Tesis sobre el tema "Histoire des sciences et des savoirs"
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Le, Cornec Rochelois Cécile. "Le poisson au Moyen Âge : savoirs et croyances". Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040117.
Texto completoAn early Christian symbol of Christ, the fish is first and foremost, in the medieval West, the food imposed by the Church during the numerous days of abstinence. But this Christian promotion fails to account for role in literature. The hermits in the novels content themselves with bread and water, while fish is served at the royal tables during lavish feasts. Moreover some recurrent species seem to take on special connotations. Why doesn't the Graal of Chrétien de Troyes contain either pike, or lamprey, or salmon ? What do the famous eels of the Roman de Renart evoke to the medieval public ? Where does the miraculous sturgeon, which keeps in its belly the hand of the heroine of the Roman de la Manekine come from ? The medieval discourse on the fish is anchored in a material and cultural context which became foreign to us. In order to reconstruct the background likely to explain literary allusions, we first question the terminology and the taxonomy used in encyclopaedic and medical text, thus highlighting the complex mosaic of meanings the realia take on in works of fiction. Prestigious species of novels and epics suggest, in a moralizing or comic perspective, guilty pleasures. In parodic writings, especially the Roman de Renart, allusions to the fish reveal the commercial and food practices of the time. In the marvel finally, the fish is both a symbolic food and marvellous animal
Doron, Claude-Olivier. "Races et dégénérescence : l'émergence des savoirs sur l'homme anormal". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876157.
Texto completoDoron, Claude-Olivier. "Races et dégénérescence : l'émergence des savoirs sur l'homme anormal". Phd thesis, Paris 7, 2011. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00876157.
Texto completoThis Ph-D thesis develops the twofold history of the notions of "race" and "degeneration" between the XVIIth and the XIXth century. This history is studied from two points of view: historical epistemology that is "how race and degeneration became the concepts of various knowledges (natural history, anthropology, psychiatry)"; and history of government practices, that is "how race and degeneration became problems government". Focusing on the historical link between these notions gives us the possibility to analyze the emergence, in the XIXth century, of a field of knowledge that dealt with what we call the "abnormal mar that is this very specific entity which agglomerates madness, criminality and "inferior" races as deviations human normality, in an ambiguous space between the normal and the pathological. Our thesis describes the various categories that organise this field of knowledge. More deeply, we want to argue that the notions race and degeneration, far from being external to humanism and universalism, far from being systematical correlated to practices of exclusion, are intimately connected to a practical and theoretical humanism and practices of inclusion, that deal with race, madness and crime as alterations of a norm one has to regenerate correct and improve through specific apparatus of power. Through this historical lens, we want to study ; the ambiguities and aporias that lurk in the very heart of this will of inclusion and this analysis heterogeneous realities as alterations of a norm. We show in particular how we can establish a very stronglink between the insertion of the concept of "race" into natural history and monogenism; and, on the other side, how it is important to study the insertion of "race" into the political field and, more broadly, the emergence of the knowledge of the abnormal, to take into consideration its logical links with political liberalism in the beginning of XIXth century
Fayolle, Azélie. "Ernest Renan : savoirs de la nature et pensée historique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2055.
Texto completoIn the tradition of epistemocriticism studies, this thesis aims to assess the relationship between history and natural sciences in Ernest Renan’s complete works. Although natural sciences are not the historian’s main concern, they represent a constant methodological frame of reference throughout his works. This research summarizes Renan’s philosophy of a “science idéale” (“ideal science”) and its application to “science positive” (“positive science”), which he developed in his essay The Future of Science (1848, 1890), as well as in many articles. By proposing a classification of sciences, Renan is one of the founders of the “sciences of humanity.” He also encourages interdisciplinarity between different areas of knowledge. The second part of this thesis covers Renan’s historical and philological methods in the context of natural sciences achievements during that time. Thus, comparative embryology and philology, inspired by Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s comparative anatomy, provide a set of methodological tools. The explanation of the historian’s methods is complemented by an analysis of his metaphors: such words as embryo, germs or propagation are used to build a history of religions, echoing the evolution of sciences in the 19th century, such as the discovery of the virus. The third part investigates the underlying idea of nature in Renan’s texts in order to question the fabric of history and the status of the documents according to the historian. Renan is the first in France to realize a secularized and scientific study of sacred texts, such as the Bible. This sulfurous project leads him to broaden the document definition: according to the philologist, if the sacred text becomes a source of knowledge, so do nature and the landscapes themselves. The production of the historian’s document is not forgotten: the status of the text, made of conjectures and hypotheses, leads Renan to develop a historian and scientific epistemology, which questions the definition of fiction, placed in his Philosophical Dialogues (1876) somewhere between certainties, probabilities and musings. The example of Renan’s works presents not only a practical case for epistemocriticism studies, but also a way to improve theories of metaphor and fiction in scientific texts. The lapse of Renan’s models and pictures creates an effect of estrangement, and makes the metaphoricity of his texts more appreciable
Bensmaïl, Sadri. "De la guerre, de la religion et de la science en Algérie : savoirs, rationalités et techniques de l'aménagement (XVIIIème-XXème siècles)". Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0135.
Texto completoBardez, Renaud. "La Faculté de médecine de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles :entre création, circulation et enseignement des savoirs (1795 – 1914)". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/221720/4/Table.pdf.
Texto completoDoctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Barthet, Bernard. "Les thématique ésotériques et les savoirs scientifiques et historiques dans les publications des jésuites en France dans les "Mémoires de Trévoux" (1680-1764) : Problématiques et enjeux". Paris, EPHE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPHE5018.
Texto completoThe object of this thesis is to look for the place of the esoteric themes in the strategy of Jesuite to carry out, in the animated context of the France in the turn of the XVIIIth century, their pastoral mission of defence of the catholic tradition, determinated at the council of Trent. We show that the Jesuit fathers lean on the literary productions of their professionnal writers (scriptores librorum) and th journalistic tool of the "Mémoires" and the "Dictionnaire universel" de Trévoux, to concretize their pedagogical project to invest the scientific and historical knowledges, to reply to the met difficulties coming up against the new philosophical propositions. The Jesuits attempt to define several notions discussed by the pysics (attraction, matter, etc. ), quite as they try o specify the function of the fables of the antique mythology and to prove the great antiquity of the biblical chronology facing the discovery of the chinese annals. At the same time, the fathers approach several questions based on the notion of secret (philosopher's stone, magnetic cure, powder with sympathy, divinatory baguette, cabala, propheties, oracles, emblems, enigmae), which as such are connected with the esoteric themes. On the one hand, it is necessary to answer to the Protestant criticisms who try to ruin the cridibility of the Fathers of the Church as Trinitarian Dogma, and, consequently, to threaten the catholic tradition. On the other hand, the Jsuits have to protect the hidden mysteries of a nature created by God, at the risk of support obsolete scientifical positions
Rusque, Dorothée. "Le dialogue des objets : fabrique et circulation des savoirs naturalistes : le cas des collections de Jean Hermann (1738-1800)". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG017.
Texto completoFollowing the issues raised by the historic anthropology of the knowledge and the material turn, the thesis questions the cognitive dimension of the collections of natural history of Jean Hermann (1738-1800). From 1762, the naturalist created a rich cabinet composed of objects from the three kingdoms of nature. The cabinet was associated with two other forms of collections: a library and a botanical garden, which he managed as professor of botany of the university of medicine from 1783. All three forms of collections were used as his equipment for research and teaching. The investigation shall determine the role of objects in the production and the circulation of the naturalistic knowledge. Its objective is also to observe the social construction of a learned figure. The study points out the importance of the economy of exchange of objects in the constitution of collections and the role of the dialogue between objects - samples, books, images – in the visualization process. The visual device of the cabinet is at the core of the process of knowledge making. Collections contributed to the emergence of a public science; they were media of teaching and attracted numerous visitors
Mazoyer, Harold. "Les calculs de la puissance : Socio-histoire d’une science de gouvernement : l’économie des transports (1960-1982)". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20115.
Texto completoFrom the early years of the French Fifth Republic, transport economics was gradually institutionalised as a science of governing. Resorting to economists, and their knowledge, in public policy decisions progressively became a social necessity. The research presented here seeks to understand the phenomena underlying this process. It endeavours, more generally, to grasp the origin and the nature of the authority bestowed upon them in a field of public action. In order to do so, it first looks at the services of the central administration where engineers/economists began to be seen as influential ''advisors to the prince'', before imposing themselves as the leading actors in the attempt to reform the administration. The dissertation also studies the development of scholarly expertise in the academic field. Finally, the investigation analyses the processes of expertise and decision-making in a particular project, the Lyon Subway, in order to understand how economists intervened in the relationship between central and local governments. This analysis of the institutionalisation of a science of governing focuses on the phenomena participating to the construction and affirmation of the roles of the economist in these three distinct fields. The thesis thus attempts to throw light on the particular processes characterizing each of them but also to understand how they interacted with each other. This approach underlines the success of economists in transport governance as the appropriation of a scheme to reform public policy that was originally carried by « centraliste » elites and institutions. It also shows how local government was a decisive arena which contributed to the development of the expectations placed upon economists. Based upon a socio-historical approach, the analysis is essentially based on archival material but also on more than seventy semi-directive interviews
Gerber, Lucie. "Le laboratoire des esprits animaux : expérimentation animale, production de savoirs et innovation thérapeutique dans les domaines de la dépression et de la maladie d'Alzheimer (1950-2010)". Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0137.
Texto completoThe "laboratory of animal spirits" proposes a history of a scientific aspiration, that of using the experimental animal to introduce the problems of psychiatry and neurology within the laboratory. This work describes and analyzes the practices of the behavioral, cognitive and brain sciences in the context of therapeutic and medical research on diseases or disorders that affect the mind from 1955 to the present time. What are the historical conditions under which animal experimentation developed and diversified during the second half of the 20th century? How have experimenters developed animal models for the study of phenomena that are often reputed to be specifically human? With what effects and consequences for the mode of constitution of the objects on which the experimenters work, on the orientations followed by medical and therapeutic research? These questions are addressed through two fields of observation, research on depression, and research on Alzheimer's disease, in the perspective of an integrated history of science, technology and medicine. Through the published literature, industrial, institutional and personal archives of scientists, oral history interviews and ethnographic observations, this work questions the close link that was established, following a double process of "pharmaceutizalisation" and " molecularization "between animal experimentation and the way we conceive and study mental, cognitive and behavioral disorders
Alves, Duarte Da Silva Matheus. "Quand la peste connectait le monde : production et circulation de savoirs microbiologiques entre Brésil, Inde et France (1894-1922)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0094.
Texto completoBetween 1899 and 1900, the bubonic plague bacillus was identified for the first time in Brazil, in the economic heart of the country: São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. To fight the scourge, the public authorities created two laboratories responsible to produce both anti-plague sera and vaccines, Butantan and Manguinhos, and implemented a series of hygienic measures, including vaccinations and the destruction of rats. This health policy gradually produces its effects and by 1917 the disease had left these two regions of the country. In 1922, the year of the first centenary of Brazilian independence, scholars turned this episode into the start of a national scientific tradition, initiating then an interpretation that would be later taken up by certain historians.Using sources conserved in institutional, diplomatic and governmental archives in Brazil,France, Italy and Great Britain, the thesis offers another reading of this event. It first shows the dialogue established between actors based in Brazil and the microbiological knowledge developed before 1900 both in Bombay, then the center of the plague pandemic, and in Paris, home of the Pasteur Institute. It then examines how these actors and others, present in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, engaged, between 1900 and 1914, in major international debates on the treatment and prophylaxis of the disease. In this regard, the thesis follows the trajectory of anti-plague sera sent from Butantan to Bombay; the mobilization of statistics about the use of Manguinhos anti-plague serum by scientists from the Pasteur Institute; and the development of anti-plague immunization practices and health policies against rats, first in Bombay, then in the Brazilian cities affected by thescourge, and then in Paris, struck by the disease in 1920.The main conclusions of the thesis are addressed as much to the history of science in Brazil as to the history of microbiology in general. We conclude that the development and stabilization of the major achievements of microbiology serums, vaccines and the destruction of vectors as far as bubonic plague is concerned, are the direct and indirect result of the interactions between groups of scholars based in Brazil, India and France. We also concluded that some of the microbiological knowledge developed in Brazil and India circulated to France, where the scourge presented itself as a constant foreign threat, when the plague became a public health problem in 1920. We finally show that microbiology, seen often as a European science exported to the rest of the world, or as the product of national scientific traditions, has more complex, even global, trajectories
Entre 1899 e 1900, o bacilo da peste bubônica é identificado pela primeira vez no Brasil, emSão Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, o coração econômico do país. Para combater a doença, os poderespúblicos criam dois laboratórios voltados para a produção de soros e vacinas antipestosos e colocam em prática uma série de medidas de higiene pública, como vacinações e caça aos ratos. Essa política sanitária produz progressivamente seus resultados e por volta de 1917 a peste desaparece dessas duas regiões do país. En 1922, ano do primeiro centenário da independência brasileira, determinados cientistas fazem desse episódio o início de uma tradição científica nacional, iniciando assim uma leitura que será mobilizada em seguida por alguns historiadores.A partir de fontes conservadas em arquivos intitucionais, diplomáticos e governamentais noBrasil, na França, na Itália e no Reino-Unido, a presente tese propõe uma outra leitura desse evento.Em primeiro lugar, ela mostra o diálogo estabelecido entre atores no Brasil com alguns saberes microbiológicos desenvolvidos tanto em Bombaim, o epicentro da pandemia de peste, quanto em Paris, sede do Instituto Pasteur. A tese examina em seguida a maneira pela qual esses e outros atores, trabalhando em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, se engajaram, entre 1900 e 1914, em importantes debates internacionais sobre o tratamento e a profilaxia da peste. Assim, a tese acompanha a trajetória de soros antipestosos enviados do Butantan até Bombaim; a mobilização de estatísticas sobre o uso do soro de Manguinhos realizada por alguns membros do Instituto Pasteur; e o desenvolvimento de práticas de imunização contra a peste e de políticas sanitárias contra os ratos em Bombaim, nas regiões brasileiras atingidas pela epidemia, e, finalmente, em Paris, atacada pela doença em 1920.As principais conclusões da tese se dirigem tanto à história das ciências no Brasil quanto àhistória da microbiologia em geral. Conclui-se que a criação e a estabilização das principaisinovações da microbiologia no que dizem respeito à peste bubônica - soros, vacinas e a destruição de vetores - resultam da interação direta e indireta entre alguns grupos de cientistas baseados no Brasil, na Índia e na França. A tese estabelece também que alguns saberes elaborados primeiramente no Brasil e na Índia puderam circular na França, onde a doença era uma ameaça estrangeira constante, quando a peste virou um problema de saúde concreto, em 1920. Por último, a tese sustenta que a microbiologia, vista recorrentemente como uma ciência europeia exportada ao resto do mundo, ou como o produto de tradições científicas nacionais, possui na verdade trajetórias mais complexas,talvez globais
Voskoboynikov, Oleg. "Arts, savoirs et visions de la nature à la cour de Frédéric II". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0036.
Texto completoThe PhD is concerned with the intellectual life at the court of Frederick II, emperor and king of Sicily. A big part of it is dedicated to inedited works linked to this cultural milieu, important for the history of sciences and letters of the thirteenth century Europe : Michael Scot's Liber introductorius, a huge astrological and cosmological summa (1230 ca. ), Peter of Eboli's poem "Baths of Pozzuoli", an illustrated Liber astrologiae by Zotorus etc. In the Annexes, an edition of these treatises is proposed. The combination of methods of the history of art and of the history of science has been imposed by the subject itself ; the scientific lore at the Frederick's court, with its research for new approaches to the empirical reality, is parallel to reach artistic activity, with its strong predilection for naturalistic forms
Peiretti, Delphine. "Corps noirs et médecins blancs : Entre race, sexe et genre : savoirs et représentations du corps des Africain(e)s dans les sciences médicales françaises (1780-1950)". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3097.
Texto completoThis research focuses on the descriptions of African people's body according to French medical literature from the end of the 18th century to mid-20th century. Though the « black race » is seen as monolithic group in the medical writings at the beginning of the period, the african multiplicity slightly came up under the colonial doctors' pens, in the last third of the 19th century. Beyond the principal human races classification, the french doctors established a hierarchy between the black peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, from The Cape of Good Hope to Senegambia. A sexual description of the peoples is added to raciological studies in order to clarify the racial classifications, ethnic hierarchies and to develop knowledge on African people. The african diversity is being highlighted all along the studied period, despite the permanency of numerous racial stereotypes as the hypersexuality of black people or the inversion of gender in Africa. Based on medical dictionaries, work about human races or even on colonial medecine work, our work displays, within the descriptions of the black bodies, the overlapping of the theories about race, gender and sex, and also explains the similarity of the rhetorical methods used to define and describe the Other, should they be female and/or black. Moreover, this research highlights how these representations were influenced by the scientific controversies and the political issues of the period, what they influenced in turn. Though the medical speeches stigmatize racial inferiority of the African people, this work also underlines the antithetical opinions and the conflicts between some doctors about these consensual patterns
Pretalli, Michel. "Les dialogues militaires des ingénieurs italiens du XVIème siècle : transmision des savoirs et aspirations littéraires". Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1040/document.
Texto completoNo english summary
Raz, Michal. "La production des évidences sur l'intersexuation : savoirs et pratiques médicales autour de l'hyperplasie congénitale des surrénales (France, 1950-2018)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0115.
Texto completoThis dissertation traces the transformations of biomedical knowledge and practice on intersex in France. It studies the 20th century emergence and development of a new apparatus consisting in early medicalization of children with atypical sex. It specifically examines the example of the management the intersex variation CongenitalAdrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). This normalizing apparatus was based on a paradigm shiftinstituted by a new protocol developed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in the 1950s. Thisresearch analyzes the way this protocol was received and implemented in France. Examining the systematic medical management of “CAH girls” from this historical pointof view reveals a process of medical knowledge production that creates several ideas that come to be self-evident: their unequivocal female sex and the presumed necessity of early medical interventions. These “obvious” ideas are supported by new biomedical techniques as well as by psychological theories on gender and sexuality. Drawing on archives of scientific publications and interviews with key actors in this medical process, this dissertation shows that the multiplication of knowledge and medical intervention technologies paradoxically produces forms of ignorance and resistance within the current French medical field to abandon this paradigm that has now long been criticized. By studying two areas of medical action and knowledge production (prenatal diagnosis and long term follow-up studies), this dissertation focuses on the way these obvious ideas about sex persist despite the uncertain and complex nature of this knowledge that intersexuality destabilizes. This phenomenon can be understood in light of the contemporary context where medicine enjoys social legitimacy and exclusive control over the subject and deploys a variety of mechanisms to reject alternative forms of expertise
Vittu, Jean-Pierre. "Le Journal des savants et la République des Lettres, 1665-1714". Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010537.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis is to study the content and the role of the first scientific periodical, the Paris Journal des savants, founded in 1665
Messager, Mathieu. "Les hétérologies du savoir (Roland Barthes, Pascal Quignard)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA136/document.
Texto completoThe thing one observes moving from Roland Barthes to Pascal Quignard is the search for a sort of heterology of knowledge; the emphasis of an “other” discourse on knowledge or rather the spectacular display of a heterodox form for the writing of knowledge. This takes place by means of the intertwinement of both narrative and argumentative registers, as well as by the choice of a more fragmented rather than dissertational form, by a sort of openness to enunciation games but also by the incorporation of short fictional excerpts within the margins of such prose of ideas and finally by pondering the figural dimension deeply operating the writing of the theoretical text. The comparison initiated herewith between these two generations of writers has led us to put forward a genealogical approach of such “heterological” restoration of knowledge by literature. The question was outlined as follows: what does the insistence of the use by the literary of a scholar discourse literalization tell us, in its own way, concerning the very idea literature projects of itself? Underlying all the annexations of scholarly disciplines within the field of literature — indeed exclusively conducted from literature's point of view, in an almost unanimous indifference towards “science” whose emancipation no longer needs to be claimed — one asks whether there would not be a complete symbolic turnaround strategy of both the power and the figure of the literary. We do not aim at contributing to the history of literature — whose plan, often too wide, ends by essentializing the precise object it seeks to historicize — but rather to participating in the history of an idea of literature itself; and herewith, in a more strict manner, attempting to enlighten the history of the idea that recent literature has (once again) sought sovereignty within the order of discourse
Frisch, Muriel. "Didactique de la documentation : quel savoir de la documentation au collège ?" Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUEL397.
Texto completoLe, Bianic Thomas. "Les "ingénieurs des âmes" : savoirs académiques, professionnalisation et pratiques des psychologues du travail de l'entre deux guerres à nos jours". Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00096116.
Texto completoLeclercq, Odile. "Construction d'un savoir et d'un savoir-faire dans le traitement du lexique français aux 16ème et 17ème siècles". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353698.
Texto completoVignaud, Laurent-Henri. "Les "merveilles de la nature" : histoire naturelle et érudition à l'âge baroque, vers 1560-vers 1660". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS015S.
Texto completoPeople of 16th and 17th centuries were obsessed by the “wonders of Nature”: they observed, studied, described, collected and exchanged them passionately. Wonders of Nature were not only an intellectual category or a learned notion partly bequeathed by Ancient and Medieval thought, but also a body of pictures (drawings or engravings) easily reproducible and distributable, a series of natural phenomena which can be attested by letters and a set of objects on display in cabinets of curiosities. This works follows three directive patterns: 1) articulation between science and philological scholarship; 2) function of prodigies during French 16th century civil wars, and 3) appraisal processes used in giving account of strange natural objects. The first part of the study is devoted to the legacy, in other word to the notion of “wonders of Nature” as an inherited intellectual category, and is focused on the years 1560-1610. In the second part, the specific case of the prodigies is considered, mostly between 1580 and 1620, and through French historiography of the civil wars. Third part confronts the “science” of the wonders of Nature with the new experimental practice which, between 1610 and 1660, makes the wonder a pattern of “scientific fact”
Bulle, Sylvaine. "Apercevoir la ville. Pour une histoire des villes palestiniennes, entre monde et sentiment national (1900-2002)". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00766400.
Texto completoMazauric, Simone. "Savoirs et philosophie à Paris dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle : les conférences du Bureau d'adresse de Théophraste Renaudot (1633-1642)". Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010697.
Texto completoThe subject of this doctoral dissertation is the study of "the conferences du bureau d'adresse of Théophraste Renaudot". It aims to determine the role these conferences played in the intellectual life from a philosophic and scientific view point during the first half of 17th century france. The first part studies how the "conferences du bureau d'adresse", re placed within the context of a movement of academic sociability distinctive of that time, functioned as a particular structure of learned sociability. The second part analyses the relation between the "conferences du bureau d'adresse", and modernity using their sources of knowledge and their intellectual forms of exchange which they put to work and diffu sed. The third part apprehends these sources of knowledge from an apistemological point of view and highlights the original way the members of this academy, all issued from a cultivated fring of french society, were situated in relatio n to the scientific and philosophic revolution that was taking place at that time and aims to evaluate the extent of their participation. Finally to determine the specific way they have accomplished a slow, difficult, and chaotic intellectual mutaion, in the margin of the elite
Pinelli, Nicolas. "Développer des compétences : une approche didactique à partir de la phénoménologie de l'imprévu appliquée aux évènements artistiques". Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00762527.
Texto completoFrioux, Stéphane. "Les réseaux de la modernité : amélioration de l'environnement et diffusion de l'innovation dans la France urbaine (fin XIXe siècle - années 1950)". Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447952.
Texto completoQuet, Mathieu. "Politiques du savoir : une approche communicationnelle des rapports entre sciences, technologies et participation en France (1968-1983)". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808650.
Texto completoFrioux, Stéphane. "Les réseaux de la modernité : amélioration de l'environnement et diffusion de l'innovation dans la France urbaine (fin XIXe siècle - années 1950)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2009. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.cairn.info/batailles-de-l-hygiene--9782130617860.htm.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to study the exchange of knowledge between cities and the interactions between the forces interested in the transformation of the urban environment, using the case of sanitary engineering as a starting point. This field which was intended to provide pure water to city dwellers, as well as purifying waste, rose at the end of the nineteenth century thanks to numerous phenomena of knowledge and data circulation, among different networks linking municipal engineers and officials, sanitary inspectors, national experts and inventors.A careful study of the decision-making processes, from the documentation phase to the opening ceremonies of new facilities, enables us to perceive the complex path through which modern technology penetrated cities. In France, although the attitude of the State towards hygiene issues evolved, the general frame of the intervention of public authorities remained stable during the first half of the 20th century.The circulation of information and knowledge about sanitary engineering highlights an interesting process of innovation diffusion, which worked inside the French urban network without any strong hierarchical pattern but in a rather horizontal way. A transnational dimension appears in this process which underlines the ability of local governments to implement technological facilities in a context of relatively weak State expertise and intervention
Dhermy-Mairal, Marine. "Les sciences sociales et l'action au Bureau international du travail (1920-1939)". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0118.
Texto completoThis doctoral dissertation is about the history of scientific practices at the International Labor Organization between 1920 and 1939. They are considered as a moment of convergence between both scientific and political concerns, aimed at establishing an international moral that would be based on social sciences. We set the general organization of research at ILO, tracked civil servants and scientists trajectories, analyzed their discourses on science and scientificity. We then turned more particularly on an epistemological and political study of the "Enquiry on production", with a special focus on scientific collaborations which helped leading the enquiry. These activities are deepened through a history of statistical thinking and social sciences. On the one hand, we paid a sustained attention to the intellectual and scientific contribution to ILO's work of four disciples of the French sociologist Emile Durkheim. On the other hand, and conversely, we also looked at the moral role that was attributed to ILO by these scientists within their intellectual durkheimian's framework. This peculiar moment of interaction between science and action allows us to write a unique story which intertwines a history of administrative savoir-faire with a history of social sciences in the interwar
De, Smet Elsa. "Voir pour Savoir. La visualisation technique et scientifique de l’aventure spatiale dans le monde occidental entre 1840 et 1969". Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040160.
Texto completoBetween the first photograph taken from the moon in 1840 by J.W. Draper and the first photograph taken from our satellite’s ground in 1969 by Apollo 11’s mission, western space odyssey led to a wide range of images. They all had the common goal of understanding, apprehending and sharing the aspect of cosmos with as many people as possible. Evidently absorbed by a collective culture, this heterogeneous and multifaceted corpus with many complex boundaries is based on a cultural history, which remains hard to classify, between science history and images history. The resulting visualizations, heavily influenced by the traditions of the history of representation and made in parallel of the technical evolutions of astronomy and its means of observation, have equally shaped the look of physical astronomy and of the visual culture of its neophyte observers. The analysis of the creation and the fulfilment of Space Art in the twentieth century make us open our eyes on a visual corpus where the coalescence between science and style is a necessary condition to its really existence. Confronted to History of Arts and to visual studies, this corpus finds its place within an analysis, which pursues to disclose the power and the performative quality of images. Whether it be an imagery popularizing the deepest knowledge for teaching purposes, a will of grabbing the image of cosmos in order to discover it or a cultural dissemination at the heart of the most important myths of the century, spatial exploration was also an experience of the look we need to observe
Grell, Chantal. "Le dix-huitieme siecle et l'antiquite en france. Etude sur les representations sociales et politiques, litteraires et esthetiques de la grece et de la rome paiennes". Paris 4, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA040077.
Texto completoThis study concerns various types of perception of pagan greece and rome and the place of antique references in france from 1680 to 1789. The first part deals with the educative role of latin and greek, the sources and modes of transmission of scholar knowledge. Then, different models are reviewed through controversies between ancients and moderns and some paradigms and fashions specific to the period. The stakes form the subject of the last part: they refer to history, religion and politics. The reflection relates to the prerevolutionary years and concludes finally with the apparently paradoxical idea of a decline of the antique political model
Berkane, Abdelaziz. "Comportements d'agents, interaction sociale et processus économiques : le cas de la tradition théorique autrichienne". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00167306.
Texto completoPéaud, Laura. "Du projet scientifique des Lumières aux géographies nationales : France, Prusse et Grande-Bretagne (1780-1860)". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20111/document.
Texto completoBetween 1780 et 1860, geography tends to become a full scientific field in Europe, built thanks to renewed institutional and academic principles, especially in France, Prussia and Great Britain. t the same time in these three European countries, geographers expect that their field will be finally considered as a proper science, compared for instance to history or mathematics. In order to complete this aim, they gradually organise geographical knowledge according to scientific patterns. The French, Prussian and British spheres are affected by a similar process. This scientific and academic construction of a proper geographical field is influenced by a universalistic spirit, inherited from the European Enlightenment, but also deeply affected by the political context. Between 1785 and 1860, geographical knowledge is recognised as strategic : it plays a major role in the politics of the states and, therefore, in the organisation of the different policies developed in this period. By questionning at the same time the field of geography and the field of politics and policy, this thesis intends to highlight how the process of academic and scientific construction of geography engaged at the same time in France, Prussia and Great-Britain is essentially in a position of tension between a demand of universalism and the progressiv nationalisation of geographical knowledge
Ducourant, Sam. "Bien-être en cage : normes juridiques, disciplines scientifiques et système technique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLE007.
Texto completoAnimal welfare is the name of a tension between the production of norms and the production of knowledge. Through the study of the interactions between science, politics and factory farming, this dissertation sheds light on the concrete operators of non-human exploitation, conceptualized as a power system (dispositif). To write the history of battery cages from the early 20th century to the 1980s, I go through a wide range of unpublished archives, hubs between science and its world (institutional archives, technical reports, scientific publications, masscirculation newspapers, legal texts, patents, industrial regulations). I describe the constitution of animal welfare disciplines, i.e. their history, the elements and relationships that make them up, and the rules that govern them. I question the distinction between norm, knowledge and commodities production : they work together as operators of animal exploitation, but could possibly act as counterweights against it
Bothereau, Benjamin. "À la lanterne ! Modes d’existence d’un objet banal, entre imaginaire technique et politique. Invention, économie urbaine, publics et circulations du «réverbère», Paris, Barcelone, XVIIIe s". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH152.
Texto completoOur culture has trivialized the streetlamp and deprived it of its meanings. However, the lantern became a visual and semantic revolutionary leitmotiv at the end of the 18th c.As a technical innovation of 18th c streetlighting, the lantern à réverbères optimizes the luminous intensity by using concave metal reflectors (réverbères) to direct the beam of light where needed. If the historiography focused on the Argand’s lamp, this research deals with a far less noble and valued technical element, the reflector. The entwinement of the innovation with narratives and cultural discourses structures its imaginary: artefact biography is therefore a precious tool to approach it, by getting rid of the subject-object distinction in order to question its modes of existence.Firstly, we study the genesis of the lantern and the inscription of its technical imaginary as a rationalized answer to the lighting challenge. To continue with, we analyse the streetlamp in action and its extramaterial properties through its integration to its milieu. Processes of mediation and their transformative power are the next focus, though the study of the technical (transcultural) circulations between France and Spain, and the media of advertising and promotion (technical press, trade cards), all of which shaping the interactions between the invention, the public and the markets. We finish this survey with the political lantern and its paradox, as the artefact, strongly linked to absolute monarchy and police– or military- control, became a revolutionary emblem. By entwining the technical and symbolic functions of the streetlamp, we want to shed light upon the resonances of the political imaginary within the lantern materiality. This study therefore aims at drawing attention to the multi-layered meanings of this so-called “banal” object, and at considering the streetlamp as a significant bearer of cultural identity
Delmotte, Stéphanie. "La formalisation des publications scientifiques : les sciences humaines et sociales à la recherche de fondements scientifiques". Phd thesis, Paris 10, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465668.
Texto completoSince the 1980's, knowledge accessible via the internet has been steadily growing in importance and popularity. Since 2002, new innovating format solutions have tried to answer the issues encountered in digital processing of scientific digital publications. Scientific data needs to adapt to new ways of accessing knowledge and be standardized matching other globalization standards. Since the 1950's, various fields have been conducted critical thinking studies of the epistemological foundations on the discourse of Human and Social sciences. The use of new technologies comes along with a need to define the specific attributes of Human Sciences discourse. We are studying how the scientific communications practices have adapted with new writing, reading, referencing, editing, and disclosure practices. The digital document emergence brings the obligation to think over the content organization, structure, and method of implementation of the information in one single location to answer the needs of scientific thinking
Chambris, Christine. "Relations entre les grandeurs et les nombres dans les mathématiques de l'école primaire. Évolution de l'enseignement au cours du 20e siècle. Connaissances des élèves actuels". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00338665.
Texto completoNous avons approfondi l'étude de l'enseignement du système métrique, de la numération de position des entiers et de l'articulation entre les deux ; et entamé celle des relations entre opérations (sens, technique, types de nombres) et grandeurs (notamment la longueur et les représentations utilisant des schémas cotés).
Notre étude se développe selon trois axes qui se répondent :
- les liens entre grandeurs, nombres, opérations et pratiques pour la vie courante avant la réforme des mathématiques modernes ; les ruptures qu'elle a provoquées dans ces liens. Notre corpus est constitué par des textes du 20e siècle : programmes, manuels scolaires du CE (2P et 3P) ;
- les savoirs savants. Il s'agit d'une part de repérer les savoirs transposés à différentes époques, d'autre part d'identifier des conditions pour des théories mathématiques (éventuellement à formuler) susceptibles de servir de référence pour l'enseignement des grandeurs, nombres et opérations. Pour cela, nous prenons en compte des besoins mathématiques et didactiques : notamment tâches, discours justificatifs destinés aux élèves, cohérence des savoirs, continuité des apprentissages ;
- les connaissances des élèves actuels (277 en 5P). Il s'agit de mieux cerner d'éventuels ruptures et manques apparus avec l'étude des liens et des savoirs savants.
Bouloux, Nathalie. "Culture et savoirs géographiques dans l'Italie du XIVe siècle". Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010550.
Texto completoThe subject deals with a cultural history matter, namely the representation of space in the middle ages. The period concerned is the italian xivth century, which prepares for an important mutation in the perception of space, traditionally attributed to the xvth and xvith centuries. Two fields of studies are investigated : on the one hand, a traditional geography represented by the university scholars and the encyclopaedists, supported by the knowledge of previous centuries while contributing to the renewal of knowledges about space ; on the other hand the geography of humanists whose first ambition is to recreate the space of the antiquity. The interest in the antiquity leads the latter to actively search for new texts, as is the case in other intellectual fields. The realization of the difficulties he had in fitting together the space of the antiquity and the world in which he lived induced petrarch to conceive a geographical method based on the confrontation of texts between each other and of texts to reality. The consequence of this programme was to point out the contradictions between authors and hence between knowledges. Confronted to the inconsitency of texts, petrarch's followers give up the idea of producing a synthesis of ancient and new knowledges, and choose to follow the alphabetical order in their geographical writings, which allows them to juxtapose knowledges while respecting the obligation of exhaustiweness. If the geography of xivth century italian humanists is often confronted to doubts, it also prepares the success of ptolemy's geography and the new representation of space it proposes
Sabir, Imran. "La sociologie au Pakistan : origine et développement (1955 - 2014)". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV019.
Texto completoThis dissertation is a historical account of origin and development of Sociology inPakistan from a critical perspective of sociology of sociology. It explores the factors behind the construction of sociology as an academic discipline by going deep into the historical traditions of diverse education systems in subcontinent, which were ruptured by a sudden introduction of colonial education system during 19th and 20th centuries. It draws especially on the ideological frames masked as scientificknowledge employed by political powers to advance their political interests in thepost-colonial Pakistan. Using historical archives, interviews with Pakistanisociologists, and dissertations of master students from two oldest and the largestinstitutions of sociology in Pakistan, this study reveals how sociology in Pakistanwas introduced, institutionalized, practiced, and produced within socio-historical and political context. The study also explores linkages of the production of sociological knowledge to the logic of political power, on the one hand, and the simultaneous ambition of sociologists, on the other--to establish both professional legitimacy and social policy relevance for sociology in the nation-state. The type of sociology that emerge from this negotiation—the positivist, applied—a professional and academic model during 1955-79, which was imitatively followed by the coming generations of sociologists in Pakistan as a standardized normative pattern for their academic survival, continue to treat Pakistani society as an object of reformation, appropriation and mobilization towards the ultimate goal of modernization. The ascendancy of positivist and empiricist sociology in Pakistan is explained as a deliberate, and often extremely uncritical, attempt to congenially resonate with the knowledge and power nexus for its quantitative growth. Finally, the dissertation demonstrates that the academic sociology in Pakistan being inconsequential, beleaguered and belittled discipline remains outside the dynamics of cognitive labor, and consequently is virtually perished from the international platforms of knowledge production
Magkanari, Despina. "Connexions interculturelles et construction des savoirs à l’époque moderne : l'Europe, l'Asie et l'emergence des savoirs turcologiques aux XVIIe - XVIIIe siècle". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0124.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the 17th and 18th centuries west European scholars efforts to define and understand the era and space of Turkic peoples, alongside the Eurasia existences before the emergence of the Ottoman Empire. Its purpose is to scrutinize the process of intellectual autonomization of Turkology namely to explore the genesis of Turkology as a distinct field within the larger corpus of Oriental studies; to study the archaeology of the field; to unveil the process of the early modern European scholarly engagement with Eastern civilizations; and ultimately historicize the Orientalist production. Based upon socio-cultural approaches regarding knowledge production, this thesis aims to study primarily the material realities, alongside the practices of the actors. Special emphasis is thus attributed on the interplay among individual trajectories, institutional, material and intellectual conditions, and scholarly production. Of no less importance, this thesis seeks to place the production of this knowledge within the intercultural encounter of the first globalization, revealing the key role of the “transnational” circulations and exchanges that took place within the Eurasian space. In other words, this thesis raises questions related to the impact of the intellectual globalization, without losing sight of the local dynamics and individual aspirations and intentions, in relation to ways of of re-appropriation and interpretation. Ultimate purpose of this dissertation is thus to make sense of the various ways that the early modern west European scholarship invested on the Asiatic historiographical traditions, to invent yet also reconfigure new forms of apprehension of the past of Turkic peoples
Comin, Eugène. "Proportionnalité et fonction linéaire : caractères, causes et effets didactiques des évolutions et des réformes dans la scolarité obligatoire". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00827905.
Texto completoPayraud, Nicolas. "Châteaux, espace et société en Dauphiné et en Savoie : du milieu du XIIIe siècle à la fin du XVe siècle". Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998263.
Texto completoPhelippot, Geoffrey. "La Sphère royale : l'entreprise cartographique de Nicolas de Fer à Paris (v.1640-1720)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0001.
Texto completoThe purpose of this doctoral thesis is Nicolas de Fer (1647-1720) and the production of his cartographic workshop of the Sphère royale. A contemporary of Vincenzo Coronelli, cosmographer and maker of Louis XIV's globes, and of Guillaume Delisle, geographer-astronomer linked to the Cassini family, Nicolas de Fer is, until now, known as a simple map publisher, devoid of any scholarly authority, whereas he was the first geographer in France to use data from the Académie royale des sciences to make his maps. He also became geographer to the Dauphin (1689) and geographer to the King of Spain (1702). At the heart of this investigation is the study of the link between his activities as a publisher and as a geographer. The thesis explores Nicolas de Fer's career through the workings of his workshop-boutique, the Sphère royale, one of the main centers of map publishing and trade in France during the Grand Siècle. The perspective of the workshop offers a particularly propitious setting in which to consider the motives behind the creation of Nicolas de Fer's double profile, and to shed light on the workings of a cartographic production site. The aim is to use this place as a starting point to grasp its concrete practices, and to reintegrate them into the social, economic, cultural, and political context of the period. This work is based on the articulation of three levels of analysis: the study of a biographical trajectory, a workshop, and an abundant geographical production. The thesis is therefore a contribution to the history of geographical knowledge, the history of prints, and the history of science and knowledge. It aims to reconstruct the ways in which the Sphère Royale was produced and sold, to shed light on the Parisian cartographic milieu of the 17th and 18th centuries
Goldin, Marcovich Gabriela. "Voix créoles : les savants de la Nouvelle-Espagne entre Mexico et l'exil italien (1767-1814)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0114.
Texto completoIn the second half of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, Mexican creole intellectuals took an interest in the natural, ancient, and civil history of New Spain. Those authors, some of whom were Jesuits, were separated across the Atlantic by the expulsion of the Company of Jesus (1767), and as a result they wrote from multiple geographic as well as institutional locations. While the expulsion of the jesuits separated them, they remained a network through their epistolary and intellectual exchanges. This study contextualizes their biographical trajectories, avoiding a history of the ideas merely based on their intellectual production such as has been thus far pursued, in particular in relation to the Dispute of the New World. On the other hand, it also avoids reducing the complexity of their intellectual production to its political, proto-national dimension. In what ways do these intellectuals inscribe themselves within the Enlightenment? By privileging the urban scale, this study maps their production of knowledge, engaged in a close dialogue not only with Europe but also with Caribbean America. Through a material and social history of writing practices, this dissertation approaches the political and urban experience of New Spain and Mexico at the end of the colonial period as a lived arena of intellectual reflection. Going beyond the recognition of common themes, such as Mexican patriotism and creole pride, this study attempts to hearken to a plurality of creole voices by paying attention to contrasts and tensions and by studying the relationship between the scholarly activities of those authors and their different political agendas and institutional circumstances
Arborio, Sophie. "Variation des savoirs et des pratiques : à propos de l'épilepsie au Mali". Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0225.
Texto completoGraille, Patrick. "L'idée de monstre au XVIIIe siècle : savoirs et fantasmes". Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040074.
Texto completo"Qu'entendez-vous donc par un monstre ?" this question, twice asked by Diderot - first in his translation of Shaftesbury (1746) and later in the elements de physiologic (1781) - serves as the point of departure this thesis. Conceived of as pluridisciplinary intellectual history project encompassing the history of the life sciences, the history of nature, the history of medicine as well as a cultural history of monstrosity which spans the domains of literature, philosophy, esthetics, ethnology, religion, and law, this work attempts to underline the originality and the essential function of monstrosity in the era's imagination. Object of knowledge and fantasy, the monster remains a "paradoxe" - to cite Linnaeus - incompatible with the uniformity and reasonableness of nature as it was postulated by those living in the era of the encyclopedia. Simultaneously lacking and overflowing with meaning, the monster evokes order and optimism as well as disorder and suffering for the century's pundits and common people alike ; in this sense, the treatment of the monstrous body is a reflection of the era's contradictory world views. An integral factor in several epistemological revolutions during the era, the monster has an ambivalent status: as a signal and beacon for some thinkers, and as a disrupting and transgressive counterexample to any normative principle for others
Jorge, Muriel. "Philologie, grammaire historique, histoire de la langue ˸ constructions disciplinaires et savoirs enseignés (1867-1923)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA138.
Texto completoBetween the late 1860s and the mid-1920s, philology, historical grammar and language history are introduced into the French higher education system with the creation of positions and tenures in newly founded schools, such as the École Pratique des Hautes Études and the girls’ École normale supérieure in Sèvres, and in deeply transformed institutions, like the Paris Faculty of Letters. Making history-oriented linguistic knowledge into disciplines contributed to bring teaching and research closer together and led to the rebirth of the university system. This is illustrated by the careers of Gaston Paris, Arsène Darmesteter and Ferdinand Brunot in these institutions as evidenced by private correspondence and institutional archive material. The analysis of documents published by the establishments (posters, booklets, teaching records, anniversary publications) casts light on the problems these teachers faced when attempting to adapt to various student populations and official guidelines. Their teaching notes reveal content adaptation through diverse writing practices, which we identify and characterize by using text genetics. The in-depth study of two knowledge contents demonstrates the use that can be made of these notes as sources for the history of linguistic thought and its teaching. Firstly with the history of French orthography which is present in teaching notes, although it does not appear in course titles. Secondly with vulgar Latin as a theme that pertains to major ideological and epistemological issues which are invisible in institutional display material
Boukhali, Lahcen. "Le discours politique dans Kalila et Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa'". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682596.
Texto completoGaribian, Taline. "De la question sexuelle à la sexologie médicale : une histoire des savoirs sur les sexualités (Suisse romande, 1890-1970)". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20052.
Texto completoThe history of sexuality presented here starts at the end of the 19th century when the number of medical books on sexuality increases. In French speaking Switzerland, Auguste Forel is already a well-known psychiatrist when he is publishing The sexual question. During this period there are not only books, which are published, but also numerous private clinics are treating ordinary sexual disorders.During the first decade of the 20th century psychoanalysis and others sciences of the psyche have a great influence on the knowledge of sexuality. In the same time many reformers are spreading a program of Social Hygiene among the population but also among the sanitary authorities. This program includes a struggle for the defence of the family, which seems to them threated by many dangers – including divorce. In this context the sexual pleasure becomes central. An important part of the sexologists are focusing on the heterosexual couple. But this must not hide that some people remain in the margin because of their “abnormal sexuality”. Far from ignore them, the medical science take an active part in the politics of regulation and normalisation of sexuality.During this century, the specialists of sexuality participate in many debates on social and political issues related to their field. This process includes a kind of specialisation and at the end of the sixties sexuality becomes an area of studies in the universities of Lausanne and Geneva
Chatel, Elisabeth. "L'évaluation de l'éducation et l'enjeu des savoirs". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00086541.
Texto completoLa note de synthèse qui accompagne mon dossier de candidature à l'habilitation à diriger des recherches retrace, comme il se doit, une trajectoire de recherche.
Celle-ci, pour le dire brièvement, connaît un renversement lorsque, au début des années 1990, je passe d'une posture d'enseignante du second degré conduisant des recherches sur l'enseignement de sa discipline, les sciences économiques et sociales, à un positionnement de chercheuse en économie qui fait porter ses recherches sur l'évaluation de l'éducation.
Cependant, dans ces deux sortes de recherches, j'adopte une même conception de l'éducation, l'entendant comme développement culturel de la personne, à portée émancipatrice. L'intentionnalité démocratique de l'éducation est présente dans cette finalité, ce qui conduit à interroger les contenus donnés à l'enseignement et les façons d'opérer la transmission. L'enjeu des savoirs est donc central dans ma conception de l'évaluation en éducation. Il est présent dans la conception qualitative de l'évaluation que je défends.
La note de synthèse comporte quatre chapitres. Le premier et le deuxième retracent mes recherches empiriques en distinguant celles qui concernent l'enseignement en classe de celles qui portent sur l'évaluation. Le troisième expose les options théoriques et méthodologiques de mes travaux et le quatrième mes projets.
La chapitre 1 porte sur l'enseignement scolaire et l'activité qu'y mène l'enseignant pour faire apprendre aux élèves des savoirs valides ; j'ai exclusivement travaillé sur le second degré et presque uniquement au niveau lycée.
Comme bien d'autres chercheurs, j'attribue à ce qui se passe en classe un rôle majeur dans les effets de l'éducation scolaire. Inspirée des travaux en didactiques des disciplines et de ceux de pédagogie générale, je vois à l'activité enseignante une double dimension : gérer la relation aux élèves et gérer la relation des élèves aux contenus de savoir qu'il leur faut apprendre.
La spécificité de mon travail a consisté à allier ces deux dimensions dans l'observation de l'enseignement effectif, notamment en SES. L'enjeu de ces recherches consistait à caractériser les significations effectivement enseignées aux élèves puis celles qu'ils ont acquises. Je soutiens et démontre que les significations effectivement enseignées ne sont pas réductibles à la lecture des programmes, ni, tout-à-fait, à celle des manuels. Je soutiens et démontre également que la façon dont le cours se passe, donc les significations qui y sont effectivement exprimées, dépend en partie de la réception par les élèves. J'essaye de caractériser une diversité de modes de déroulement de ces actions, qui, initiées par les professeurs, ont pour enjeu d'associer les élèves, je dis donc que l'action éducative est « relayée ».
J'ai participé et mené plusieurs recherches qui se donnaient pour objectif de caractériser ces divers déroulements. J'y pointe leur incertitude, qui est constitutive de la rencontre enseignant-élèves et de la confrontation de ceux–ci aux savoirs qu'on veut leur faire comprendre et assimiler. Ces recherches ont supposé le recueil de matériaux d'un volume toujours considérable : enregistrement de cours, recueil de cahiers et copies d'élèves, entretiens avec les professeurs et les élèves, analyse de manuels etc. J'ai donc élaboré une méthode pour rendre compte de cette diversité des modes d'action éducative. En accord avec bien des travaux contemporains dans les sciences sociales qui tendent de rendre compte de la complexité des figures de l'action et la pluralité des « grandeurs » ou des « raisons » impliquées dans l'action, je modélise l'action des professeurs comme empruntant divers scénarii possibles selon les circonstances et les situations. Ces scénarii sont nommés « mondes d'éducation », ils se distinguent les uns des autres par la conception du savoir et de celui qui apprend qui y dominent ; il en résulte diverses façons de traiter l'incertitude de l'action éducative ; or ces divers modes de canalisation de l'incertitude n'ont pas les mêmes effets en matière d'accès des élèves aux significations attendues, ils ne produisent pas la même chose. Ils n'ont peut-être pas la même valeur en terme d'émancipation de la personne.
Le chapitre 2 prend appui sur cette caractérisation de l'action éducative pour engager une critique du mode d'évaluation de l'économie standard et proposer une méthode alternative d'évaluation, qui n'exige pas la mesurabilité du « produit éducatif ».
L'économie de l'éducation, comme l'économie en général, se fondant sur une conception instrumentale de l'action voit le problème de l'efficacité comme celui d'un choix entre des moyens alternatifs pour atteindre un but prédéfini. A cela s'oppose l'idée que l'action éducative n'est pas de l'ordre d'un choix, comme la description ci-dessus le laisse voir, et que le produit éducatif n'est pas un bien homogène. Les caractéristiques qualitatives des résultats de l'éducation varient, il paraît difficile d'en rendre compte par la métaphore d'un bien, ou d'une « valeur ajoutée » éducative qui serait mesurable.
Le chapitre 2 se propose trois objectifs.
D'abord il critique l'approche standard en économie de l'éducation qui postule l'homogénéité et la mesurabilité d'un produit éducatif. Cette critique est conduite sur le double plan logique et empirique. Je montre, notamment par mon travail sur les notes au baccalauréat, qu'il est assez aisé d'ordonner les travaux des élèves selon la valeur de leur performance, mais rarement possible de les mesurer. Les notes sont des chiffres qui ne traduisent pas une mesure mais opèrent plutôt un classement ordinal.
Ensuite je réfléchis sur les effets transformateurs induits par la volonté politique de développer dans l'école en France une évaluation fondée sur la mesure quantitative des résultats scolaires des élèves. Je pointe ses effets possibles et, pour certains, déjà effectifs, sur les contenus d'enseignement prévus. La mesure généralisée des connaissances des élèves conduit à modifier les formes d'épreuves en usage dans les écoles et, par voie de conséquence, les prescriptions relatives aux contenus à enseigner de façon à les mettre en cohérence avec ces évaluations.
Enfin, je propose une autre approche de l'évaluation. Je la dis « compréhensive », entendant par là que je considère comme impératif de respecter les caractéristiques spécifiques des cours d'action à évaluer si on espère que l'évaluation éclaire leur conduite. Cela impose de comprendre les « raisons » de ceux qui les mènent.
Une évaluation au service des enseignants profiterait par exemple du résultat suivant. Dans de nombreux travaux, les miens et d'autres, sont mises en évidence quelques caractéristiques robustes des résultats scolaires des élèves. On remarque ainsi, grâce à des analyses en composantes principales de résultats en classe et au baccalauréat ou même des scores aux épreuves internationales de PISA, qu'un groupe, malheureusement minoritaire, d'élèves sont dans la réussite de façon très stable, quelles que soient les matières, les épreuves, les circonstances ; à ce groupe s'oppose deux autres, un groupe, lui aussi assez stable, d'élèves installés dans l'échec et un groupe important d'élèves aux résultats plus instables. La réussite ressemble à un basculement beaucoup plus qu'à une progression linéaire.
Je rends compte aussi, dans ce chapitre, d'une recherche dans laquelle j'utilise cette méthode « compréhensive » pour procéder à une évaluation externe de l'éducation. Il s'agit de l'évaluation de baccalauréats technologiques et professionnels tertiaires, jugés du point de vue de la réussite de leurs détenteurs dans l'exercice de l'activité professionnelle. La différence de résultat entre ces deux sortes de bacheliers invite, entre autres facteurs susceptibles de l'expliquer, à s'intéresser aux orientations curriculaires de ces deux filières.
Le chapitre 3 expose les soubassements théoriques de la démarche d'évaluation présente dans mes travaux empiriques.
Il fallait en effet tirer, pour l'économie de l'éducation, les conséquences de la rupture avec une conception instrumentale de l'action. Celle-ci renouvelle la façon de penser l'incertitude. La réflexion sur l'incertitude, menée notamment dans l'économie des conventions, oppose au « risque » probabilisable, l'incertitude qui ne l'est pas.
J'explique dans ce chapitre comment les travaux de ce courant m'ont aidé à construire une alternative hétérodoxe en économie de l'éducation. Il a été néanmoins nécessaire d'introduire dans la théorie les spécificités de l'acte éducatif, dans sa dimension éducative, le développement de la personne, et culturelle. Cela m'a conduit à préciser d'une part le genre d'action « relayée » dont il s'agit et, de l'autre, la conception sociologique de l'institution que j'adopte. Elle n'est pas strictement identique à celle qui est en usage dans les écrits conventionnalistes.
Ainsi je me dis économiste de l'éducation, tout en revendiquant de substituer à la notion d'efficacité, qui suppose un produit éducatif bien délimité et une idée de causalité (éventuellement probabiliste), qui dicte des choix ex ante, celle d'évaluation, nécessairement ex post. La méthode d'évaluation que je préconise est directement inspirée de l'enquête sociale décrite par le philosophe pragmatiste John Dewey dans sa Logique. Cette approche reconnaît le caractère non causal des dispositifs institutionnels, ce qui oblige à prendre en considération l'incertitude de l'action et de ses conséquences. L'évaluation se veut un élément de la conduite démocratique de l'action publique, action publique signifiant une action au service du public invité à connaître et discuter les évaluations du chercheur.
Le chapitre 4 enfin, expose mes projets.
Je souhaite d'une part poursuivre des travaux anciens sur l'évolution des curricula, d'autre part poursuivre des travaux engagés sur l'évaluation externe de formations professionnelles.
Dans mes travaux j'ai eu continûment la préoccupation des contenus transmis par l'enseignement. Ces savoirs sont délimités, mis en mot, catégorisés dans les dispositifs prévoyant l'enseignement et la certification de l'éducation et de la formation. Or cette mise en forme n'est pas arbitraire, il faut que ces catégories soient socialement jugées pertinentes et qu'elles permettent ces activités. Elle n'est pas non plus indifférente puisque ces mises en forme influencent les contenus culturels transmis. Dans ce domaine le champ ouvert à l'évaluation est vaste.
Concernant la formation à visée professionnelle la question de la dynamique de l'apprentissage et du rôle de l'expérience dans l'accès à la connaissance m'intéressent tout particulièrement. Elles sont a relier à de nouveaux réquisits de gestion de la main d'œuvre et « d'employabilité » ; elles se traduisent par de nouveaux dispositifs organisationnels comme l'alternance et institutionnels comme la certification des acquis de l'expérience. Je me propose d'étudier spécialement les options sur la mise en forme des savoirs qui découlent de l'écriture de ces dispositifs de l'enseignement et la formation professionnels et leurs répercussions culturelles.
Mourier, Brice. "Contribution de l'approche sédimentologique à la reconstitution de l'histoire des sols : Définition des traceurs pédologiques et application sur des sédiments lacustres de montagne". Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00367597v2.
Texto completoSoil is a natural body occurring at the interface between the lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. As a result, the physical and chemical properties of soils evolve with time, and the reconstruction of their history represents a key to understand past environmental changes. Palaeolimnological techniques such as sediment geochemistry can be used to investigate changes in vegetation history by providing information about catchment soil development. However, due to the lack of conservative pedosignatures, there have been few attempts to reconstruct soil changes from the paleorecord. The main objective of the present work is to reconstruct the soil and environmental history from lake sediments of two small lake basins of the Maurienne Valley in the French Alps. Two main issues arise in using the sedimentary approach : I) the geochemical differentiation of different soil processes and soil types, which controls the identification of tracers; ii) the conservative behaviour of these tracers during sediment mobilisation, transport and accumulation in aquatic systems. In a first step, podzolization and chemical weathering processes were assessed on present day soils using a broad geochemical approach. Normalized REE patterns provide a precise tracer of the degree of weathering of materials whereas the proportions of organic-bound Al and Fe provide a sediment tracer to reconstruct the intensity and degree of podzolisation. Then, the same tracers were assessed on the two investigated lake sediment sequences (Loup and Thyl lakes). Evidence of changes is preserved in both sediment records which render possible the reconstruction of aspects of soil genesis from lake sediments. The resulting proxy records, spanning ca. 4 500 yr at the Thyl lake and ca. 13500 yr at the Loup lake, indicate that progressive and regressive pedogenesis occurred after deglaciation. Loup environment and soil history is characterised by a progressive and stable evolution leading to present day old growing forests and Podzol soil type. On the other hand, Thyl record is much contrasted : the progressive setting of the mixed cembra pine ecosystem associated with podzolisation process is followed by abrupt and rapid secondary processes that could result from drastic transformation of the plant cover with changes in fire regimes