Artículos de revistas: "History of weapons"

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Abdullah, Amirah Mahmud, Lukman Najamuddin, Haliadi Haliadi y Juraid Abdul Latief. "Museum of Weapons as a History Learning Resource in Palu City". Journal of Education Method and Learning Strategy 1, n.º 02 (31 de mayo de 2023): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.59653/jemls.v1i02.94.

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The Museum of Weapons, located in the heart of Palu, is an important learning resource for the next generation, ensuring that the values of the cultural legacy bequeathed by the warrior heroes of Tanah Kaili are not forgotten. Learning the history of the Guma weapon used by Tanah Kaili soldiers at the Weapons Museum is necessary to instill pride in the younger generation in the heroes who have battled. Not forgetting their own region's past, but yet not being blind to it. The Museum of Weapons is expected to educate the future generation about the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of Guma weapons. This article uses a qualitative descriptive method. The data collection techniques used in this research are; observation, interviews, and documents. Then the data is processed by reducing data, presenting data, and verifying data/conclusion. The findings indicate that the Guma Museum is unique in that the historical sources that have formed collections of items (artifacts) are traditional weaponry. There are 42 different kinds of traditional weapons on display. This museum, which is used as a source of studying history, has proven to be helpful in raising the historical consciousness of students in Palu City. Learning about traditional weapons in Tanah Kaili through educational travel to the Weapons Museum inspired students to be proud, responsible, and obligated to protect and preserve cultural heritage objects left by Tanah Kaili's warrior ancestors. This is what raises pupils' historical awareness in Palu City.

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2

Czosseck, Christian y Karlis Podins. "A Vulnerability-Based Model of Cyber Weapons and its Implications for Cyber Conflict". International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 2, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2012010102.

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Throughout history, mankind has developed and employed novel weapons and countermeasures. Both offensive and defensive weapon systems are limited by the laws of nature. Consequently, military concepts and doctrines were designed by implicitly taking into account those limitations. The digital age has introduced a new class of weaponry that poses an initial challenge to the common understanding of conflict and warfare due to their different characteristics: cyber weapons. This article explores the crucial differences between the conventional weapon and cyber weapon domains, starting a debate as to what extent classical concepts and doctrines are applicable to cyberspace and cyber conflict. The authors propose a definition of cyber weapons being an instrument consisting primarily of data and knowledge, presenting them in the form of prepared and executed computer codes on or a sequence of user interactions with a vulnerable system. The authors describe a vulnerability-based model for cyber weapons and for cyber defence. This model is then applied to describe the relationship between cyber-capable actors (e.g. States). The proposed model clarifies important implications for cyber coalition-building and disarmament. Furthermore, it presents a general solution for the problem of the destruction of cyber weapons, i.e., in the context of cyber arms control.

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3

Fidler, David P. "The meaning of Moscow: “Non-lethal” weapons and international law in the early 21st century". International Review of the Red Cross 87, n.º 859 (septiembre de 2005): 525–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383100184371.

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AbstractAt the intersection of new weapon technologies and international humanitarian law, so-called “non-lethal” weapons have become an area of particular interest. This article analyses the relationship between “non-lethal” weapons and international law in the early 21st century by focusing on the most seminal incident to date in the short history of the “non-lethal” weapons debate, the use of an incapacitating chemical to end a terrorist attack on a Moscow theatre in October 2002. This tragic incident has shown that rapid technological change will continue to stress international law on the development and use of weaponry but in ways more politically charged, legally complicated and ethically challenging than the application of international humanitarian law in the past.

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4

Kozlov, M. Y. y I. V. Ashvits. "History of the use of chemical weapons for military purposes and the possibility of their current use". Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk State Medical University 4, n.º 1 (18 de mayo de 2024): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.61634/2782-3024-2024-13-75-86.

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Throughout the history of mankind there have been many wars of both local character and large-scale wars. At the heart of military actions necessarily lies the use of weapons, one type of which is chemical. Chemical weapons, the basis of which are diverse in their effect on the body and chemical composition of poisonous substances, began to be used for military purposes during World War I, namely, the first use occurred on April 22, 1915 in Belgium near the city of Ypres. Germany used gas cylinders filled with chlorine in this attack. The man who created this weapon was German chemist Fritz Haber, who became known as the "father of chemical weapons". Since that time, scientists from different countries began to actively study the effect of poisonous substances on the human body, synthesize their new types, as well as search for reliable means of protection against its effects. Throughout history, attempts have been made to ban the use of chemical weapons. In particular, after the end of the First World War, the Geneva Protocol was adopted in 1925, prohibiting the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases in war. However, this agreement failed to limit the use of poisonous substances, which led to their further use, mainly in localized wars. Much work on the prohibition and destruction of chemical weapons belongs to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, established in 1997 after the adoption of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 1993. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the history of chemical weapons for military purposes, as well as to study the activities for their prohibition. Literary data of recent years on the history of creation, use of chemical weapons and international legal agreements on their prohibition and destruction, the main types of toxic substances, means of protection against their effects are analyzed. Conclusions are made about the possibilities of chemical weapons use at present.

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5

Chramiec, Mateusz. "Szable w kontekście badań nad bronią dawną – przyczynek do dziejów bronioznawstwa polskiego". Opuscula Musealia 26 (2019): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.18.006.10999.

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Sabres in the context of research on historical weapons – a contribution to the history of Polish hoplology This article is an attempt to provide a comprehensive view on the history of hoplology in relation to the most popular type of weapon used in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the sabre. The research history addresses the issue of modern weapons, which is motivated by the emergence of various types of sabre at that time. Research on old weapons, inspired primarily by collectors, museologists and members of academia, traditionally uses a range of methods developed by history, art history, archaeology and art restoration. Such research can also enter the field of sociology and cultural studies, provided that we take into account the fact that weapons, sabres in particular, symbolized social standing. The variety of issues, which are generally confined to the above mentioned concepts, also translates into the historiographic sphere. Because of that, it may be surprising that Polish literature on historical weapons only dates back to the second half of the 19th century. However, collectors had shown interest in military items much earlier. The first part of the article presents the most important private collections of weapons from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, with particular focus on the almost entirely preserved collection of Izabela Czartoryska, who founded the first museum in Poland. This layout is the starting point for presenting academic interest in military items, divided into the pre- and post-war periods.

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6

Chramiec, Mateusz. "Szable w kontekście badań nad bronią dawną – przyczynek do dziejów bronioznawstwa polskiego". Opuscula Musealia 26 (2019): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843852.om.18.006.10999.

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Sabres in the context of research on historical weapons – a contribution to the history of Polish hoplology This article is an attempt to provide a comprehensive view on the history of hoplology in relation to the most popular type of weapon used in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the sabre. The research history addresses the issue of modern weapons, which is motivated by the emergence of various types of sabre at that time. Research on old weapons, inspired primarily by collectors, museologists and members of academia, traditionally uses a range of methods developed by history, art history, archaeology and art restoration. Such research can also enter the field of sociology and cultural studies, provided that we take into account the fact that weapons, sabres in particular, symbolized social standing. The variety of issues, which are generally confined to the above mentioned concepts, also translates into the historiographic sphere. Because of that, it may be surprising that Polish literature on historical weapons only dates back to the second half of the 19th century. However, collectors had shown interest in military items much earlier. The first part of the article presents the most important private collections of weapons from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, with particular focus on the almost entirely preserved collection of Izabela Czartoryska, who founded the first museum in Poland. This layout is the starting point for presenting academic interest in military items, divided into the pre- and post-war periods.

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7

Tarasov, M. G. "COLD WEAPONS OF THE COSSACK TROOPS IN THE LATE XIX — EARLY XX CENTURIES". Northern Archives and Expeditions 6, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2022): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2022-6-2-170-181.

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The article is devoted to the history of the Cossacks and, in particular, the history of cold weapons of Cossack units in the second half of the XIX–XX centuries. The evolution of the main types of cold weapons with which the Cossacks were armed during the period under review is considered. In particular, the analysis of changes in the main type of cold weapons of the Cossacks — sabers (checkers) in 1834–1909. under the influence of changes in the nature of hostilities, the emergence of new materials, economic and psychological factors. Regional specifics in arming Cossacks with long- bladed weapons of different Cossack troops are considered. Considerable attention in the article is paid to a specific type of Cossack cold weapon – a dagger. The article, in particular, examines the daggers of the Caucasian Cossack troops, as well as the regular knife of the Trans-Baikal Cossacks, as well as the dagger borrowed from the local indigenous peoples of the region. Special attention is paid in the article to the study of the pole weapons of the Cossacks — the pike. Despite the obvious archaism of this weapon, it also underwent significant changes during the period under review, reaching a peak in its development both in the material of the shaft — a thin-walled metal tube, and in optimizing the shape of the tip. The article also examines an interesting phenomenon of the beginning of the XX century as a ceremonial Cossack weapon of archaic form — the so-called fangs, which the author perceives as a kind of psychological influence tool designed to raise the morale of the Cossack officers. The article provides accurate information about the size, shape and weight of the Cossacks' cold weapons, as well as brief information about the methods of their use in army units.

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8

Vetyukov, Vladimir A. "The Vietnamese weapons of the 17th century from the collection of the national museum of Netherlands. Part 2". Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 7, n.º 1 (3 de abril de 2023): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2023.71-159374.

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Current article is the second part of a research, dedicated to the collection of Oriental weapons of admiral Cornelis Tromp (1629-1691), which is now on display in the National Museum of Netherlands - Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam). Dutch museum-specialists approve that the wooden rack with the items of japanese-style cold weapons, firearms and weapon accessories, displayed on it, do originate from Tonkin (Northern Vietnam, in XVII century the princedom of Đng Ngoi). The author aims to check this approval and describes the constructive and decorative features of weapons, displayed on the rack. The weapons are typologically cathegorised as pole-arms, pole-bladed arms, bladed arms, throwing weapons and firearms. The author makes an attempt to confirm the existence of such weapons in Vietnam during the mentioned period. Several written and depictive sources are being considered in the article with that aim. Concluding the research, the author makes following statements. The weapon-rack from the collection of Rijksmuseum is a precious material source on history of traditional weapons of South-East Asia. The weapons and weapon accessories, displayed on it, were highly likely manufactured in Tonkin (princedome of Đng Ngoi) in first half- mid XVII century. The spears, sabers (swords), battle scythes/glaives and harquebuses do bear the traces of dominating influense of Japanese tradition. On the other hand, those items have some serious constructive differences (the way of fixing the blade/spearhead in a handle/pole and the shape of the harquebuse's butt). The decorative elements of sabers are also interesting. They have engravings with the ornamental motifs, which are widespread in Vietnamese XVII century pictorial and decorative arts. An exemplar of a battle scythe, very similar to those ones from Rijksmuseum was discovered by the author on a photo made during the crownification celebrations in Huế in 1926. The throwing weapons (two short bows) have the autochtonous construction confirmed by the depictive sources as well as the analogues in the museum-collections in Vietnam and abroad. The harquebuses come with the special overlay-covers which are not typical for the Japanese analogues. The facts and statements, achieved during the research have a certain value for Vietnamese studies - especially for the history of Vietnamese traditional weapons, military tradition and material culture of Vietnam.

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9

Soós, Péter. "Király Pál and the Hungarian Submachine Guns". Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 14, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2015): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2015.3.8.

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Király Pál was one of the best-known Hungarian weapon designers, whose name has become a synonym for the submachine guns he constructed. His confusing personality and puzzling career well reflect an eventful and chaotic period of 20th century Hungarian history. When his most successful creations, the Király submachine guns, were being developed, no experience regarding the military usage of such weapons was available at all. Consequently, when designing and manufacturing the weapons, the closely cooperating military supreme command and ammunitions industry faced several initial problems. Although the continuing development proved successful, production capacity fell behind the growing needs of the military for automatic handguns. The present work aims at introducing the famous engineer’s life and activity, as well as the phases of weapon development and production history.

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10

Solomon, Steven A. "The United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons of 1980: its recent development and increasing significance". Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 6 (diciembre de 2003): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900001379.

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Efforts to regulate warfare, including the use of particular weapons, have a long history, dating back, according to some scholars, thousands of years. But international codification of the rules of war in binding multilateral legal instruments only began in the second half of the nineteenth century. Among the first such efforts was one devoted to the prohibition of the use of a particular weapon in wartime. The St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868 on exploding bullets banned the use of explosive projectiles under 400 grammes in weight and is generally recognised as constituting the first significant international instrument prohibiting a specific weapon. It also incorporated into the conventional law of armed conflict the customary principle prohibiting the use of weapons ‘of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering’ — a tenet of international humanitarian law and a touchstone for many important international agreements on the use of weapons that have since followed, including the Hague Declaration of 1899 on expanding bullets, the Geneva Gas Protocol of 1925 and, most recently, the United Nations Convention on Conventional Weapons of 1980 (hereafter, CCW).

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11

Vetyukov, Vladimir A. "The Vietnamese weapons of the 17th century from the collection of the National Museum of Netherlands". Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 6, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2022): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2022.61-100179.

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This article is a first part of an investigation of rare and little-known items from the Oriental weapons collection of Admiral Cornelis Tromp (16291691), which are now on display in Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam). The Dutch investigators claim, that the wooden weapon-rack with the specimens of cold-weapons and firearms, as well as the additional accessories on it, originates from Tonquin (North Vietnam). The author undertakes research of the collections history and the problems of its attribution. The work indicates the probable path, by which the weapons could be brought to Amsterdam from Vietnam in the 17th century. The questions of the Dutch East India Company activities in Southeast Asia are touched in that aspect.

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12

Maiese, Michelle. "Situated Affectivity, Enactivism, and the Weapons Effect". Philosophies 7, n.º 5 (31 de agosto de 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7050097.

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Existing research on the “weapons effect” indicates that simply seeing a weapon can prime aggressive thoughts and appraisals and increase aggressive behavior. But how and why does this happen? I begin by discussing prevailing explanations of the weapons effect and propose that these accounts tend to be over-intellectualistic insofar as they downplay or overlook the important role played by affectivity. In my view, insights from the fields of situated affectivity and enactivism help us to understand how cognitive and affective processes jointly contribute to the weapons effect. Insofar as the presence of weapons alters subject’s bodily-affective orientation and thereby brings about embodied mindshaping, it changes the way they engage with and understand their surroundings. To understand the weapons effect, we will need to examine the constitutive interdependency of appraisal and affectivity and the way in which they jointly motivate action. My proposed account emphasizes the role of affectivity in affordance perception and the way in which subjects gauge the meaning of an object according to its action-possibilities.

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13

Quinney, Kimber M. "Ideas are Weapons". Pacific Historical Review 88, n.º 4 (2019): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2019.88.4.685.

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This essay is part of a roundtable titled “The Scholarship, Influence, and Legacy of David F. Schmitz.” The roundtable includes an introduction from Andrew L. Johns; essays by Vanessa Walker, Steven J. Brady, Kimber M. Quinney, and Kathryn C. Statler; and a response from David F. Schmitz.

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14

Ros, Achim y Susanne Wilbers-Rost. "Weapons at the battlefield of Kalkriese". Gladius 30 (30 de diciembre de 2010): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gladius.2010.0006.

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15

Nowak, Paulina. "Bioterrorism and Chemoterrorism as the Forms of Contemporary Terrorism. Attacks Prevention in the Republic of Poland". Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje 36, n.º 36 (20 de diciembre de 2019): 46–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1292.

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The article discusses the issues of bioterrorism and chemoterrorism. Based on the analysis of source literature, biological weapons and chemical weapons are briefly characterized, as well as their historical outline and examples of use known from history are presented. Additionally, the systems of preventing terrorist attacks with the use of these types of weapons are discussed on the example of the Republic of Poland. Considerations lead to the conclusion that the threat of terrorist attacks using weapon of mass destruction is currently very high, therefore there is the high need for perfectly functioning and proven mechanisms of action. Poland, as a country that has not yet experienced serious terrorist attacks, must pays particular attention to the continuous development of defense systems and cooperate in that area with international organizations.

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16

Kostenko, Yurii. "Radiological Weapons (Excerpts from the History of Ban Talks)". Diplomatic Ukraine, n.º XXI (2020): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-9.

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Abstract. The article highlights the history of radiological weapons ban negotiations. In 1948, the United Nations Commission on Conventional Armaments identified radiological weapons as WMD. Since as early as the 1960s, some states have put forward proposals to ban radiological weapons at the international level as potentially threatening human lives and the environment. In 1977 to 1979, a treaty banning radiological weapons was approved on the basis of a draft developed at bilateral Soviet-American negotiations in Geneva, which could have become an important impetus for further actions in limiting the arms race. The careful preparation of the text of the future treaty by the USSR and US delegations raised expectations that its finalisation by the Disarmament Commission would not take much time. The reality, however, was far different. In December 1979, the Afghan war broke out. In response to the Soviet aggression against Afghanistan, the United States took a whole set of measures, including the refusal to continue bilateral talks on the prohibition of radiological weapons. The author notes that control over radioactive materials was strengthened at the national level, without waiting for an international legal definition of radiological weapons. Political ambitions of a number of countries have prevented the Conference on Disarmament from achieving positive results. The author emphasises that today nuclear terrorism is regarded by world leaders as an urgent global-scale security threat, as confirmed by the international Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C. in 2016, attended by delegations from over 50 countries. The author states that the issue of the radiological weapons prohibition remains pending. Keywords: radiological weapons, Conference on Disarmament, Ukrainian diplomatic history, USA, Geneva, USSR.

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BARNETT, MARK O. "THE HISTORY OF WEAPONS OF TERROR". Chemical & Engineering News 88, n.º 29 (19 de julio de 2010): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v088n029.p040.

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Avrorin, E. N., B. V. Litvinov, R. I. Il'kaev y V. N. Mikhailov. "History of the nuclear weapons industry". Atomic Energy 86, n.º 6 (junio de 1999): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02673191.

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19

Ingrao, Charles. "Weapons of Mass Instruction". Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 1, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2009): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2009.010111.

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History schoolbooks are part of a much broader legitimation process through which every society's ruling elite secures the uncritical acceptance of the existing political, social and economic system, together with the cultural attributes that re ect its hegemony. In central Europe, the need to justify the creation of nation-states at the beginning and end of the twentieth century has generated proprietary accounts that have pitted the region's national groups against one another. Post-communist democratization has intensi ed these divisions as political leaders feel obliged to employ hoary myths—and avoid inconvenient facts— about their country's history in order to survive the electoral process. In this way they succumb to the "Frankenstein Syndrome" by which the history taught in the schools destroys those who dare to challenge the arti cial constructs of the past. The article surveys history teaching throughout central Europe, with special emphasis on the Yugoslav successor states.

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Horowitz, Michael C. "The Ethics & Morality of Robotic Warfare: Assessing the Debate over Autonomous Weapons". Daedalus 145, n.º 4 (septiembre de 2016): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00409.

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There is growing concern in some quarters that the drones used by the United States and others represent precursors to the further automation of military force through the use of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS). These weapons, though they do not generally exist today, have already been the subject of multiple discussions at the United Nations. Do autonomous weapons raise unique ethical questions for warfare, with implications for just war theory? This essay describes and assesses the ongoing debate, focusing on the ethical implications of whether autonomous weapons can operate effectively, whether human accountability and responsibility for autonomous weapon systems are possible, and whether delegating life and death decisions to machines inherently undermines human dignity. The concept of LAWS is extremely broad and this essay considers LAWS in three categories: munition, platforms, and operational systems.

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21

Yuen, ECP. "Biological Warfare: The Facts". Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 8, n.º 4 (octubre de 2001): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790100800408.

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Recent international situation has brought our attention back to the imminent threat of biological weapon. Contrary to other weapons of mass destruction, biological warfare is relatively silent and invisible. This review will examine the history and characteristic of biological warfare. Several biological agents like Anthrax, Plaque, Smallpox, Tularemia and Viral Haemorrhagic Fever will be discussed in details.

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Hacker, Barton C. y Richard M. Price. "The Chemical Weapons Taboo". Journal of Military History 62, n.º 3 (julio de 1998): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120453.

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23

Geissler, Erhard. "Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: Comments on the Contributions of Marie Isabelle Chevier and Lynn Marvin Hansen". Politics and the Life Sciences 9, n.º 1 (agosto de 1990): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400010303.

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In agreement with the overwhelming number of experts, I certainly share the view of Chevier and Hansen that the Biological Weapons Convention needs to be strengthened. Of course it is still a matter of discussion whether the military utility of biological and toxin weapons (hereafter, respectively, BW and TW) changed after the introduction of biotechnology. It is impossible, however, to ignore the 1986 statement of the U.S. Department of Defense (1988), that:… perhaps the most significant event in the history of biological weapons development has been the advent of biotechnology. It enables the development of new microorganisms and products with new, unorthodox characteristics… Conceptually, then, a nation or terrorist group can design a biological weapon to meet a variety of contingencies or needs… The break through and the subsequent achievements make biological warfare much more feasible and effective for countries which either are not bound by the convention or which choose to violate it.

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24

Sowa, Jan Jerzy. "One more time about tactics and weaponry". Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, n.º 2 (30) (2021): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.212.

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Mark W. Shearwood’s study is devoted to the use of plug bayonets in the English army in the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries. The author has shown that the plug bayonet was a more universal weapon than the socket bayonet. He rightly emphasizes in the conclusions of his work that when studying the history of military weaponry, especially in the pre-industrial period, specific dates for weaponry changes in particular armies and units cannot be provided. The conclusion is right that the plug bayonet was not supposed to replace pikes completely as was originally assumed by the then commanders; initially, the bayonets were used to equip troops of dragoons and grenadiers, i. e. the soldiers that did not have pikes on their equipment before. This study on the rearmament of individual armies is of interest to historians dealing with Central and Eastern Europe. It is connected with the important question of the continuity in the field of weapons between the West and Central and Eastern Europe at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. It seems that on the basis of the preserved source base it is not possible to jump at any conclusions concerning the use of the plug bayonet going further than those presented by the author.

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25

Hallion, Richard P. y I. B. Holley. "Ideas and Weapons". Technology and Culture 27, n.º 4 (octubre de 1986): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105369.

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26

Lopičić-Jančić, Jelena y Ljubica Vasić. "The influence of weapons development throughout history and the protection of the civilian population: Issues of application of international conventions". Srpska politička misao 81, n.º 3 (2023): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spm81-45593.

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Numerous wars and armed conflicts have been waged for the last hundred years worldwide. They have resulted in the deaths and injuries of the civilian population, as well as the destruction of cities, villages, settlements, economic facilities and other infrastructure. Unfortunately, wars and armed conflicts continue in various parts of the world, and more and more people are killed which are primarily civilian population. It is necessary that the role of the international community in general, as well as the largest international organizations like OUN, should have more active roles in the terms of the application of all legal frameworks worldwide. That is related to the control of weapons in general and weapons of mass destruction and therefore the protection of all persons protected according to the Geneva Conventions from 1949. Those are primarily the civilian population, wounded, sick, prisoners of war, shipwrecked as well as property, etc. From a global perspective, the international community needs to be more active to try on diplomatic and political level to minimize as much as possible occurrence of war, arm conflict and any kind of armed crisis. In that way the idea of usage of weapons in general and weapon for mass destructions will not be current and civilian population will be more protected.

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Barlow, Jeffrey G. y Chuck Hansen. "U. S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History." Journal of Military History 53, n.º 1 (enero de 1989): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986027.

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SHERRY, MICHAEL S. "War and Weapons: The New Cultural History". Diplomatic History 14, n.º 3 (julio de 1990): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00100.x.

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Świętochowski, Norbert. "The History and Use of Electromagnetic Weapons". Historia i Polityka, n.º 26 (33) (9 de enero de 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2018.036.

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30

Roffey, Roger. "The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History". Contemporary Security Policy 36, n.º 2 (4 de mayo de 2015): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2015.1061771.

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31

Vogel, Kathleen M. "The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History". Nonproliferation Review 19, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2012): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2012.734192.

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Cole, Leonard. "Bio-Weapons Testing: History, Ethics, and Values". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, S1 (abril de 2017): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17000474.

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Schlesinger, James. "The Impact of Nuclear Weapons on History". Washington Quarterly 16, n.º 4 (septiembre de 1993): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016366093094777718.

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Valentyrova, K. "SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MEDIEVAL EDGED WEAPONS: A HISTORIOGRAPHY". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, n.º 144 (2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.144.2.

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The history of scientific study of medieval edged weapons dates back over 200 years. During this time a lot of information has been accumulated and this knowledge is a necessary basis for further research. However, the methods and approaches by which that data was obtained deserve special attention. Traditions to collect ancient artifacts significantly influenced the formation of scientific interest in bladed weapons. The first attempts to analyze the material were related the need to catalog it. For the 19th century, we can talk about different scientific works in which the main or significant attention was paid to edged weapons. Shaping of approaches to the study of ancient weapons which are central today developed gradually. Standards of description of items, typology, and technology and material analysis, studying of artifacts in a broad cultural context became the main vectors of work with medieval edged weapon. At the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries development of chemical and physical sciences, the complication of the methodological apparatus and the accumulation of archaeological material narrowly focused works built on in-depth analysis of small groups of artifacts and use of specific research methods. The interdisciplinary approach, which involves the research of one problem by specialists in different fields of science, has taken a significant place in the edged weapon studying. Thus, the further development of the classical approaches, combined with the new ones emerging at the boundaries of the disciplines, opens up new opportunities for gaining the most accurate knowledge about past through the study of blade weapons. Like any part of the past, blade weapons as a source can be perceived by the researcher entirely subjectively, so it is important to understand the limits of this perception and the accents it provides. The analysis of the process of formation of research strategies and methods which widely used today makes it possible to determine further optimal ways of their development. As well as it allows assuming which previously obtained ideas and assertion require verification.

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Löffler, Davor, John J. McGraw y Niels N. Johannsen. "Weapons in and as History: On the Ontogenerative Function of Materialized Preemption and Intelligence in Weapons Technology". Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture 16, n.º 1-2 (28 de diciembre de 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51151/identities.v16i1-2.373.

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Weapons technology is a key factor contributing to cultural evolution because it enables humans actively to protect themselves from a variety of natural threats and expand their access to resources. In contrast to non-military technologies, the purpose of which is to subordinate and shape inanimate, non-intentional or trivial, regular states, weapons primarily serve to assert one’s own will against self-determined, intentional and non-trivially acting organisms. This functional idiosyncrasy establishes the basis for a continuous arms race, which begins with the need to anticipate phenotypical and mental abilities of animals and other humans through weapons technology before leading to the anticipation of attack and defence capacities of groups and, ultimately, the anticipation of accumulated intelligence and productive accomplishments of entire political states. The dynamics of development in weapons technology prove that weapons are simultaneously an index and a motor of cultural and cognitive evolution. Weapons reflect the organizational and technical capabilities of cultures, indicating special cognitive capacities bound up with the abstract anticipation of enemies as well as the ability to produce mental models of complex adversarial entities. At the same time, weapons relay intercultural and internal selection pressures by playing a decisive role in the processes of general technological and organizational innovation. This innovation also influences the formation of practices, norms, motives and self-images. As such, weapons technology concretizes an integral principle governing cultural evolution and civilizational history. Author(s): Davor Löffler, John J. McGraw and Niels N. Johannsen Title (English): Weapons in and as History: On the Ontogenerative Function of Materialized Preemption and Intelligence in Weapons Technology Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 16, No. 1-2 (Summer - Winter 2019) Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities - Skopje Page Range: 68-77 Page Count: 10 Citation (English): Davor Löffler, John J. McGraw and Niels N. Johannsen, “Weapons in and as History: On the Ontogenerative Function of Materialized Preemption and Intelligence in Weapons Technology,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 16, No. 1-2 (Summer - Winter 2019): 68-77.

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Loyola, Benjamin. "Towards a historical context of chemical weapons". Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 4, n.º 2 (2 de marzo de 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/026.

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Chemical weapons remain a worrisome aspect worldwide. Knowing its history is essential to avoid repeating it and to be able to leave our planet free of this scourge. The threat of its resurgence is something tangible and real against which we must all fight, each one from his own trench.

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Merezhko, Nina, Yuliia Vovk, Volodymyr Indutnyi, Kateryna Pirkovich, Valentyna Davydiuk y Oleksii Andreiev. "Devising criteria for the authenticity of historical cold weapons based on X-ray fluorescence analysis of their surface". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, n.º 12 (114) (22 de diciembre de 2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.247624.

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This paper reports the results of studying the chemical composition of the surface of 4 objects of cold weapons of the 19th and early 20th centuries, made of iron – bayonet knives and sabers. This makes it possible to establish the signs of authenticity of cold weapon samples made of iron in that chronological period. An authentic procedure has been proposed for examining the chemical composition of the surface of historical objects of cold weapons by rubbing the samples with cotton wool swabs and their subsequent investigation. This makes it possible to explore objects of cold weapons, whose size is large, as well as simplify the very procedure for studying objects of historical and cultural value. Using the X-ray fluorescent chemical analyzer Expert Mobile, chemical elements were found at the surface of samples of cold weapons made of iron. The presence of such elements is the result of the process of re-crystallization and self-purification of metal during a long history of its life. Elements found in almost every rubbing sample were identified: calcium, ferrum, zinc, cuprum, and chlorine. The studies of cold weapons samples testify to the heterogeneity of the composition of patina formations on their surface, which confirms the authenticity of ancient objects. In addition, the studies have shown a difference in the chemical composition of surface layers of different parts of individual samples of antique cold weapons, which may indicate different times or different technology for their manufacture. The fluorescence spectra of the obtained rubbing of individual samples of cold weapons were compared with "pure" material, which made it possible to identify elements removed from the surface of objects. The study results are important indicators to confirm the authenticity of cultural monuments and the technology of their manufacture in the past.

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Zhilin, Mikhail. "Antler Staff Heads in the Shape of Fantastic Beasts in the Mesolithic of the Volga-Oka Interfl uves Area". Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2022): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2216982.

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Three antler staff heads in the shape of fantastic beasts are known in the Mesolithic of Eastern Europe. A sharp nose resembling a point of a pick-axe, an effective weapon known in the Mesolithic of the Volga-Oka interfluve, is their main feature. The article presents a description and new interpretation of these objects as heads of ritual weapons combining a real weapon (pick-axe) with superficial forces personified in the images of fantastic beasts. These artefacts find no direct analogies. Pick-axe heads are known in the late Mesolithic of Western Scandinavia where they are interpreted as ritual weapons connected with superficial forces. An antler staff head from the Shigir peat bog in the Tans-Urals is shaped as a fantastic beast with bare teeth. Its nose is flat and not pointed. Shaman’s staffs which are considered the most ancient shaman’s attributes can be used as ethnographic parallels to the described artefacts. Staffs endowed with superficial force were used during shaman’s travels between different worlds. The described staff heads in the shape of fantastic beasts are likely to have belonged to outstanding shamans or chiefs-shamans who used them in similar rituals.

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Alekseev, Timofey V. y Aleksandr V. Losik. "Sugar, Mines, Torpedoes: The Thorny Path of Gidropribor". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2024): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v341.

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This article reviews A.E. Shapovalova’s monograph Mine Sugar: From a Sugar Refinery to the Production of Marine Underwater Weapons, which for the first time investigates the history of industrial enterprises that existed in St. Petersburg on the territory now occupied by JSC Concern Sea Underwater Weapon Gidropribor. The monograph is based on a solid body of sources and makes a significant contribution to the study of the industrial history of St. Petersburg and its military-industrial complex. The topics raised by the author can be considered as potential subjects for thesis research.

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40

Egeland, Kjølv. "Who stole disarmament? History and nostalgia in nuclear abolition discourse". International Affairs 96, n.º 5 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 1387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa096.

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Abstract Influential members of the disarmament community have in recent years maintained that further progress towards the international community's nominally shared goal of a world without nuclear weapons depends on recapturing the spirit and practices of cooperation that prevailed in the late 1980s and 1990s. Proponents of abolition, in this view, should focus their efforts on revitalizing the tried and tested arms control formula that was implemented following the end of the Cold War. In this article, I argue that this call to make disarmament great again reflects unwarranted nostalgia for a past that never was, fostering overconfidence in established approaches to the elimination of nuclear weapons. Far from putting the world on course to nuclear abolition, the end of the Cold War saw the legitimation of nuclear weapons as a hedge against ‘future uncertainties’ and entrenchment of the power structures that sustain the retention of nuclear armouries. By overselling past progress towards the elimination of nuclear arms, the nostalgic narrative of a lost abolitionist consensus is used to rationalize the existing nuclear order and delegitimize the pursuit of new approaches to elimination such as the movement to stigmatize nuclear weapons and the practice of nuclear deterrence.

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Gerasimov, Grigoriy I. "The idea of the museum and its implementation: On the example of the history of the Tula State Museum of Weapons". Issues of Museology 14, n.º 1 (2023): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu27.2023.101.

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The purpose of the article is to test the theoretical provisions of the idealistic approach to history developed by the author, as well as idealistic views on the museum. The author examines the history of the Tula State Museum of Weapons. The article substantiates the decisive importance of ideas in the evolution of the museum of weapons, the formation of its collection. The pre-revolutionary museum collection was formed on the basis of ideas: the preservation of weapons; savings necessary in the technological process of “exemplary” products; preservation of original designs that may be useful for the production of weapons in the future; storage of various “curious” weapons. The exposition of the Tula Museum of Weapons of that time clearly carried out the monarchist idea. In 1917, the museum, given its monarchical orientation, was liquidated. In 1920, it was recreated on a new ideological basis, which was determined by the installation of the Soviet government. In the post-war period, the main idea was the participation of museums in the education of workers on revolutionary and labor traditions. The museum funds were formed, the exposition was organized, all forms of work were filled with content. The collapse of the communist worldview devalued the ideological foundations of the exposition created in 1989 on the basis of communist ideas. The purpose of the modern exposition is to generate interest in the development of weapons as an important component of the general historical process of Russian civilization. The ideas embodied in the exposition are also transmitted by all other forms of museum activity. The author believes that the history of the Tula State Museum of Weapons confirms the position of an idealistic approach to history that every museum is based on ideas that determine its goals, objectives, content of the collection, exposition and forms of work.

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DiFilippo, Anthony. "History, Ideology, and Human Rights". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 53, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2020): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cpcs.2020.53.2.153.

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This article will analyze the connection between history, countervailing ideologies, that is, the legacy of the Cold War, and the perceived identification of human rights violations as they pertain to countries with major security interests in Northeast Asia. This article will further show that the enduring nuclear-weapons problem in North Korea has been inextricably linked to human rights issues there, specifically because Washington wants to change the behavior of officials in Pyongyang so that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) becomes a state that at least remotely resembles a liberal democracy. Although supported by much of the international community, including the United States' South Korean and Japanese allies in Northeast Asia, Washington's North Korean policy has remained ineffective, as Pyongyang has continued to perform missile testing and still possesses nuclear weapons.

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Baev, Pavel K. "The Russian War Machine Fails the Tests of War". Current History 122, n.º 846 (1 de octubre de 2023): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.243.

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The Russian military has failed the tests of the Ukraine war, and its leadership and chain of command are seriously compromised. A costly modernization program failed to deliver the promised superiority in key weapon systems, offensive capabilities are exhausted, and the quality of manpower has deteriorated. The ill-fated reliance on the Wagner Group was a result of this degradation. Nuclear weapons cannot be used to break the pattern of slow-moving defeat, and the resource base for sustaining the long war is being depleted. In the medium term, Russia cannot count on rehabilitating its capacity for threatening its neighbors.

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44

Fisher, David James y Pierre Sauvage. "Weapons of the Spirit." American Historical Review 95, n.º 4 (octubre de 1990): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163491.

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Searle, Alaric. "War Elephants and Early Tanks: A Transepochal Comparison of Ancient and Modern Warfare". Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 77, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2018): 37–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2018-0002.

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AbstractAlthough scholars have in the past dismissed the claim that war elephants were the »tanks of the ancient world«, a closer examination of the similarities between the two weapons reveals some remarkable parallels. In fact, a comparison shows that many of the counter-measures in anti-elephant warfare in antiquity had parallels in anti-tank warfare in the Great War. More importantly, the upward spiral of increased weapon power, followed by defensive countermeasures, then an increase in the protective armour added to the »weapons system«, is a process which can be observed in the evolution of both war elephants and early tanks. The comparison raises questions about the dominant narrative in the history of the tank, largely instigated by J. F. C. Fuller, namely, that its invention represented a revolution in the history of warfare since it spelled the transition from animal and human muscular power to machine power. This article seeks to explain why Fuller always avoided drawing comparisons between war elephants and tanks; and, it argues that specific types of military phenomena can be identified which recur in different historical epochs.

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Preble, Christopher A. "The Influence of History on Nuclear Weapons Policy". International Studies Review 16, n.º 1 (marzo de 2014): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misr.12107.

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Zhilin, Mikhail, Anton Simonenko y Vladimir Ruev. "Weapons from the Lower Layer of the Zamil-Koba 1 Rock Shelter in the Crimea". Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2023): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp231169190.

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The article analyzes weapons from the lower cultural layer of the Zamil-Koba 1 rock shelter in the South-Western Crimea excavated by D. A. Krainov in 1935—1937. The collection is stored at the State Historical Museum in Moscow. Lithic artefacts from the lower layer are typical for the Final Palaeolithic — Early Mesolithic Shan-Koba culture of the Mountainous Crimea. The faunal assemblage is dominated by red deer and wild boar remains. Weapons and their parts were identified on the basis of use-wear and experimental studies carried out by the authors. There are oblique and transverse arrowheads. The former are represented by segments and a single lanceolate point, while the transverse arrowheads include trapezes and segments. Single inserts of composite arrowheads are also present. The authors come to the conclusion that bow and arrows was the main hunting weapon used by the people who left the assemblage associated with the lower cultural layer of Zamil-Koba 1.

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Rappert, Brian. "Prohibitions, Weapons and Controversy:". Social Studies of Science 35, n.º 2 (abril de 2005): 211–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312705046629.

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Resnik, David B. "Is weapons research immoral?" Metascience 23, n.º 1 (11 de julio de 2013): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-013-9834-y.

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Hitchens, Peter. "Permissible weapons". Index on Censorship 50, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03064220211048868.

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