Literatura académica sobre el tema "Histone acylation"

Abstract Recent studies demonstrate that histones are subjected to a series of short-chain fatty acid modifications that is known as histone acylations. However, the enzymes responsible for histone acylations in vivo are not well characterized. Here, we report that HBO1 is a versatile histone acyltransferase that catalyzes not only histone acetylation but also propionylation, butyrylation and crotonylation both in vivo and in vitro and does so in a JADE or BRPF family scaffold protein-dependent manner. We show that the minimal HBO1/BRPF2 complex can accommodate acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA and crotonyl-CoA. Comparison of CBP and HBO1 reveals that they catalyze histone acylations at overlapping as well as distinct sites, with HBO1 being the key enzyme for H3K14 acylations. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrates that HBO1 is highly enriched at and contributes to bulk histone acylations on the transcriptional start sites of active transcribed genes. HBO1 promoter intensity highly correlates with the level of promoter histone acylation, but has no significant correlation with level of transcription. We also show that HBO1 is associated with a subset of DNA replication origins. Collectively our study establishes HBO1 as a versatile histone acyltransferase that links histone acylations to promoter acylations and selection of DNA replication origins.

Lysine acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A) and its paralog KAT6B form stoichiometric complexes with bromodomain- and PHD finger-containing protein 1 (BRPF1) for acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 23 (H3K23). We report that these complexes also catalyze H3K23 propionylation in vitro and in vivo. Immunofluorescence microscopy and ATAC-See revealed the association of this modification with active chromatin. Brpf1 deletion obliterates the acylation in mouse embryos and fibroblasts. Moreover, we identify BRPF1 variants in 12 previously unidentified cases of syndromic intellectual disability and demonstrate that these cases and known BRPF1 variants impair H3K23 propionylation. Cardiac anomalies are present in a subset of the cases. H3K23 acylation is also impaired by cancer-derived somatic BRPF1 mutations. Valproate, vorinostat, propionate and butyrate promote H3K23 acylation. These results reveal the dual functionality of BRPF1-KAT6 complexes, shed light on mechanisms underlying related developmental disorders and various cancers, and suggest mutation-based therapy for medical conditions with deficient histone acylation.

Cancer etiology involves complex interactions between genetic and non-genetic factors, with epigenetic mechanisms serving as key regulators at multiple stages of pathogenesis. Poor dietary habits contribute to cancer predisposition by impacting DNA methylation patterns, non-coding RNA expression, and histone epigenetic landscapes. Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), including acyl marks, act as a molecular code and play a crucial role in translating changes in cellular metabolism into enduring patterns of gene expression. As cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support rapid growth and proliferation, nuanced roles have emerged for dietary- and metabolism-derived histone acylation changes in cancer progression. Specific types and mechanisms of histone acylation, beyond the standard acetylation marks, shed light on how dietary metabolites reshape the gut microbiome, influencing the dynamics of histone acyl repertoires. Given the reversible nature of histone PTMs, the corresponding acyl readers, writers, and erasers are discussed in this review in the context of cancer prevention and treatment. The evolving ‘acyl code’ provides for improved biomarker assessment and clinical validation in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

AbstractAcetylation is the most studied histone acyl modification and has been recognized as a fundamental player in metabolic gene regulation, whereas other short-chain acyl modifications have only been recently identified, and little is known about their dynamics or molecular functions at the intersection of metabolism and epigenetic gene regulation. In this study, we aimed to understand the link between nonacetyl histone acyl modification, metabolic transcriptional regulation, and cellular adaptation. Using antibodies specific for butyrylated, propionylated, and crotonylated H3K23, we analyzed dynamic changes of H3K23 acylation upon various metabolic challenges. Here, we show that H3K23 modifications were highly responsive and reversibly regulated by nutrient availability. These modifications were commonly downregulated by the depletion of glucose and recovered based on glucose or fatty acid availability. Depletion of metabolic enzymes, namely, ATP citrate lyase, carnitine acetyltransferase, and acetyl-CoA synthetase, which are involved in Ac-CoA synthesis, resulted in global loss of H3K23 butyrylation, crotonylation, propionylation, and acetylation, with a profound impact on gene expression and cellular metabolic states. Our data indicate that Ac-CoA/CoA and central metabolic inputs are important for the maintenance of histone acylation. Additionally, genome-wide analysis revealed that acyl modifications are associated with gene activation. Our study shows that histone acylation acts as an immediate and reversible metabolic sensor enabling cellular adaptation to metabolic stress by reprogramming gene expression.

Abstract Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a novel type of histone acylation whose prevalence and function in plants remain unclear. Here, we identified 41 Khib sites on histones in Arabidopsis thaliana, which did not overlap with frequently modified N-tail lysines (e.g. H3K4, H3K9 and H4K8). Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) assays revealed histone Khib in 35% of protein-coding genes. Most Khib peaks were located in genic regions, and they were highly enriched at the transcription start sites. Histone Khib is highly correlated with acetylation (ac), particularly H3K23ac, which it largely resembles in its genomic and genic distribution. Notably, co-enrichment of histone Khib and H3K23ac correlates with high gene expression levels. Metabolic profiling, transcriptome analyses, and ChIP-qPCR revealed that histone Khib and H3K23ac are co-enriched on genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and help fine-tune plant response to dark-induced starvation. These findings suggest that Khib and H3K23ac may act in concert to promote high levels of gene transcription and regulate cellular metabolism to facilitate plant adaption to stress. Finally, HDA6 and HDA9 are involved in removing histone Khib. Our findings reveal Khib as a conserved yet unique plant histone mark acting with lysine acetylation in transcription-associated epigenomic processes.

Obesity is due to imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Adipose tissues are the main site for the fat storage as well as for dissipation. There are two types of adipose tissues: white adipose tissue, which store fat as triglyceride, brown adipose tissue, which burns the fat into energy through the thermogenesis due to uncoupling protein1 present in inner mitochondrial membrane. Histone acylation causes changes in the chromatin structure without causing any change in the deoxyribonucleic acidsequence and thus regulate gene expression.Histonedeacetylase causes the deacylation of histone and interfere with function of histone. Thus histonedeacetylase inhibitors alter the expression of thermogenic gene encoding uncoupling protein 1, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and also causes browning or beiging of white adipose tissue and increases the energy expenditure.

Des preuves de plus en plus nombreuses suggèrent que le métabolisme peut affecter les modifications épigénétiques post-traductionnelles des histones, établissant ainsi un lien potentiel entre la disponibilité des nutriments ou les conditions environnementales, d'une part, et l'expression des gènes et la physiopathologie humaine, d'autre part. Cependant, on manque encore d'informations plus détaillées sur cette relation. Nous étudions ici le rôle des acyl-CoAs à chaîne courte (sc), générés dans diverses voies métaboliques, en tant que substrats pour l'acylation des histones. L'analyse des acyl-CoAs est un défi en raison de la diversité de leurs concentrations (sub)cellulaires et de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. Tout d'abord, nous avons appliqué un panel de méthodes analytiques pour établir une quantification fiable des acyl-CoAs, en utilisant l'ischémie du foie comme modèle pour induire un changement métabolique. L'HPLC et la MS se sont révélées être les méthodes les plus appropriées pour une analyse impartiale des sc-acyl-CoAs. Deuxièmement, nous avons utilisé des cellules HepG2 comme système modèle pour explorer le rôle des enzymes clés du métabolisme et des changements métaboliques induits par les nutriments sur les niveaux d'acyl-CoA et l'acylation des histones. Ici et dans ce qui suit, les acyl-CoAs ont été quantifiés par MS, et l'acylation des histones a été évaluée à H4K5 et H4K8 par immunoblotting. Le knockdown (KD) des enzymes impliquées dans la génération nucléocytosolique d'acétyl-CoA (et potentiellement d'autres acyl-CoA) a confirmé que l'ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) et l'acétyl-CoA synthétase chaîne courte 2 (ACSS2) sont les deux principales sources d'acétyl-CoA nucléo-cytosolique. De plus, nous avons démontré que, contrairement à une croyance répandue, l'ACSS2 n'est pas impliquée dans la biosynthèse de sc-acyl-CoAs autres que l'acétyl-CoA. Par ailleurs, le KD de la carnitine palmitoyltransférase 1A (CPT1A) n'a pas apporté de preuve claire de son implication dans l'exportation des sc-acyl-CoA mitochondriaux. Parmi les changements métaboliques étudiés, les modifications des niveaux d'acyl-CoA n'ont été corrélées à une modification de l'acylation des histones que dans certains cas, à savoir la supplémentation en acides gras octanoate et la privation de glucose. Ces données suggèrent que la disponibilité du substrat peut être un facteur déterminant pour l'acylation des histones, mais que d'autres facteurs peuvent également être impliqués. Troisièmement, un modèle transgénérationnel de rat pour les effets d'un polluant environnemental, les perturbateurs endocriniens (PE), a révélé des schémas d'acylation des histones altérés. Ici, nous avons développé un modèle de cellules HepG2 qui récapitule les effets directs des PE sur l'acylation des histones, en particulier un niveau accru d'acétylation, ainsi qu'une augmentation des niveaux d'acétyl-CoA. Ces données suggèrent que les cellules HepG2 sont un modèle approprié pour étudier mécaniquement les effets épigénétiques de la PE. En résumé, ces travaux ont établi une base d'une étude plus approfondie des effets épigénétiques des nutriments et des polluants environnementaux
Accumulating evidence suggests that metabolism can affect epigenetic post-translational modifications of histones, thus potentially linking nutrient availability or environmental conditions to gene expression and human physiopathology. However, there is still a lack of more detailed insight into this relationship. Here we study the role of short-chain (sc)-acyl-CoAs, generated in various metabolic pathways, as substrates for histone acylation. Analyzing acyl-CoAs is challenging due to their diverging (sub)cellular concentrations and physico-chemical properties. First, we applied a panel of analytical methods to establish reliable acyl-CoAs quantification, using liver ischemia as a model for inducing a metabolic shift. HPLC and MS emerged as the most suitable methods for unbiased analysis of sc-acyl-CoAs. Second, we employed HepG2 cells as a model system to explore the role of metabolic key enzymes and nutrient-induced metabolic shifts on acyl-CoA levels and histone acylation. Here and in the following, sc-acyl-CoAs were quantified by MS, and histone acylation was assessed at H4K5 and H4K8 by immunoblotting. Knockdown (KD) of enzymes involved in nucleocytosolic generation of acetyl-CoA (and potentially other acyl-CoAs) confirmed that ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and acetyl-CoA synthetase short chain 2 (ACSS2) are the two major sources for nucleo-cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Moreover, we demonstrated that contrary to widespread believe, ACSS2 is not involved in biosynthesis of sc-acyl-CoAs other than acetyl-CoA. Further, KD of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) did not yield clear evidence for its involvement in the export of mitochondrial sc-acyl-CoAs. Among the metabolic shifts studied, changes in acyl-CoA levels correlated with altered histone acylation only in some cases, namely octanoate fatty acid supplementation and glucose deprivation. These data suggest that substrate availability can be a determining factor for histone acylation, but that other factors can also be involved. Third, a transgenerational rat model for the effects of an environmental pollutant, endocrine disruptors (ED), revealed altered histone acylation patterns. Here we developed a HepG2 cell model that recapitulates direct ED effects on histone acylation, in particular an increased level of acetylation, together with increased acetyl-CoA levels. These data suggest HepG2 cells as a suitable model to study epigenetic ED effects mechanistically. In summary, this work established a basis to study epigenetic effects of nutrients and environmental pollutants in more detail

Le principal intérêt de nos études présentées dans ce manuscrit, correspond à la compréhension des évènements, reliés aux acylations d’histones au niveau des lysines (Ks) dans les cellules germinales post méiotiques, qui régulent spécifiquement l’expression des gènes à l’échelle du génome entier.Dans la première partie de mon travail, nous avons élaboré une stratégie afin d’analyser le rôle des « histones acetyl transférases » (HATs), Cbp et p300, dans les cellules germinales post méiotiques. Pour ce faire, nous avons généré une lignée de souris conditionnellement et partiellement invalidée pour les gènes Cbp et p300 dans les cellules post méiotiques. Bien que les souris mâles sont fertiles et que la spermatogénèse semble se dérouler normalement, une analyse transcriptomique des cellules germinales haploïdes post méiotiques précoces et tardives nous a permis d’identifier une série de gènes dont l’expression est augmentée dans les cellules spermatogéniques tardives et qui sont sensibles à la diminution des niveaux de Cbp et p300. Ces résultats ont permis de révéler un programme spécifique d’expression de gènes dans les cellules germinales post méiotiques dépendant des HATs correspondantes.Prenant en compte qu’il existe une variété d’acylations des histones au niveau des lysines, nous avons étendu nos études à une modification à « quatre-carbone », la butyrylation. Nous avons alors initié une analyse comparative de l’acétylation et de la butyrylation de l’histone H₄ en positions K5 et K8 dans les cellules germinales mâles en différentiation. Nous avons cartographié à l’échelle du génome les marques H4K5ac, H4K5bu, H4K8ac, et H4K8bu au niveau de deux étapes développementales critiques avec les cellules méiotiques et les cellules post méiotiques haploïdes. Cette cartographie montre que la majorité des gènes exprimés fortement, à la fois dans les cellules méiotiques et les spermatides précoces rondes haploïdes, qu’au niveau des sites d’initiation de la transcription (TSSs) l’acétylation et la butyrylation sont interchangeables. De façon intéressante, beaucoup de ces promoteurs correspondants sont aussi reconnus par un régulateur essentiel de l’expression des gènes lors de la spermatogénèse, le factor à bromodomaine, Brdt. Une étude détaillée, des capacités de liaison du facteur Brdt sur les parties N-terminales de l’histone H4 portant des combinaisons variées d’acétylation et/ou de butyrylation en position K5 et K8, montre que la marque H4K5bu inhibe fortement la liaison du facteur Brdt. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’en addition à la fonction activatrice de Brdt vis-à-vis du programme d’expression de gènes méiotiques et post méiotiques, l’échange (« turnover ») induit par la butyrylation d’H4K5 est également important. Ce travail montre comment une interconnexion entre deux différentes acylations d’une même lysine peut jouer un rôle régulateur essentiel en augmentant la dynamique de liaison de la chromatine par un lecteur de lysine acétylé, Brdt.Enfin, au cours d’un travail collaboratif portant sur des approches structurales, nous avons montré, malgré le fait que p300 soit répertoriée comme une acétylase robuste, que son activité est réduite lorsque la longueur des chaines acyl augmente. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’in vivo, p300 puisse utiliser un co-facteur spécifique pour assurer des acylations d’histones autre qu’une acétylation.Ces investigations mettent en lumière comment la programmation du génome mâle est guidée par diverses acylations d’histone et révèlent pour la première fois l’existence d’un réseau moléculaire qui régule ces acylations et transmet un impact fonctionnel
The main focus of the investigations reported in this manuscript is the understanding of the regulatory events that are based on histone lysine modifications in post-meiotic male germ cells, where specific and chromosome-wide regulations of gene expression occur. In the first part of my work we designed a strategy to specifically investigate the role of the histone acetyl-transferases (HATs), Cbp and p300, in post-meiotic male germ cells.Accordingly, we generated double Cbp and p300 conditional knock-out mice resulting in a partial depletion of Cbp and p300 in post-meiotic cells. Although the mice were fertile and spermatogenesis seemed to take place normally, a transcriptomic analysis of early and late post-meiotic germ cells led to the identification of a specific subset of genes with an increased expression in late spermatogenic cells that is highly sensitive to the decreased amounts of Cbp and p300. In conclusion, these results have revealed an interesting new gene expression program specific to post-meiotic male germ cells that are specifically regulated by the considered HATs.Taking into account the occurrence of a variety of histone lysine acylations, we extended these investigations to a four-carbon histone lysine modification, butyrylation. Accordingly, we have undertaken a comprehensive comparative analysis of histone H4 acetylation and butyrylation on its K5 and K8 positions in differentiating male germ cells. Genome-wide mapping of H4K5ac, H4K5bu, H4K8ac and H4K8bu at two critical developmental stages, meiotic and post-meiotic haploid cells, shows an interchangeable use of acetylation and butyrylation in the Transcriptional Start Sites (TSSs) of the most highly expressed genes in both meiotic and haploid round spermatids. Interestingly, many of these promoters are also bound by the essential regulator of spermatogenic gene expression, the BET bromodomain-containing factor, Brdt. A detailed analysis of Brdt binding capacity of H4 tails bearing various combinations of K5 and K8 acetylation and butyrylation showed that H4K5 butyrylation severely interferes with Brdt-binding. Our results therefore indicate that not only Brdt is required for the activation of a meiotic and post-meiotic gene expression program, but also its turnover induced by H4K5 butyrylation is equally important. This work hence highlights how an interplay between two different acylations occurring on the same lysines can play an essential regulatory role by increasing the chromatin binding dynamics of a critical lysine acetyl-reader, Brdt.Finally, in a collaborative work with structural biologists we showed that while p300 is a robust acetylase, its activity gets weaker with increasing acyl chain length. These results suggest that in vivo, p300 would use a specific co-factor to ensure non-acetyl histone acylations.Overall, these investigations shed an important light on how the male genome programming is guided by histone acylations and revealed for the first time a molecular network that regulates histone acylations and mediates its functional impact

L’aspect novateur de ce projet réside dans l’étude des acylations au niveau de la lysine K27 de l’histone H3, classiquement étudiée sous forme méthylée ou acétylée. Nous avons réalisé ce travail sur des cellules germinales méiotiques et post-méiotiques de souris. La spermiogénèse, qui implique un programme d’expression spécifique ainsi qu’une régulation fine de la transcription, est un processus particulièrement adapté à la compréhension du rôle des nouvelles modifications d’histones. Ces travaux regroupent l’utilisation de quatre approches omiques différentes, à savoir la protéomique, la métabolomique, la transcriptomique et le séquençage ChIP-seq afin de décrypter la régulation des acylations sur H3K27.Dans la première partie de ce projet, nous avons exploré la dynamique d’acétylation et de crotonylation sur les lysines d’histones au cours des processus de sporulation de la levure et de spermatogénèse de la souris, ce qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence un site d’intérêt H3K27 crotonylé. Son accumulation sur le variant d’histone H3.3 et sa stoechiométrie importante par rapport à la forme acétylée H3K27ac dans les cellules germinales post-méiotiques de souris nous ont conduits à étudier la distribution génomique de cette marque, par des analyses de ChIP-seq. L’analyse comparative de H3K27ac et H3K27cr a révélé une synergie entre la présence de ces deux marques à la fois au niveau des promoteurs et des enhancers distants, ce qui suggére une possible alternance des deux marques afin de réguler la transcription. Au niveau des promoteurs, nous avons observé une augmentation de ces modifications entre les stades méiotiques et post-méiotiques en amont des gènes caractéristiques de la spermiogénèse. D’autre part, la présence simultanée des deux marques coïncide avec la co-localisation de plusieurs régulateurs de la transcription spécifiques de ce processus (SLY, SOX30) et de protéines de liaison à la chromatine (BRD4, BORIS et CTCF), tandis qu’une sélectivité de fixation est observée lorsque H3K27ac et H3K27cr sont identifiées seules aux promoteurs. De façon intéressante, nous observons des résultats similaires au niveau des enhancers ainsi que des super-enhancers, confirmant que la régulation de la transcription est modulée par la présence alternative de ces deux acylations.La deuxième partie de ma thèse a porté sur l’étude de la propionylation et de la butyrylation de H3K27 au cours de la sporulation de la levure et de la spermatogénèse de la souris. Cependant, cette partie s’est avérée pleine de surprises car les analyses MS/MS en cellules HCD et la comparaison avec les peptides synthétiques correspondants n’ont pas permis de valider une propionylation et une butyrylation sur H3K27. Il s’est avéré qu’il s’agissait de structures strictement isobares avec ces modifications connues, mais de nature différente, puisque plus hydrophile que ces acylations. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été testées afin de déterminer la composition de ces modifications, mais au moment de la finalisation de ce manuscrit, nous n’avons pas encore trouvé le fin mot de l’histoire.Mes travaux de thèse rappellent les obervations de Goudarzi et al., à savoir une dynamique entre acétylation et acylation sur les résidus lysines à l’origine de la fixation différentielle de facteurs de régulation ou de protéines se liant à la chromatine et responsables de la régulation de la transcription. Ils ont également mis en lumière un rôle importante de H3K27cr, au niveau des enhancers en combinaison avec H3K27ac, lesquels ne sont classiquement pas étudiés dans les études fonctionnelles portant sur la compréhension du rôle de nouvelles acylations
The innovative aspect of this project lies in the study of acylations at lysine 27 from histone H3 (H3K27), conventionally studied in a methylated or an acetylated form. We performed this work on meiotic and post-meiotic mouse germ cells. Spermiogenesis, which involves a specific expression program as well as a fine regulation of transcription, is a process that is particularly well suited to understanding the roles of new histone modifications. This work combines the use of four different omics approaches, namely proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics and ChIP- sequencing to decipher the regulation of acylations on H3K27.In the first part of this project, we explored the dynamics of acetylation and crotonylation on histone lysines during the processes of yeast sporulation and mouse spermatogenesis, which allowed us to highlight in particular crotonylated H3K27. Its accumulation on the histone variant H3.3 and its important stoichiometry compared to the acetylated form H3K27ac in mouse post-meiotic germ cells led us to study the genomic distribution of this mark by ChIP-seq analysis. The comparative analysis of H3K27ac and H3K27cr revealed a synergy between the presence of these acylations at both promoters and distal enhancers, suggesting a possible alternation of the two marks to regulate transcription. At the promoter level, we observed an increase of these modifications between the meiotic and post-meiotic stages upstream of the genes characteristic of spermiogenesis. In addition, the simultaneous presence of the two marks coincides with the co-localization of several transcriptional regulators specific for this process (SLY, SOX30) and of chromatin-binding proteins (BRD4, BORIS and CTCF), whereas a binding selectivity is observed when H3K27ac and H3K27cr are identified alone at promoters. Interestingly, we observe similar results at enhancers as well as super-enhancers, confirming that the regulation of transcription is modulated by the alternative presence of these two acylations.The second part of my thesis focused on the study of the possible propionylation and butyrylation of H3K27 during yeast sporulation and mouse spermatogenesis. However, this part proved to be full of surprises because the MS/MS analyses and the comparison with the corresponding synthetic peptides did not make it possible to validate a propionylation and a butyrylation on H3K27. It turned out that the modifications observed on H3K27 from mouse histones were strictly isobaric with these known modifications, but of a different nature, since they are more hydrophilic. Several hypotheses were tested in order to determine the structure of these modifications, but at the time of finalizing this manuscript, we have not found out what it is all about.My PhD work contributes further to the idea of a dynamics between acetylation and acylations on lysine residues at the origin of the differential binding of chromatin-binding proteins responsible for regulating transcription. It also highlighted an important role of H3K27crat enhancers which are not classically considered in studies aiming at understanding the roles of new acylations