. The presence of men in female-headed households has not been widely emphasised in other studies, either of the female-headed household itself, or in research done in this area of South Africa. An attempt is therefore made to illustrate the way in which men function in these households and the varying roles they play. An attempt is also made to describe other structures and practices which support the female-headed household in a rapidly changing urban environment. These include church membership, burial society membership, the informal economy, wider kinship networks and, in the case of the men, the rite of circumcision.
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Kennedy-Puthoff, Alexa Kjestine. "Immigrant-native differentials in multiple-earner strategies and household poverty". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1844.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Sociology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Brück, Tilman. "Coping with peace : post-war household strategies in northern Mozambique". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c5125a10-70c9-4cfa-9257-31386d1ae0af.
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The objective of this thesis is to understand how poor farm households in developing countries are affected by and cope with the legacy of internal war. The theoretical analysis is based on a peasant household model for land abundant countries as war can be shown to weaken markets, re-enforce household subsistence and increase overall land abundance. The empirical analysis uses regression techniques and a household survey from post-war northern Mozambique to assess the implications of the war legacy for land access, coping strategies, and household welfare. The key findings include that war can enhance the degree of land abundance while also creating barriers to land access for some households, thus re-defining land abundance as a household-level concept. Land emerges as the least war vulnerable asset thus encouraging households to shift to land-based subsistence activities during the war. The experience of war increases the number of endogenously determined land variables, which should therefore be reflected in models of African land use. The thesis advances the literature of household coping strategies by focussing on little researched post-disaster and war-induced strategies. Households are found to respond to indirect war effects and thus to rely on subsistence and non-market activities and to make selective use of markets. Surprisingly, social exchange does not play a large role for insuring incomes. Finally, the thesis finds that the war legacy continues to depress household welfare for many years after the end of the conflict, which is attributed to a variety of poverty traps. Importantly, and in contrast to other studies of post-war Mozambique, education and cotton adoption are not found to enhance household welfare significantly but a larger area farmed does. The findings indicate that post-war reconstruction policy should re-capitalise household endowments and stimulate rural markets as part of a broadly based programme of rural development.
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Legesse, Belaineh. "Risk management strategies of smallholder farmers in the eastern highlands of Ethiopia /". Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a404.pdf.
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Wong, Yi-lee. "Family history and household economic strategies : a study of post-war Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17311032.
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Porodong, Paul. "An exploration of changing household subsistence strategies among contemporary Rungus farmers". Thesis, University of Kent, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523520.
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Sidloyi, Sinethemba Siyakholwa. "Survival strategies of elderly women in female-headed households". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24560.
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This study is based on data from in-depth individual interviews carried out in a poor township, Ngangelizwe in Mthatha, South Africa. It discusses and describes the livelihoods and strategies of low–income households headed by elderly (>60years old) women. The study draws primarily on interviews with 15 elderly women who are receiving or not receiving State pension, selling goods or receiving or not receiving a Child Support Grant from the government for their grandchildren in order to meet the daily challenges they are faced with. It discusses the cultivation of social networks and how these networks in turn impact on the livelihoods, health, survival and social adjustment of the elderly women. This includes reports of these women’s perceptions of poverty, their incomes (the majority (thirteen) were receiving a State pension) as well as a professional pension. The study also reports on the strategies they used to try and avoid poverty through participation in income generating activities, having their grandchildren engaging in income-earning activities mostly after school or during holidays. The study underscores the reality of the adjustments and coping measures that the women have to adopt when faced with new challenges as a result of high morbidity and mortality among adults in the reproductive age groups. The findings of this study indicate that for most women, the inability to attain basic essentials of life leads to loss of self-dignity. Socio-economic factors such as low levels of education, unemployment, little or no income, poor access to resources, many dependants and looking after their children who suffer from HIV/AIDS among the women create a situation where they operate within the “little opportunities” circle. The evidence in this study suggests that social support groups, a pension grant, a child support grant and remittances from their children helped to mitigate some of the poverty experiences of the elderly women. The study also shows that there is a dire need for intensification of poverty reduction programmes at community levels. Women have to be supported with institutional credit to grow and expand their businesses. They need the support and assistance of government in taking care of their sick children and grandchildren due to HIV/AIDS.Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Sociology
unrestricted
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Herren, Urs. "Socioeconomic strategies of pastoral Maasai households in Mukogodo, Kenya /". [Bern] : [s.n.], 1991. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Nandoo, Karin. "Livelihood strategies: analysis of female-headed households in Vrygrond, South Africa". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5737_1365584000.
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This study explored the livelihood activities in female-headed households in Vrygrond, Cape Town. The objective of this study was to identify and analyse livelihood strategies adopted by female-headed households. The Capability Approach was used as a theoretical framework of the study. This approach drew on the idea that resources and abilities enable people to achieve a range of valued ways of being and doing.
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Marsoyo, Agam. "Constructing spatial capital : household adaptation strategies in home-based enterprises in Yogyakarta". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1452.
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Home-Based Enterprises (HBEs), as part of the informal sector, have been studied over the last three decades from economic, social, urban planning, housing policy, and environmental impacts perspectives, among others. But to date, their spatial implications have not been thoroughly explored. In urban areas, many households deploy all their potential resources, such as human, social, financial and physical assets, to generate income from a home business as part of household survival strategies. For those who live in large dwellings, the issue of business activity in the domestic area might not lead to conflict between home and work, between reproduction and production. However, generally low-income households who engage in HBE activities live in small dwellings, and thus there is a premium on space. This study therefore explores various adaptation strategies undertaken by households with HBEs associated with their use of space. It is focused on kampung of Yogyakarta City in Indonesia. By taking a qualitative approach and using a multi-method strategy, the study investigates selected dwellings with HBEs in Kampung Prawirodirjan, Yogyakarta, where one in three dwellings has a home business. The study draws on synchronic and diachronic approaches that not only observe processes of adaptation but also document the use of space over time. This offers a thorough assessment of the strategies used by households to respond to the co-existence of domestic and business activities within the same dwelling, including their motivations and reasons for their decisions. The analysis of strategies is based on Berry’s (1980) adaptation theory in terms of exploring how households arrange interior space, make more space, and manage activities and movements. Although this study is highly context-specific, it offers a range of insights into how urban households accumulate capital as part of their survival strategy and to overcome poverty. Furthermore, it shows how households who conduct a home business construct spatial capital not only to make a living but also to achieve a better and more harmonious home environment.
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Majuru, Batsirai. "Unreliable water supplies and household coping strategies in peri-urban South Africa". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/57210/.
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Many developing countries face severe challenges with the reliability of water supplies. These supplies are often characterised by intermittence, low pressure and poor water quality. Despite its contribution towards water-related illness and the significant coping burden it imposes on households, water supply reliability remains a difficult attribute to measure. A key challenge is the lack of a universal definition of water supply reliability. The issue of unreliability in water supply and the financial cost it imposes on households is of profound relevance in South Africa – a country whose social policies include a Free Basic Water policy which entitles all households to a free lifeline supply of 6,000 litres per month. This thesis examines household experiences of unreliable water supplies and in particular, explores the question as to what constitutes a reliable water supply, and household responses to unreliable water supplies. The analysis draws on literature reviews and a household survey conducted in peri-urban communities in the Limpopo Province of South Africa in 2012. A systematic review of definitions and assessment criteria used in studies of water supply reliability demonstrates that there is no consensus on what constitutes a reliable water supply. Assessment criteria also vary greatly, with the most common criterion in urban settings being the duration and/or continuity of supply in hours per day. In rural settings, the proportion of functional water systems is commonly assessed. A discrete choice experiment was conducted to elicit households’ preferences for a reliable water supply. Results indicate that overall, households value notification of interruptions and having water available for longer durations during the day, and would be willing to pay for these improvements. However, there is some heterogeneity in these preferences as wealthier households, who have drilled their own wells and are no longer dependant on the public supply are less willing to pay for improvements in the water supply. Findings from a systematic review of household strategies to cope with unreliability reveal that relatively wealthy households incur significant direct costs from strategies such as drilling wells and installing water storage tanks, poor households expend time and energy in collecting water from other sources. Income, level of education, land tenure and extent of unreliability are the main determinants of which strategies are adopted. Results from the survey in Limpopo highlight that Free Basic Water is not actually free; households spend significant proportions of their income on buying water, ii drilling wells and treating the water prior to consumption. Coping costs increase with wealth status and are higher in communities without alternative water sources such as springs. Notably, for many households the lifeline supply of 6,000 litres per month is unmet. The findings from this thesis highlight the need for consensus on the definition, and assessment approach for water supply reliability. Further, the analysis of households’ responses to unreliable water supplies in South Africa draws attention to how poor reliability negates the Free Basic Water policy. Without reliable water supply services, the objectives of improving public health and promoting equity cannot be met.
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Potgieter, Natasha. "Water storage in rural households : intervention strategies prevent waterborne diseases". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30323.
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Poor sanitation, unhygienic practices and close living associations between people and animals in rural communities increase the risk of zoonoses and add to faecal contamination of stored drinking water. Point-of-use interventions can improve the microbiological quality of household drinking water and a combination of microbial and chemical indicator tests could identify the origin of faecal pollution. The improvement of the microbiological quality of drinking water in rural households by the implementation of intervention strategies which included the use of traditional storage containers as well as an improved safe storage container (CDC, USA), with or without the addition of a sodium hypochlorite solution were determined. The origin of faecal contamination in the water sources and household stored water were determined using male specific F-RNA subgroup genotyping. This study attempted to assess the survival of indicator microorganisms and selected bacterial pathogens and viruses in the improved safe storage container in borehole and river water samples. An intervention study was conducted in two rural villages utilising different source water. Results indicated that the improved safe storage container without the addition of a stabilized sodium hypochlorite solution did not improve the microbiological quality of the stored drinking water and had counts of indicator microorganisms similar to that found in the traditional storage containers. However, the households using the 1% and the 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions have shown an effective reduction in the counts of indicator microorganisms in both the traditional and the improved safe storage containers. The compliance with the use of the sodium hypochlorite interventions ranged between 60% and 100%, which was in agreement with similar studies carried out in other developing countries. One village complied with the intervention while the other village did not. Reasons for this included financial factors, an unsupportive infrastructures and lack of education and knowledge on health risks by the households. Male specific F-RNA bacteriophage genotyping showed that faecal contamination in the water source samples and both the traditional and improved safe storage containers at the point-of-use were primarily of animal origin (Subgroup I). Households using river water had subgroup II F-RNA bacteriophages present in the stored household water, which was associated with human faecal pollution. However, subgroup II F-RNA bacteriophages has been isolated from faeces of cattle and poultry, which indicated that F-RNA subgroup typing might not be a specific tool to determine the origin of faecal pollution in water sources. Laboratory seeding experiments indicated that 1% sodium hypochlorite solution were less effective in reducing heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, F-RNA bacteriophages and coxsackie B1 virus counts in the improved safe storage containers filled with river water with a high turbidity. However, the 1% sodium hypochlorite solution did reduce the indicator and seeded microorganisms within 60 min in containers filled with borehole water with a low turbidity. The 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solution effectively decreased the numbers of microorganisms to undetectable limits within 60 min in both the borehole and river filled storage containers irrespective of the turbidity values. This study has showed that a combination of intervention strategies can provide rural communities with microbiologically safe drinking water.Thesis (PhD (Medical Virology))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Medical Virology
PhD
unrestricted
24
Dubber, Melanie. "'Making ends meet' : working-class women's strategies against poverty in West Oxfordshire, c.1850-1900". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1997. http://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/e6330d00-0efd-0710-c9fe-92f7f2b2900e/1.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis seeks to contribute to two areas of historical enquiry: the history of women and the history of poverty, by investigating the strategies used by women to cope with poverty. It attempts this in a systematic way by applying a taxonomy of strategies to the case study area of West Oxfordshire from the mid-to-late nineteenth century. As such, it broadens our understanding of the lives of women living in a rural area as well as examining poverty from the perspective of the responses to it. Three main strategies were considered; employment, household management and community strategies. General results of the analysis suggest that the strategic approach is a valuable method of examining the way poor rural women coped with poverty, highlighting the interconnections between their roles of reproduction, production and consumption. Specific results suggest that first, a radical rethink of the role and importance of the home as a female power base is required. Second, although strategies are difficult to quantify, certain strategies appear to have been more popular than others; household management emerged as the pivotal strategy to make ends meet. Careful spending and saving and the ability to utilise a variety of resouces such as animal husbandry and gardens and allotments was necessary in the fight against poverty. Employment, although of value, could not always be relied upon to provide a steady, regular income. Community strategies were of some value. They were provided informally by kin and the neighbourhood and formally by charities and poor relief. Third, certain factors were influential concerning the nature of strategies; namely duration of need, age and marital status, geographical location, seasonality and conditions for eligibility. The organic nature of the taxonomy means that it can be expanded to include additional strategies and used to study other groups of women such as the middle-class, different historical periods and geographical locations.
25
Kasie, Tesfahun Asmamaw. "Household resilience to food insecurity: shock exposure, livelihood strategies & risk response options". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/525850.
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The purpose of this study is to contribute to efforts to measuring and assessing resilience properties of household livelihoods, constructed in the risky environments, explaining why some households are more resilient than others. Based on resilience theory as applied to social-ecological systems with an application of Modern Portfolio Theory, this study adapted and measure the four properties of resilient livelihood systems and tested the expected relationships between system properties. It also examines risk coping behaviors of households and its role in shaping resilience trajectories of livelihoods towards a positive food security outcome. This study suggests that the major source of poor household resilience is both structurally constrained adaptive capacity and high shock exposure. Therefore, resilience programs that are designed in a similar risk prone and chronically food insecure districts of the country, should promote risk reduction measures while implementing programs designed to address structural causes of food insecurity.El propósito de este estudio es contribuir a los esfuerzos para medir y evaluar las propiedades de resiliencia de los medios de vida de los hogares, construidos en entornos de riesgo, explicando por qué algunos hogares son más resistentes que otros. Basado en la teoría de la resiliencia aplicada a los sistemas socioecológicos con la aplicación de Modern Portfolio Theory, este estudio adapta y mide las cuatro propiedades de los sistemas de medios de vida resilientes y prueba las relaciones esperadas entre las propiedades del sistema.
26
Kakembo, Juliet. "A household survey of livelihood strategies in Helenvale township, Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011044.
Texto completoResumen
A household survey of Helenvale Township in Port Elizabeth was conducted in order to gain an understanding of the strategies and activities that people in this poor community employ to sustain their livelihoods. The household profile, which entailed a survey of the household size, education levels and employment status was conducted. Dwelling units in terms of ownership, type, size, quality and building materials were also assessed. The income and expenditure of the Helenvale residents and community assets, as well as access to basic services were also assessed. The study found that the household size varied between 5 and 7 members. A more or less even distribution of the gender of household heads was noted, with 48 percent and 50 percent female male respectively. Among the HHs surveyed, no member had a higher qualification than Matric and quite a number were illiterate. Unemployment which stands at 54 percent was identified as the most serious problem plaguing Helenvale. A high level of home ownership (84 percent) was noted; of which 79 percent are formal dwellings and typically two-room structures of poor quality. Helenvale residents are largely dependent on child support grants as the major source of income. Casual jobs and disability grants are the other important sources of income identified. Human assets in the form of labour power are the most important assets that the community possesses. Physical assets are negligible, while financial ones are non-existent among all the respondents. Television and electric kettles are the most commonly owned appliances in the households. Basic services are readily accessible to the community, particularly water, health, refuse removal and sewage. Among the threats that the respondents identified, unemployment came to the fore as the biggest and major threat to households. Crime, teenage pregnancy and overcrowding are also considered as major threats, as are gangsterism and gambling violence. The study recommends the development of a long term plan for poverty alleviation. The creation of employment opportunities in the form of financing of small community projects which empower women and the youth is also recommended. All this should be underpinned by the expeditious delivery of housing.
27
Wong, Yi-lee y 黃綺妮. "Family history and household economic strategies: a study of post-war Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214769.
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Zizza, Claire Ann 1964. "Influence of household food strategies on vitamin A intakes of rural Guatemalan children". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278238.
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The effect of households' strategies on preschool children's intakes of vitamin A were examined in a rural Guatemalan village. The children's caretakers were interviewed regarding acquisition, preparation, storage and consumption of vitamin A sources on four separate occasions while children's intakes were measured by a seven-day food frequency questionnaire. The median daily intake of vitamin A was 128 μg and on average β-carotene constituted 45.5% of daily intake. Socioeconomic variables did not predict vitamin A intakes; only horse ownership was associated (r = .30, p < .05) with beta-carotene, but not total vitamin A intake. Purchased and cultivated sources were significant predictors of intakes. Of all the variables, household consumption of vitamin A was the prevailing predictor. However, household consumption was associated in a threshold fashion with children's intakes; it was a significant predictor of intakes only when household consumption was ≥ 11 food items measured over four days.
29
Deng, Luka Biong. "Confronting civil war : a comparative study of household livelihood strategies in Southern Sudan". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288164.
Texto completoResumen
Civil wars have become endemic to many African countries since the end of the Cold War. The risk of civil wars in much of Africa stands now as the leading contributory cause of vulnerability. This upsurge of civil wars has . posed a compelling need to improve understanding for better policy direction. Most of the current studies on civil wars tend to focus on macro issues with limited relevance and conceptualisation at micro level. The dearth of understanding of household livelihood strategies in the 'war zone' has made the existing studies in risk and livelihood literature unwittingly equating these strategies with those in the context of other risk events, or even ruled out any rational household risk management behaviour. In this regard, this study is an attempt to gain a nuanced understanding of the subde household livelihood strategies in the context of civil war. In an attempt to unravel and better understand household risk-related behaviours in the context of civil war, this thesis set out a framework called the Risk-Livelihood Approach that links risk events in a systematic way to household livelihood strategies and their outcomes. The framework provides the basis for fonnulating the main four hypotheses of the thesis, which are related to characteristics of risk events, livelihood strategies and diversification, social capital and vulnerability. In an attempt to provide a better understanding of these hypotheses, comparative empirical inquiries were undertaken at household level in Bahr el Ghazal region in southern Sudan, which has been exposed to a protracted civil war. The major empirical findings from a general case study of Sudan's civil war and three specific case studies of households exposed to different types of counter-insurgency warfare and drought all point to complexity and context-specificity. The thesis clearly shows the significance of specific characteristics of counter-insurgency warfare in understanding household livelihood strategies and vulnerability. In particular, the thesis demonstrates that the 'standard' pattern of vulnerability and household responses to drought is similar to that in the context of exogenous counter-insurgency warfare, while a different pattern of vulnerability and household responses to endogenous shocks, such as endogenous counter-insurgency warfare, is identified. Specifically, the thesis surprisingly finds a positive link between level of vulnerability and initial high level of household wealth in the context of endogenous counter-insurgency warfare. A future research agenda in the area of vulnerability might need to focus on developing a greater understanding of the nature and characteristics of risk events such as endogenous shocks
30
Mbele, Kabelo. "Survival strategies of poor households in Boitumelo township /|cKabelo Michael Mbele". Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10190.
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The aim of the study was to analyse the survival strategies of the poor
households in Boitumelo township. The research methodology used herein
was two fold: Firstly, a literature research based on economic journals,
previous research projects, books and internet was done in order to develop a
better understanding of poverty. Secondly, an empirical research survey using
questionnaires was undertaken. Over the years there have been competing theories which provide an understanding of poverty. Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses. Poverty captures a wide range of meanings, depending on who is defining it. Although various technical solutions have been suggested for differentiating the poor and non-poor using the monetary approach, there is no theory of poverty that clearly differentiate the poor from the non-poor. The survey results showed that 41% of all households in Boitumelo are poor and on average have an income shortage of 63% to the poverty line. Poverty within
the area has a gender bias as 76% of the poor are females. The large number
of households below the poverty line provided ample opportunity for further
analysis to find out about the activities that they use to sustain themselves.
Being unemployed in government or manufacturing industries, the urban poor
are compelled to create some sort of jobs for themselves. Street vending, odd
jobs, gambling, seeking credit on exploitative terms, income from state
welfare, begging for survival are just a few of the activities urban poor adopt to
surviveThesis (MCom (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013
31
Andrade, Robert Santiago. "Livelihood strategies of farmers in Bolivar, Ecuador: asset distribution, activity selection and income generation decisions in rural households". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34406.
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Households in rural Ecuador face several challenges. One of them is the severe deprivation that reaches alarming percentages in the countryside. Unequal distribution and limited assets constrain households from improving their economic conditions. These factors induce households to overexploit natural resources. Poor households engage in a variety of livelihood strategies. Livelihood strategies are characterized by the allocation of assets (natural, physical, financial, public, social and human), income-earning activities (on farm, off farm), and outcomes (food, income, security). Together these determine the well-being attained by an individual or households. We used data collected by INIAP as part of the SANREM-CRSP project to identify livelihood strategies, their determinants, and well-being implications of adopting a particular livelihood. These data were from a comprehensive survey of 286 households collected during September and November, 2006. Livelihood strategies for the Chimbo watershed were identified using qualitative and quantitative methods. The methods provide similar results and identified four main livelihoods: households engaged in diversified activities, agricultural markets, non-farm activities, and agricultural wage work. Most households are engaged in agricultural markets followed by households in diversified activities. Households engaged in agricultural markets own higher amounts of natural and physical resources, while households engaged in non-farm activities have, on average, more human capital. Households participating in agricultural wage work are mainly from the down-stream watershed and posses less natural, physical and human assets. Factors influencing the selection of livelihood strategies were examined using a multinomial logit model. Variables such as access to irrigation, amount of farm surface and value of physical assets were statistically significant determinants of livelihood selection. Households with higher endowments of natural and physical assets are more likely to engage in agricultural markets and less likely to participate in non-farm activities. Secondary education tends to decrease participation in the agricultural sector while increasing engagement in non-farm activities. Several geographic variables like watershed location, altitude, and distance to rivers and cities are statistically significant determinants of livelihood strategies. The well-being associated with each livelihood strategy was estimated using least squares corrected for selection bias. Since participation in each livelihood is endogenously selected it was necessary to correct for selection. We use the Dubin- McFadden (1984) correction, based on the multinomial logit model. In our models of well-being few variables were statistically significant; this may be due to data limitations. Credit is statistically significant and has a positive effect on wellbeing. A similar positive effect is shown by education but the variable is not statistically significant. An odd result was found in the coefficient of irrigation access. This coefficient appears to decrease household well-being for those engaged in agricultural markets. This result is hard to explain, as we would expect that irrigation would be positively associated with well-being. The lack of access to water in irrigation systems in the region (noted by many respondents) might explain this negative effect. Most households that access irrigation do not have enough water, and access to irrigation does not provide the advantages that it might otherwise. The selection models were used to estimate the amount of well-being that households currently engaged in other livelihoods might receive if they selected a different livelihood. For example, what level of wellbeing would be attained by households currently engaged in agricultural markets if they instead engaged in non-farm activities. Results indicate that most households might achieve higher well-being if they engaged in non-farm activities. However households that want to engage in this sector require special skills or assets that are not easy to obtain; thus there are constraining barriers to diversification in the watershed. Several policy changes were simulated to determine their impacts on livelihood choice and household well-being. First a policy change that provides wider education to households in the region was assumed, with more education livelihood strategy selection moves towards the non-farm sector and away from agricultural wage work. These changes generate positive effects on household well-being. The second policy change was creating wider access to irrigation. This change moves livelihood strategies towards agricultural production and away from diversification and non-farm activities, and it had the effect of decreasing household well-being. This was unexpected but it is explained by the negative coefficient of irrigation access in the well-being model. These two policy changes were made to variables that are not statistically significant determinants in the well-being models but were highly significant determinants of livelihood strategies. The third and final policy was wider access to formal credit. Although credit is not a variable that affects the selection of livelihood strategies, it has an important effect on well-being. This policy change generates the highest increment in average well-being. However even though credit is available, if it is not used for productive purposes, it might represent an unnecessary cost for the households instead of being beneficial.Master of Science
LTRA-3 (Watershed-based NRM for Small-scale Agriculture)
32
House, Krista Lynn. "Absent ones who are always present, migration, remittances, and household survival strategies in Guatemala". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0005/MQ42631.pdf.
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Alpízar, Carlos Andrés. "Risk coping strategies and rural household production efficiency quasi-experimental evidence from El Salvador /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180206697.
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Kitamura, Yukinobu. "Household saving and bequest behaviour : an intertemporal-strategic approach with special reference to Japan". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303612.
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Sonmez, Abdulkerim. "Peasant household survival strategies : rural transformation in the heartland of Turkey's hazelnut production belt". Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5616/.
Texto completoResumen
This study analyses the dynamics of persistence of the peasantry in a capitalist social formation through a case study of a village (Kayadibi) of hazelnut producers in the Central Black Sea region of Turkey. In the analysis the peasant household is given analytical priority as it is seen to be the single most important social institution through which the peasantry interacts, condition and is conditioned by the wider social, economic and political structures. Within such an analytical framework, this study concentrates on three areas of inquiry concerning the dynamics of survival of peasant modes. This is carried out in the context of the process of rural socio-economic transformation which took place under the impact of capitalism and with the start of hazelnut production for the world market in the early nineteenth century. These are: (1) the historical and contingent factors which contributed to the emergence and decline of big land- ownership and the new forms of development of capitalism in agriculture; (2) the areas of disputes and clashes of interests between the peasantry, the state and the merchants concerning the actual form of organization of the commodity and credit markets and further development or restriction of hazelnut production in the country; and (3) the patterns and mechanisms which enable the peasant households to have continuous access to land, labour and credit. The thesis arrives at the conclusion that the key to the persistence of the peasantry, as a property-owning social category of the society in a capitalist formation, is its strategy of diversifying its sources of income in order to decrease the degree of its dependency on land-bound agricultural production. This is combined with the strategy of consolidating its savings in the means of production in its own possession instead of using them to improve its standards of living and consumption.
36
Selolwane, Onalenna Doo. "Labour allocation and household incomes strategies in Western Ngamiland, Botswana : implications for agricultural development". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316147.
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Diriba, Getachew. "Famine and food security in Kembatana Hadiya, Ethiopia : a study of household survival strategies". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293659.
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Alpizar, Carlos Andres. "Risk coping strategies and rural household production efficiency: quasi-experimental evidence from El Salvador". The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1180206697.
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Porter, Matthew R. Porter. "Farm Household Motivations and Diversification Strategies of Organic Farmers at the Rural Urban Interface". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469172871.
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Lee, Kiyoung. "Multiple wage-earner strategies in southeast asian refugee households during early resettlement /". The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487942182323758.
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Clifton, Kelly. "Mobility strategies and provisioning activities of low-income households in Austin, Texas /". Digital version, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008305.
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Nyholt, Sanna. "Herrgårdshushåll i Västmanland. En studie av herrgårdshushåll och arbetsorganisation i Munktorp- och Rytterne socken 1705-1849". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-217019.
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This study aims to investigate the domestic and work organization at the mansions located in the south of Västmanlands county years 1705-1849. The study takes into account the manors' size, ownership, owners' status and social changes. The study includes both large manors with noble owners and smaller manors with bourgeois owners. The study examines how the households were formed, how they changed over time and how thet may have links to the Manor's ownership and size. The organization of labour is studied on the basis of how it changed over time and what it may have links to the owners ' status and the manors size. The focus is to answer how the connection was between household size, its composition, organization of labour and the owner’s status in the society. Also if a difference can be seen between the strategies of the noble owners compared to the bourgeois owners.
43
Chevo, Tafadzwa. "The construction of household livelihood strategies in urban areas: the case of Budiriro, Harare, Zimbabwe". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63043.
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The main objective of this thesis is to understand and explain the ongoing construction of livelihood activities by urban households in the low-income high-density area of Budiriro, Harare, Zimbabwe in a context characterised by systemic crisis and a general decline of the national economy. The study utilised a mixed methods research approach, which combined both qualitative and quantitative research, including a survey, life histories and focus group discussions. The thesis discusses a diverse range of livelihood activities of Budiriro households, such as formal employment, informal trading and agricultural activities, and the ways in which households seeks to diversify their livelihood portfolio. It does this by way of also examining the contemporary and historical factors influencing the livelihood activities pursued by these households, along with the shocks and disturbances encountered and experienced by households in trying to construct viable livelihoods. The thesis makes useful contributions to the existing literature on livelihoods studies. Firstly, the thesis disaggregates the households by showing the existence of three wealth categories in Budiriro and the varying livelihood strategies of households in different wealth categories. Secondly, the study highlights the significance of intra-household dynamics in Budiriro for livelihoods as well as of inter-household kinship networks, which transcend the urban space and entail multi-spatial livelihoods. Thirdly, the thesis examines livelihoods over time, such that it goes beyond a strictly synchronic examination, therefore providing a diachronic analysis of diverse and complicated livelihood pathways. Finally, the Livelihoods Framework is located within broader macro-sociological theorising including the work of Pierre Bourdieu. In this respect, important insights arise about livelihood choices and practices in the light of ongoing debates within sociology about human agency.
44
Acheampong, Emmanuel. "Sustainable livelihoods of forest fringe communities : forests, trees and household livelihood strategies in southern Ghana". Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5460.
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Forests play fundamental roles in supporting rural livelihoods in Ghana. They form an integral part of the rural economy, providing subsistence goods and services as well as items of trade. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) contribute in many ways to improving diets, combating hunger and increasing incomes for rural households in Ghana. Indeed, wild plants and animals have traditionally been the major insurance of many rural households against food and livelihood insecurity. Yet past forestry development efforts have primarily focused on timber, and on building the forest capital, without paying equal attention to how these particular assets combine with others to sustain livelihoods, especially for the poor. This oversight has resulted in gaps in our understanding of the contribution of forest products to sustainable livelihoods. This study focuses primarily on the role of forest products (especially NTFPs) in rural livelihoods, the institutional issues that mediate local people's access to forest products, the impact of forest degradation and decline on rural livelihoods, and the forms of adaptation to forest resources decline. By combining qualitative and quantitative processes of enquiry (rapid rural appraisal, household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, household case studies, literature search and direct detailed observations), the extent and manner in which forest-based resources form part of livelihood structures of forest and near-forest dwellers was examined in three forest fringe communities in the Wassa Amenfi District of southern Ghana. The results of this study reveal that NTFPs provide critical resources across southern Ghana, fulfilling nutritional, medicinal, cultural and financial needs, especially during periods of seasonal hardship and emergencies. Virtually all households consume a wide variety of forest foods, and forest-based activities provide one of the most common income-earning options for households throughout the study area. The contribution of forests and forest products to rural livelihoods is also manifested in the spiritual, cultural and traditional values placed on them. Forest products feature in many cultural ceremonies such as marriages, funerals, initiations, the installation of chiefs and the celebration of births. In spite of the important contribution of forest resources to rural livelihoods, current statutes in Ghana do not recognise indigenous rights to NTFPs in forest reserve areas. All products within forest reserves, including timber and NTFPs are vested in the government. Local people must obtain permits to harvest products from forest reserves. Similarly, all naturally occurring timber trees - whether on private or on communal land, or even on private farms - 'belong' to the government. It is an offence for an individual or community to cut or sell timber or merchantable tree species without permission from the Forestry Department (FD). Local people resent this form of exclusion and see the permit system as too expensive and complicated. This policy of exclusion discourages any sense of stewardship or responsibility towards forest resources. It alienates, and is a strong disincentive to local management of forests and timber resources. Because of this, people harvest NTFPs profligately and often destroy valuable timber species on their farms before concessionaires can gain access to them. The potential of forest products to continue to support rural livelihoods in Ghana can only be realised by an increase in the stream of forest benefits to local people. This will require security of access to forest resources, local incentives to protect the forest and its timber resources, and the involvement of local communities in forest management. These are critical issues if local communities are to use the forest resources in their localities sustainably. Because local communities are primary users of forest products, and create rules that significantly affect forest condition, their inclusion in forestry management schemes is essential.
45
Muthwa, Sibongile Winnifred. "Economic survival strategies of female-headed households, the case of Soweto, South Africa". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261888.
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Schwartz, Linda Mary. "Grandmothers, mothers and daughters : transformations and coping strategies in Xhosa households in Grahamstown". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006190.
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The aim of this oral history study is to explore the ways in which constructions of gender have brought women to the point where they now bear most of the burden of responsibility in their relationships with men and for the wellbeing of children. This study speaks into the gap of the undocumented history of women's lived experience as told by women themselves. It is a generational study which charts the transformations and coping strategies of women in Xhosa households since the 1940s. The study found that the familial burdens related to women's sexuality and fertility, raising of children and financial responsibilities in a time of HIV / AIDS have increased. Teenage pregnancies, the discipline of children, HIV / AIDS and the ever present aspects of poverty are major issues these women face. The stress of day to day demands on their lives precluded them the opportunity to reflect on the underlying causes and historical roots of their circumstances. Little understanding of the gendered order of their lives was expressed by the respondents. The use of feminist methodology authenticated the women's stories as they produced knowledge of their lived experience. The interview questions raised awareness of the gender bias underlying much of their struggles at home.KMBT_363
Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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Magunda, Douglas. "Surviving in a Socio-Economic Crisis: Strategies of Low Income Urban Households in Dzivaresekwa: Zimbabwe". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8994_1260361896.
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For close to a decade, Zimbabwe has experienced a protracted socio-economic crisis. Although it is affecting both rural and urban areas, major forms of formal safety nets by the Government and Non-Governmental Organisations have been confined to rural areas. On the other hand the virtual collapse of the formal food marketing system in urban areas and the high formal unemployment rates have contributed to increased vulnerability of low income urban households to food insecurity. Using qualitative research methods, the study set out to understand livelihoods of low income urban households in Dzivaresekwa. In particular strategies low income households employ to cope with the negative macro-economic environment prevailing in Zimbabwe.
48
Pote, Charity. "Exploring the experiences and challenges of food insecurity in child-headed households in Ingwavuma: A bio-ecological perspective". University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7053.
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Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS)Child-headed households (CHHs) are a recent development that has become progressively noticeable not only in South Africa but also internationally. This phenomenon arose as a result of the death of parents or abandonment of children by their primary caregivers. The Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has taken away the lives particularly of many adults, leaving children orphaned and having to take on the adults’ responsibilities. In the past, relatives or the extended family would take the responsibility of caring and providing for orphaned children but, with current economic hardships, most families are unable to take the extra responsibility. As a result, older siblings become caregivers to their younger siblings. Unfortunately, when parents die, children often lose access to adequate food, social grants, education and health services. Despite the fact that it is the right of all South Africans, including children, to have access to sufficient food, many households, including CHHs, are living in poverty. As a result, they are vulnerable to food insecurity, leading to developmental, social and emotional challenges. The aim of the present study was to explore and describe the experiences, challenges and coping strategies of CHHs with food insecurity in Ingwavuma, from a bio-ecological perspective. Ingwavuma is a small rural town in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The study makes recommendations for social work projects, education and future research regarding CHHs’ experiences of food insecurity. This is a qualitative study that utilised an explorative-descriptive methodological approach. Purposive sampling was used to select 20 children between the ages of 13 and 18 years old from CHHs in Ingwavuma. One-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants at their homes in the town.
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Jarvis, Helen Clare. "Negotiating gender divisions of labour : the role of household strategies in explaining residential mobility in Britain". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1520/.
Texto completoResumen
The profile and geography of employment in Britain is undergoing considerable change. This is demonstrated most visibly in terms of gender composition; in rising numbers of women in paid employment; the replacement of full time with part time employment; in de-regulation and the proliferation of temporary and insecure employment. With increasing numbers of 'wives' and 'mothers' in paid employment this restructuring is reflected in a new and changing geography of household divisions of labour. Paradoxically, this global push towards greater labour market flexibility has implications for reduced labour mobility. Conventionally, a mobile labour force is considered the mainstay of a flexible labour market. A paradox emerges from an understanding that, rather than being individuated, labour is situated within particular household structures. Moreover, within such structures the co-ordination of home and work imposes further significant (time-space) constraints. These constraints suggest that decisions concerning residential location must increasingly facilitate both male and female employment as well as daily household practices of consumption, production and reproduction. Frequently, such practices entail an intimate connection between the household and networks of paid and unpaid labour which are rooted in the locale. This thesis provides both a conceptual and an empirical link between housing and labour markets. It draws upon multiple method research to consider the extent to which a causal relationship exists between household employment structure and relative rates of residential mobility. Secondary data from the UK Census of Population provides an extensive backdrop of trends for Britain in the 1990's. Qualitative biographical research provides insight into the processes of residential mobility such as those of 'bargaining power' in household decision-making. Evidence from the extensive research suggests that single earner households are more mobile than households with two full time earners. Household biographies demonstrate, however, that residential mobility behaviour is inadequately explained by economic factors alone.
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Mohamed, Farzana S. 1977. "Household-level point-of-use water filtration system in Haiti : strategies for program management and sustainability". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39400.
Texto completoResumen
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-33).
The traditional approach of providing safe drinking water supplies through centralized large-scale systems has proven ineffective, costly, and elusive, particularly in serving the needs of rural populations in developing countries. The focus of safe water provision in developing countries is steadily shifting to the use of a body of smaller-scale point-of-use technologies, in which water is treated by its end user, that are cheaper, more appropriate for such contexts, and locally controlled. Oift of Water, Inc., (OWl), is a Florida-based non-profit organization that has been developing and implementing point-of-use household-level water purification projects in Haiti since its inception six years ago. In addition to providing seven Haitian communities with inexpensive point-of-use treatment systems for use in individual homes, OWl trains and actively supports a network of community technicians who are responsible for monitoring and troubleshooting filter programs, and for educating community members in the use of OWl's systems. This thesis reviews the development of OWl's programs in Haiti, recommends strategies for program management, and suggests mechanisms for ensuring program sustainability.
by Farzana S. Mohamed.
M.Eng.
M.C.P.