Tesis sobre el tema "Hétérogénéité et plasticité"
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Miltgen, Morgane. "Hétérogénéité génétique et allélique des dystonies, recherche de gènes candidats et validation fonctionnelle". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5063.
Texto completoDystonia is a movement control disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions. The genetic causes of this disease are multiple. I have created databases " loci-specific " collecting all allelic diversity available in the literature for 16 dystonia genes. The goal of this work is to to assist in the diagnosis of this disease and in the longer term, when there are sufficient data, to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. This was the case for the THAP1 gene (responsible for DYT6 dystonia) for which we have described several correlations.I searched for the disease gene in several families using exome sequencing. I identified a pathogenic mutation in the predicted gene ANO3 (DYT23) carried by one family. Another family carries a mutation in a splice site of ATP1A3 (DYT12) resulting in the total retention of intron 17. In another family a candidate gene was identified: ADD2 gene, coding beta adducin. Several functional results were obtained. First, overexpression of wild type and mutated ADD2 enabled to view differences in the actin cytoskeleton. Indeed the overexpression of the wild type protein causes abnormal behavior of actin at the level of stress fibers and at the plasma membrane. Besides, learning by association studies in a Caenorhabditis elegans model KO for ADD2 gene have shown a long-term default memory compared to the wild type. This confirms the involvement of the protein in neuronal plasticity. My thesis work led to further knowledge about the contribution of each gene already known in dystonia , as well as broaden the genetic heterogeneity characteristic of this disease by identifying a new candidate gene
Bernhard, Chloé. "Hétérogénéité moléculaire et métabolique des gliomes de haut grade : applications à l’évaluation de nouvelles thérapies". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ002.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on characterizing the molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of glioblastomas (GB). We identified seven distinct subclasses of GB, each characterized by unique regulatory activities, as well as by specific molecular and biological characteristics. Integrating transcriptomic, metabolomic and extracellular flux analyses, along with the evaluation of specific regulatory activities, we characterized the heterogeneity of GB stem cells (GSC) and their plasticity depending on their cellular state (stem, differentiated) or the microenvironment (normoxia, hypoxia, chemotherapy). The assessment of their sensitivity to temozolomide revealed an intrinsic resistance in glycolytic GSC and the emergence of acquired resistance in response to environmental stimuli. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting autophagy and oxidative stress to overcome chemotherapy resistance, and reinforce the need for personalized therapeutic approaches adapted to the heterogeneity and plasticity of GB
Porlier, Melody. "Effets de l'hétérogénéité environnementale sur les patrons de plasticité phénotypique et la variabilité génétique des populations de mésange bleue (cyanistes caeruleus) en milieu naturel". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6562.
Texto completoBoché, Alphonse Jean Julien. "Mesure de l'hétérogénéité et de la plasticité cellulaire, autravers de la Transition Épithélio-Mésenchymateuse dansle cancer ovarien". Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1310.
Texto completoOvarian cancer is characterized by a high mortality rate, linked among other things to a late diagnosis. Significant chemoresistance is observed at the same time as a high rate of recurrence. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is one of the factors observed in cell chemoresistance and cancer progression. It involves a loss of adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and intercellular junctions, in favor of a gain in motility or the invasive potential of the cells. EMT is a pathophysiological phenomenon that has a high degree of plasticity. These cells, known as intermediates, may present both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics and define a spectrum of EMT. These cells are often correlated with a worse prognosis for life. Omics methods, particularly transcriptomic methods, exist in the characterization of these intermediate cells. However, these methods are often expensive, laborious, and do not take into account morphology at scale of the cell, or cell arrangement in space, which are important elements in EMT. To this end, we have developed a phenomics approach based exclusively on microscopy.This approach works on FIJI using a macro algorithm, ready to use or modifiable according to the user's expertise or needs. In the study of EMT in ovarian cancer, we studied four representative lines of the EMT spectrum. EMT is induced by the use of two cytokines, TNFα and TGFβ1, whose associative effect remains context-dependent and has not been described or only slightly described in ovarian cancer. Thanks to our analysis pipeline, we characterize cell plasticity by a single-cell analysis, including the morphology and the different molecular labelling performed related to the EMT. We analysed more than seventy thousand cells and combined over fifty parameters via FIJI, Celltool, and designed methods. These include a cell topography tool to normalize the distance between the nucleus and the cell membrane, or to measure cell isolation within its environment. This set of parameters was then reduced to a single statistical measure for comparison between and within the different cell lines. We were then able to effectively distinguish the four lineages from each other, as well as the impact of cytokines by line. We thus demonstrate the additivity of cytokines in the induction of EMT in each lineage along the EMT spectrum. In parallel with this study, our methodology has already demonstrated the importance of ECM on the dissemination of ovarian cancer in the presence of ascitic flow. These results show that a single-cell phenomics analysis is particularly promising for characterizing heterogeneity as well as plasticity in response to a microenvironment
Ris, Nicolas. "Hétérogénéité spatiale, plasticité phénotypique et trade-off environnementaux : rôle de l'espèce hôte et de la température dans la différenciation génétique des populations du parasitoi͏̈de Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera)". Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10037.
Texto completoChicard, Mathieu. "Utilisation de l’ADN circulant pour l’étude de l'hétérogénéité tumorale et l'évolution clonale en oncologie pédiatrique Whole Exome Sequencing of Cell-Free DNA Reveals Temporo-Spatial Heterogeneity and Identifies Treatment-Resistant Clones in Neuroblastoma". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03154451.
Texto completoPediatric cancers represent a therapeutic challenge, and an understanding of the mechanisms of escape from treatment is necessary in order to be able to develop new therapeutic approaches. Circulating DNA can be released by a tumor in bodily fluids and enable to detect and follow genetic alterations in tumors by successive minimally invasive samples such as a blood test. In this work, a “whole exome” sequencing technique for circulating DNA was developed to allow the study of genetic tumor alterations in plasma in children with cancer. These analyzes highlight the frequent spatial and temporal genetic heterogeneity of pediatric cancers. In addition, an important role of clonal evolution in the progression of the disease was thus highlighted. Approaches using the particular characteristics of circulating DNA have also made it possible to infer the expression profile, based on the imprint of the transcription start sites, or the epigenetic profile of the tumor. In addition to an aid in the classification of tumors, these features may help to observe a change in cellular identity under treatment. Circulating DNA is therefore an important tool for better understanding mechanisms of escape from treatment of a tumor based on spatial and temporal heterogeneity and cellular plasticity
Shi, Peiluo, Hélène Montes, François Lequeux, Régis Schach y Etienne Munch. "Mécanique linéaire et non linéaire des mélanges de polymères miscibles autour de la transition vitreuse". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00920019.
Texto completoErieau, Philippe. "Étude expérimentale et analyse numérique de l'influence des hétérogénéités induites par la déformation à froid sur la recristallisation primaire d'un acier IF-Ti". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ECAP0879.
Texto completoAmouzou, Eva Kékéli. "Caractérisation et modélisation multi-échelles de l’anisotropie et de l’hétérogénéité de la déformation plastique du α-titane en conditions de traction". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0200/document.
Texto completoThe plasticity of alpha-titanium is strongly anisotropic. It involves slip systems families with various properties and different kinds of twins. In this study, tensile tests on commercially pur alpha-titanium samples are coupled with acoustic emission and high-resolution extensometry measurements. These tests show the presence of a well on the strain dependence of the work hardening. An opposite strain rate effect on the well depth is found whether specimens are elongated along the rolling or the transverse direction of the initially laminated sheet. Slip lines analysis reveals an initial predominance of prismatic slip, particularly pronounced in specimens strained along the rolling direction. The relative activity of prismatic slip is then observed to decrease with the deformation of both kinds of samples. The twin volume fractions are higher in the tests performed in the transverse direction but still remain very low (< 5 %), especially around the well (< 2 %). These results provide grounds for elaboration of a model capable of explaining such peculiar work hardening behavior. The model relies on a self-consistent scheme in elastoviscoplasticity, based on the translated field method and an affine linearization of the viscoplastic flow rule. The model considers crystal plasticity and deals separately with mobile dislocation density and dislocation velocity. It assumes lower strain rate sensitivity as well as higher dislocation multiplication rate for prismatic systems. Based on these assumptions, the model reproduces correctly the stress-strain curves and gives sound estimates of Lankford coefficients, prismatic slip activity and textures evolution. Most importantly, the opposite effect of strain rate on the well depth with regard to the orientation of the tensile axis is qualitatively retrieved, which allows putting forward an explanation of the observed phenomena. Besides, acoustic emission and high-resolution extensometry measurements allow analyzing the intermittent and wave nature of alpha-titanium at a mesoscopic scale. These data are confronted with the predictions of the present model and will be used as grounds for the future development of a more complex model
McCairns, Scott. "L'hétérogénéité environnementale et la variance génétique et phénotypique : Causes, conséquences et covariation chez l'épinoche à trois épines de l'estuaire du fleuve St-Laurent". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27378/27378.pdf.
Texto completoAndré-Ratsimbazafy, Marie. "Phenotype plasticity and populations’ dynamics : social interactions among cancer cells". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB032/document.
Texto completoIt is commonly accepted that tumors arise from cells that escape the homeostatic controls which underlie the healthy histological structure and that cell phenotype is not the result of deterministic biochemical and genetic processes, but rather the stochastic and dynamic outcome of multiple intra- and intercellular regulation networks. This PhD aims to quantitatively study the phenotypic homeostasis of the cell populations and to present an approach to the fundamental question, never heretofore studied, regarding the autonomy versus collective control of cell fate. We studied in the long run, using flow cytometry and in 2D and 3D conditions, the level of expression of CD24 and CD44 of two breast cancer cell lines (SUM149-PT and SUM159-PT). Three phenotypes were isolated (CD24-/CD44+, CD24+/CD44+, CD24-/CD44-), the latter had not previously been documented in the literature. The phenotypic behavior of CD44-low and CD44-high subpopulations has been characterized by assessing their proportion and analyzing the fluorescence map. Thereby, we observed both a periodic behavior of appearance and disappearance of pool of cells characteristics of each cell lines and a phenotypic re-diversification for each subpopulation. Only the resulting population derived from CD24-/CD44- provided the same balance as the original unsorted population. 3D re-diversification process was observed in tumorspheres from CD24-/CD44+ and CD24+/CD44+. The cells CD24-/CD44did not have that potential but nonetheless outlived anoikis. These behaviors suggest that there is an inter-cell coordination regulating the balance of phenotypic proportions. To discover the social rules regulating inter-phenotypic spatial organization, we have set up a reporter of the endogenous variations of CD24 and CD44 and developed a theoretical model of cell interactions. This work has confirmed our hypothesis that inter-cellular social rules are determining the phenotypic expression at both the uni- and multicellular scales
Cornet, Cindy. "Les capacités d'adaptations des oiseaux marins face aux changements environnementaux : le rôle de l'hétérogénéité au sein des populations". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ047/document.
Texto completoPopulation dynamics is driven by several life history traits shaped by the evolutionary history of the population. The alteration of one of these traits by environmental constraints may thus have effects on the population persistence. Individual adjustments of some phenotypic traits could then enable this population to rapidly respond to these constraints without the immediate necessity of genetic adaptations. During this PhD project, we identified variability in some of these traits in 3 sentinel species of polar ecosystems. These results allowed us to better understand the associations between these traits and the evolutionary pressures underlying these associations, as well as the importance of traits such as personality in the amount of variability in individuals’ fitness that remains unexplained. In the long term, we should then be able to better gauge the adaptive capacity of populations to face global changes
Chambard, Thierry. "Contribution à l'homogénéisation en plasticité pour une répartition aléatoire des hétérogénéités". Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10004.
Texto completoBizet, Laurent. "Caractérisation et modélisation du comportement thermomécanique des matériaux métalliques : vers la prise en compte des hétérogénéités micro-structurales intrinsèques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAA001/document.
Texto completoTo obtain a relevant shape of a formed part during its finite element simulation, several steps are needed: thermo-mechanical caracterization of the material, definition of the most relevant model and integration of this model in the FE software and finally after data converting and computing processes. The modelling step include, among other things, the identification of the most appropriate model to fit the experimental material behaviour. Those models are essentially developped within the framework of continuum mechanics (CM). A strong, if not the main assumption of the CM consists in considering that mechanical description variables are continuous and differentiable. However, the basic knowledge of metallurgy indicates that local data in metallic materials are discontinuous. For metallic materials, the majority of constitutive models are based on the definition of a representative elementary volume (REV). This REV is supposed to be large enough to erase the incidence of local heterogeneities. Then those constitutive models are assumed to be homogeneous.The aim of this work is to show that introducing local heterogeneities in the description of constitutive models is relevant and contribute to improve the simulation accuracy. Those models also provide an enlargement of the simulation predictive potential. Then an elasto-plastic model, based on local heterogeneities description, is proposed
Caillon, Robin. "Biogéographie du microclimat foliaire : mécanismes et conséquences sur les relations plantes-insectes". Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4006/document.
Texto completoPlant performance and leaf-dwelling arthropods are impacted by leaf surface temperatures. Leaf surface temperatures can show important deviation from air temperature and present different levels of heterogeneity depending on the spatial scale. The leaf buffers temperature extremes by getting closer in amplitude to air temperature. However, this physiological response decreases the heterogeneity of temperatures at the leaf surface and the opportunities for arthropods to behavioraly thermoregulate in this microclimate. Mean temperatures at the leaf surface show low buffering abilities in response to warming and locally determine photosynthetic performance. From the leaf to the canopy scale, plants show different responses to warming and scaling is crucial to increase our understanding of the impact of global warming
Masurel, Robin. "Role des hétérogénéités dynamiques dans la mécanique des polymères amorphes : modélisation et simulations par éléments finis". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066001.
Texto completoAmorphous polymers present dynamical heterogeneities at the scale of 3 to 5nm near Tg. Their contributions to mechanical properties are still not well known. We thus consider a simple model where each dynamical heterogeneities has its own relaxation time randomly drawn is a log-normal time distribution. A coarse –grained model at the dynamical heterogeneity is then developed in the continuous medium approximation. Finite element simulations are performed to calculate macroscopic mechanical properties of amorphous polymers taking account of mechanical couplings between heterogeneities. We show that the glass transition is controlled by a percolation of slow domains. Mechanical couplings result in viscoelastic spectrum highly narrowed as compared to the microscopic one. In thin films of polymers, we evidence a slowdown of the dynamics of relaxation as compared to the bulk one. Considering that a high applied stress increase the dynamics of polymers, we show that dynamical heterogeneities result in an internal stress network. The latter is a consequence a plastic deformation and result in an internal energy which is not released after an unloading
Masurel, Robin. "Role des hétérogénéités dynamiques dans la mécanique des polymères amorphes : modélisation et simulations par éléments finis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066001.
Texto completoAmorphous polymers present dynamical heterogeneities at the scale of 3 to 5nm near Tg. Their contributions to mechanical properties are still not well known. We thus consider a simple model where each dynamical heterogeneities has its own relaxation time randomly drawn is a log-normal time distribution. A coarse –grained model at the dynamical heterogeneity is then developed in the continuous medium approximation. Finite element simulations are performed to calculate macroscopic mechanical properties of amorphous polymers taking account of mechanical couplings between heterogeneities. We show that the glass transition is controlled by a percolation of slow domains. Mechanical couplings result in viscoelastic spectrum highly narrowed as compared to the microscopic one. In thin films of polymers, we evidence a slowdown of the dynamics of relaxation as compared to the bulk one. Considering that a high applied stress increase the dynamics of polymers, we show that dynamical heterogeneities result in an internal stress network. The latter is a consequence a plastic deformation and result in an internal energy which is not released after an unloading
Grennerat, Fanny. "Hétérogénéités de déformation au cours du fluage transitoire de la glace polycristalline. Mesures par corrélation d'images numériques et modélisation". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00728174.
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