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Syam, Bustami, Maraghi Muttaqin, Julius Tantono, Eddo Eddo y Febri Sandry. "The Design And Responses Of Horses On Polimeric Composite Horseshoes". Jurnal Sistem Teknik Industri 24, n.º 2 (29 de julio de 2022): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jsti.v24i2.8664.
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Horseshoe is used to avoid the failures of horse's hooves due to extreme impact and wear loads. The horse's hooves are repeatedly subjected to loadings during walking, trotting, running and jumping. In this research, we introduce a newly developed horseshoes made of polymeric composite materials. The horseshoes are placed inside the leather boot; it is a specially designed for horse. The process of making horseshoes and horse boots were discussed and the responses of the horse shoes as well as horses were analyzed. The horses were subjected to a series of testing, e.g., walking, trotting, and running. The result of the tests indicate that horseshoes and horse boots are quite strong, light, and safe to be used on horses. The response of horses shows that the horseshoe and boots are quite comfortable for them. This can be seen because there are no significant behavioral changes of the horse before and after wearing the boot. After being used to, it was shown that there is no damage or crack of the horseshoe. Therefore, it can be concluded that the composite horseshoe is safe and good to be used as horseshoe material.
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Jørgensen, GH Meisfjord, KE Fremstad, CM Mejdell y KE Bøe. "Separating a horse from the social group for riding or training purposes: a descriptive study of human-horse interactions". Animal Welfare 20, n.º 2 (mayo de 2011): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860000275x.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate how difficult it was to halter and separate a horse (Equus caballus) from a group for riding or training purposes and to describe how human-horse interactions could affect this common procedure. A total of 20 different horse groups, with a minimum of five horses in each, were studied on 14 farms in Norway, from June to October 2007. On each farm, information about the facilities, the horse and the handler was recorded. In each group, the horse owner or keeper (handler) was asked to enter the group, approach his/her horse, halter it and lead it out through the gate, then keep the horse standing out of sight from other horses for two minutes. The entire procedure was video recorded and the behaviour of the target horse, handler and other horses was subsequently scored. Only one of the 100 horses moved away from the handler when approached. Ninety-six percent of the target horses followed their handler without showing any resistance. In 75% of the tests, the other horses did not interact with the target horse and/or handler. At the gate, 26% of the handlers did not turn the target horse around before closing the gate, thereby placing themselves in a vulnerable position, with their body in very close proximity to the horse's hind legs. In conclusion, separating a horse from its group can be considered relatively safe and unproblematic, provided good management practices and trained handlers.
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Zhao, Jing, Dan B. Marghitu, Amey Rane y John Schumacher. "Sample Entropy Analysis of Horses with and without Lameness at Trot before and after Sedation". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (13 de julio de 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4827587.
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The horses were trotted in a straight line, and the acceleration data were recorded from the movement of the horse’s head. Inertial sensors were used to collect the information. The sample entropy was used to characterize the dynamics of horse gait. The gait of sound and lame horses was compared, and the sound horses had smaller values of the sample entropy. The effects of sedative detomidine on the gait of lame horses were also examined. The values of sample entropy for sedated horses were smaller than the values of the sample entropy for untreated horses. The sample entropy can provide important information about the dynamics of the equine gait.
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Abraham, D. y L. C. Dumbell. "Fit and fat; a horse carer’s perspective". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (abril de 2009): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028453.
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Obesity in horses and ponies, is according to many equine related charities (Blue Cross, BHS) becoming an increasing welfare problem. Recent studies have linked equine obesity and insulin resistance with development of debilitating laminitis (Vick et al., 2007). Poor nutritional management and sedentary lifestyles are to blame for the growing proportion of obese horses (Buff et al., 2005). The horse carer is responsible for the health and welfare of the horse and as such should monitor the weight, condition and exercise regime to ensure appropriate fitness levels to maintain health and performance. Indeed, Johnson (2002) reports that certain management practices tend to promote the development of obesity in mature horses as they enter their teenage years. Horse owners must therefore consider management practices throughout the horse’s life, as the provision of starch-rich and fat-supplemented rations to healthy horses that are relatively inactive may promote the development of obesity increasing the risk of laminitis (Johnson, 2002). The aims of this research were to ascertain the condition score and fitness levels of horses and ponies when diagnosed with laminitis, as reported by the horse carer and to gain insight into how these factors may influence the health and welfare of the domestic horse.
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Cabral, Grasiele Coelho, Ana Carla Chaves Dias, Afonso Aurélio de Carvalho Peres, Maria Izabel Vieira de Almeida, Wagner de Souza Tassinari y Fernando Queiroz de Almeida. "Horse Agribusiness in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Mangalarga Marchador horse’s breeding systems". Research, Society and Development 9, n.º 11 (20 de noviembre de 2020): e4309119931. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9931.
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This work aims to describe the Mangalarga Marchador horse’s breeding systems in the Rio de Janeiro. The geographic distribution of the farms in the mesoregions of Rio de Janeiro State were defined, and the commercial and social importance the Mangalarga Marchador horse’s business is described in this study. Mangalarga Marchador horse breeders were interviewed through a survey. Sampling of the farms was stratified by the mesoregions. The state of Rio de Janeiro has 1,573 members Horse Breeder Association, with 92,162 registered horses, corresponding to 15.43% of the total of Mangalarga Marchador horses in Brazil. Approximately 95.2% of farms have their own area and more than half ranging between 100 to 500ha. Horse breeding is the main activity on 79.2% of the farms, and the main goal is the sale of horses (39%), followed by sports (32.7%) and leisure (18.6%). The properties have, on average, five registered employees. Most of the owners (90%) are male. The average number of horses at these farms is 100 heads, with an average number of 53 mares, maintained mainly on an extensive production system. About 39.9% of pastures are formed by the Brachiaria spp. grass, and Napier grass, also known as Elephant grass, the most used forage supplement. The average monthly consumption of forage and commercial concentrate feed is 12,866kg and 2,800kg respectively per farm. About 90% of breeders declared that the unskilled labor force is the biggest obstacle to the increase of the horse breeding in the Rio de Janeiro.
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Powers, Pippa NR y Anna M. Kavanagh. "Effect of rider experience on the jumping kinematics of riding horses". Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2005): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecp200568.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the influence of an experienced rider and a novice rider on the stride kinematics of experienced riding horses. SVHS video recordings (50 Hz) were made of ten experienced riding horses jumping a 1.05 m-high vertical fence. The horses were randomly assigned to jump the fence under two experimental conditions: ridden by an experienced rider and ridden by a novice rider. Three trials for each ridden condition were analysed, and the effects of the rider type on four kinematic variables were examined using a repeated measures ANOVA. No significant differences were found between the riders for velocity and stride length during the approach, or for the take-off and landing distances from the fence. The results suggest that the rider's body position and body movement had no effect on the horse's jumping kinematics as measured in this study, and that each horse jumped the fence in its own manner, regardless of what the rider was doing. This is contrary to the current belief that a horse's jumping technique is strongly influenced by the rider. These findings have relevance for both horses and riders, in that if an experienced horse does not respond to a rider's instructions as expected, then the implications for training of the horse and the rider are considerable.
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Wiśniewska, Anna, Iwona Janczarek, Ewelina Tkaczyk, Izabela Wilk, Wiktoria Janicka, Tomasz Próchniak, Beata Kaczmarek, Elżbieta Pokora y Jarosław Łuszczyński. "Minimizing the Effects of Social Isolation of Horses by Contact with Animals of a Different Species: The Domestic Goat as an Example". Animals 12, n.º 17 (2 de septiembre de 2022): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172271.
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This study aimed to perform a comparative analysis of the horses’ heart rate parameters and locomotor activity in a herd or isolation, with or without the company of goats. Twenty horses were tested in a paddock, accompanied (or not) by three goats. The experiment comprised four tests (a control test of a herd of horses without goats, a horse isolation test without goats, a test of a herd of horses with goats and a test of an isolated horse with goats). The horse’s locomotor behavior, and the HR, RR, rMSSD, LF, HF, and LF/HF were recorded. The data analysis included a 15-min rest, procedural and recovery HR/HRV periods, and a 5-min period at the beginning of the test. The duration of the horses standing in the company of goats increased significantly. The rMSSD parameter was the significantly lowest in the test of a herd of horses with goats. The company of goats in a paddock does not eliminate the emotional effects of the phenomenon. However, the locomotor behavior decreases. Goats in a paddock can provide a positive distraction for horses in a herd as a decrease in emotional excitability can be regarded as having a relaxing impact on a different animal species.
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Menchetti, Laura, Emanuela Dalla Costa, Michela Minero y Barbara Padalino. "Development and Validation of a Test for the Classification of Horses as Broken or Unbroken". Animals 11, n.º 8 (4 de agosto de 2021): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082303.
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Regulation EC 1/2005 has stricter rules for transportation of unbroken (untamed) vs. broken (tamed) horses, but does not provide adequate tools for their identification. This study aimed to develop and validate such a tool. A behavioural test (Broken/Unbroken Test (BUT)) based on approaching, haltering, and leading was applied to 100 horses. Physiological and additional behavioural data were also collected, and the horses’ status (broken/unbroken) was assessed by the expert who administered the BUT. Each horse’s behaviour during the BUT was scored by four trained observers blinded to the horse’s history. The BUT score showed excellent inter-observer, intra-observer, and test–retest reliability (all intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) > 0.75). It was also negatively associated with respiratory rate, avoidance distance, and time needed to approach, halter, and lead the horse (p < 0.05 for all). The optimal BUT score cut-off for discrimination between broken and unbroken horses (gold standard: expert judgment) showed 97.8% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity. There was almost perfect agreement between BUT-based and expert classification of horses (ICC = 0.940). These findings confirm the BUT’s construct and criterion validity. The BUT could provide officials with a feasible, reliable, and valid tool to identify a horse’s broken/unbroken status and, consequently, direct stakeholders towards correct transport procedures.
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Fenner, Kate, Sarah Matlock, Jane Williams, Bethany Wilson, Andrew McLean, James Serpell y Paul McGreevy. "Validation of the Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ): A New Survey Instrument for Exploring and Monitoring the Domestic Equine Triad". Animals 10, n.º 11 (28 de octubre de 2020): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111982.
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The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) was developed to obtain quantitative data on the domestic equine triad: training, management and behaviour. It can be taken repeatedly, thus collecting longitudinal data to enable evaluation of how changes in a horse’s training and management are reflected in that horse’s behaviour over time and how these changes can impact horse welfare in the longer term. Questionnaire validation and reliability were tested by determining (a) whether an owner’s subjective ratings of their horse’s problematic behaviours or undesirable temperament traits were reflected in the questionnaire scores obtained for that horse (construct validity), (b) whether two respondents, equally familiar with a particular horse, reported comparable scores for that horse through the questionnaire (inter-rater reliability), and (c) whether the same respondent, scoring the same horse after a known interval of time, recorded similar responses (intra-rater reliability). Construct validity testing of 1923 responses showed significant alignment between owners’ reported experience of focal horses’ behaviour and those horses’ E-BARQ scores, with scores varying from 1.13 to 1.34 for ridden horse behaviour (all p < 0.001) and from 1.06 to 1.43 for non-ridden horse behaviour (all p < 0.001). Inter-rater reliability testing of ten horse–rider pairs revealed that 203 of the 215 question items were significantly aligned (p < 0.001) when tested by two independent raters. Of the remaining 19 items, four had fair alignment (ĸ = 0.174–0.316; p = 0.281) and ten items, largely related to whether the horse shows behavioural signs related to anxiety when taken away from home, did not align (ĸ = 0; p = 1). Intra-rater reliability tests showed that the responses significantly aligned on all 215 question items tested (p < 0.001). The results of these tests confirmed the construct validity and reliability of E-BARQ as a standardised behavioural assessment tool for horses.
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Ma, Hongying, Sheng Wang, Guorong Zeng, Jintu Guo, Minghao Guo, Xianggui Dong, Guoying Hua et al. "The Origin of a Coastal Indigenous Horse Breed in China Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Data". Genes 10, n.º 3 (21 de marzo de 2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10030241.
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: The Jinjiang horse is a unique Chinese indigenous horse breed distributed in the southern coastal areas, but the ancestry of Jinjiang horses is not well understood. Here, we used Equine SNP70 Bead Array technology to genotype 301 horses representing 10 Chinese indigenous horse breeds, and we integrated the published genotyped data of 352 individuals from 14 foreign horse breeds to study the relationships between Jinjiang horses and horse breeds from around the world. Principal component analysis (PCA), linkage disequilibrium (LD), runs of homozygosity (ROH) analysis, and ancestry estimating methods were conducted to study the population relationships and the ancestral sources and genetic structure of Jinjiang horses. The results showed that there is no close relationship between foreign horse breeds and Jinjiang horses, and Jinjiang horses shared a similar genetic background with Baise horses. TreeMix analysis revealed that there was gene flow from Chakouyi horses to Jinjiang horses. The ancestry analysis showed that Baise horses and Chakouyi horses are the most closely related ancestors of Jinjiang horses. In conclusion, our results showed that Jinjiang horses have a native origin and that Baise horses and Chakouyi horses were key ancestral sources of Jinjiang horses. The study also suggested that ancient trade activities and the migration of human beings had important effects on indigenous horse breeds in China.
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Rogers, Suzanne y Catherine Bell. "Perceptions of Fear and Anxiety in Horses as Reported in Interviews with Equine Behaviourists". Animals 12, n.º 21 (23 de octubre de 2022): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212904.
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One of the key welfare concerns for horses in the United Kingdom is lack of recognition of fear in horses. This study aimed to gain an understanding of how well horse care givers recognise fear and/or anxiety in horses by interviewing equine behaviourists (who interact with large numbers of horse care givers and talk to them about this topic routinely). The experiences of Animal Behaviour and Training Council (ABTC)-registered equine behaviourists working with horse caregivers were examined, including the ability of clients to recognise fear and/or anxiety in horses, how clients respond when discussing fear as the reason for their horse’s behaviour, and what explanations the participants use to explain fear and anxiety. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine participants and analysed using thematic analysis before being written up to reflect the discussion points. When asked how well horse caregivers recognise fear and/or anxiety in horses, three key response themes emerged: caregivers are extremely poor at recognizing fear and anxiety in horses; some clients do recognise behavioural signs indicating fear and/or anxiety but only the overt signs (e.g., rearing, running away) rather than the more subtle signs (e.g., tension in face, subtle avoidance behaviours such as a hesitant gait); and fear and/or anxiety behaviour is often misinterpreted or mislabelled. These key themes recurred throughout several other interview questions. This study has provided initial insights into the lack of recognition of fear and anxiety of horses by their caregivers in the United Kingdom as well as tried and tested approaches to conversations to change this. Such synthesis of experience and techniques across the equine behaviour sector, together with the information gained regarding perception of equine caregivers, could be a valuable approach to improve the effectiveness of behaviour consultations and welfare initiatives.
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Stocks, Jessica. "The Reintroduction of the Horse to the Northern Great Plains and its Influence on Indigenous Lifeways". Pathways 2, n.º 1 (20 de octubre de 2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/pathways16.
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The presence of horses in archaeological sites across North America is often noted in research as an indicator of European contact. Fewer studies, however, have considered how Indigenous peoples incorporated horses as an intrinsic aspect of their lives. Research that considers Indigenous peoples’ relationships with horses typically focuses on Southern Plains groups and does not feature Northern Plains communities as a central aspect. Looking specifically at one Northern Great Plains Indigenous people, this paper analyzes how Blackfoot lifeways were altered as a result of the protohistoric (seventeenth to eighteenth century) reintroduction of the horse. Blackfoot lives were transformed as their relationship with the land evolved, economic systems reformed, and trade, religion, and war became centered around the horse. Almost all Blackfoot people would have felt the effects of the horse’s introduction, however not necessarily equally as these changes caused a shift in hierarchy. These impacts and changes on lifeways are evidenced by European historical accounts, Indigenous oral histories, and the archaeological record. Examining the relationship that the Blackfoot formed with horses demonstrates the significant influence that animals can have over people’s lives. Horses’ introduction to Blackfoot peoples proved to cause significant changes in the ways many conducted their lives, such as through the establishment of nomadic pastoralism and trade routes centered around the horse. This paper additionally calls for further research into the continued relationship between the Blackfoot peoples and the horse.
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Ziemiańska, Agnieszka y Iwona Rozempolska- Rucinska. "Assessment of relationships between reactions of horses during everyday use". Journal of Animal Science, Biology and Bioeconomy 38, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2022): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/jasbb.2022.1.3.
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The aim of the study was to assess whether observations of a horse’s reactions during everyday activities can be used to predict its behaviour during riding. The study was conducted on 60 horses of the Malopolski breed, aged 5 to 15 years. The horses were kept in three riding stables, in a box system. The data were obtained from an interview conducted with a person responsible for the daily grooming and handling of the horses. Observations covered at least half a year of daily contact with the horse. The horses’ behaviour was analysed before feeding, during preparation for riding, and during riding. The research shows that aggressive behaviours before feeding may be a marker of inappropriate reactions before and during recreational riding. Initial activities preparing the horse, i.e. approaching the animal, grooming, bridling and saddling, can be used as a ‘test’ to evaluate and predict the quality of the ride. Problems with these procedures also suggest significant problems during riding. The behaviour of the animal before feeding and during preparations for riding should be considered an important indicator of riding safety and comfort.
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Oyebanjo, Marvellous O., Etseoghena A. Obi y Adebowale E. Salako. "Genes affecting coat colour and the resulting variation in horses (Equus caballus) – A Review". Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 7, n.º 4 (30 de agosto de 2022): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2022.319.
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Horse colour is important. People chose horses for their colour pattern diversity, according to archaeological investigations and biological evidence. Horses were generally dark coloured before domestication, according to molecular testing. After domestication, the genes for white patterns and dilutions appeared. The appearance of their horses, as well as their competence and willingness to work, must have been important to early people. In many cases, the genes that impact coat colour patterns in one species also influence coat colour patterns in another. In horses, humans, cattle, dogs, and other species, the MC1R gene encodes the alleles for red and black of the Extension locus. White spotting is caused by mutations in the KIT gene in horses (tobiano, roan, sabino, dominant white), mice, and humans. Because of its similarity to a white hair gene seen in humans with Hirschprung's illness, the gene for overo in horses was discovered. The genes that impact coat colour patterns in one species generally play a similar role in another, according to molecular studies. It came as no surprise. Earlier geneticists claimed that coat colours in horses were caused by the action of genes similar to those observed in other species based solely on phenotype. This is a crucial lesson for genetic studies: we can apply what we have learned from other species to our own. All in all, the study of coat colour variations in the horse is a study of the horse's nature.
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Tsvetkova, Victoria y Tatiana Vladimirovna Novosaduyk. "Constitutional types of horses and resources for their homeopathic correction". International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 14, n.º 2 (27 de agosto de 2021): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v14i2.797.
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Selective breeding is in vogue since centuries to improve horse’ breed. It aims at production of horses with special performance and bodily characteristics. It is a complex, costly and time-consuming occupation. But the characteristics of horses depends upon market demands. Many a times a horse, which possesses planned kineto, behavior, exterior characteristics, is not in demand anymore. For many years we performed horse “homeopathic correction†studies at ‘Griffon’ Stud Farm and Horse Club on the basis of A.A. Komissarenko’s theoretical developments. We have established that not only physical characteristics of studs are inherited, but also their psychic traits, which fit into a certain constitutional type of the stud. Among such different types it is possible to identify both harmonious and disharmonious type of animals. It has been established the homeopathic remedy regimen depends on the age of an animal. In our experience, efficient homeopathic correction should be performed once in three months during the entire life-time of a horse, to maintain their bodily and psychic characters.
It is advisable to differentiate the constitutional characteristics of growing horses before fence training, as it may make it easier for the horse to grow and mature. In this case young horses attain good standard, have good height and psychic and physical characteristics.
At the farm we performed homeopathic correction of pregnant animals once in the eight month of pregnancy that is at three months before colt delivery. Four colts were born, which were rated as top grade on the zootechnic scale of All-Russia’s Horse-breeding Research Institute (VNIIKВ). The evaluation is based on the animal activity at different times, during the first three years of the life.
In our observation, colts born after homeopathic correction in the pregnancy period present better exterior and behavioural characteristics than others in their ancestor line.
The outcome of our research is the conclusion that in horse breeding it makes sense to have early homeopathic correction. It improves animal’s performance, the rapport between horses and men and ensures horse’s career success.
Achievements in production of impeccable growing horses were highly appreciated by Trakehner Union in Russia, and the Griffon Stud Farm became a full-fledged member of the Union in 2015.
Utilization of homeopathy resources allows advance of zootechnic industry, as well as prompt response to market demand; the earlier such work begins, the more efficient and cost-effective it becomes.
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Balcer, Monika, Aleksandra Śnieg, Urszula Sikorska, Małgorzata Maśko y Małgorzata Domino. "The Initial Horse’s Postural Response to the First Session of the Dorsal, Ventral, and Dorso–Ventral Massage Techniques". Agriculture 13, n.º 3 (22 de febrero de 2023): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030529.
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Since interest in equine manual therapy and rehabilitation is constantly growing, the need for quantification of the horse’s postural response to used alternative therapy has increased. This study implemented geometric morphometrics (GM) for a dorsal profile comparison between the horse groups. The dorsal profile was represented by the centroid size and the centroid shape. The horse groups were defined using four classifiers: horse’s age, height at the withers, time lap in the massage session, and technique of the massage (dorsal, ventral, and dorso–ventral). Out of a total of 900 photographs of 20 horses, 180 photos were analyzed using GM, including thirty landmarks. Variation of the principal components (PCs) representing consecutive dorsal profiles were reported for the first three PSs as 59.50% for PC1, 14.36% for PC2, and 9.01% for PC3. The dorsal profiles differed depending on the classifier ‘height’ in terms of centroid size (p < 0.0001) as well as classifier ‘time’ (p < 0.0001) and classifier ‘technique’ (p < 0.0001) in terms of centroid shape, but not depending on the classifier ‘age’ (p > 0.05). GM allows visualizing the differences in the horses’ posture resulting from the selected manual rehabilitation techniques. The quantification of the horse’s body posture in the studied protocol indicates horses’ body posture after being warmed-up and massaged using the dorso–ventral technique is the most desirable.
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Ross, Megan, Kathryn Proudfoot, Katrina Merkies, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Molly Mills, Kathleen Macmillan, Shawn Mckenna y Caroline Ritter. "Horse Housing on Prince Edward Island, Canada: Attitudes and Experiences Related to Keeping Horses Outdoors and in Groups". Animals 13, n.º 2 (13 de enero de 2023): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13020275.
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Limited research has assessed the “human dimension” of horse care. The aims of this study were to (1) understand horse owner attitudes toward horse welfare when kept outdoors versus indoors and in groups versus individually, (2) compare horse owner attitudes toward horse welfare with the ways in which they house their horses, and (3) explore horse owner reasons for and challenges with their horses’ housing. Seventy-six horse owners in Prince Edward Island, Canada completed a questionnaire. Non-parametric tests and quantitative content analysis were used for data analysis. Consistent with the way horses were kept, most (82–96%) owners agreed that horses’ physical health, mental well-being, and natural living were better when kept outdoors and in groups. Fewer (64–68%) participants agreed that the horses’ standard of care was better when kept outdoors or in groups. Results show associations between owners whose attitudes suggest indoor and/or individual housing is better for horse welfare and keeping their horses indoors part-time and/or individually. Two overarching themes were developed from owners’ responses regarding their reasons and challenges related to the ways in which horses were housed: horse-centered and owner-centered care. The results indicate that horse owners’ choices about their horses’ housing correspond to beliefs about improved horse welfare.
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Schwarz, Sophie, Isabell Marr, Kate Farmer, Katja Graf, Volker Stefanski y Konstanze Krueger. "Does Carrying a Rider Change Motor and Sensory Laterality in Horses?" Animals 12, n.º 8 (12 de abril de 2022): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12080992.
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Laterality in horses has been studied in recent decades. Although most horses are kept for riding purposes, there has been almost no research on how laterality may be affected by carrying a rider. In this study, 23 horses were tested for lateral preferences, both with and without a rider, in three different experiments. The rider gave minimal aids and rode on a long rein to allow the horse free choice. Firstly, motor laterality was assessed by observing forelimb preference when stepping over a pole. Secondly, sensory laterality was assessed by observing perceptual side preferences when the horse was confronted with (a) an unfamiliar person or (b) a novel object. After applying a generalised linear model, this preliminary study found that a rider increased the strength of motor laterality (p = 0.01) but did not affect sensory laterality (p = 0.8). This suggests that carrying a rider who is as passive as possible does not have an adverse effect on a horse’s stress levels and mental state.
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Łuszczyński, Jarosław, Magdalena Pieszka, Weronika Petrych y Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier. "The Frequency of Errors in Determining Age Based on Selected Features of the Incisors of Icelandic Horses". Animals 9, n.º 6 (30 de mayo de 2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060298.
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The structure and changes occurring to horses’ teeth during ontogeny are not only used to assess the degree of somatic maturity but also the development of universal patterns and is therefore used to determine the age of horses. Research shows that methods of assessing the age of horses based on the appearance of teeth tend to suffer from relatively large errors. This is probably influenced by the results of intensive selection and being kept in living conditions that differ substantially from their natural environment. This study aimed to assess the suitability of selected features of the incisors to determine the age of Icelandic horses. One hundred and twenty-six Icelandic horses (78 mares and 48 stallions) of different ages (range: 0–24 years; groups: 0–2 years, >2–5 years, >5–11 years, and >11 years) were examined by an experienced horse person who was blinded to the actual age of the horse and did not know which age group horses were in. Age was determined by the inspection of each horse’s teeth and was compared to the actual age of the horse recorded in the breeding documentation, and the percentage of mistakes made regarding the age group was calculated. The estimated age did not match the real age in 36.5% of the horses. The age was more often underestimated (19.0%) by, on average, 0.9 ± 1.0 years than overestimated (17.5%) by, on average, 1.3 ± 1.4 years. Within age groups, the least number of errors in determining age were made in young horses aged 0–2 years, when the eruption and growing of the deciduous incisors and the disappearance of the cups was considered. The average percentage of errors in this group (2.1%) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than for older horses, whose age was estimated based on the exchange of deciduous to permanent teeth (55.8%), disappearance of the cups (68.0%), and shape changes on the grinding surface (40.0%). Significantly more frequent underestimation of age based on replacing deciduous for permanent incisors and significantly more frequent overestimation of age on the basis of the disappearance of the cup may indicate that Icelandic horses up to 5 years of age are characterized by a slower rate of growth than horses of other breeds, especially warmblood horses. These results suggest that patterns used to determine the real age of horses based on changes occurring on the incisors should be modified in order to consider the specificity of the course of growth and maturation processes of horses of various types and breeds.
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Masko, Malgorzata, Malgorzata Domino, Dorota Lewczuk, Tomasz Jasinski y Zdzislaw Gajewski. "Horse Behavior, Physiology and Emotions during Habituation to a Treadmill". Animals 10, n.º 6 (26 de mayo de 2020): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10060921.
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A treadmill is an important tool in the equine analysis of gait, lameness, and hoof balance, as well as for the evaluation of horse rehabilitation or poor performance including dynamic endoscopy. Before all of these uses, horses have to be habituated to a treadmill locomotion. We used principal component analysis to evaluate the relationship between aspects of the horse’s temperament and emotional response, and progress in the behavioral habituation to a treadmill. Fourteen horses were tested, by the same familiar handler, using the novel object test, the handling test, and both positive and negative emotional response tests. Then, four stages of gradual habituation of the first work on a treadmill were conducted. Each time, the horse’s behavior was filmed. Data obtained from ethograms and heart rate measurements were tested. Four principal components were identified in examined horses: “Flightiness”, “Freeziness”, “Curiosity”, and “Timidity”. Flightiness was connected with nervousness, agitation by new objects, and easy excitability, and gradually decreased of features during habituation. Timidity was associated with a lack of courage and stress in new situations, and those features strongly increased when the treadmill was introduced. Freeziness and Curiosity features showed strong stability throughout the whole habituation. The results of this study provide evidence for a connection between temperament, emotional response, and habituation process in a horse.
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Anzulewicz, Ashley, Kate Fenner, Michelle Hyde, Susan Heald, Bibiana Burattini, Nicole Romness, Jessica McKenzie, Bethany Wilson y Paul McGreevy. "The Impact of the Sex of Handlers and Riders on the Reported Social Confidence, Compliance and Touch Sensitivity of Horses in Their Care". Animals 11, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010130.
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Current evidence of how human sex-related differences in riders and handlers may influence horse behaviour is limited. The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) was used to collect demographic data on riders and handlers (n = 1420) and behavioural data on their horses. It includes demographic items about the sex of the respondent and how frequently the horse has been ridden or handled by male and female humans. The questionnaire then gathers observations on the horse’s behaviour on the ground and under saddle or when driven. Using E-BARQ’s battery of 97 questions, the current study showed differences in ridden and non-ridden horse behaviour that were related to the sex of the rider or handler. Data were evaluated using multivariate analysis and revealed that horses handled by male humans were significantly more difficult to catch (t-value = −3.11; p = 0.002) and significantly more defensive when approached (t-value = −2.104; p = 0.035), but significantly less likely to pull on the reins/brace the neck or toss their head (t-value 1.980; p = 0.048) than horses handled more frequently by female humans. The differences found between male and female horse handlers suggest that sex is an important factor to consider when understanding equine behaviour. Our study explored reported differences in confidence, handling and working compliance and touch sensitivity among horses ridden and handled by male and female humans and suggested further research into how these differences are gendered.
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Anzulewicz, Ashley, Kate Fenner, Michelle Hyde, Susan Heald, Bibiana Burattini, Nicole Romness, Jessica McKenzie, Bethany Wilson y Paul McGreevy. "The Impact of the Sex of Handlers and Riders on the Reported Social Confidence, Compliance and Touch Sensitivity of Horses in Their Care". Animals 11, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010130.
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Current evidence of how human sex-related differences in riders and handlers may influence horse behaviour is limited. The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) was used to collect demographic data on riders and handlers (n = 1420) and behavioural data on their horses. It includes demographic items about the sex of the respondent and how frequently the horse has been ridden or handled by male and female humans. The questionnaire then gathers observations on the horse’s behaviour on the ground and under saddle or when driven. Using E-BARQ’s battery of 97 questions, the current study showed differences in ridden and non-ridden horse behaviour that were related to the sex of the rider or handler. Data were evaluated using multivariate analysis and revealed that horses handled by male humans were significantly more difficult to catch (t-value = −3.11; p = 0.002) and significantly more defensive when approached (t-value = −2.104; p = 0.035), but significantly less likely to pull on the reins/brace the neck or toss their head (t-value 1.980; p = 0.048) than horses handled more frequently by female humans. The differences found between male and female horse handlers suggest that sex is an important factor to consider when understanding equine behaviour. Our study explored reported differences in confidence, handling and working compliance and touch sensitivity among horses ridden and handled by male and female humans and suggested further research into how these differences are gendered.
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McKenzie, Jessica, Kate Fenner, Michelle Hyde, Ashley Anzulewicz, Bibiana Burattini, Nicole Romness, Bethany Wilson y Paul McGreevy. "Equine Responses to Acceleration and Deceleration Cues May Reflect Their Exposure to Multiple Riders". Animals 11, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010066.
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It is logical to assume that horses with multiple riders encounter variation in application of training cues. When training cues are inconsistent, we expect to see a decrease in trained responses or an increase in conflict behaviours. This study investigated the relationship between the number of people that regularly ride or handle a horse and the horse’s response to operant cues. Data on 1819 equids were obtained from the Equine Behavior Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ), an online global survey of horse owners and caregivers. Three mutually independent indices (acceleration, deceleration, and responsiveness) were derived from a parallel analysis of E-BARQ items related to acceleration and deceleration cues. These indices were then subjected to multivariable modelling against a range of dependent variables including horse and human demographics, horse management, and the number of riders or handlers. The number of riders or handlers was a significant predictor for two out of three indices. As the number of riders or handlers increased, horses were more difficult to accelerate (regression coefficient = 0.0148 ± 0.0071; p = 0.0366) and less difficult to decelerate (regression coefficient = −0.017 ± 0.008; p = 0.030) than those with fewer riders or handlers. These findings suggest that horses’ responses to rein tension cues are more persistent than their responses to leg pressure or whip cues. Alternatively, horses with these responses may be actively selected for multiple rider roles. Longitudinal studies of this sort should reveal how the number of riders or handlers affects horse behaviour and could lead to safer and more humane equestrian practices.
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Kabulov, E. y S. Rajapova. "Horse-breeding of the Oasis of Surkhan". Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, n.º 11 (15 de noviembre de 2019): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/50.
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Since ancient times in Uzbekistan, special attention has been paid to horse breeding. We can see this in dastans and traditions, where poets and bakhshis sang about mythical horses. And most importantly, the horse was very much appreciated as a companion of a horse. As in other regions of the republic, special attention was paid to the development of horse breeding in the Surkhan oasis. Several breeds of horses were bred in the oasis, they were called ‘adobe’, ‘jiyran’, ‘turik’, ‘buz’ and others by color. Uzbeks mainly bred ‘Karabair’, ‘Lakay’, ‘Turkman’, and sometimes Arab ones. For breeding local breeds of horses ‘Karabair’ were used breeds of Turkmen, Arab and Mongolian horses. By breeding horses such breeds of ‘Karabair’ horses as ‘Uzbek’, ‘Miyenkul’, ‘Urgut’ and others were bred. Also, horses were named for their age. A newborn horse was called a ‘kulun’, up to one year a foal, from a year and a half to two years a strigunok, a two-three year old foal, a third year a gunan, a three-four year old dunan, a male after four years a stallion, a female mare. In the Surkhan oasis, Turkmen horses were widely used as a vehicle, they participated in horse racing, racing and kupkari (equestrian competition in which the participants of the competition rip out goat carcass from each other). Responsible for the conservation and reproduction of horse breeds were men. They promptly gave horses food, took them for a walk. The horses that took part in the races, kupkari were raised according to special methods and customs. Such horses were fed from spring to late autumn, with the arrival of autumn they were walked and prepared for competitions. Horses were considered not only a vehicle; they were the most expensive and valuable commodity. At that time, the best horses were estimated from 400 to 600 rubles, and Turkmen horses to 1000 rubles. In a word, horses were not only expensive goods; they were considered the best friend and helper of a horseman.
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Davies, E. y S. James. "The psychological responses of amateur riders to their horses’ injuries". Comparative Exercise Physiology 14, n.º 2 (6 de junio de 2018): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep180009.
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Equestrian sport is considered a high-risk environment for equine injury. Due to the close bond between horse and rider, it could be theorised that riders may be impacted psychologically by their horses’ injuries, as seen in athletic pairs and with companion animal ownership. The extensive time commitment and responsibility of care within equestrian sport means that horse riders’ day-to-day life is impacted in a way not seen in other sporting or leisure environments, thus providing a unique opportunity to investigate the psychological responses of riders to their horse’s injury. The aims of this study were to investigate the psychological responses that amateur riders experienced when their horses were injured. 308 amateur horse riders (16 male and 292 female, median age 25-30 category) completed the Psychological Response to Sport Injury Inventory (19-item) (PRSII) and questions regarding demographics, investment in equestrian sport, the horse’s injury and the length of rehabilitation. Devastation was significantly affected by the weekly time investment of riders (H(3)=8.255, P=0.041) and the length of ownership prior to the injury (H(2)=7.690, P=0.021). ‘Devastation’, ‘feeling cheated’, ‘restlessness’ and ‘isolation’ were all significantly affected by the length of rehabilitation for the horse (H(7)=70.825, P=0.000, H(7)=37.799, P=0.000, H(7)=37.799, P=0.004, and H(7)=27.486, P=0.000, respectively). These findings suggest that amateur horse riders are at risk of psychological distress when their horse becomes injured. Whilst the industry has developed strategies to support owners following euthanasia which are already in place, psychological support following horse injury may be necessary to buffer psychological ‘devastation’ within amateur horse owners.
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PAVALOIU, Alexandra Nicoleta y Ionel PAPUC. "CORRELATION BETWEEN PLASMA CORTISOL AND REACTIVITY IN FIVE HORSES". Cluj Veterinary Journal 15, n.º 1 (16 de marzo de 2009): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52331/cvj.v15i1.9.
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A plasma cortisol measurement and behavioral assessment of five horses was performed, to determine whether there was a correlation between plasma cortisol and their reactivity. A subjective emotionality survey for each horse was completed by the horse's owners and an objective novel stimulus reactivity test was performed. The horses reactions were used to calculate reactivity scores on a reactivity assessment sheet we specially designed. Concentration of plasma cortisol was also measured and reactions to the blood sampling were quantified. Associations were made between those different parameters. All five horses appeared to be hypo reactive and their cortisol levels were also very low. Behavioral assessed reactivity seemed to correlate directly with the plasma cortisol, all values showing a marked hypo reactivity in all horses. The data obtained provided evidence that low plasma cortisol is a good marker of reactivity in hypo reactive horses and also that the designed sheets for the assessment of objective and subjective reactivity may be used, in correlation with plasma cortisol as an assessment tool in the current practice.
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Wilk, Izabela, Elżbieta Wnuk-Pawlak, Iwona Janczarek, Beata Kaczmarek, Marta Dybczyńska y Monika Przetacznik. "Distribution of Superficial Body Temperature in Horses Ridden by Two Riders with Varied Body Weights". Animals 10, n.º 2 (21 de febrero de 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020340.
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It was assumed that a horse with its rider body weight found in the upper limit may negatively impact the horse’s welfare. The objective of this paper was to analyze the differences in body temperature and selected heart rate parameters in horses in response to physical exercise accompanied by various rider’s body weight loads. The study was carried out on 12 leisure, 10–15-year-old warmblood geldings. The horses were ridden by two equally qualified riders whose body weights were about 20% and 10% of the average body weight (BW) of the animals (about 470 kg). Each rider rode each of the 12 horses for 13 min walking and 20 min of trotting. Images of the horse at rest, after physical exercise directly after unsaddling, and during the recovery phase (10 min after unsaddling) were taken with an infrared thermography camera. For analysis, the temperatures of selected body parts were measured on the surface of the head, neck, front, middle, and back (croup) parts of the trunk, forelimb, and hind limb. Immediately after the infrared thermography images were taken, the rectal temperature of the horse was measured. The heart rate parameters were measured at rest for 10 min directly before, during, and 10 min following the end of a training session. A multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed. Statistical significance was accepted for p < 0.05. A rider BW load on a horse of approximately 20% of the horse’s BW led to a substantial increase in the superficial temperatures of the neck, front, middle, and back parts of the trunk in relation to these body parts’ average temperatures when the load was about 10% BW. The head and limb average temperatures were not significantly affected by the load of the exercised horse. A horse’s load above 20% of his body weight, even with little effort, affects changes in surface temperature and the activity of the autonomic nervous system.
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Baban, M., M. Sakac, N. Korabi, B. Antunovic, P. Mijic, A. Ivankovic y J. Ramljak. "Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Republic of Croatia". Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, n.º 3 (2011): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103415b.
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Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia, before its entrance into European Union, is in the transitional period. In the breeding sense, Croatian horse breeding is set according to the model of European countries and is trying to counteract with ?modern horse breeding countries?. Croatian Center for Horse Breeding - Djakovo and Lipik State Stud Farms (CCHB), with the Central register of equidae is, as the head national institution, responsible for running and maintaining national central equidae database (49 registers of horses and 27 registers of breeding types). Croatia has registered total of 21.796 equidae, from which 19.306 animals are horses. Registered horses according to groups make the total proportion of 37% warmblood horses, 59% coldblood horses and 4% ponies. Horse breeders are organized in breeders associations, which form federations of associations referring to separate horse breeds. Currently in Croatia there are four federations of breeders associations (with 43 associations and 11 private stud farms). Those verified breeding organizations are conducting independently breeding programs and fully maintain breeding and selection obligations for horse breeds for which they have approval of the Croatian Ministry. Native breeds in Croatia are Croatian Coldblood, Croatian Posavac and Medjimurje horse (Murinsulaner), while Lipizzan horse is considered as protected breed. Development of horse breeding is considerably supported with national subsidies. Internationally verified breeds which are bred in Croatia are Lipizzan horse, Pure Arabian horses, Thoroughbred, Haflinger and Gidran horses. The horse breeding in Croatia is developing in four different directions. Ecological breeding implies native horse breeds and is spread on the areas of protected nature resorts in Croatia. Croatians are through their history connected to horse breeding, which is even today irreplaceable in traditional cultural manifestations (Djakovacki vezovi, Vinkovacke jeseni, Sinjska alka, etc.), various horse shows and fairs and also in more ?modern? ways through recreation and entertainment. The third direction of development of horse breeding in Croatia is therapeutic riding, which includes 26 associations, over one hundred horses and over one thousand users organized under the Therapeutic Riding Association of Croatia. Sports horse breeding represents fourth direction in Croatian horse breeding. It is formed by four federations: Croatian Trotting Federation (trotting), Croatian Gallop Federation (gallop sport) and Croatian Equestrian Federation (endurance, dressage, military, show jumping, driving). Croatian Equestrian Federation includes 49 equestrian clubs. In the last four years between 455 and 582 competitors and between 495 and 581 horses (for show jumping 45%, dressage 31%, endurance 19%, driving 5% and military) were licensed annually. Croatia achieved noticeable results on the international scene in driving sports and in Paralympics. In all mentioned directions of Croatian horse breeding, the tendency should be directed to achieving higher breeding standards (nutrition, stabling, transport, training) and more rational using of horses. Such breeding and using of horses will lead to top bred horses and successful sport horses. This implies synchronized work through long period of time, respecting institutional and breeding rules.
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Rowland, Marie, Neil Hudson, Melanie Connor, Cathy Dwyer y Tamsin Coombs. "The Welfare of Traveller and Gypsy Owned Horses in the UK and Ireland". Animals 12, n.º 18 (13 de septiembre de 2022): 2402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182402.
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Travellers and Gypsies are recognised ethnic groups in the UK and Ireland. Horse ownership is an important cultural tradition, however, practices associated with poor welfare are often perceived to be linked to these horse owning communities. Despite this, empirical studies on the welfare status of Traveller and Gypsy owned horses are lacking. To determine the welfare status of Traveller and Gypsy owned horses, 104 horses were assessed using a bespoke horse welfare protocol. This protocol assessed animal, resource and management-based measures. In addition, Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) identified horses’ emotional state. Results indicated that 81% of horses had an optimal body condition score, with no horse recorded as very thin/fat. The absence of limb conditions (95%), ocular (98%) and nasal (93%) discharges were evident in most horses, and 81% of horses responded positively to the voluntary animal approach test. The most commonly observed welfare issues were hoof neglect (27%), with hoof cracks/breakages (19%) being the most prevalent. QBA indicated that positive emotional states were more commonplace than negative. A relationship between QBA and other horse welfare measures was observed, e.g., improved mood was associated with better water availability. This research provides novel data in the under-researched area of the welfare of Traveller and Gypsy owned horses and counters perceptions of a poor welfare state in this group of horses.
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Tannahill, Victoria J., Jacqueline M. Cardwell y Tom H. Witte. "Colic in the British military working horse population: a retrospective analysis". Veterinary Record 184, n.º 1 (19 de noviembre de 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104956.
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Colic is a common and potentially life-threatening condition of horses. Multiple risk factors have been previously identified and it is known that a careful management routine can help reduce colic rates. The British military working horse population represents a unique cohort of horses that are intensively managed with a strict regimen. This retrospective study examined the incidence and mortality rate of colic within this population, as well as the signalment of affected horses, and compared these with the general population. Data for 717 horses over a five-year period (2008–2012) were analysed. Of these, 163 horses (22.7 per cent) experienced 267 colic episodes and 13 horses (1.8 per cent) died because of colic. Recurrent colic was experienced by 35 per cent (57/163) of horses. The incidence of colic was 11.1 episodes per 100 horse-years and of colic-related death was 0.5 deaths per 100 horse-years. Horses purchased from mainland Europe were more likely to suffer from colic (OR 4.6; P<0.001) and from recurrent colic (OR 6.0; P=0.005) than horses purchased from Ireland. Only 3 per cent (8/267) of colic episodes were treated surgically. It was concluded that the incidences of colic and colic-related deaths within the British military working horse population are similar to those of the general horse population.
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Mathes, Eugene W. "Behavior Genetics and a Horse's Show Performance". Psychological Reports 72, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.530.
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The purpose of this research was to assess whether it is possible to predict a Morgan horse's show performance on the basis of that of its sire. An examination of the show records of the 550 horses that had placed in the 1991 Grand National Morgan Horse Show yielded some support for prediction.
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Bihuncová, Iveta, Iva Jiskrová, Martina Kosťuková, Hana Černohorská, Ivana Oravcová y Eva Sobotková. "The Effect of Increasing Numbers of Horses of Undefined Breed on Horse Breeding in the Czech Republic". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, n.º 1 (2015): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563010023.
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The objective of the present study was to analyse the numbers and division of horses of undefined breed. At the present time this group is the most numerous in the entire population of horses. Horses of undefined breed do not come under any breeder union which would provide reports about these horses; these horses are only registered and breeders are informed only about their numbers. Our study is the first to deal with the problem of increasing numbers of horses of undefined breed. The database contained 22 211 horses not entered registered in any of the stud books. In the database we filed approved horses born between 1972 and 1 September 2012 and horses registered from 1987. The data were processed in the Excel programme and results were evaluated in graphs. The most frequent horse in this group was the warm-blood type (n = 9 303), pony type (n = 6 285), cold-blooded type (n = 2 663) and unlisted horses (n = 2 278). Since 2001 the number of registered horses of undefined breed has increased. The most numerous dams of horses of undefined breed is the Czech warm-blood with 1 912 offspring; dams of the English Thoroughbred with 552 offspring and mares of the utility Huzule horse with 492 offspring. In the group of registered horses of undefined breed the Czech warm-blood appears in the pedigree of 507 colts and the American Paint Horse in the pedigree of sires of 506 colts. Why the numbers of horses of undefined breed are increasing is the boom of leisure horsemanship and unqualified horse breeding.
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Buergelt, C. D., A. J. Cooley, S. A. Hines y F. S. Pipers. "Endocarditis in Six Horses". Veterinary Pathology 22, n.º 4 (julio de 1985): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588502200406.
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Six horses (five males) aged three months to fourteen years had endocarditis at necropsy. Two of the horses had a clinical diagnosis of valvular endocarditis with negative blood cultures. Single or complex valvular involvement was present in five horses. One horse had non-infectious thrombi associated only with the chordae tendineae. Mitral valves were affected in four horses, and aortic semilunar valves were affected in two. Infarcts had occurred in the kidneys and the myocardium of four horses. Bacteria were isolated postmortem from the valvular vegetations of two horses; Candida parapsilosis was isolated and demonstrated morphologically in a third horse.
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Bodecek, S., P. Jahn, O. Dobesova y E. Vavrouchova. " Equine cyathostomosis: case reports". Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 4 (19 de mayo de 2010): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/88/2010-vetmed.
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Twelve clinical cases of cyathostomosis in horses treated at the Equine Clinic University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Brno, the Czech Republic, between the years 1999 and 2008 are described in this report. Six cases (50%) were hospitalized in the period from 2007 to 2008. Eleven of them were hospitalized in the period from December to March. Only one case was admitted in June, but the clinical signs had appeared for the first time in January. All horses described in these cases were younger than six years of age. Diarrhoea as a predominant clinical sign was present in four horses and colic in four horses. One horse showed both colic and diarrhoea whilst three horses had weight loss and subcutaneous oedema. Metabolic acidosis was found in three horses, eight patients had leucocytosis. Hypoproteinemia was found in four horses, hypoalbuminemia in seven horses, hypokalemia in three horses and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in five horses. Seven horses recovered, one horse died and four horses were euthanized.
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Próchniak, Tomasz, Iwona Rozempolska-Rucińska y Grzegorz Zięba. "Preliminary Evaluation of the use Value of Jumping Horses Based on Their Results Achieved in Grand Prix Competitions". Annals of Animal Science 14, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2014): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0005.
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Abstract The aim of the work was preliminary evaluation of predispositions of Polish racehorses to sports. The tests covered 273 horses taking part in CC class and CC1 class competitions in the finals of the big tour. The probability of achieving the best result in the competitions depending on the horse breed was evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance. With the use of Spearman’s rank correlations, the initial correspondence between the horse’s rank in breeders’ ranking and the ranking based on sport results was defined. It was stated that horses starting in Grand Prix competitions represented only 6.85% of all horses registered in the Polish Equestrian Federation. In the group, foreign breeds were predominant. The proportion of native breeds was marginal. The lack of a significant influence of the race on differentiation of sports results of horses proves that the best specimens were chosen within individual races. The preliminary results revealed lack of rank agreement between the evaluation of the breeding value and sports achievements of an individual. This suggests the necessity of performing broader analyses covering different aspects
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Gregić, Maja, Dragan Dokić, Tina Bobić y Vesna Gantner. "Genomic Selection in Horse Breeding". АГРОЗНАЊЕ 20, n.º 2 (5 de noviembre de 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1902107g.
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The aim of this paper was to present the general aspects of genomic selection in horse breeding and also to provide an overview of existing applications in horses breeding, with particular emphasis on the challenges of implementation and long-term use. Based on conducted review, it could be concluded that breeding organizations must convince horse breeders that genomic selection can be a valuable tool to increase selection success either in sports or in other horse breeding. Genomic selection (GS) allows breeders to evaluate the important traits of offspring even before its birth. GS uses genetic markers to test all relevant traits, including those that are currently very difficult to measure, such as disease resistance, meat quality, horse’s crest height, etc. Finally, to establish the relevant genomic selection in individual breeds or breeding types of horses, it is necessary to create a network of collaboration between breeding associations in order to gather all necessary data.
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Contalbrigo, Laura, Marta Borgi, Marta De Santis, Barbara Collacchi, Adele Tuozzi, Marica Toson, Veronica Redaelli et al. "Equine-Assisted Interventions (EAIs) for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Behavioural and Physiological Indices of Stress in Domestic Horses (Equus caballus) during Riding Sessions". Animals 11, n.º 6 (27 de mayo de 2021): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061562.
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Equine-assisted interventions (EAIs) are well-known complementary practices combining physical activity with emotional/cognitive stimulation. They are especially suited for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who need a high degree of physical and psychological enrichment. Even though EAIs have become a common practice, stress responses in horses interacting with individuals that can manifest inappropriate behaviours, such as ASD children, have not been thoroughly investigated. Our multicentre study aimed to investigate behavioural and physiological indices of stress in horses involved in EAI standardised sessions with children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. A controlled within-subject design with repeated measurements involving 19 horses and 38 children was adopted. Stress-related behaviours, heart rate, heart rate variability, and eye temperature were recorded during the riding sessions. Moreover, blood samples were collected from horses before and after each session to monitor changes in blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and catecholamines. Results indicate that, in general, stress responses in horses involved in EAIs did not differ as a function of the horse being ridden by children with ASD or TD. A lower sympathetic tone in horses involved in ASD sessions was found, while in the mounting and dismounting phases, horses displayed behavioural signs of stress, independently from children’s behaviour. We conclude that professionals working in EAI should increase their awareness of animal welfare and refine riding practices, taking into account horse’s needs.
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Gaunitz, Charleen, Antoine Fages, Kristian Hanghøj, Anders Albrechtsen, Naveed Khan, Mikkel Schubert, Andaine Seguin-Orlando et al. "Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses". Science 360, n.º 6384 (22 de febrero de 2018): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao3297.
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The Eneolithic Botai culture of the Central Asian steppes provides the earliest archaeological evidence for horse husbandry, ~5500 years ago, but the exact nature of early horse domestication remains controversial. We generated 42 ancient-horse genomes, including 20 from Botai. Compared to 46 published ancient- and modern-horse genomes, our data indicate that Przewalski’s horses are the feral descendants of horses herded at Botai and not truly wild horses. All domestic horses dated from ~4000 years ago to present only show ~2.7% of Botai-related ancestry. This indicates that a massive genomic turnover underpins the expansion of the horse stock that gave rise to modern domesticates, which coincides with large-scale human population expansions during the Early Bronze Age.
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Yildirim, Fatih, Ahmet Yildiz, Mahir Murat Cengiz, Murat Temel y Ayşe Küreksiz. "The effect of being housed with a goat on abnormal behavior in horses". Archives Animal Breeding 66, n.º 1 (4 de enero de 2023): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-66-9-2023.
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Abstract. Horses in stalls generally remain in single-stall housing, so abnormal behavior can be observed in this management condition. Abnormal behavior can harm the horse's keeper, rider, or even the animal itself. The present study aims to examine the effect of goats on abnormal behaviors in horses. For this purpose, it placed six horses and six goats in the single-stall housing of the horses, one horse and one goat, and monitored them for 45 d. The research was divided into three observation phases during this time: in the first observation, the horses were left alone (0–15 d), in the second observation, the horses were left together with the goats (16–30 d), and in the third observation, the horses were left alone again (31–45 d). In the first of these three stages, 12 different abnormal behaviors were detected in horses. The determined hours (00:00–01:00, 06:00–07:00, 07:00–08:00, 19:00–20:00, 20:00–21:00, 23:00–24:00 LT) of the day for abnormal behaviors identified in six different single-stall houses were examined. The frequency of the total abnormal behavior occurring at these hours was evaluated with nonparametric statistical tests. At the end of the research, front feet playing (p=0.002), crib-biting objects (p<0.001), and box walking (p<0.001) behaviors were significantly affected positively by the goats, while there was no statistical difference in other abnormal behaviors (p>0.05). In conclusion, it can be said that goats positively affect some abnormal behaviors in horses but not others.
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BUZATU, Marius Catalin, Ioan Liviu MITREA, Alexandra GRUIANU y Mariana IONITA. "Investigating the Strongyle Populations, with Emphasis on Strongylus vulgaris (Nematoda: Strongylidae) in Romanian Horses, Based on Larval Cultures". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 74, n.º 2 (26 de noviembre de 2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:0026.
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This study aimed to investigate the presence of Strongylus vulgaris on different horse establishments in Romania. A total number of 380 horses were enrolled in the study, representing: three stud farms (n=156); four sport/recreational establishments (n=75); and working horses (n=149). Overall, 106 premises/yards from 17 localities in 9 counties from North-Eastern, Center and Southern Romania were visited. Fresh fecal sample were collected from individual horses and were analyzed by a modified McMaster method for fecal strongyle egg per gram counting. Further, larval cultures were performed for morphological identification of S. vulgaris third stage larvae. Overall, of the investigated horses from studs, sport/recreational units, and working horses, 84.60%, 44.0%, and 79.20%, respectively were positive for strongyle. On coprocultures, cyathostomin-larvae were the most prevalent in all horse-establishment types, while S. vulgaris larvae were found only in working horses (12.1%; n=18). Other strongylin species have been identified, namely S. equinus, S. edentatus, Oesophagodontus robustus, and Triodontophorus spp. all in working horses, and Craterostomum acuticaudatum, in both working horses and horses for sport units. However, further studies are planned by using more sensitive technique for monitoring of S. vulgaris in Romanian horse farms.
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Pan, Jing, Chimge Purev, Hongwei Zhao, Zhipeng Zhang, Feng Wang, Nashun Wendoule, Guichun Qi, Yongbin Liu y Huanmin Zhou. "Discovery of exercise-related genes and pathway analysis based on comparative genomes of Mongolian originated Abaga and Wushen horse". Open Life Sciences 17, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 1269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0487.
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Abstract The Mongolian horses have excellent endurance and stress resistance to adapt to the cold and harsh plateau conditions. Intraspecific genetic diversity is mainly embodied in various genetic advantages of different branches of the Mongolian horse. Since people pay progressive attention to the athletic performance of horse, we expect to guide the exercise-oriented breeding of horses through genomics research. We obtained the clean data of 630,535,376,400 bp through the entire genome second-generation sequencing for the whole blood of four Abaga horses and ten Wushen horses. Based on the data analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism, we severally detected that 479 and 943 positively selected genes, particularly exercise related, were mainly enriched on equine chromosome 4 in Abaga horses and Wushen horses, which implied that chromosome 4 may be associated with the evolution of the Mongolian horse and athletic performance. Four hundred and forty genes of positive selection were enriched in 12 exercise-related pathways and narrowed in 21 exercise-related genes in Abaga horse, which were distinguished from Wushen horse. So, we speculated that the Abaga horse may have oriented genes for the motorial mechanism and 21 exercise-related genes also provided a molecular genetic basis for exercise-directed breeding of the Mongolian horse.
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Walker, T. J., S. N. Collins y R. C. Murray. "Horse walker use in dressage horses". Comparative Exercise Physiology 8, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2012): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep11015.
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Horse walkers have become popular in the modern exercise regime for dressage horses, however recent investigations of injury risk factors have indicated a significant association between horse walker use and lameness. A detailed telephone questionnaire was conducted to document horse walker usage and assess whether horse walker use could predispose dressage horses to lameness. Information on horse walker features and use, and individual horse lameness history was recorded. Chi-squared tests were performed to identify horse walker variables associated with lameness. Although analyses failed to establish a direct link between lameness and any specific horse walker feature, the high proportion of lame horses in this study suggests that there is an underlying and, as yet, unidentified cause of lameness related to horse walker usage.
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Peemot, Victoria Soyan. "We Eat Whom We Love". Inner Asia 19, n.º 1 (21 de abril de 2017): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340082.
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This paper examines hippophagy among Tyvan pastoralists. Horse-meat eating practice is defined by herder-horse relationships, the horse’s not-quite-livestock position and its instrumental and symbolic values. Complexity of influencing factors engenders a ritual which regulates slaughtering and eating meat of the most appreciated horses. As a result of this, ritual transformation of animals into meat does not turn them into the absent referent; rather, as I show in this article, the reference is alwayspresent.
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Nedkova-Ivanova, Ruzha y Yuri Valev. "SHORTTERM TRAINING PROGRAM FOR THE PREPARATION PERIOD IN THE ENDURANCE DISCIPLINE OF EQUESTRIAN SPORT". Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2, n.º 2020 (16 de diciembre de 2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/jass.2020.02.6.
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ABSTRACT The competitive pairs of horse and rider in the endurance discipline of equestrian sport in Bulgaria have ranked, in the past several years, among the elite contestants in Europe and the world, which has necessitated deeper studies in the areas of training methods and the ways of achieving high sport results. Therefore, this study is focused on 6 Bulgarian horses (Arabian horse and Shagya, Table 1) that are preparing for European and World championships. They were trained together under the same conditions (climate, time zone, terrain, speed) by riders with the necessary qualifications and experience. Seven training rides were performed, and the pulse was measured at the moment of the highest load, as it is the most indicative of the horse’s level of effort. By studying the pulse of horses during a training session, the research aimed to determine the efficacy of the short-term training program in the prep season. The results showed that 2 to 4 minutes after coming to a full stop, regardless of the terrain, speed (in this research between 5.2 km/h and 22.5 km/h) or distance traveled by the horses, their pulse varied between 36 and 99 bpm (beats per minute) and they improved their physical condition and increased their stamina without this leading to trauma or more serious injuries, which is a main priority in the equestrian sport and allows for the successful completion of every race. In the long run, such a training methodology will allow the horses to be trained and ready to race at any time. Monitoring the heart rate and keeping it within the studied limits showed that this was the optimal option for a training regime for the six examined horses. In the situation with the COVID19 pandemic, this is a possible solution for maintaining athletic fitness in endurance horses.
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Li, Ying, Yu Liu, Min Wang, Xiaoran Lin, Yuanyuan Li, Tao Yang, Mo Feng, Yao Ling y Chunjiang Zhao. "Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals the Origin of the Chakouyi Horse". Genes 13, n.º 12 (19 de diciembre de 2022): 2411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122411.
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The Chakouyi horse is an ancient Chinese indigenous horse breed distributed in Gansu Province in northwestern China, and is also one of the key breeds protected by the government. However, the origin of the Chakouyi horse remains unclear. As it is distributed in a key region of the Silk Road, it was speculated that the origin of the Chakouyi horse might involve the foreign horse breeds found along this ancient commercial artery. In this study, whole-genome resequencing data of 12 horse breeds, including both indigenous and foreign horses, were applied to reveal the genetic relationships between the Chakouyi horse and other breeds, as well as the ancestry of this ancient breed. An analysis of the population structure and admixture showed that there is no close genetic affinity between the Chakouyi horse and the foreign horses while Chinese indigenous horse populations were grouped together in accordance with their geographic locations, and the Chakouyi horse showed a closer relationship with Kazak horses, Mongolian horses, and Tibetan horses. The results from the ancestral composition prediction indicated that the Kazak horse and the Mongolian horse might be two ancestors of the Chakouyi horse. Furthermore, the genome-wide selection signature analysis revealed that the DMRT3 gene was positively selected in the Chakouyi horse and related to the gait trait of the breed. Our results provide insights into the native origin of the Chakouyi horse and indicate that Kazak and Mongolian horses played important roles in the formation of the Chakouyi horse. Genetic communication between the Chakouyi horse and other horse populations could be attributed, at least partially, to population migrations and trade activities along the ancient commercial routes.
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Olczak, Katarzyna, Jacek Nowicki y Czesław Klocek. "Motivation, Stress and Learning – Critical Characteristics that Influence the Horses’ Value and Training Method – A Review". Annals of Animal Science 16, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2016): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0093.
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AbstractEquine husbandry is carried out in an environment unnatural to horses, which enforces their adaptation to artificial conditions. Besides housing conditions, the management and human-horse relationship is very important for both human safety and a high level of animal welfare and performance. This would not be possible if horses were not able to learn. For equestrians, independently of the horse’s use (sport, work, recreation, therapy etc.) the performance is of the highest importance. Deep knowledge about learning mechanisms is essential to maintain high level of horses’ welfare and to achieve effective training. Cognition can be influenced by motivation and stress. Motivational mechanisms are based on positive or negative reinforcement but still it is not known what motivates horses more and how food motivation influences learning. It was already shown that a low level of motivation decreases animal performance. The effect of stress is an increasingly popular research topic. It has been shown that acute stress decreases horses’ learning performance, but the exact standard is still unknown. The Yerkes-Dodson law claims that low and too high arousal decreases learning. What is more, the relation between learning and sex, breed and some temperamental traits has been shown in several studies.
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Morera Chacón, Brayan, Víctor Montalvo Guadamuz, Ronald Sánchez Porras y Eduardo Carrillo Jiménez. "Potential ecological effects of the free-roaming horses Equus caballus (Perissodactyla: Equidae) on wild mammals: a review of current knowledge". UNED Research Journal 13, n.º 2 (12 de agosto de 2021): e3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v13i2.3488.
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Introduction: The horse (Equus caballus) is an adaptable large herbivore distributed in a wide range of terrestrial biomes that negatively affects ecosystems around the world. Most research on horse–ecosystems interactions have been focused on plants and soils, whereas horse effects on vertebrate species are poorly understanded. Objective: We aimed to synthesize, at a global scale, the effects of free-roaming horses on wild mammals. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review that included these words; "feral horses + competition ", "feral horses + interactions", "feral horses + impacts", "feral horses + effects", based on the “Web of Science” internet search engine. Results: We located 366 articles in our search, but only 14 peer-reviewed documents described the effects of horses on local wild mammals. Most studies were published in the last decade (64%), and were located in United States (64%). Additional information showed most studies used correlational approaches while experimental approaches were used less. The effect of horses on mammal taxonomic groups varied significantly, suggesting changes on habitat structure mostly affects vertebrate species such as small rodents. Nevertheless, large ungulates exhibited interference competition derived from presence of free-roaming horses. Conclusion: This review identified patterns and gaps in our current knowledge about the effect of horse presence on wild mammals, and can help to readdress further research. Therefore, we recommend careful monitoring of horses and their potential effects on wildlife by using species proxies such as ungulates and rodents to determine if the presence of horses in protected areas affects conservation objectives
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Groux, Rosemary, Brian Whitlock, Peter D. Krawczel, Amanda Lee y Jay A. Daniel. "PSVII-38 Increased activity in horses following reapplication of shoes". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (diciembre de 2019): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.634.
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Abstract Despite shoeing being a common practice, the impact of shoeing on horse behavior has not been widely studied. To examine the impact of reapplication of shoes to previously shod horses on horse activity, seven light horse geldings (3 to 21 year old Quarter Horse, Dutch Warmblood, or Thoroughbred) were fitted with three axis accelerometers (IceTag, Ice Robotics, Edinburgh, Scotland) on the left rear leg. Horses were maintained on pasture except for approximately 1 hour morning and evening for feeding. Boots were placed under the accelerometer, and boots and accelerometers were removed once daily for approximately one hour while the horses were stalled for am feeding to examine the horses’ leg and to allow exposure to air to dry. After seven days, horses were treated by either having shoes removed, feet trimmed, and new shoes fitted (reapplication; n = 3) or being handled by the farrier but not trimmed or fitted with new shoes (sham; n = 4). Horse activity was then monitored for 6 d. Steps per hour were tested for effects of treatment, time (before or after treatment), and interaction of treatment by time using procedures for repeated measures with JMP Software (version 7, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Means separation was performed using Student’s t test if appropriate. There was a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.0109), such that after treatment, reapplication horses took more steps than sham horses (150 ± 20 vs 117 ± 18 steps per hour, respectively). However, both groups took fewer steps after treatment than before (124 ± 13 vs 157 ± 13 steps per hour, respectively; P < 0.0001). These results indicate horses with reapplication of shoes move more than horses which did not experience reapplication of shoes, possibly indicated the horses with reapplication of shoes experienced more comfort in movement.
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Pérez-Manrique, Lucia, Karina León-Pérez, Emmanuel Zamora-Sánchez, Sarah Davies, Christopher Ober, Bethany Wilson y Paul McGreevy. "Prevalence and Distribution of Lesions in the Nasal Bones and Mandibles of a Sample of 144 Riding Horses". Animals 10, n.º 9 (16 de septiembre de 2020): 1661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091661.
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Restrictive nosebands are used in equestrian sports to hold the bit in place and reduce mouth-opening, a response that can attract penalties in some sports and is thought to reduce the rider’s control of the horse. Sustained pressure from such tightly fitted (restrictive) nosebands denies normal behaviour and thus, causes frustration and distress that can jeopardise horse welfare. It also may push the cheek against the molar teeth, compress soft tissues including blood vessels and nerves, and possibly induce chronic changes to underlying bone. This study of mature cavalry horses (n = 144) was designed to explore relationships between visual and palpable damage to structures that underlie the nosebands of horses and any related bony changes in those horses as evidenced by radiography. Working independently of each other, two researchers inspected the horses for visual changes and palpable changes before the horses were radiographed. The radiographs were assessed by a separate pair of veterinary radiologists, again working independently of each other. Among the current population of horses, 37.5% had one or more radiographic changes to the nasal bones according to both radiologists, and 13.8% had one or more radiographic changes to the mandible. For nasal bones, the two radiologists reported bone deposition in 6.9% and 8.3% of the horses and bone thinning in 33.3% and 56.9% of the horses, respectively. By palpation, they found that 82% and 84% of the horses had palpable bone deposition of the nasal bones and 32% and 33.4% had palpable bone thinning. For the mandibles, the radiologists reported increased bone deposition in 18.8% and 32.6% of the horses but no bone thinning. By palpation, the two examiners reported 30.6% and 32.7% of the horses had palpable bone deposition and 10.4% and 11.1% had palpable bone thinning. This is the first report of lesions to the mandible at this site and this article presents the first confirmation of bony lesions at the site typically subjected to pressure from restrictive nosebands. These results suggest that radiographic bone thinning is more apparent in the nasal bones of riding horses than in the mandible and that both palpable and radiographic bone deposition are more likely in the mandible than in the nasal bones. That said, we note that the current study provides no evidence of a causal link between any piece of gear or its putative tightness and the lesions in these anatomical locations. Further studies are needed to identify risk factors for these clusters of lesions. The inadvertent deformation of bones in the horse’s head for competitive advantage is difficult to justify on ethical grounds.
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Shono, Saori, Azusa Gin, Fumiko Minowa, Kimihiro Okubo y Mariko Mochizuki. "The Oxidative Stress Markers of Horses—the Comparison with Other Animals and the Influence of Exercise and Disease". Animals 10, n.º 4 (3 de abril de 2020): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040617.
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Diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROM) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels in the serum of horses were measured (ponies, n = 15; thoroughbred, n = 31; other full-sized horses, n = 7). The mean d-ROM levels in horses were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in dairy cattle (n = 25) and dogs (n = 31). However, d-ROM levels in horses were lower than the standard levels reported in humans. When d-ROM and BAP levels were plotted graphically, the points for horses with a disease (ringbone in 1 Japanese sports horse, cellulitis in 1 thoroughbred, melanoma in 1 Lipizzaner) fell outside the group of points for other (non-diseased) horses. A similar separation was seen (using data from other authors) for a horse with Rhodococcus equi, a horse following castration surgery, and a mare following delivery. These results, comparing horses, other animals, and humans, are interesting from the standpoint of comparative medicine, and they contribute to the sparse literature available on d-ROM and BAP levels in animals. Because the level of d-ROM and BAP levels were changed depending on the situation of health, those indexes are promising as indices of health in horses.