Tesis sobre el tema "Hôte-Pathogen"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Hôte-Pathogen".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Ayenoue, Siadous Fernande. "Manipulation des mécanismes cellulaires de la cellule hôte par deux effecteurs de Coxiella burnetii". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT016/document.
Texto completoIntracellular pathogenic bacteria manipulate host cell functions by secreting virulence factors (known as effectors) into the cytoplasm of the infected cell. This process allows the pathogen to proliferate in an otherwise hostile environment. The identification and characterization of the specific effectors of the various pathogens is therefore of crucial importance to counteract bacterial infections. Coxiella burnetii is a Class 3 gram-negative pathogen that causes Q fever, a zoonosis that causes major epidemics with a high impact on the economy and health. The natural reservoirs of Coxiella are mainly farm animals that can contaminate the environment by excreting the bacteria mainly in parturition products, vaginal mucus and feces. Human is then infected by inhalation of pseudo-spores disseminated in the environment. The obligate intracellular nature of Coxiella has so far severely limited its study, and as result, bacterial virulence factors involved in the development and progression of infection remain largely unknown. Coxiella replicates within host cells in a large vacuole with autolysosomal characteristics. The development of vacuole and survival of Coxiella in the host cell depend on the translocation of bacterial effectors by the type 4 Dot / Icm secretion system (SST4B) and the manipulation of many trafficking and signaling pathways of the host cell. Our team has generated and screened the first library of Coxiella transposon mutants, leading to the identification of a significant number of candidate virulence determinants and effector proteins. My thesis project is based on the characterization of two effectors of Coxiella, CvpF and AnkA, from the mutant library generated by the team. Mutants of these effectors exhibit defect in intracellular replication and vacuole development phenotypes. Here, we demonstrate that the effector CvpF is a substrate of the SST4B that localizes to vacuoles containing Coxiella (CCV). CvpF is also able to interact with Rab26, leading to the recruitment of the LC3B autophagosomal marker to CCV. cvpF mutants exhibit in vitro and in vivo replication deficiencies, suggesting that diversion of autophagy by this effector is crucial for Coxiella virulence. As for cvpF mutants, ankA mutants show the same in vitro defect of replication and the protein AnkA is a substrate of the SST4. AnkA contains Ankyrin repetition patterns located on its N-terminal domain. The bacterium induces an AnkA-dependent hyperfusion of mitochondria. Our results show that AnkA interacts with Drp1, a motor protein involved in mitochondrial fission, and that this interaction as well as mitochondrial hyperfusion is dependent on the domain containing Ankyrin-repeat motifs. The mechanism by which AnkA acts on Drp1 remains to be determined. However, the observed effects on mitochondria suggest that the organelle's manipulation by the bacterium promotes the development of the vacuole and the intracellular replication of the pathogen. To conclude, our research strongly suggests that multiple Coxiella effectors manipulate host cell pathways to ensure the efficient intracellular development of this pathogen
Duperthuy, Marylise. "Effecteurs moléculaires de lassociation Crassostrea gigas / Vibrio splendidus. Rôle de la porine OmpU dans les mécanismes de résistance et déchappement à la réponse immunitaire de lhôte". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20060.
Texto completoVibrio splendidus LGP32 is a bacterial pathogen associated to the summer mortality outbreaks that have affected the production of Crassostrea gigas oysters over the past decades. We showed here that the OmpU porin is a major effector of the V. splendidus / C. gigas interaction. For that, we have constructed a ΔompU mutant of V. splendidus, and shown that the OmpU porin is implicated (i) in the resistance of V. splendidus to antimicrobials, including those of oyster, (ii) in its in vivo fitness, and (iii) in its virulence in oyster experimental infections (mortalities have been reduced from 56 % to 11 % upon mutation). In agreement, we have shown that the ompU deletion modified the expression of secreted proteins controlled by the virulence (ToxR) and the membrane integrity (SigmaE) regulation pathways. Furthermore, we have shown that OmpU has a major role in the recognition of V. splendidus by oyster hemocytes. Indeed, (i) in vivo, hemocyt e genes displayed differential responses to an infection with the wild-type or the ΔompU mutant, and (ii) in vitro, OmpU was necessary for hemocyte invasion by V. splendidus. This invasion process required the hemocyte b-integrin and the oyster plasma extracellular SOD, which was found to act as an opsonin recognizing OmpU. Thus, OmpU is a major virulence factor that allows infection of hemocytes in which V. splendidus is able to survive by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species and the formation of acidic vacuoles. Resistance of V. splendidus to hemocyte antimicrobials, which is also OmpU-dependant, is probably an additional determinant of V. splendidus intracellular survival
Haller, Samantha. "Etude des interactions hôte-pathogène entre Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Drosophilia melanogaster dans un modèle d'infection intestinale". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ061/document.
Texto completoDuring my PhD, I studied the host-pathogen interactions between Drosophila melanogaster and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. We previously identified RhlR as a bacterial transcription factor that allows the bacteria to circumvent phagocytosis. My main PhD project was to study and identify how RhlR exerts this function. My first results suggested that RhlR plays also a role independently its the quorum sensing. A screen of PA14 mutants allowed me to identify three genes involved in PA14 virulence and possibility in RhlR function: xcpR, vfR and sltB1. By using tep4 fly mutants, I have shown that RhlR’s role against phagocytosis is most likely required at the level of PA14 detection. Beside this, my results indicated that possibly a volatile compound is involved to synchronize PA14 virulence. In the last part, I studied the effects of a co-infection between an enteric virus and PA14
Feurtey, Alice. "Hybridations inter-spécifiques chez le pommier et co-évolution hôte-pathogène". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS446/document.
Texto completoIn the first part of my thesis project, I studied the evolutive history of apple tree species in Europe, including interspecific hybridizations. Analyses of whole genome data confirmed that the progenitor species of the cultivated apple tree was M. sieversii, a Central Asia wild apple tree, but also that a high proportion of European cultivated varieties form a genetic group distinct from the wild species. These varieties show traces of introgressions from M. sylvestris and of population subdivision along an East-West axis. Microsatellite markers also showed that introgressions from the cultivated apple were also quite frequent in wild apple tree populations and thus threaten their genetic integrity. We found that introgression levels were correlated to anthropic activities of apple tree cultivation and gave rise to hybrids with no detectable reduced fitness on the traits measured. Our study of the European wild apple tree phylogeography allowed us to detect differentiated genetic groups resulting from the past climatic history of the planet and which should be considered as different evolutionary significant units in conservation.In the second part of my thesis project, I studied coevolution between plant species and their pathogenic fungi in two different systems. I first compared the evolutive history of cultivated and wild apple trees in Central Asia and that of their scab pathogen, Venturia inaequalis. In the Kazakhstan Mountains, the cultivated apple tree has been reintroduced back from Europe during the last two centuries. This created a secondary contact zone, not only between the two apple tree species, but also between the agricultural and the wild types of V. inaequalis. While the invasion of natural populations by the cultivated apple trees still seems geographically limited, the agricultural pathogen is widespread in the forests and on the wild host trees. However, the number of hybrids in the pathogen was limited, probably because of intrinsic reproductive barriers since no ecological barriers were found. I also compared spatial genetic structures at the European scale in the plant Silene latifolia and its anther-smut pathogen Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae. Our dataset included genotypes from the pathogens and the plants on which they were collected, and the population structures appeared remarquably congruent. Three phylogenetic groups were identified in these both species, corresponding with the temperate species range contraction-expansion cycles during the past glaciations. A substructure was identified in the pathogen suggesting the possibility of a more complex history
Burette, Mélanie. "Etude de la réplication intracellulaire et de la persistance de Coxiella burnetii, agent pathogène de la Fièvre Q". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT053.
Texto completoIntracellular replication and persistence strategies of the Q fever pathogenCoxiella burnetiiCoxiella burnetii is the causative agent of human Q Fever, considered as one of the most relevant re- emerging zoonosis in Europe. C. burnetii infects humans through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols, causing epidemics with serious economic and health consequences. Following internalisation, C. burnetii subverts host cell functions to inhibit the innate immune response and generate a replicative niche called CCV (Coxiella-containing vacuole) characterised by a unique protein and lipid composition. My thesis project focuses on the study of the host/pathogen interactions underlying the persistence and intracellular replication of C. burnetii.First, the function of the effector protein NopA was discovered showing how this protein inhibits the innate immune response in infected cells. The results obtained during my PhD have shown that NopA interacts with Ran and triggers an imbalance in its nucleocytoplasmic gradient, thereby perturbing the nuclear import of eukaryotic proteins and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In parallel, the role of lipid metabolism in the establishment of the CCV was investigated. By using a wide array of lipid probes and confocal microscopy, the lipid signature of CCVs was determined and revealed that PI(4)P and LBPA are actively subverted by C. burnetii during infection. Lipid pulldown assays then led to the identification of C. burnetii candidate effector proteins interacting with host cell lipids. One of them, CBU0635, is a putative phosphoinositide phosphatase that diverts the secretory pathway to the forming Coxiella- containing vacuole while CBU2007 manipulates lysobisphosphatidic acid metabolism to recruit the ESCRT machinery and block the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies. These results help to better understand intracellular replication and persistence strategies of C. burnetii and could allow the development of new antimicrobials and the therapeutic repurposing of C. burnetii proteins
Cossé, Mathilde. "Identification et caractérisation d'un nouvel effecteur précoce de Chlamydia trachomatis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066083.pdf.
Texto completoC. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria and a human pathogen. It is the most prevalent cause of sexually transmitted diseases of bacterial origin and a leading cause of preventable blindness in the developing world. During their biphasic developmental cycle the bacteria remains in a membrane-bounded cellular compartment called an inclusion. Using a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) they translocate effector proteins inside the cytosol of the cell to promote its survival and multiplication.The aim of the PhD was to study the function of CT622, a hypothetic protein from C. trachomatis. We showed that CT622 is an effector protein from the T3SS and that it is secreted early during the infection. We identified a bacterial protein that binds to CT622, and we showed that it acts as a chaperone, stabilizing CT622 and enhancing its secretion. We obtained bacteria lacking CT622 expression, thus demonstrating that CT622 is not essential for bacterial growth in vitro. However, preliminary studies indicate that in the absence of CT622 bacterial development is delayed and T3SS is defective.We identified several molecules interacting with CT622: geranylgeranyl diphosphate, Rab39 and Atg16L1 proteins. Future work will aim at understanding how these identified interactions, or other bacterial or cellular partners still to be discovered, contribute to the establishment of a niche favorable to bacterial development
Rubio, Tristan. "Diversité des mécanismes d’interactions des vibrios du clade Splendidus et de leur hôte, l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT098/document.
Texto completoIn the Splendidus clade, Vibrio tasmaniensis and Vibrio crassostreae are two populations of virulent vibrio for oysters that are associated to "juvenile oyster mortality syndrome". Here we were interested in the diversity of interaction mechanisms between the vibrios and their host, the oyster Crassostrea gigas. First, we investigated the pathogenesis process of the strain V. tasmaniensis LGP32 and showed that it exerts a cytotoxic activity against oyster immune cells, the hemocytes, which depend on its entry into the cells through phagocytosis. Transcriptomic analysis of LGP32 response during intracellular stage revealed a crucial role for antioxydant systems and copper efflux in intraphagosomal survival of the bacteria. From a functional point of view, we showed that this virulence mechanisms of LPG32 play a major role in pathogenesis in vivo. Second, we realized a comparative study of the interaction mechanisms between representative strains of the two populations V. tasmaniensis and V. crassostreae with the oyster. Virulent strains from both populations were cytotoxic for hemocytes but this cytotoxicity was independant of phagocytosis in the case of V. crassostreae, in contrary to V. tasmaniensis. Transcriptomic analysis of the oyster responses during infection showed that virulent strains of both populations repressed the expression of genes involved in antibacterial responses. However, some pecific responses were also identified for each virulent strain, highlighting some diversity of interactions. In vivo, virulent strains were able to colonize oyster tissues, in contrary to non-virulent strains, which were controlled by hemocytes. Our work show, although a certain degree of diversity and specificity exist in the interactions between different vibrios of the Splendidus clade and oysters, both virulent populations are cytotoxic for immune cells, and this process is essential for their infectious success. Thus, the capacity to overcome the hemocyte defenses is a conserved phenotype between distinct virulent populations of vibrios from the Splendidus clade. Hence, it would be of particular interest to determine the evolutionary processes that drove the emergence of common virulence traits in distinct populations of pathogens
Juan, Pierre-Alexandre. "Identification du système de transformation naturelle de Legionella pneumophila". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10315.
Texto completoUnder certain growth conditions, some bacteria are able to develop a « competence » state for natural transformation, that is, to express a panel of genes involved in the assembly of a DNA uptake system that allows bacteria to take up and recombine free exogenous DNA, leading to a genetic and phenotypic transformation. Natural transformation may have played a role in the evolution of the L. pneumophila genome.Thus, the main objective of this work was to describe the main components of the L. pneumophila DNA uptake system and to investigate its role regarding the host-pathogen interaction. Transcriptomic analysis and directed mutagenesis permitted to identify the main components of the system which is not involved in bacterial virulence. The system include a transformation pilus that is a structure frequently found in transformable species. The role of the structural protein MreB has also been investigated.By describing a first model of the natural transformation system of L. pneumophila, this work paves the way to a deeper analysis of the system dynamics and, more generally, to a better understanding of natural transformation in Gram-negative species
Squiban, Barbara. "Criblage par ARN interférence du génome complet de C. elegans pour l' identification de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans l' immunité innée". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4056.
Texto completoTo investigate innate immune signaling, we study the interaction of C. elegans with the fungus Drechmeria coniospora. One of the responses of the worm to this infection is the up-regulation of a variety of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in the epidermis. Transgenic worms carrying a GFP reporter gene under the control of an AMP promoter fluoresce green after infection by D. coniospora. If a gene required for AMP gene expression is inactivated, the reporter strain will not turn green upon infection. Using this fluorescent read-out, we have been able to screen for signaling molecules required for AMP gene expression using a quantitative semi-automated RNAi approach. We have screened two RNAi libraries that together cover 95% of the ca. 20,000 genes in the C. elegans genome and we obtained 360 high-confidence candidates that reduced the level of induction of green fluorescence after infection, and correspond to 343 genes. A further phenotypic characterization allowed the candidates to be grouped into distinct functional categories and allowed the identification of both a receptor acting upstream the p38 MAPK pathway necessary for the activation of the AMPs, and the implication of stress granules during infection. Altogether, the screen data and its analysis represent the foundation for the establishment of a comprehensive description of the signaling network regulating the innate immune system of the worm and will shed light on the complex interactions between immunity and other physiological processes at the molecular, cellular and organismal level
Richetta, Clémence. "Étude du rôle de l'autophagie dans l'infection par le virus de la rougeole : mécanismes d'induction et conséquences sur le cycle viral". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01045022.
Texto completoGazanion, Elodie. "Activité ambivalente du nicotinamide chez le parasite Leishmania : adjuvant thérapeutique dans le traitement des leishmanioses et précurseur majeur du NAD+ chez le parasite". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20191.
Texto completoNicotinamide is a vitamin provided by food that is already used in human therapy. In Leishmania protozoan parasites, this molecule shows toxic activity against parasites and has synergistic activity with antimonials, the main drugs used to treat leishmaniasis. By investigating the mode of action of this cheap vitamin, we discovered that nicotinamide is in fact the main precursor of NAD+ synthesis in Leishmania, a redox cofactor essential for all living cells. Leishmania are indeed devoid of a de novo NAD+ pathway and must synthesize it by scavenging precursors from their environment (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide riboside). This NAD+ auxotrophy reveals a mixed pattern of activity of nicotinamide in Leishmania, i.e. toxic at high concentrations but also essential for parasite survival through its role in NAD+ synthesis. All enzymes of the Leishmania NAD+ salvage pathway were then identified from genome databases. We focused on a putative nicotinamidase, which has no homolog in mammals and governs the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, the first step in the NAD+ salvage pathway. Since this enzyme could be considered as an attractive therapeutic target to develop specific parasite inhibitors, we performed a functional analysis of the corresponding gene. Targeted deletion of the nicotinamidase encoding gene induced a marked drop in parasite NAD+ content and a phenotype with strongly delayed growth. Additionally, these mutants are unable to establish durable infections in mice. The crystal structure of the nicotinamidase from L. infantum will allow us to develop specific inhibitors against this new therapeutic target
Cossé, Mathilde. "Identification et caractérisation d'un nouvel effecteur précoce de Chlamydia trachomatis". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066083/document.
Texto completoC. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria and a human pathogen. It is the most prevalent cause of sexually transmitted diseases of bacterial origin and a leading cause of preventable blindness in the developing world. During their biphasic developmental cycle the bacteria remains in a membrane-bounded cellular compartment called an inclusion. Using a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) they translocate effector proteins inside the cytosol of the cell to promote its survival and multiplication.The aim of the PhD was to study the function of CT622, a hypothetic protein from C. trachomatis. We showed that CT622 is an effector protein from the T3SS and that it is secreted early during the infection. We identified a bacterial protein that binds to CT622, and we showed that it acts as a chaperone, stabilizing CT622 and enhancing its secretion. We obtained bacteria lacking CT622 expression, thus demonstrating that CT622 is not essential for bacterial growth in vitro. However, preliminary studies indicate that in the absence of CT622 bacterial development is delayed and T3SS is defective.We identified several molecules interacting with CT622: geranylgeranyl diphosphate, Rab39 and Atg16L1 proteins. Future work will aim at understanding how these identified interactions, or other bacterial or cellular partners still to be discovered, contribute to the establishment of a niche favorable to bacterial development
Lucas, Cécily. "Rôle de l'autophagie dans la réponse de l'hôte suite à l'infection par des Escherichia Coli producteurs de colibactine isolés de patients atteints d'un cancer colorectal". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAS016/document.
Texto completoSeveral studies have shown a role of intestinal microbiota in CRC etiology, which is the third cause of death by cancer in the world. Especially, colonic mucosa of CRC patient is abnormally colonized with E. coli strains which often carry the pathogenic pks island, leading to the synthesis of a genotoxin called by colibactin. Colibactin-producing E. coli strains induce DNA double strand breaks, chromosomic aberration and senescence in host cells enhancing the cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis in mouse models of CRC. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of autophagy, a key process in cellular homeostasis, in host defense against infection by pks-harboring E. coli (E. coli/pks+). We showed the increased expression of different autophagy-related genes in the mucosa of CRC patients colonized with E. coli/pks+ compared to that of patients colonized with E. coli without the pks island. In vitro and in vivo, we showed that autophagy is activated in intestinal epithelial cells upon infection in order to limit the pro-tumoral effects of E. coli/pks+. In a murine model of CRC, the ApcMin/+ mouse model, deficient for the Atg16l1 autophagy gene specifically in intestinal epithelial cells, we have shown a complex role of autophagy in colorectal carcinogenesis. Indeed, in uninfected conditions, autophagy plays a pro-tumoral role. However, following infection with the E. coli/pks+ 11G5 strain, mice deficient for autophagy exhibit increased tumorigenesis, accompanied by increased DNA damage, cell proliferation, and inflammation. These results suggest that autophagy is necessary to inhibit the pro-tumoral effects of E. coli/pks+ strains and thus limit the colorectal carcinogenesis induced by the latter. Future works using mouse models of CRC are required to study the role of autophagy in colonic tumorigenesis suppression following infection with E. coli/pks+. Different mechanism such as inhibition of cellular proliferation and immune response, modification of the composition of the gut microbiota will be analyzed. Together, those results will highlight the role of autophagy as a host defense mechanism against the pro-tumoral effects of pks-harboring E. coli strains. This work could also open the door to new therapeutic options in the treatment of CRC and therefore have a great impact on public health
Belair, Cédric. "Rôle des microARNs dans les infections bactériennes chez l’Homme : le modèle Helicobacter pylori". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21768/document.
Texto completoMicroRNAs, post-transcriptionnal regulators of eukaryotic gene expression, are implicated in host defense against pathogens. Viruses and bacteria have evolved strategies to suppress miRNA functions with the aim to establish a sustainable infection. In this work, we report that Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium responsible for severe human gastric inflammatory diseases and cancers, down-regulates an embryonic-specific microRNAs cluster in a gastric epithelial cell line. We reveal by using a deep sequencing approach that hsa-miR-372 is the most abundant miRNA expressed in this gastric cell line where, together with hsa-miR-373, it promotes cell proliferation by silencing the expression of a cell cycle inhibitor, the LArge Tumor Suppressor 2 (LATS2). Upon H. pylori infection, miR-372&373 synthesis is inhibited, leading to the derepression of LATS2 and thus, to a cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition. Importantly, this down-regulation of a specific cell cycle-regulating microRNA is dependent on the translocation of the bacterial effector CagA into the host cells. These data constitute a novel example of host-pathogen interplay involving microRNAs and unveil the couple LATS2/miR-372&373 as an unexpected mechanism in infection-induced cell cycle arrest in proliferating gastric cells which may be relevant of inhibition of gastric epithelium renewal, a major host defense mechanism against bacterial infections
Guillemet, Martin. "The dynamics of viral adaptation : theoretical and experimental approaches". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG020.
Texto completoMost living organisms on the tree of life can be infected by viruses. The ubiquity of viruses is driven by different factors including high mutation rates, high population sizes and low generation times, which allow for quick adaptation to very different host species. The dynamics of adaptation - the rate of change of the mean fitness of the viral population - results from the interplay between multiple evolutionary forces that may promote or hamper viral adaptation. But the interactions between these different factors may often be difficult to understand. During this PhD we developed a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches to disentangle the influence of some of these factors on viral adaptation.First, we explored the dynamics of viral adaptation to a homogeneous host population. We used Fisher’s Geometric Model of adaptation and studied the joint evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of a viral population spreading in a host population. This modeled allowed us to explore the lethal mutagenesis hypothesis: is it possible to treat viral infections with mutagenic drugs to increase the mutation load of the viral population beyond a threshold that may result in the extinction of the within-host population? We show which parameters affect the critical mutation rate leading to viral extinction and we show how epidemiology and evolution can affect the transient within-host dynamics of the viral population when a single virus life-history trait (transmission rate) is under selection. We extend this modeling framework to study the joint evolution of transmission and virulence during the adaptation of an emerging pathogen. At the beginning of an epidemic, these two traits are expected to evolve independently but a trade-off may build up with viral adaptation.Second, we studied viral adaptation in heterogeneous host populations when the virus spreads among a diversified population of resistance host. We studied the evolutionary emergence of viruses: can viruses avoid extinction by the acquisition of escape mutations allowing them to infect some of the resistant hosts in the population? We developed a simple birth-death process to predict the probability of evolutionary emergence as a function of the composition of the host population. In particular, we show how the proportion of multiple resistant hosts can reduce the risk of pathogen evolutionary emergence. We put some of these predictions to the test using bacteriophages spreading in bacterial populations. We manipulate the diversity of CRISPR immunity in Streptococcus thermophilus bacteria and we confirm the key influence of multiple resistance on the risk of viral adaptation.Third, we also studied viral adaptation in time-varying environments where the host population is allowed to coevolve with the virus. In this experimental project we monitored the adaptation of bacteriophages as they coevolved with the CRISPR immunity of S. thermophilus bacteria. We track reciprocal adaptive changes in which bacteria acquire new layers of resistance (new spacers in the CRISPR array) and phages acquire new escape mutations in the corresponding protospacers. This experiment allows us to monitor the dynamics of viral adaptation across time and space. Interestingly, we find a significant asymmetries in competitive abilities among different bacterial strain in the absence of phage predation. This asymmetric competition has dramatic consequences on the maintenance of diversity of host resistance and on the coevolutionary dynamics with the virus. This thesis demonstrates the possibility to use experimental evolution with microbial microcosms to explore the validity of some theoretical predictions on the dynamics of viral adaptation. This experimental validation is particularly important if one wants to use evolutionary models to make public-health recommendations
Poirier, Aurore. "Etude comparative des interactions Vibrio - phagocytes dans l'environnement marin". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS062/document.
Texto completoVibrio strains belonging to the Splendidus clade have been repeatedly found in juvenile diseased oysters affected by summer mortalities. V. tasmaniensis LGP32 is an intracellular pathogen of oyster hemocytes which has been reported to alter the oxidative burst and inhibit phagosome maturation.We here focus on the interactions between phagocytes and V. tasmaniensis LGP32, at molecular, cellular and environmental scales. In the first part of this work, we uncover anunknown antimicrobial mechanism of C. gigas hemocytes: the formation of DNA extracellular traps (ETs). These ETs are associated with antimicrobial histones and are able to entrap bacteria. As in vertebrates, ETs formation depends on reactive oxygen species production. In addition, the presence of ETs was confirmed in vivo and has been associated with antimicrobial histones accumulation in tissues, in response to injury or infection. In the second part of this work, we studied the interactions between V. tasmaniensis LGP32 and heterotrophic protists found in the oyster’s environment, such as amoebae and ciliates, which feed on microorganisms by phagocytosis. An important result of this workwas that V. tasmaniensis LGP32 resists to phagocytosis by environmental heterotrophic protists, as well as to oyster hemocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first mechanical description of an interaction between marine amoebae and marine pathogenic bacteria. As the amoebae were isolated from the direct environment of oysters, we can presume that the selective pressure exerted by environmental phagocytes could select for virulence and/or phagocytosis resistance traits in marine bacteria as in the case of V. tasmaniensis LGP32
N'gadjaga, Maimouna Djamila Sadio. "Influence and reliance of Chlamydia trachomatis on host glucose metabolism". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS486.
Texto completoMicroorganisms with an intracellular development lifestyle exert a strong pressure on the metabolism of their host, since they obtain all their nutriments from its cytoplasm. The obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis provides an extreme illustration of this: they rely on the host not only for the supply of glucose, their main carbon source, but probably also, at least partially, for the supply of the energy currency generated through glucose catabolism, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These bacteria undergo a particular biphasic developmental cycle: the infectious bacteria, or elementary bodies (EBs), adhere to the membrane of a host cell, typically of the epithelium of the genital tract, and trigger their internalization. Once inside a membrane-bound compartment, called an inclusion, the bacteria express a new set of genes and convert to reticulate bodies (RBs). This only replicative form of the bacteria has a higher metabolism than EBs. Bacteria multiply in the inclusion several times until RBs convert back to EBs, which, once released, can initiate a new infectious cycle. The metabolic pressure exerted by the bacteria on their host thus evolves with time. However, whether infection modulates the metabolism of its host, and the degree of the reliance of individual steps of the bacterial development cycle on host metabolism, remain largely unknown. In this work, using primary epithelial cells and a cell line of non tumoral origin, we showed that the two main ATP producing pathways of the host, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, remained fairly stable during infection. These results suggest that, against our expectations, there is no significant shift of the host metabolism towards glycolysis during infection. Inhibition of either pathway strongly reduced the capacity of the bacteria to undergo a developmental cycle. While EBs showed some degree of energetic autonomy in the synthesis of the first proteins expressed at the onset of infection, a functional glycolysis was necessary for the establishment of early inclusions, while oxidative phosphorylation is less needed at this early stage of development. The relative importance of the two pathways to sustain the initial steps of infection correlates with their relative contribution in maintaining ATP levels in epithelial cells, glycolysis being the main contributor. Altogether, this work confirms the dependence of the bacteria on the ATP production capacity of the host. However, ATP consumption by the bacteria appears to be fairly balanced with the normal production capacity of the host, and the autonomous production capacity of the bacteria, so that no major shift in host metabolism is required to meet bacterial needs
Adams-Ward, Xanthe. "Mécanismes impliqués dans la persistance chez Legionella pneumophila en lien avec la tolérance aux antibiotiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10176.
Texto completoAntibiotic persistence is a mechanism by which bacteria that are genetically susceptible to antibiotics enter a phenotypic state that allows them to survive adverse growth conditions. Antibiotic persisters represent a subpopulation of transiently non-replicative, antibiotic-tolerant bacteria that can resume growth once the antibiotic pressure has been eliminated. Antibiotic persistence is often linked to recurring infections and treatment failure and sometimes associated with the subsequent emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Persistence has been demonstrated for a range of major bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and more recently Legionella pneumophila. L. pneumophila is naturally found in aquatic environments where it replicates in free-living protozoa, such as amoeba. However, this bacterium is also an opportunistic human pathogen, infecting human pneumocytes and lung macrophages following the inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Recurring L. pneumophila infections and treatment failure are associated with a high mortality rate but are rarely linked to the presence of antibiotic resistance. Consequently, it has been hypothesised that recurring legionellosis may be due to the presence of antibiotic persistent bacteria. The aim of this work was to study pairs of clinical isolates from patients with recurring legionellosis (corresponding to initial infection and the recurring episode) in order to identify and explore the impact of antibiotic persistence in a clinical context. The results of this study demonstrate that clinical L. pneumophila isolates are indeed able to form “persisters”, highlighting the potential contribution of this phenotypic state to treatment failure. Furthermore, the capacity of bacteria to form a subpopulation of antibiotic persisters appears to be universal, present in clinical isolates as well as laboratory reference strains of L. pneumophila. These results are presented in the form of an article published in Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology in 2023 (Adams-Ward et al. “Bacterial persistence in Legionella pneumophila clinical isolates from patients with recurring Legionellosis”). The emergence of antibiotic persisters is most often associated with an external stress and the subsequent induction of a bacterial stress response. Several environmental factors implicated in persister formation have already been identified in a number of bacterial species, such as nutrient limitation, antibiotic exposure, and oxidative stress. Additionally, these stressors have been linked to the persistence state via a variety of diverse signalling pathways and molecular mechanisms, for example, toxin-antitoxin systems, the stringent response, and the SOS response. The second objective of this work was to explore the role of ubiquitous bacterial signalling molecule, second messenger cyclic di-GMP, in the formation of L. pneumophila persisters. Specifically, this work focused on the role of several cyclic di-GMP metabolising enzymes (production and/or degradation) in the formation of antibiotic persisters in relation to nitric oxide stress during infection. The preliminary results suggest that there is a strong association between cyclic di-GMP metabolism dynamics and the formation of L. pneumophila persisters in response to host cell pressures. These results open avenues of research for future work to characterise the molecular mechanisms that lead to the apparition of an antibiotic persistent bacterial subpopulation during infection
Pascault, Alice. "Investigating Candida albicans epithelial infection using a high-throughput microscopy-based assay". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS277.pdf.
Texto completoFungal infections are an emerging threat to human health in developed countries. Candida albicans is a dimorphic yeast which colonizes the oral, genital and intestinal mucosa as part of the commensal flora of most of the healthy population. However, it can also lead to local infections such as oral and vaginal thrush and in susceptible patients to severe systemic infections. While much effort has been made in deciphering the interplay between C. albicans and the host at the immunological level, infection begins with invasion of the host epithelium, a process that is only partially understood. At the onset of infection, C. albicans transforms from a yeast to a filamentous hyphal form that can invade and damage epithelial cells, sometimes followed by translocation deeper into host tissues. Several fungal and host molecular factors have been shown to regulate epithelial invasion, including fungal adhesins, invasins and secreted factors such as the fungal toxin candidalysin, as well as host factors such as E-cadherin, which plays a role in C. albicans endocytic uptake. Recent work from our lab based on single cell, live imaging of early invasion into HeLa and Caco-2 cell lines revealed that two invasive lifestyles involving distinct host cellular niches can be exploited by the fungus: (1) Damaging invasion, in which host membranes are breached, leading most often to host cell death; (2) C. albicans trans-cellular tunnelling (CaTCT), in which hyphae extend within host membrane-derived transcellular tunnels without host damage. During CaTCT, hyphae can traverse through several host cells in sequence, leading to the formation of multi-layered tunnel structures. Currently, the molecular factors and cellular mechanisms regulating CaTCT from both the fungal and host sides remain almost entirely undescribed. The objective of my thesis project was to identify and characterize molecular factors and cellular processes regulating early Caco-2 infection by C. albicans, which occurs exclusively via CaTCT for up to 9 hours post-infection. For this purpose, I developed a novel quantitative, high-throughput and universal (i.e. applicable to a wide variety of fungal and host models) experimental imaging assay that uses an automated non-biased approach to provide single cell readouts pertaining to adhesion, hyphal formation, invasion and host damage in a single experiment. I then applied this assay to study several distinct aspects of CaTCT: (1) the function of the fungal Als3 protein in C. albicans adhesion and invasion; (2) the reservoir of host membranes implicated in trans-cellular tunnel formation and extension; (3) the function of the fungal toxin candidalysin and fungal secreted aspartyl proteases (Saps); (4) nutrient uptake and glycogen metabolism ; (5) the role of host secreted IgA in immune defence at the epithelial surface. In order to identify new potential virulence factors, I also employed the assay to screen for differences in epithelial infection between C. albicans clinical strains isolated from commensal and invasive origins. Overall, my work has provided several new insights into the mechanism of CaTCT, which act to further enhance our knowledge of this enigmatic process. Furthermore, the experimental assay developed in this project has important potential applications for future targeted studies and screens relating to C. albicans epithelial infection, as well as infection by other fungal pathogens
Hervet, Éva. "Étude du rôle de la protéine LegK2 dans la virulence de Legionella Pneumophila". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10194.
Texto completoLegionella pneumophila is the most common causative agent of the severe pneumony legionellosis. Legionella pathogenic strains are emerging from the environment after intracellular multiplication in amoeba, are dissiminated by water aerosols technologies, and are able to infect alveolar macrophages of human lungs. This work aims to characterize one family of effectors translocated into the host cytoplasm, namely the protein kinase family, and particularly the role of LegK2 protein kinase in virulence. In silico analysis and in vitro phosphorylation assays allowed the identification of 5 functional protein kinases LegK1-LegK5 encoded by the epidemic L. pneumophila Lens strain. Translocation assays showed that except LegK5, the Legionella protein kinases are translocated. LegK2 plays a key role in bacterial virulence, as demonstrated by gene inactivation. The legK2 mutant containing vacuoles display less efficient recruitment of endoplasmic reticulum markers, which results in delayed intracellular replication. A kinase-dead substitution mutant of legK2 exhibits the same virulence defects. Molecular mechanisms controled by LegK2 have been investigated by searching LegK2 partner and substrate proteins
Majzoub, Karim. "The antiviral siRNA interactome in Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ075/document.
Texto completoFighting viral infections is hampered by the scarcity of viral targets and their variability resulting in development of resistance. Viruses depend on cellular molecules for their life cycle, which are attractive alternative targets, provided that they are dispensable for normal cell fonctions. Using the mode! organism Drosophila melanogaster, we identify the ribosomal protein RACK1 as a cellular factor required for infection by the internai ribosome entry site (IRES) containing virus Drosophila C virus (DCV). We further demonstrate that inhibition of RACK1 in human liver cells impairs hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES-mediated translation and infection. Inhibition of RACK1 in Drosophila and hurnan cells does not affect cell viability and proliferation, and RACK1-silenced adult flies are viable, indicating that this protein is not essential for general translation. Our findings demonstrate a specific function for ribosomal protein RACK 1 in selective mRNA translation and uncover a promising targe! for the development of broad antiviral intervention
Bonnefois, Tiffany. "Expression de marqueurs fluorescents et d'antigènes viraux chez les mycoplasmes, étude d’interactions avec les cellules de l’hôte". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT028/document.
Texto completoA mini-transposon affording unmarked, stable mutagenesis in mycoplasmas was modified to allow gene expression. This tool was first used for the development of fluorescence expression for stable and innocuous whole mycoplasma cell labelling. For this purpose, the fluorescent proteins GFP2, mCherry, mKO2 and mNeonGreen were introduced as chromosomal tags in the phylogenetically distant species Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), resulting in the unprecedented observation of red and green fluorescent mycoplasma colonies in the two species, with no apparent cytotoxicity. Equivalent fluorescence expression levels were quantified by flow cytometry in both species, suggesting that these tools can be broadly applied in mycoplasmas. These fluorescent mycoplasmas were then used to compare the adhesion, invasion and persistence of the two species in different bovine cells. They notably confirmed that M. bovis shows a higher adhesion and proliferation capacity to the inert culture surface and higher adhesion to embryonic lung epithelial cells, which it invades. It also shows an increased resistance to elimination by macrophages. However, fluorescent Mmm were also detected inside the phagocytes 72h post-infection, even at a low MOI. Finally, the expression vector was used to assess the possible use of mycoplasmas as vaccine vectors. For this purpose, we introduced the H gene of the “peste des petits ruminants” virus, already used in effective recombinant vaccines, in a caprine mycoplasma as proof-of-concept of a mycoplasma-based multivalent vaccine. However, despite the detection of specific mRNA, the expression of the viral protein could not be evidenced using a highly a sensitive peptide detection technique by mass spectrometry, so this prove of concept could not be delivered. Still, the fluorescence expression tools developed in this study are suitable for host-pathogen interaction studies and offer innumerable perspectives for the functional analysis of mycoplasmas both in vitro and in vivo
Delisle, Lizenn. "Rôle de la température dans l'interaction huître creuse / Ostreid Herpesvirus de type 1 : réponses transcriptomiques et métaboliques". Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0090/document.
Texto completoCrassostrea gigas is the main species of oyster cultivated in the world. Since 2008, mass mortality events have been affecting oysters aged less than one year old in Europe and Oceania and have been associated with the emergence of the Ostreid herpes virus μVar (OsHV-1 μVar). In Europe, these events are seasonal and occur when the seawater temperature is between 16°C and 24°C. In this work, the effect of high temperatures (21°C, 26°C and 29°C) was evaluated on the susceptibility of oysters to OsHV- 1 but also on the virulence of virus.High temperatures (29°C) reduce the susceptibility of oysters to OsHV-1 without altering the infectivity of the virus and its virulence. High temperature could reduce viral infection and virus synthesis by reducing the expression of host genes that encode proteins involved in transcription and translation, catabolism, metabolites transport, and macromolecules biosynthesis. Finally, the induction of apoptosis, ubiquitinylation processes and immune response could lead to the elimination of OsHV-1
Piel, Damien. "Évolution de la virulence de V. crassostreae en lien avec l’huître en tant qu’hôte et les phages en tant que prédateurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS462.pdf.
Texto completoUnderstanding the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of infectious agents is important for diagnosing, predicting and preventing diseases in farmed and wild species. This project was aimed at studying the evolution of V. crassostreae virulence in relation to the oyster as a host and to the phages as predators. We identified the molecular mechanisms leading to the adaptation of vibrios to oysters. We demonstrated the emergence of virulent strains of V. crassostreae in the area impacted by the juvenile oyster mortality syndrome. The emergence of more virulent V. crassostreae strains is linked to the acquisition of a plasmid encoding a type 6 secretion system responsible for lethal activity towards oyster hemocytes. This project also provides knowledge on the interactions between V. crassostreae and phages such as the identification of the predation unit as well as potential mechanisms involved in strain resistance and phage virulence. This represents a first step towards the development of prophylactic ecofriendly strategies
Zhang, Gaotian. "Microsporidia infections in Caenorhabditis elegans and related nematodes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE014.
Texto completoMicrosporidia are fungi-related intracellular pathogens that infect a great variety of animals, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The first microsporidia isolated from wild C. elegans was named Nematocida parisii in 2008. C. elegans and N. parisii have been used as a powerful model for the study of host-pathogen interactions. However, it was unclear how widespread and diverse microsporidia infections are in C. elegans or other related nematodes in the wild.By sampling rhabditid nematodes worldwide, we established a collection of 47 nematodes that displayed putative microsporidia infections. We characterized molecularly these infections and determined that N. parisii (or N. ironsii) is the most common microsporidia infecting C. elegans in the wild. We further described and named six new Nematocida species. In addition, we defined two new genera of nematode-infecting microsporidia, named Enteropsectra and Pancytospora, which are genetically distinct from Nematocida. Further investigations showed that these microsporidia are diverse in terms of spore size and shape, host tissue tropism, host cell intracellular localization, cellular exit route, host specificity pattern, etc. Overall, these findings illustrate the widespread and diverse microsporidia infections in C. elegans and related nematodes in the wild.We further assayed the natural variation of C. elegans in sensitivity to N. ausubeli infection, by comparing 10 C. elegans strains using food consumption tests. Two C. elegans strains, JU1249 and JU2825, displayed the largest sensitivity differences, which were suggested to be a result of the different tolerance between the two strains. These two strains are proven to be good candidates for future studies on the genetic loci associated with C. elegans sensitivity variation to microsporidian infections. Furthermore, I observed an exciting effect of host-pathogen interaction. Microsporidia infection is able to suppress the progressive decline in fertility in some C. elegans with the mortal germline phenotype (Mrt)
Brelle, Solène. "Phosphorylation et interaction hôte/pathogène : analyse de deux facteurs bactériens sécrétés, la kinase CstK de Coxiella burnetii et la phosphatase PtpA de Staphylococcus aureus". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS094/document.
Texto completoBacterial pathogens have developed diverse strategies towards host signalling pathways, in order to subvert the immune response and/or create permissive niches for their survival. One such strategy is based on the secretion of bacterial signalling proteins into the target host cells, thereby directly modulating the status of host signalling networks. Because the mechanisms involved are largely intractable to most in vivo analyses, very little is known about the signals, sensors, and effectors mediating these adaptations. Sensing the host environment is a key component to execute appropriate developmental programs, and the eukaryotic-like phosphosignaling systems in prokaryotes are emerging as equally important regulatory systems as the well-known eukaryotic systems, but the study of their functions is still in its infancy. The innovative aspect of this project resides in the study of the emerging role of secreted Ser/Thr kinases and phosphatases in the control of host-pathogen interactions thus modifying the global host response during infection. During my thesis, I first investigated the role of a novel bacterial protein kinase identified in Coxiella burnetii that we named CstK (Coxiella serine threonine Kinase). C. burnetii, the etiological agent of the emerging zoonosis Q fever, subverts host cell defenses, permitting its intracellular replication in specialized vacuoles within host cells. Secretion of a large number of bacterial effectors into host cell is absolutely required for rerouting the Coxiella phagosome. We demonstrated that this putative protein kinase identified by in silico analysis of the C. burnetii genome is able to autophosphorylate and undergoes in vitro phosphorylation. Moreover, we identified specific host cell proteins interacting with CstK, by the use of the model amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, an eukaryotic professional phagocyte amenable to genetic and biochemical studies. In the second part of my project, I was interested in the role of a putative secreted protein tyrosine phosphatase (PtpA) during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Well-known in hospital-acquired diseases, this bacteria produces multiple virulence factors that lead to various severe diseases, and the increase of multi-resistant strains is a major concern. This pathogen has the ability to invade and persist in a number of different human host cell types, secreting effector proteins to modulate cellular responses. Here we demonstrated that PtpA is secreted during the bacterial growth. We also determined that PtpA presents a tyrosine phosphatase activity that is regulated by the tyrosine protein kinase CapA1B2 of S. aureus. At last, using the D. discoideum model, we identified some host proteins that interact with PtpA, but their link with infection still remain to be studied
Enchéry, François. "Étude de la modulation de la voie canonique d'activation de NF-kB par les protéines non structurales du virus Nipah". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN093/document.
Texto completoNipah virus (NiV), from Henipavirus genus, is a zoonotic paramyxovirus, which emerged in 1998. In humans, it causes acute respiratory distress and encephalitis with a high lethality. Conversely, the natural hosts of NiV, bats from the Pteropodidae family, are asymptomatic. The mechanisms by which the Pteropodidae control infection are unknown to date. NiV produces non-structural proteins, V, W and C, which are virulence factors. V, W and C inhibit the type 1 interferon pathways. Moreover, W inhibits the production of chemokines in vitro and modulates the inflammatory response in vivo, but its mechanism remains unknown. The NF-κB pathway being the main regulator of the inflammatory response, we hypothesized that W could modulate the NF-κB pathway. We demonstrated that protein W inhibits the activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway induced by TNFα and IL-1β. The specific C-terminal region of W is necessary for this effect. We have also identified which nuclear import and export signals of W are necessary for its inhibitory effect and thus highlight the importance of the nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of W for the inhibition of NF-κB. The study of the interactions of W with the cellular proteins allowed us to identify a promising partner known for its role in the negative feedback of NF-κB. Finally, the role of W in the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway was demonstrated during the infection with NiV. The results obtained open the way to understanding the mechanism by which W modulates the inflammatory response. Finally, to better understand the control of the infection of NiV by its natural host, we generated primary and immortalized cell lines of Pteropus giganteus bat. These cells should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms by which these bats control viral infection
Abnave, Prasad. "Exploring mammalian immunity against intracellular bacteria through planarian flatworms". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5049.
Texto completoHost-pathogen interaction is a vast and complex interplay between pathogen and hostto conquer the battle of pathogenesis. Several model organisms are being studied to illustratethe mechanisms involved in these interactions. In my thesis I have used planarians as a modelorganism to explore host-pathogen interactions. As different model organismscan highlight different features of immunity I decided to take advantage of lack of knowledgeabout planarian immunity and get benefits from exploring unexplored. In my project I haveinfected planarians with 16 pathogenic bacteria and I found that in contrary to othercommonly used model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans and zebrafish the planariansare highly resistant to bacterial infections. To explore the mechanism behind this resistance Iperformed infection induced transcriptome profiling followed by RNA interference screeningof up-regulated gens. I discovered genes governing antibacterial resistance in planarians andinterestingly the screening highlighted a gene MORN2 of which the immunological functionwas completely unknown. The human ortholog of MORN2 is then further assessed for itsantimicrobial function. Induced expression and down regulation of MORN2 in macrophagesrevealed that MORN2 controls uptake, replication and trafficking of bacteria inside the cell.In my study I demonstrated that MORN2 is a component of LC3-associated phagocytosis andit can overcome phagosome maturation blockage imposed by pathogenic bacteria. Thus mythesis propounds the importance of using unusual model organisms to unveil unexploredmechanisms and molecules involved in host-pathogen interactions
Abou-Khater, Charbel. "Caractérisation de nouveaux gènes et polymorphismes potentiellement impliqués dans les interactions hôtes-pathogènes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0196/document.
Texto completoHost-pathogen co-evolution and interactions contribute in shaping the genetic diversity of both organisms. The objective of this thesis is to define the genetic basis of variability in disease resistance/susceptibility through the development of large-scale in silico screens to identify novel gene candidates implicated in host-pathogen interactions (such as tuberculosis).A pilot study was conducted on CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS to investigate their polymorphism. As a first step in our study based on data available in the literature, we selected a set of ten genes relevant for the immune response against M. tuberculosis. Seven of these genes were moderately polymorphic, while three of them were highly conserved. This analysis was used to prepare and setup the large scale analysis using the same developed pipeline for polymorphism detection and allele reconstruction. For our in silico, we used sequence data from several projects and consortiums to isolate most polymorphic human genes amongst a list of over 1760 candidates selected based on already established relevance for infections and on evolutionary considerations. A first screen of 64 individuals from eight different populations from several regions of the world was performed and most variable genes were selected for further extensive analyses on a larger panel (715 individuals). 30 most polymorphic genes were thus identified. The extent of polymorphism and the allelic worldwide variants of each of these 30 genes are ready to be fully characterized. The data generated could be compared against infectious disease resistance/susceptibility data to identify potentially relevant gene variation
Lassudrie, Malwenn. "Effets combinés des dinoflagellés toxiques du genre Alexandrium et d'agents pathogènes sur la physiologie des bivalves". Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0113/document.
Texto completoBivalve populations undergo regular epidemics that weaken or decimate exploited stocks and thus limit aquaculture. These diseases are caused mainly by viruses, bacteria or parasites, and occur primarily during spring and summer. This period of the year also provides favorable conditions for toxic dinoflagellate blooms, including species of the genus Alexandrium. Thus, the risk of Alexandrium sp. blooms and infectious diseases co-occurring in bivalves is high. However, these micro-algae synthesize and excrete toxins and cytotoxic compounds responsible for physiological changes in bivalves and could lead to an immuno-compromised status.The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the combined effects on bivalve physiology of exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium sp., and infection by pathogens, through the study of different bivalve - pathogen - Alexandrium sp. tripartite interactions. The results of this work highlight the species-specific nature of these impacts.Thus, exposure to Alexandrium catenella reduces the herpesviruses infection in oyster Crassostrea gigas, whereas the dinoflagellate A. fundyense increases the susceptibility of C. virginica oyster to the parasite Perkinsus marinus, probably via immuno-suppression, as suggested by the partial inhibition of hemocyte responses. Additionally, the effect of a toxic algal bloom on oyster susceptibility to opportunistic diseases when exposed to a new microbial environment (simulating a transfer) was evaluated. Hemocyte responses to a changing microbial environment were suppressed by exposure to A. catenella, although no new bacterial infection was detected.Finally, exposure to pathogens or to a new microbial environment interferes with the processes by which oysters exposed to A. catenella accumulate algal toxins, illustrating the complexity of these interactions. These results provide a better understanding of the involvement of toxic algal blooms in the development of diseases affecting commercial bivalve species, but also of the involvement of the bivalve biotic environment in the accumulation of regulated toxins
Ferhat, Mourad. "Rôle des pompes à efflux de legionella pneumophila dans la résistance aux biocides et à l’hôte". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10067/document.
Texto completoBacterial multi-drug resistance is of major concern in the case of clinic. One of the resistance mecanisms used by bacteria is the efflux of noxious compounds out of the cell thanks to inner membran proteins called efflux pumps. This proteins belong to five families (MFS, RND, MATE, SMR and ABC) and can function in close association with two partners (periplasmic protein and outer membrane protein) to form a canal. In our new research axis based on the study of the drug resistance of the bacterium Legionella pneumophila, we conducted a bioinformatical approach to identify efflux pumps proteins coded by the sequenced genome of three strains (strains Lens, Paris and Philadelphia). Our goal was to study the role of this proteins in Legionella drug resistance and in its virulence. The bioinformatic approach data allowed us to choose one or several genes coding for potential efflux pump components for genetic invalidation by an homologousrecombination strategy. The bacterial mutants were exposed to different noxious compounds in order to know ifthe target genes invalidated were implicated in the efflux of drugs. One of this mutants, strain MF201, which isdeleted for the gene encoding a protein homologous to E. coli TolC protein, revealed to be 2 to 16 times moresensitive to the drug tested compared to the wild-type strain. Furthermore, this mutant showed an importantvirulence defect in Acanthamoeba castellanii, Dictyostelium discoideum and U937 macrophages. This first resultsmeans that the TolC-like protein of Legionella could be a key factor in host-pathogen interaction and stronglysuggests a link between multi-drug resistance and virulence. We also initiated a transcriptomic approach to studyefflux pump genes expression in order to understand their role during the infectious cycle of Legionella
De, Decker Sophie. "Approches multifactorielles pour l’étude d’interactions entre l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas et deux Vibrio pathogènes, V. splendidus et V. aestuarianus : épidémiologie, variabilité de la sensibilité de l’hôte et pathogenèse". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROS304/document.
Texto completoOyster production is the main aquaculture activity in France and is dominated by the rearing of Crassostrea gigas. In the aquatic ecosystems where the species is grown, bacteria of the genus Vibrio are found to be dominant. Two Vibrio species, V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus, are frequently associated with Crassostrea gigas summer mortality episodes. The aims of this work were to study Vibrio-oyster interactions and their modulations according to virulence mechanisms and to genetic and physiological parameters of the host. Using specific, sensitive and quantifying diagnostic tools developed in this study, as well as standardized experimental infection trials, some components of the virulence of Vibrio strains and host susceptibility were delineated and the dynamics of Vibrio infection characterized through pathogenesis studies.The study of the specific diversity of bacterial strains isolated during summer mortality events, on broad temporal and spatial scales, revealed an epidemiological association of the group V. splendidus and the species V. aestuarianus. Because a correlation has been observed between pathogenicity and metalloprotease activity, a predictive phenotypic test of virulence was developed. Exploration of the synergy phenomenon between the pathogenicity of the two strains observed in experimental co-injection led to the characterisation of a system of quorum sensing controlling the production and transcriptional expression of the gene encoding metalloprotease Vsm and Vam at the intraspecific (V. splendidus) and interspecific level (V. splendidus/V. aestuarianus).The statistical analysis of mortality kinetics in half-sib diploid and triploid families subjected to experimental vibriosis by co-infection revealed an increased susceptibility of oysters during the period of active gametogenesis. The triploid oysters subjected to this same experimental infection did not show any significant advantage. The existence of a genetic basis for oyster susceptibility to experimental vibriosis was illustrated by the evaluation of the susceptibilities of fourteen families of the fifth generation (G5) from a program of divergent selection carried out within the MOREST oyster summer mortality research project. This study also allowed the description of co-infections involving the herpes OsHV-1 virus and V. aestuarianus, suggesting multi-etiologic summer mortalities. A pathogenesis study on V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus, performed by cohabitation, was used to explore interactions between C. gigas and pathogenic Vibrio (V. splendidus and V. aestuarianus), or non pathogenic Vibrio found naturally in the endogenous flora of the oyster hemolymph or in the water of the aquaria. This new approach demonstrated a fast transmission of pathogenic Vibrio between infected oysters and sentinels, in less than two hours. Moreover, a significant early and transient disturbance of the defence response of the host was revealed at the transcriptional level during the first six hours of cohabitation. The differential loads of pathogenic and commensal Vibrio in oysters suggest the existence of discriminatory mechanisms, leading to a specificity of the response aiming to eliminate pathogenic Vibrio and maintain a potentially beneficial endogenous bacterial flora in C. gigas
Pourpre, Renaud. "Caractérisation de protéines nucléaires ciblées par la bactérie pathogène Listeria monocytogenes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS394.
Texto completoListeria monocytogenes is an optional intracellular pathogen responsible for a severe foodborne infection called listeriosis. The study of the cellular infection process of this bacterium has shed light on various mechanisms involved in host-pathogen interactions and in the functioning of the eukaryotic cell. In particular, L. monocytogenes has emerged as one of the pioneering models in the discovery of microbial targeting of chromatin and nuclear regulators. The study of a virulence factor of L. monocytogenes, LntA, allowed the identification of one of these regulators : BAHD1. By recruiting proteins involved in the formation of heterochromatin, such as HDAC1/2 and HP1, BAHD1 stimulates the formation of a compact chromatin with a repressive effect. When epithelial cells are infected with L. monocytogenes, BAHD1 suppresses the immune response stimulated by interferons, a function inhibited by LntA. Since BAHD1 is still under-researched, the first objective for my thesis was to further characterize this epigenetic regulator. In addition, preliminary data suggested that a recently discovered virulence factor of Listeria, InlP, had the potential to be, like LntA, a nucleomodulin. My second objective was to explore this hypothesis.The results of my first axis show that BAHD1 interacts with MIER1 and that this interaction is crucial for the association of BAHD1 with HDAC1/2. We also report that BAHD1 modifies chromatin by changing histone methylation and acetylation, as well as DNA methylation, at a target gene, ESR1. These results allow us to propose that BAHD1 form, with MIER1, a scaffold assembling a new chromatin remodeling complex associated with HDAC1/2 : the BAHD1 complex. We then studied the role of BAHD1 in an organ targeted by Listeria, the brain. Our results indicate that a total deficiency in BAHD1 alters the overall transcriptome of this organ in mice. Most of the overexpressed genes are involved in nervous system functions, metabolism and neurological disorders. The predominantly downregulated genes are involved in innate immunity pathways, including interferon response genes. In addition, a haplodeficiency in Bahd1 causes behavioral problems. Compared to Bahd1+/+ mice, Bahd1+/- mice suffer from increased anxiety and changes in acoustic startle reflex. These results suggest that deregulation of BAHD1, through environmental or infectious stimuli, may have neuro-pathological effects.The second axis of my thesis focused on the study of InlP interactions with host nuclear proteins, identified by a double-hybrid screen. First, we show that InlP is an atypical internalin, with leucine-rich repeats characterized by an LPX2 motif. We then identify two nuclear proteins targeted by InlP: the splicing factor and tumor suppressor RBM5 and the corepressor RERE. When InlP is produced ectopically in human cells, it is localized in the nucleus, where it alters the formation of nuclear bodies enriched in RERE. In RBM5-overexpressing cells, InlP inhibits the pro-apoptotic effect of RBM5 and stimulates the formation of dense nuclear bodies associated with RBM5. These results suggest that InlP is a nucleomodulin acting on the assembly and disassembly of target protein storage compartments involved in the synthesis and splicing of host RNAs.This work opens perspectives in the understanding of host-pathogen interactions and in a better knowledge of patho-epigenetic mechanisms, as well as in cell biology and the understanding of membraneless nuclear organelles dynamics
Carvunis, Anne-Ruxandra. "Des protéines et de leurs interactions aux principes évolutifs des systèmes biologiques". Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENS001/document.
Texto completoDarwin exposed to the world that living species continuously evolve. Yet the molecular mechanisms of evolution remain under intense research. Systems biology proposes that dynamic molecular networks underlie relationships between genotype, environment and phenotype, but the organization of these networks is mysterious. Combining established concepts from evolutionary and systems biology with protein interaction mapping and the study of genome annotation methodologies, I have developed new bioinformatics approaches that partially unveiled the composition and organization of cellular systems for three eukaryotic organisms: the baker’s yeast, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. My analyses led to insights into the evolution of biological systems. First, I propose that the translation of peptides from intergenic regions could lead to de novo birth of new protein-coding genes. Second, I show that the evolution of proteins originating from gene duplications and of their physical interaction repertoires are tightly interrelated. Lastly, I uncover signatures of the ancestral host-pathogen co-evolution in the topology of a host protein interaction network. My PhD work supports the thesis that molecular systems also evolve in a Darwinian fashion
Silva, Rosa da Luz Brenda. "Caractérisation des vésicules extracellulaires dérivées de staphylococcus aureus et leur impact sur la réponse de l'hôte". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARB361.
Texto completoBacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles carrying macromolecules that can influence host-pathogen interactions. The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (SA) releases EVs whose characteristics are still largely explored. This thesis’s project provides the first work extensively characterizing the RNA and protein content of profile of SA clinical HG003 strain and its producing cells. We found that EVs comprised all RNA classes including small regulatory RNA. The protein content of EVs was also diverse with various important elements such as virulence factors, transcriptional regulators, and metabolic enzymes. Interestingly, the protein and RNA content of EVs differed from that of its producing cells, suggesting that selective cargo packing exists. The intra- and interspecies role of EVs was also investigated.We found that the addition of HG003 EVs to bacterial cultures improved their growth in restrictive media. In the context of host-pathogen interactions, the cellular response induced by EVs differed from that induced by the living bacteria in both human and bovine models, indicating that EVs could display other physiological functions than those of bacteria which may be important to the infection process. Overall, our data evidence that SA EVs carry important newly discovered elements, and modulate the host response with different intensities, exposure periods, and by different routes from that of live bacteria. This study brings new knowledge about SA EVs potential functional roles in the context of bacterial physiology and staphylococcal infections
Zhang, Gaotian. "Microsporidia infections in Caenorhabditis elegans and related nematodes". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE014/document.
Texto completoMicrosporidia are fungi-related intracellular pathogens that infect a great variety of animals, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The first microsporidia isolated from wild C. elegans was named Nematocida parisii in 2008. C. elegans and N. parisii have been used as a powerful model for the study of host-pathogen interactions. However, it was unclear how widespread and diverse microsporidia infections are in C. elegans or other related nematodes in the wild.By sampling rhabditid nematodes worldwide, we established a collection of 47 nematodes that displayed putative microsporidia infections. We characterized molecularly these infections and determined that N. parisii (or N. ironsii) is the most common microsporidia infecting C. elegans in the wild. We further described and named six new Nematocida species. In addition, we defined two new genera of nematode-infecting microsporidia, named Enteropsectra and Pancytospora, which are genetically distinct from Nematocida. Further investigations showed that these microsporidia are diverse in terms of spore size and shape, host tissue tropism, host cell intracellular localization, cellular exit route, host specificity pattern, etc. Overall, these findings illustrate the widespread and diverse microsporidia infections in C. elegans and related nematodes in the wild.We further assayed the natural variation of C. elegans in sensitivity to N. ausubeli infection, by comparing 10 C. elegans strains using food consumption tests. Two C. elegans strains, JU1249 and JU2825, displayed the largest sensitivity differences, which were suggested to be a result of the different tolerance between the two strains. These two strains are proven to be good candidates for future studies on the genetic loci associated with C. elegans sensitivity variation to microsporidian infections. Furthermore, I observed an exciting effect of host-pathogen interaction. Microsporidia infection is able to suppress the progressive decline in fertility in some C. elegans with the mortal germline phenotype (Mrt)
Perdu, Caroline. "Etude de deux protéines impliquées dans l'injection de toxines par la bactérie Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV018.
Texto completoPseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram negative bacterium responsible for nosocomial infections, exhibits numerous virulence factors to infect its hosts. In particular, the Type III Secretion System (T3SS) allows the injection of effectors directly into the host cell cytoplasm. This work focuses on the study of two proteins from the T3SS of P. aeruginosa: the ATPase PscN and the ExsB protein. Several approaches were used to study the ATPase PscN, an enzyme essential for T3SS activity. Site-directed mutations, made on PscN, lead to non cytotoxic strains, and this effect is dominant negative. Another approach allowed the partial purification of active PscN, visualized as large complexes by electron microscopy. These partially purified samples also contain other T3SS proteins, which could interact with PscN. The ExsB protein was characterized for the first time. After checking its expression in P. aeruginosa, its association with the outer membrane was shown. The phenotypic analysis of a strain lacking exsB gene gave insights into the role of this protein. We did not identified any function of ExsB in the T3SS regulation. After showing the involvement of ExsB in the bacterial virulence during acute animal infections, ExsB role in T3SS activity was established. Finally, we showed that ExsB has a pilotin activity as it participates in the assembly of the secretin, the outer membrane component of T3SS
Orieux, Nicolas. "Quantification et prévalence de Flavobacterium psychrophilum chez les truites arc-en-ciel d’aquaculture : relation hôte-pathogène et réponse immunitaire". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14228/document.
Texto completoFlavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of cold water flavobacteriosis, a condition affecting mostly salmonid fish, including the farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. This Gram negative bacterium can cause up to 70% mortality in breeding tanks and has a very strong economic impact on the fish farming industry. Flavobacteriosis can take two pathological forms: the cold water disease affecting adult fish and the rainbow trout fry syndrome affecting juveniles.In the present study, a method of quantitative PCR was devised that allowed for the detection and the quantification, within three hours, of the 16S rRNA copy number in fish tissues. This method’s specificity was confirmed through the use of various bacterial suspensions (F.psychrophilum, others flavobacteria and others pathogens) and its detection limit was estimated to be 1 and 2 bacteria in broth and in biological matrices, respectively.An ecotoxicological study was then performed that showed that, on the one hand, F. psychrophilum is cadmium hypersensitive compared to others Gram negative bacteria because its growth rate, compared to a control, is decreased by a factor 2 at a cadmium concentration of 0,4 µM. On the other hand, we observed that subjecting rainbow trout juveniles to a concentration of 1 µg CdCl2/L for2 months prior to an injection of 5 × 107 F. psychrophilum by fish didn’t lead to any mortality. The gene expression which was measured on these fish demonstrated that cadmium can have contradictory effects on the immune system of fish, which could enhance or decrease the immune response depending of the organ. A comparative work of the prevalence of flavobacteria in 7 fish farms within the Aquitaine region (France) demonstrated that the bacterium was endemic and present in asymptomatic fish. Gene expression levels were measured on diseased and asymptomatic fish and demonstrated that the genes metallothionein A and interleukine 1-β were good biomarkers of the disease and that repression of the genes major histocompatibility complex 2-β, transforming growth factor -β, cluster of differentiation α and immunoglobulin T in the spleen of diseased fish was indicative of a collapse of the acquired immune system. We therefore hypothesized that this event marked the beginning of the disease and that F. psychrophilum is mostly an opportunistic pathogen.To prepare the development of new prophylactic techniques and to understand better the bacterium pathogenicity, an analysis of the outer membrane proteome coupled with sequencing of the bacterial genome was also performed. Furthermore, a significant number of immunogenic proteins were identified as good candidates for the preparation of a vaccine. Finally, γ-glutamic acid and phenylalanine nanoparticles of about 100 - 200 nm in diameter were synthesized to serve as potential vector for this vaccine. These nanoparticles should be tested to administrate F. psychrophilum antigens to fish through the digestive route
Michard, Céline. "La protéine kinase LegK2 de Legionella pneumophila et le complexe ARP2/3 de la cellule hôte : un nouveau paradigme dans le détournement du cytosquelette d'actine par un pathogène". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10181.
Texto completoLegionella pneumophila is an opportunistic bacterium that emerges from the environment after multiplication in protozoans and can accidentally infect human alveolar macrophages leading to a severe pneumonia, the legionellosis. The L. pneumophila ability to survive within host-cells is strictly dependent on the Dot/Icm Type 4 Secretion System that translocates a large repertoire of effectors into the host cell cytosol. Deciphering the individual contribution of each bacterial protein translocated by the Dot/Icm system in the L. pneumophila infectious cycle remains a major challenge to understand the molecular basis of Legionella virulence. My works contribute to this objective by characterizing the cellular pathway targeted by the protein kinase LegK2. Interaction and phosphorylation assays identified the actin nucleator ARP2/3 complex as the target of LegK2. Following the LegK2 addressing to the vacuole surface after its translocation into host cytosol, LegK2- ARP2/3 interplay inhibits the actin polymerization on the phagosome. This inhibition allows Legionella to decrease the late endosome/lysosome trafficking towards the phagosome and promotes the phagosome evasion from endocytic degradation pathway. LegK2-ARP2/3 interplay highlights an original mechanism of virulence wherein the local actin cytoskeleton remodeling of host cell allows bacteria to hijack the vesicles trafficking in order to escape host-cell defenses
Peysselon, Franck. "Désordre intrinsèque et analyses de réseaux d'interactions extracellulaires : des protéines et polysaccharides aux interactions hôte-Leishmania". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10317.
Texto completoBiomolecules perform their functions by interacting with other molecules. The identification of all biomolecules and their interactions is required to build their interaction networks. Their structural and functional analysis with bioinformatics tools (BiNGO, DAVID) allow us to identify the key biomolecules, to predict new protein functions and to understand and model the molecular mechanisms of biological or pathological process. Intrinsically disordered proteins or regions, which are characterized by structural plasticity, may interact with many partners and may play a role in the interaction networks. Using the predictor IUPred we mapped the intrinsic disorder in protein interaction networks of the extracellular matrix and of the proteoglycans constructed from the MatrixDB database developed in the laboratory. We have shown that the highest connected proteins of these two networks are not enriched in disorder. The molecular functions overrepresented in the set of extracellular proteins containing at least 50% of intrinsically disordered residues are interactions with growth factors or glycosaminoglycans. We studied a dataset of heparin-protein interactions including 118 kinetic values and we have shown that the association rate of proteins with heparin is related to the intrinsic disorder of heparin-binding sites. We also studied the interactions of the extracellular matrix with a pathogen, the parasite Leishmania. We have shown that proteins secreted by Leishmania are not enriched in disorder compared to their proteome. We have selected eleven parasite proteins containing at least three interaction motifs, which may interact with the host
Möst, Thomas. "Salmonella virulence factors and their role in intracellular parasitism". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4046/document.
Texto completoSalmonella is an intracellular pathogen, whose virulence relies on the function of two type three secretion systems (T3SSs). The T3SSs are responsible for the delivery of effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm in order to mediate invasion of the cell and to shape Salmonella's intracellular life.Salmonella's intracellular survival and replication depends on its niche, the Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV), a compartment that is derived from host plasma membrane. Several effectors shape the SCV and give rise to a tubular network, which is implicated in the SCV's stabilization and consists of three different kinds of tubules. We were able to show that the effector proteins SseF and SseG play in concert to form one kind of tubules, the recently discovered LAMP-1-negative tubules (LNTs). Their function is important to Salmonella, as strains having only LNTs but none of the other tubules are able to create a stable SCV, which leads to better replication and virulence in vivo compared to a strain that lacks in tubule formation. Starting from these LNTs as working model, we tried to understand the contribution of tubules to the formation of the SCV and their interactions with the late endosomal / lysosomal compartment (LE/lys). We deciphered the small GTPase Arl8B to play an essential role in the fusion of tubules with LE/lys. Thereby, the knockdown of Arl8B reduced Salmonella's capability to replicate within host cells. We were able to show that an interaction between the effector SifA and Arl8B was responsible for our observations
Vanhove, Audrey. "Survie intracellulaire, effets cytopathiques et virulence de Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32, pathogène de l’huître Crassostrea gigas". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13518.
Texto completoVibrio strains belonging to the Splendidus Clade have been repeatedly found in juvenile diseased oysters affected by summer mortalities. V. tasmaniensis LGP32 is an intracellular pathogen of oyster hemocytes which has been reported to alter the oxidative burst and inhibit phagosome maturation. We show here that LGP32 behaves as an intravacuolar pathogen that survives within large cytoplasmic vacuoles. LGP32 induces cytotoxic effects such as membrane disruptions and cytoplasmic disorders. Cytotoxicity was shown to be entirely dependent on LGP32 entry into hemocytes. Moreover, LGP32 releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) inside the phagosome. LGP32 OMVs were found to be protective against host defenses and to serve as vehicles for the delivery of LGP32 virulence factors to oyster immune cells. Indeed, OMVs conferred a high resistance to antimicrobial peptides. They also displayed a high content in hydrolases (25 % of total proteome) among which a serine protease, named Vsp for vesicular serine protease, was found to be specifically secreted through OMVs. Vsp was shown to participate in the virulence phenotype of LGP32 in oyster experimental infections but did not degrade AMPs entrapped in OMVs. By developing a transcriptomic approach, we identified a series of Vibrio antioxidant and copper efflux genes whose expression is strongly induced within oyster hemocytes. Construction of isogenic deletion mutants showed that resistance to reactive oxygen species and copper efflux are two important functions required for LGP32 intracellular survival, cytotoxic effects and virulence. Their high conservation among vibrios suggests they could contribute to intracellular survival of other Vibrio species
Goret, Julien. "Etude de l’interaction de Mycoplasma hominis PG21 avec les cellules dendritiques humaines. : Caractérisation de la fraction bioactive du mycoplasme et réponse immunitaire innée de la cellule". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0386/document.
Texto completoMycoplasma hominis is involved in urogenital tract infections, neonatal infections or disseminated infections particularly in immunocompromised patients. Mycoplasmas have no cell wall and their membrane is the main interface mediating the interaction between the mycoplasma and its environment. Lipoproteins that are anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane are known to induce the maturation of human dendritic cells (hDCs), to stimulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine production by hDCs and to polarize the adaptive immune system. We studied the interaction of M. hominis PG21 with hDCs in order to assess the lipoproteins that can induce the stimulation of hDCs, to determine the lipoproteins that are regulated upon interaction of the mycoplasma with the host cell and to evaluate the innate host cell response. Using a double extraction strategy with two non-denaturing detergents, Sarkosyl then Triton X-114, and separation by SDS-PAGE, we found that 20 lipoproteins may induce the secretion of IL-23 by the hDCs, especially the MHO_4720 lipoprotein. We showed that a synthetic lipopeptide corresponding to the N-terminus part of the MHO_4720 lipoprotein can stimulate the hDCs in a dose-dependent manner. Using qRT-PCR for the evaluation of the transcriptional regulation of the 48 lipoprotein-coding genes of M. hominis PG21, we also determined that 21 lipoproteins were upregulated upon 4h and 24h of contact of M. hominis with hDCs. Finally, the hDC innate immune response was evaluated by PCR array and ELISA. We observed a caspase 5-dependent production of IL- 1β corresponding to the activation of an inflammasome
Martel, Daniel. "Functional characterisation of Leishmania casein Kinase 1.2 in the parasite and the mammalian host". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7093.
Texto completoLeishmania parasites are responsible for leishmaniases. During their life cycle, they alternate between extracellular promastigotes in the insect vector and intracellular amastigotes in mammalian macrophages. Survival in the mammalian host implies to subvert the macrophages. Leishmania casein kinase 1 isoform 2 (LmCK1.2), as a signalling kinase, could be involved in the manipulation of the host cell, because: (i) it is released into the host cell via exosomes, (ii) it is essential for intracellular parasite survival, (iii) it phosphorylates host proteins. However, little is known about its functions in the parasites and the pathways it may regulate in the macrophage. I first showed that LmCK1.2 was found in the cytoplasm, associated to the cytoskeleton and to various organelles such as the basal body or the mitotic spindle. The subcellular localisations of LmCK1.2 required the presence of the C-terminal low complexity regions, suggesting the importance of protein-protein interactions for this process. To gain insights into LmCK1.2 functions, I then used proteomics to identify 171 LmCK1.2 associated proteins (LmCKAPs) in the parasite, which were involved in various pathways including endocytosis through the regulation of the AP2 complex and cytokinesis through the regulation of a novel cell-cycle regulated protein, LmCKAP1. Finally, I identified 146 mammalian host proteins associated with LmCK1.2 (LmCKAPhost), which are over-represented in proteins involved in cellular trafficking and protein metabolism, highlighting pathways that might be important for intracellular parasite survival. This work considerably increased our knowledge on Leishmania CK1.2. These data demonstrate singular similarities in localization and interactome composition between LmCK1.2 and human CK1s, suggesting that Leishmania CK1.2 has evolved to mimic mammalian CK1s and particularly CK1α. Similarly to other pathogens such as viruses, controlling CK1α pathways might be one of the keys to Leishmania intracellular survival
Vignassa, Manon. "Tache noire de l'ananas : déterminisme du processus infectieux par approches moléculaire et biochimique". Thesis, La Réunion, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LARE0013.
Texto completoIn Reunion Island, pineapple crops are exposed to high parasitic pressure promoted by the subtropical climate of the island. The Fruitlet Core Rot (FCR) disease is caused by a set of fungal pathogenic species in which Fusarium ananatum has been the most described so far. The development of brown discoloration in mature fruits represents a major issue affecting notably the quality of the ‘Queen Victoria’ pineapple cultivar due to its high susceptibility to FCR. Until now, the management of epidemics lies on the combination of suitable agricultural practices and the use of fungicide treatments. Nevertheless, these strategies are unsuccessful in the presence of climatic conditions that favor the development and dispersion of causalagents. Mycotoxins accumulation in the flesh of infected fruits is also of concern in the preservation of sanitary quality of fruit productions. In order to develop novel alternatives for sustainable sources of FCR resistance, my research work focused on the determinants of ‘Queen Victoria’ pineapple susceptibility. An epidemiological approach permitted to establish that Fruitlet Core Rot occurrence ispositively correlated to contamination patterns resulting from aerial dispersion of the pathogen spores. Moreover, the prevalence of fungal species belonging to the complexes Fusarium fujikuroi and Talaromyces purpureogenus within the fruit mycobiome have demonstrated the role of a pathogenic fungal set composed of Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium ananatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sacchari, Talaromyces stollii and Talaromyces amestolkiae in the disease expression. The in vitro study of interaction profiles between four of those species have evidenced the growth antagonism of T. stollii on the pathogenic Fusarium species. Significant variations of mycotoxin contents (fumonisins B1, B2 and beauvericin) were also measured during dual culture of pathogens. Finally, the analysis based on varietal comparison of the molecular signal promoting early defense responses show that susceptibility of ‘Queen Victoria’ cultivar is partly supported by a low constitutive expression of genes involved in the synthesis of PR proteins. The results suggest a fungal strategy based on the repression of defense signal transduction in pineapple during the first 72 hours of the host - pathogen interaction leading to the disease establishment
Golovkine, Guillaume. "Franchissement des barrières épithéliales et endothéliales par le pathogène opportuniste Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV009/document.
Texto completoP. aeruginosa is one of the main pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections. Acute infections by this bacterium are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially when bacteria disseminate in the bloodstream. In most situations, blood infection is the consequence of the crossing of two essential tissue barriers by P. aeruginosa: the epithelium for the mucosa and the endothelium for the blood vessel. Although these events are critical steps for systemic spread of bacteria, the mechanisms involved in the penetration of the pathogen in the organism are poorly understood. For the endothelium, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa induces the cleavage of VE-cadherin, a protein of endothelial junctions, by the action of LasB, a protease secreted by the bacteria. VE-cadherin cleavage induces a loss of integrity of the endothelium, allowing bacterial access to the cellular basolateral domain. Once in this location, the Type 3 secretion system may inject toxins into the cell, triggering a major intoxication process. Crossing of the epithelial barrier involves a very different mechanism. Using real-time confocal microscopy, we show that P. aeruginosa uses a paracellular route to transmigrate, exploiting junctional weaknesses at sites of cell division and cell death. This transmigration process requires the coordinate actions of Type IV pili, the flagellum and toxins of the Type 3 secretion system
Bakhache, William. "Interactions de la protéine nsP1 du virus Chikungunya avec les membranes de l’hôte et conséquences fonctionnelles". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT008.
Texto completoPositive strand RNA ((+) RNA) viruses share the common capacity to rearrange cellular membranes into vesicular organelles. These membranous compartments referred to as replication organelles (ROs), are seen as providing an appropriate environment recruiting all viral components and cofactors required for replication. Because of their strict necessity for viral replication, these compartments and the molecular mechanisms required for their assembly have generated an intense interest in recent years. Contrasting with the consequential advances made in this field for other (+)RNA viruses, virtually no mechanistic data has been produced on the formation of ROs by Alphaviruses which in the last decade have proven to be medically paramount viruses, especially with the recent spread of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). CHIKV is a re-emerging virus transmitted by mosquitoes that has caused outbreaks with devastating socio-economic impact in countries where it propagates. Symptoms include high fever and rash, with a significant percentage of patients suffering of long-term, often incapacitating, joint pain. Currently there is no vaccine or anti-viral treatment for this virus.CHIKV ROs appear as 50-60 nm electron translucent bulb-shaped spherules resulting from negative curvature at the plasma membrane. Inside these compartments, the replication machinery is anchored to the membrane through the direct interaction of the non-structural protein 1 (nsP1) with the lipid bilayer. When expressed as an isolated protein nsP1 dramatically remodels cellular membranes into filopodia-like protrusions. Therefore, this designated nsP1 as a critical factor in cellular membrane reshaping observed during infection. In this context, the aim of this thesis, with nsP1 at its centerpiece, is to characterize nsP1 interactions with cellular membranes and to define their functional consequences on viral replication. In this investigation, we have demonstrated the role of host cell lipid metabolism in nsP1 membrane anchoring and viral infection. Our results indicate that fatty acid synthesis is required for viral life cycle and favors nsP1 interaction with membranes. We also provide the very first information on the role of unsaturated fatty acids in Alphavirus replication. In-depth studies on the role of cholesterol revealed that palmitoylated nsP1 anchored CHIKV non-structural proteins to cholesterol-rich microdomains with functional consequences on replication. Finally, we have identified nsP1 interactome in order to identify host-cofactors required for the membrane deformation induced by this viral protein. Taken together, this thesis provides new information on nsP1/membrane lipids and host cofactors interplay. This work will allow the further comprehension of the mechanisms behind membrane deformation observed during Alphavirus replication
Bernard, Lucie. "Utilisation de bactéries du microbiote pulmonaire pour moduler le système immunitaire local à l’état basal et pendant l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis chez la souris". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30027.
Texto completoHuman mucosal sites (such as the gut) are colonized from birth by trillions of microorganisms that form the microbiota (or commensal flora), living in symbiosis with our organism. Survival of the host and of its microbiota is dependent on the activation status of our immune system. While poor immune activation results in sensitivity to infections, its uncontrolled activation or inflammation compromises host tissue integrity. Bacteria from the gut microbiota naturally interact with cells of our immune system to preserve an equilibrium. Administration of such commensals as probiotics improve many disease outcomes and is currently studied to improve respiratory infection treatment. The primary infectious cause of death, tuberculosis, a respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, involves an over-activation of the immune system causing lung damages. In this thesis project, I investigated whether bacterial strains from the microbiota influence the immune response in tuberculosis to assess the potential of probiotics to improve tuberculosis treatment. In particular, we hypothesized that pulmonary commensal bacteria modify the local immune response to tuberculosis, as recently demonstrated in an asthma murine model. Through intranasal administration in mice, I first identified different lung commensal bacterial strains with a strong ability to modulate the lung CD4+ T cell compartment at steady state. Indeed, these strains induced T-helper (Th) cells involved in pro-inflammatory immunity, such as Th1 and Th17, and regulatory T cells (Treg) involved in anti-inflammatory responses. In particular, they increase proliferation of a specific Treg subtype, expressing RORt (a transcription factor characteristic of Th17). These RORt+ Treg were recently described in the gut, where they are induced by the microbiota and are able to decrease inflammation occurring in the mouse model of colitis. We show for the first time that these cells are induced in the lungs of mice treated with pulmonary bacterial strains from the Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus and Neisseria genera, and characterize their phenotype. As in the gut, these cells seem to have a strong anti-inflammatory profile, supported by their high expression of the inhibitory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1, activation marker ICOS, and suppressive cytokine TGF- associated to a poor production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-. Interestingly, I demonstrate that pulmonary Lactobacillus strains induced the same lung leukocyte populations in the mouse model of M. tuberculosis infection as in naïve mice, including RORt+ Treg. While none of the tested strains reduced M. tuberculosis burden in lung or spleen, the Lactobacillus murinus (CNCM I-5314) strain, which induce a high number of Th17 and RORt+ Treg accompanied by a reduced leukocyte infiltration in the lung, suggesting a capacity to reduce lung inflammation associated with M. tuberculosis infection. The role of Th17 and RORt+ Treg in this phenotype remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, our results clearly indicate that the administration of pulmonary commensal bacteria strongly modulate the local immunity, even during chronic infections such as tuberculosis. Therefore, a better characterization of the lung microbiota components and of the mechanisms by which they interact with our immune system to maintain health in the respiratory system, might lead to the emergence of a new generation of probiotics, of lung origin, to better prevent and treat pulmonary diseases
Loiselet, Alicia. "Trafficking cellulaire lors de l’interaction de Candida albicans avec les cellules entérocytaires Caco-2". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCI003.
Texto completoCandida albicans (C. albicans) is a commensal yeast of the human mucosa, responsible for severe opportunistic infections in debilitated patients. Candidemia and disseminated candidiasis are mainly of endogenous origin, where C. albicans cells colonizing the digestive tract can translocate through the gut barrier. The objectives of this thesis were (i) to clarify the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the invasion of C. albicans through intestinal epithelial layers and (ii) to study the role of intestinal tight junctions (TJ) in these mechanisms. Using an in vitro model of Caco-2 cells, we show that TJ provide a protective role to the gut barrier by limiting invasion of C. albicans into intestinal epithelial cells. Enterocyte invasion is indeed facilitated when TJ display immature or pharmacologically impaired structure. Moreover, we show that C. albicans by itself is able to modulate the structure of JS to secondarily facilitate its invasion into intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, an increase in the permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers associated with a destruction of TJ proteins was observed both during C. albicans infection of cells and during treatment of cells with fungal culture’s supernatant. All of these data suggest that a virulence factor of C. albicans is secreted by the filamentous form of the fungus that would be involved in the trafficking of TJ
Contrant, Maud. "Etude de la régulation de l'expression des microARN de l'herpesvirus associé au sarcome de Kaposi". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ046/document.
Texto completoIt is now well known that modulation of microRNAs expression is linked to the development of cancers. Moreover, they play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and the survival of some viruses. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma and is involved in human aggressive B lymphomas generation. Its genome encodes 12 precursor miRNAs that are clustered in a latency region and expressed on a single long primary transcript. KSHV miRNAs are important to maintain the virus latency and to regulate or inhibit the host cell cycle or apoptosis, respectively. Therefore, understanding the regulation of KSHV miRNA accumulation is of prime importance. In this respect, we resolved the secondary structure of them iRNA cluster to identify structural criteria responsible of their differential accumulation. In addition, we started to analyse the mechanism of their maturation by kinetics studies. Finally we tried to identify some cofactors of miRNA expression