Tesis sobre el tema "Helianthus – Résistance au stress"
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Cadic, Eléna. "Recherches de facteurs génétiques impliqués dans l'élaboration du rendement sous contrainte hydrique chez le tournesol Helianthus annuus par génétique d'association et analyse de liaison dans une population recombinante". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3447/.
Texto completoFor most crops, water availability is a major component of yield. We must improve crop plants tolerance to water deficit in order to guarantee food security. Sunflower, a species of economic importance is also concerned by this challenge. The aim of this thesis is to identify genomic regions involved in the variability of yield and its components under drought. To this purpose, an association mapping approach has been led on a core collection of 384 cultivated and elite lines evaluated as hybrids combinations in a multi environment trial of 17 environments. In a first step, the separated analysis per environment led to the identification of 157 markers associated with at least one trait by apply a model taking into account the structuration in two groups: male restorer lines and female lines. Among these significant markers, 34 were associated with productivity but only on a specific environment, underlying the importance of genotype by environment interaction. In a second step, a crop model simulating sunflower genotypes yield depending on environmental conditions, led to the characterization of drought stress inside the multi environment trial. By using varieties defined before in the model, a drought index has been estimated for each environment. Thus, the panel response to this index has been tested in association mapping leading to the identification of several new loci involved in drought stress response and yield stability. QTL mapping in a bi parental population confirmed some regions and led to the detection of new ones
Vancostenoble, Baptiste. "Physiological, genetic and molecular study of the impact of water stress on the germination quality of sunflower seeds". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS176.
Texto completoCrop tolerance to water stress is a major climate change issue and future environmental conditions may drastically reduce crop yields in the near future. Rapid and uniform seed germination is a major component of final crop yield, but it can be significantly altered by environmental conditions during sowing. In addition, the conditions of the maternal environment during seed development can have a marked effect on seed germination in the next generation. By conducting experiments under controlled conditions on the Heliaphen phenotyping platform (INRAE Toulouse), we showed that moderate water stress applied to sunflower mother plants after flowering induced better germination, despite different stresses applied during germination, suggesting a maternal effect. The maternal treatment also seems to influence the level of seed dormancy in the two following generations, suggesting the existence of memory mechanisms of the maternal stress (transgenerational effect) on the progeny. We searched for genes potentially involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses, thanks to a transcriptomic study and a validation by qPCR in micro-fluidigm, which allowed us to highlight a difference in the expression of certain genetic markers according to the maternal stress conditions. On the other hand, we determined that an epigenetic component is associated with the induction of water stress tolerance by the maternal environment on seeds. To do so, we subjected the mother plants to water stress and thus demonstrated an effect on the methylome and transcriptome of the seeds produced. We were able to characterize the methylome of sunflower seeds using high-throughput DNA sequencing after bisulfite treatment. We were able to show that seed development conditions had a direct influence on the number and level of methylations of differentially methylated regions (DMRs). In contrast, germination did not have a major effect on the DMR profile suggesting that the changes in DNA methylation occurred during seed development. DMRs were identified in the coding sequence, promoter, or post-coding sequence region of a set of genes whose expression was altered by water stress applied to the parent plant. Comparison of DNA methylation with gene expression changes induced by the maternal seed environment allowed us to propose a model of transmission and inheritance of stress tolerance at the germination stage
Labrousse, Pascal. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance de différents génotypes d'HELIANTHUS (Astéracées) à Orobanche cumana Wallr. (Orobanchacées)". Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2020.
Texto completoIn order to find broomrape resistant Helianthus genotypes a screening of numerous wild, hybrids, lines and varieties was carried out under glasshouse conditions. A more accurate study of the most interesting genotypes shows that H. Debilis debilis-215 x H. Annuus derived genotype (LR1) induces parasite necrosis leading to a decrease in broomrape emergence and flowering
Pelletier, Christophe. "Possibilités de sélection du tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. ), pour la résistance à certaines des ses maladies, sur plantes issues de culture in vitro d'embryons immatures". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF21444.
Texto completoBert, Pierre-François. "Etude génétique et marquage moléculaire des facteurs de résistance aux principaux champignons pathogènes du tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21341.
Texto completoExpert, Jean-Michel. "Lutte biologique contre les attaques précoces de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum du tournesol à l'aide de Pseudomonas spp. Fluorescents et de Bacillus spp". Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10221.
Texto completoMaury, Pierre. "Adaptation à la sécheresse et photosynthèse chez le tournesol (helianthus annuus l. )". Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT011A.
Texto completoGrezes-Besset, Bruno. "Sélection du tournesol pour la résistance à Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib. ) de Bary. Utilisation des phytotoxines produites par le parasite et des vitro-méthodes". Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30253.
Texto completoMondolot, Laurence. "Composés caféoylquiniques et résistance du tournesol cultivé et sauvage vis-à-vis de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum". Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON13510.
Texto completoMichard, Quentin. "DOPAchrome tautomérase et résistance au stress du mélanocyte". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066633.
Texto completoDeglene, Laurence. "Déterminisme génétique de la résistance du tournesol (Helianthus Annuus L. ) a Phomopsis helianthi (Diaporthe Helianthi Munt-Cvet. Et al. ) et mise au point d'un test de selection in vitro". Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT016A.
Texto completoRoustaee, Ali Mohammad. "La maladie des taches noires du tournesol causée par Phoma macdonaldii Boerema L. : variabilité et mode d'infection de l'agent pathogène : étude génétique de la résistance du tournesol". Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT013A.
Texto completoMojayad, Fahima. "Adaptation à la sécheresse, photosynthése et photoinhibition chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )". Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT020A.
Texto completoLangar, Kamel. "Marquage génétique et moléculaire de la résistance au Phomopsis / Diaporthe helianti (Munt. Cvet. Et al. 1981) chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )". Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT014A.
Texto completoBéthencourt, Linda. "Le stress hydrique chez le lin et la betterave : cas particuliers du tréhalose et du gène SWEETIE". Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0117.
Texto completoGrowing in their natural environment, plants often encounter unfavourable environmental conditions that interrupt normal plant growth and productivity. A common response to neutralize the negative effects of climate stresses is accumulation of molecules, like trehalose, involved in osmoregulation or stabilization of protein complexes and membranes. Engineering trehalose accumulation into crop plant could improve stress tolerance. The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, sweetie, shows strongly elevated levels of trehalose and over-expression of genes implicated in sugar metabolism and abiotic stress. It is suggested that SWEETIE plays an important metabolic function and maybe in stress-related pathways. In this study, we show in Arabidopsis the important function of SWEETIE in development because of its expression in meristematic tissues. We also worked on linseed and sugar beet, two important species for Picardy’s region. We show that trehalose accumulates in leaves of these two species in drastic drought stress condition, confirming a role of this sugar in stress response. We also show a strong presence of trehalose in floral buds of linseed suggests a role in reproductive development. Moreover, we found the presence of the SWEETIE gene in linseed. Its expression is more important in floral buds compared to leaves. We show that a drought stress seems to induce a decreased of SWEETIE expression but an increase in leaves in drastic drought stress condition. The findings presented show that the SWEETIE gene, trehalose and drought stress are linked and should help our understanding of plant resistance to abiotic stresses
Hewezi, Tarek. "Inhibition de l'expression génique chez le tournesol par induction d'une extinction systémique des gènes ou par la stratégie des ARN antisens". Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT004A.
Texto completoElmnasser, Noura. "Effet de stress technologiques sur la survie de différents modèles bactériens : applications particulières aux stress thermique, osmotique, acide et la lumière pulsée". Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2053.
Texto completoListeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous bacterial species known to be a major hazard in food safety. At first, we have assessed the behaviour of 3 strains of L. Monocytogenes in relation to cold, saline and acid stress in food system and in laboratory conditions. Results of this study indicate that L. Monocytogenes is capable of survival but not growth on the surface of frozen raw salmon for a period of at least 10 months. Nevertheless, freezing is a way of reducing the linked risk Listeria for the seafood products industry. These 3 strains are able to grow in the presence of high concentrations in salt (10 % NaCl) in neutral and acid pH at 37, 25 and 4°C. Then, the effects of broad spectrum pulsed light on the survival of L. Monocytogenes, Ps. Fluorescens and Ph. Phosphoreum populations on agar, in a liquid medium and on food were investigated. The present study clearly demonstrates the potential of pulsed light for bacterial inactivation. Complete inactivation of these bacteria can be achieved within a few microseconds. The microbicidal effect depends on the position of the microbes, so that any shadowing of target cells must be avoided. A solution of DNA was used to demonstrate DNA strand-breaking after pulsed light treatment. The influence of pulsed light treatment on protein components of milk was evaluated by means of spectroscopy ultraviolet, spectrofluorimetry, electrophoresis and HPLC. The pulsed light treatment did not produce any significant changes of protein components
Radwan, Osman. "Analyse moléculaire des mécanismes de résistance du tournesol à l'agent du mildiou Plasmopara halstedii contrôlés par le locus Pl5/ Pl8". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF21524.
Texto completoSamrakandi, Moulay Mustapha. "Biofilms bactériens : croissance, facteurs de résistance au chlore et état de stress". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30031.
Texto completoArafah, Sonia. "Induction par un stress de la résistance aux peptides antimicrobiens chez Yersinia". Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S008.
Texto completoEdelist, Cécile. "PATRON DE POLYMORPHISME ET SIGNATURE MOLECULAIRE DE L'ADAPTATION AU MILIEU SALIN DE HELIANTHUS PARADOXUS". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196521.
Texto completoJ'ai recherché des signatures de sélection à deux échelles : à l'échelle du génome et à une échelle plus fine comprise entre 20 et 90 cM. Pour cela j'ai analysé les patrons de diversité génétique pour des marqueurs microsatellites dans trois populations naturelles de H. paradoxus et des deux espèces parentales, autour de trois QTL de survie et ailleurs dans le génome. A l'échelle du génome, une baisse de diversité autour de ces QTL a été mise en évidence chez l'espèce hybride et non chez ses parents indiquant qu'il est possible de détecter une signature de la sélection à cette échelle chez cette espèce. A l'échelle plus fine, le patron de diversité est en mosaïque. L'ordre des marqueurs n'étant pas connu avec certitude chez l'espèce hybride, une méthode basée sur le déséquilibre de liaison entre des marqueurs génotypés dans des populations naturelles a été développée. Cette méthode permet de regrouper sur une carte des marqueurs en fort déséquilibre de liaison. La correspondance entre carte de déséquilibre de liaison et carte génétique varie selon les populations et l'échelle génétique.
Parallèlement une étude physiologique et d'expression génique visant à comprendre le mécanisme d'adaptation à la salinité de H. paradoxus a été conduite. L'espèce hybride est très plastique, mais se porte mieux en milieu salin, ses feuilles sont plus succulentes, avec une concentration en sodium et sulfate très élevée dans ses tissus. Plusieurs gènes candidats, impliqués dans différentes voies de réponse à la salinité, et dont certains sont cartographiés dans les régions des QTL, sont différentiellement exprimés chez l'espèce hybride et chez ses parents. Ces résultats confirment qu'ils sont des candidats potentiels importants dans l'adaptation de H. paradoxus aux marais salins et donc impliqués dans le processus de spéciation.
Budin-Verneuil, Aurélie. "Caractérisation de la réponse au stress acide chez Lactococcus lactis". Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2055.
Texto completoMayola, Eléonore. "Etudes des mécanismes de mort cellulaire et résistance des cellules cancéreuses pour le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques : modèle du mélanome". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T012/document.
Texto completoApoptosis is a programmed cell death process necessary for tissue homeostasis duringdevelopment. Cancer cells acquire the capacity to evade apoptosis. Restoring tumor cellsability to die is a therapeutic strategy against cancer. It is therefore important to identify newtherapeutic targets within the apoptotic signaling and to test new molecules.Mitochondrion being a central integrator of cell death signals and a key player inapoptosis execution, it is a target of choice to develop new anticancer therapies. ANT(Adenine Nucleotide Translocase) is the main protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Itpresents a ADP/ATP transporter function in physiological conditions and acquire a lethal poreactivity upon apoptotic stimulus. It is thus interesting to inhibit the transporter function and- 6 -activate ANT pore function in order to induce apoptosis. There are four isoforms: ANT1, 2, 3and 4. We studied the role of the recently discovered ANT4 in apoptotic signaling. Our studyemphasize ANT4 anti-apoptotic role in cancer cells and ANT potential as an anticancertherapeutic target.Increase in anti-apoptotic proteins, adaptation to cellular stress and activation ofsurvival pathways are the main mechanisms responsible for chemoresistance. Using cellularmodels we studied the ability of two molecules: Withaferin A (WFA) and Plumbagin (PBG)to stimulate apoptosis and determined the molecular mechanisms involved. We showed WFAcapacity to specifically induce the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in melanoma cellsthrough reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation leading to mitochondrial pathwayactivation and the decrease in anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression level. However, PBG isresponsible for apoptosis and necrosis induction in melanoma cells. In both cases PBG actsthrough an increase in ROS following endoplasmic reticulum stress. WFA and PBG are thustwo pro-oxidant molecules able to induce the death of melanoma cells by taking advantage oftheir vulnerability to oxidative stress.Our work took part in the demonstration of a potential anticancer target and two agentsable to induce cell death in a context of chemoresistance
Noiraud, Nathalie. "Saccharose et mannitol chez le céleri (apium graveolens L. ) : approche moléculaire de leur transport et réponse à un stress salin". Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2328.
Texto completoRachid, Alchaarani Ghias. "Variabilité génétique et identification des QTLs liés à la qualité des semences chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )". Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT002A.
Texto completoAs-Sadi, Falah. "Genetic and genomic based approaches towards a better sustainability of sunflower Helianthus annuus resistance to downy mildew Plasmopara halstedii". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1534/.
Texto completoDowny mildew, caused by P. Halstedii, is one of the major diseases for sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Pl genes conferring full, qualitative resistance were discovered and extensively spread in cultivars. They appeared as race-specific and were progressively overcome due to the selection pressure on the pathogen. Thus since 10 years we are witnessing an increase of P. Halstedii races in the fields. Quantitative resistance was found by Tourvieille et al. (2008) and proposed as a solution to counter the rapid evolution of the pathogen. Two QTLs were detected at LG10 and LG8 in a RIL population from XRQ*PSC8 by Vear et al. (2008). With the aim to improve the sustainability of sunflower resistance in gathering knowledge on several aspects of the plant*pathogen interaction, the objectives of this thesis are (i) on the pathogen side, to better characterize P. Halstedii at the genetic and genomic level, (ii) on the plant side, to obtain a fine mapping of the main QTL located on LG10 (QRM1) and (iii) to compare the Pl5 gene and QRM1-R dependent genetic pathways by transcriptomic analysis. The first high-throughput sequencing was performed on infected sunflower which increased the available genomic resources of P. Halstedii and highlighted first putative effectors RXLR and CRN of P. Halstedii. On the plant side, we performed a fine mapping of QRM1: a new BAC library was built and screened to set up a preliminary physical map of the QRM1 region; genetic map of LG10 was enriched with BAC derived markers and a phenotyping method to mimic the quantitative resistance in controlled environment was validated and used to phenotype newly constructed RILs. The QRM1 region was restricted to 1. 5 cM. Using Sunflower Affymetrix chip, transcriptomic analysis revealed different genetic pathways depending on incompatible interaction (Pl5 gene * race 710) or quantitative interaction managed by QRM1-R
Kondakova, Tatiana. "Pseudomonas adaptation to stress factors : role of membrane lipids and Pseudomonas fluorescens response to NO2". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES016.
Texto completoThe high distribution of Pseudomonas fluorescens group is linked to its ability to adapt to stress factors. This work goaled the response of an airborne P. Fluorescens MFAF76a, and its clinical standard P. Fluorescens MFN1032 to environmental changes in order to refine the specific adaptation of airborne bacteria. First the HPTLC-MALDI TOF MSI tool defined glycerophospholipid (GP) composition of both strains. In stationary growth phase, an unknown GP, in short UGP, was found and seemed to be involved in temperature adaptation for the clinical strain. After exposure to 0. 1, 5 and 45 ppm concentrations, the bacterial response to NO2 was defined through motility, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance and expression of several chosen target genes. While no change in parameters was seen in bacteria exposed to 0. 1 and 5 ppm of NO2, several alterations were occurred with a bacterial exposure to 45 ppm. NO2 seemed to bias the UGP production, reduced P. Fluorescens swim and decreased swarm only for MFN1032 strain. Biofilm formed by NO2-treated MFAF76a showed increased maximum thickness, with no change in c-di-GMP intracellular level. Expression of the hmp-homologue gene involved in NO detoxification was upregulated in response to NO2, suggesting a possible common pathway between NO and NO2 detoxification. Finally, NO2 was found to increase bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Thus the resistance nodulation cell division (RND) MexEF-OprN efflux pump encoding genes were highly upregulated in both strains. Together these findings implement the first model of bacterial response to NO2 toxicity and the role(s) of GP in bacterial adaptation to environmental changes
Fassi, Fehri Lina. "Activité antimicrobienne de peptides membranotropes et mécanisme de résistance chez mycoplasma pulmonis". Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S061.
Texto completoNguyen, Ho-Bouldoires Thanh Huong. "Rôle de la kinase MK2 dans la résistance au stress oxydatif des tumeurs hépatobiliaires". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066541/document.
Texto completoOxidative stress leads to senescence, apoptosis and mutagenesis. Cancer cells can develop a proliferative advantage over normal cells in an environment of oxidative stress, which thereby, participates in tumor progression. We hypothesized that MK2, a direct target of p38 MAPK, could mediate the resistance of liver cancer cells to oxidative stress. In four hepatocellular and biliary cancer cell lines, pharmacological inhibition of MK2 by MK2i enhanced oxidative stress-induced cell death through a decrease in Akt and Hsp27 activity and an increase in tumor suppressor p53 level. MK2 promoted cell survival via activation of the anti-oxidant Nrf2 response and the EGFR pathway. The expression of the EGFR agonist, Hb-EGF, increased in response to oxidative stress. In turn, Hb-EGF induced Hsp27 phosphorylation that was down-regulated by MK2i in liver cancer cells, indicating that EGFR activation by Hb-EGF is a potent activator of MK2. MK2 also increased oxidative stress-induced IL-8 production that depends on Hsp27. Furthermore, we found that MK2 was a binding partner of the scaffolding protein EBP50. In liver cancer cells, EBP50 contributed to up-regulate the MK2/Akt/Hsp27 pathway. Silencing of EBP50 by siRNA in these cells caused a decrease in the phosphorylation of Akt/Hsp27 and in the mRNA levels of Hb-EGF and IL-8. In human tissue samples, MK2, Hsp27 and EBP50 expressions were found to be increased in hepatocellular carcinoma compared with the matched non-tumor liver tissue. Overall, these data provide evidence for a preponderant role of MK2/EBP50/Akt/Hsp27 axis in liver cancer progression by mediating oxidative stress resistance in liver tumor cells
Marchand, Gwenaëlle. "Gene regulatory networks involved in drought stress responses : identification, genetic control and variability in cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus and its relatives". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2597/.
Texto completoDrought is a major stress that affects growth, physiology and therefore yield of crops as sunflower. To become more tolerant, plants develop complex morpho-physiological responses. Various genes interacting between them and with the environment are involved in the genetic control of those responses. They form together a gene regulatory network (GRN). Here, we focused on these drought GRN, its different gene groups and their interactions in the cultivated sunflower. First, we highlighted three genes reflecting the environmental signal. From their expression we built a plant water status biomarker. Then through an association study, we built the GRN connecting drought responsive genes and we deciphered their genetic control. Finally, thanks to a systems biology approach we inferred the GRN linking regulatory and drought responsive genes. Studying this network, we examined how it could drive phenotypic changes and how it was related to Heliantus evolution and sunflower breeding
Pham, Ba Hung. "Stress-resultant models for optimal design of reinforced-concrete frames". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538958/fr/.
Texto completoMabire, Charlotte. "Résistance du monde agricole : aspects psychosociaux du bien-être et du mal-être". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0365/document.
Texto completoFarmers are part of a socio-professional category that expresses some form of unease due to multiple pressures and changes in their profession. Our approach focuses on interindividual differences contributing to adaptation and resistance, in a particularly threatening context, or favoring the worsening of a state of psychological suffering. To this end, we focus on the concept of resources and in particular on the Conservation of Resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989). This theory allows us to understand which are the material, energy, personal characteristics and conditions resources and among them, which gains are the most protective and which losses are the most destructive of the farmers' health.To test our hypotheses, this research is based on a two-stage quantitative and longitudinal measurement method for a cohort of Lorraine (France northeastern region) farmers. Thus, health is assessed in terms of well-being (happiness, vigor, life satisfaction, perceived health) and ill-being (stress, burnout, musculoskeletal pain). Our results obtained by using structural models (Partial Least Square Path Modeling) confirm the preponderance of the deleterious effects of resources’ losses on health at T1, conversely, and to a lesser extent, that the resources’ gains protect it. On the other hand, the change in health at T2 is predicted only by resource erosion. Our results underline the need to prevent the loss of personal and conditions resources and then energy to preserve farmers’ health
Tremillon, Nicolas. "Amélioration de la secrétion hétérologue chez lactococcus lactis". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112315.
Texto completoThe lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis is an interesting host to produce, secrete and purify heterologous proteins. INRA built up an expression system and a host strain inactivated for the unique extracellular HtrA protease and in which exported proteins are stable, leading to a better yield and a competitive advantage. INRA system development in partnership with GTP Technology is the objective of my PhD thesis (CIFRE fellowship). To improve the host strain, positive factors able to compensate for HtrA functions: heat shock resistance and the quality control of exported proteins, were looked for. A multicopy suppressor of htrA mutant thermosensitivity was selected: its function is unknown and its effect on heterologous protein production has to be tested. An exported folding factor, a PPIase, was also caracterized, but it had no effect on the proteins that have been tested, suggesting a constitutive housekeeping function. At last, a protein induced in htrA mutant under normal conditions was studied. It is a cell wall stress protein, both induced in the wild type strain by several antibiotics targeting peptidoglycan biosynthesis and essential for cell viability when cells are exposed to bacitracin. Thus, the absence of HtrA not only disturbs envelope proteins, but also the cell wall. This new HtrA function and of the role of the induced protein on cell survival will be further studied. In parallel, the use of the INRA expression system at GTP Technology was also developed. The conditions for the production of a nuclease useful in molecular biology to clarify cell extracts were optimised, and a protein yield of about 200mg/L in mini-fermentors could be reached
Bour, Aurélien. "Influence de la composition lipidique sur la résistance de membranes bio-mimétiques au stress oxydant". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS394.
Texto completoMitochondrion is both the place of cell energy production and the regulatory center of apoptosis. The efficiency of these functions depends on the oxidation level of inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM). The aim of this work is to decipher the influence of lipids on the membrane resistance to oxidative stress. Experiments are done on IMM-mimicking liposomes. Membrane oxidation is controlled by irradiation of the Ce6, a photosensitizer with high affinity for lipid bilayers. First we quantifiy the binding of Ce6 to membrane by fluorimetry. This measures are used to have a ratio Ce6/lipids equal between membrane compositions. Then we study, by phase contrast microscopy, the influence of the nature of lipid polar head and of the number, position and conformation of aliphatic chains insaturations on the oxidation-induced liposome permeabilization. This permeabilization is due to 2 phenomena : the formation of membrane defects and micrometric pore openings. These latter allow, for IMM-like membranes, a significant leak of liposome inner medium. The presence of cardiolipin, a mitochondrion-specific lipid, delays and decreases the induced permeability. The more insaturations lipids have and the closer to the polar head they have, the more efficient is the permeabilization. Raman spectroscopy allows us to follow chemical scenario of this phenomenon. In particular, membrane oxidation is possible only if the double bonds electron can be delocalized
Ahmad, Hafiz Bashir. "Intraspecific variability in embolism resistance and functional trade-offs in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0747/document.
Texto completoAs a consequence of current global climate change, forest and crop ecosystems are decreasing inproductivity worldwide and are under increased threat of widespread drought-induced mortality due tohydraulic failure caused by xylem embolism. The range of embolism resistance across species has been intensively studied but little attention has been paid to intraspecific variability. This thesis aimed thereforeat improving our understanding of the intraspecific variation in embolism resistance in one crop species(Helianthus annuus L.) and one conifer species (Pinus pinaster). In the first place, vulnerability to embolism was determined across four sunflower accessions with significant variations in P50 (pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) ranging between -2.67 and -3.22 MPa. A trade-off between hydraulic safety and growth was observed but not between hydraulic safety and efficiency. Only few anatomical traits, such as vessel density and vessel lumen area, were found related to embolism resistance.Secondly, we phenotyped 477 P. pinaster full-sib F2 genotypes corresponding to a three-generation inbred pedigree obtained by the self-pollination of an inter “Corsica × Landes” provenance hybrid, for embolismresistance and wood density. The variability for P50 within species was remarkably low (CVP=5.6%). Wealso found a lack of trade-off between hydraulic safety and wood density. The phenotypic variance explained by QTLs (PEV) detected for P50 accounted for 23.6% of the phenotypic variation but no QTL collocated between P50 and wood density, suggesting that embolism resistant genotypes in this family are not dependent on denser wood. A multi-trait analysis of leaf and xylem functioning was performed through seasonal measurements of photosystem II fluorescence and stem hydraulic traits on a full-sib family of aninter “Morocco × Landes” provenance hybrid of P. pinaster; it revealed that with decreasing water potential, the efficiency of both photosystem II and stomatal conductance decreased which resulted in rapid decrease in assimilation rate. Xylem resistance to embolism was found having no relationship with leaf functioning traits. The absence of trade-off between these traits makes it possible to consider selection for both efficient and resistant genotypes
Baliarda, Aurélie. "Evaluation de la réponse au stress chez les bactéries lactiques appartenant aux genres Pédiococcus et Tétragénococcus : approches physiologiques et génétiques". Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12747.
Texto completoHazard, Dominique. "Conséquences sur le fonctionnement de l'axe corticotrope d'une sélection génétique divergente sur l'immobilité tonique chez la caille". Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4015.
Texto completoActivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the release of corticosterone (C) in birds in response to frightening stimuli is an adaptive response allowing birds to cope with harmful stimuli. The objectives of the present study were to characterise in vivo the consequences of a genetic selection for long (LTI) or short (STI) duration of tonic immobility (TI) on the HPA axis function in japanese quail. STI quail exhibited higher C levels than LTI quail in response to a restraint stress. Pharmacological investigations suggest that difference in C responses to restraint between the two lines is probably not due to differences in adrenal and pituitary fonction. Therefore, genetic selection for divergent duration of TI has probably affected the function of central structures involved in the mechanisms underlying psycho-biological processes of the stress response
De, Bont Linda. "Importance de l'homéostasie du NAD dans la productivité et la résistance aux stress chez Arabidospis thaliana". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112283.
Texto completoThe harmonious development and functioning of plants depend on severalcofactors such asnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Besides its roles in redox recycling,the NAD is alsoinvolved in cellular signalling processes, which are central actors instress situations. TheNAD is thus one of the main determinants of plant energy homeostasis,and therefore of cropyield. Through a reverse genetics approach targeting the L-aspartateoxidase (AO) – the firstcommitted enzyme of NAD biosynthesis – plants with constitutive eitherincreased ordecreased levels of pyridine nucleotides have been obtained. A furtherstudy of these plantsenabled to show that the NAD (1) can improve the growth, development andproductivity ofplants, (2) coordinates photosynthetic, respiratory and nitrogenmetabolisms, and (3) actsupon biotic and abiotic stress resistance mechanisms. This research isbeing valuedindustrially
Amamou, Yahya. "Contribution à l'étude de la croissance et du développement du tournesol (helianthus annuus l.) en conditions normales et de stress. Morphologie et morphogénèse". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212790.
Texto completoDeplanque, Dominique. "Cibles pharmacologiques de la résistance à l'ischémie cérébrale et modulation du récepteur nucléaire PPAR-α". Lille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIL2MT22.
Texto completoAndrianasolo, Fety Nambinina. "Modélisation statistique et dynamique de la composition de la graine de tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.) sous l’influence de facteurs agronomiques et environnementaux". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0100/document.
Texto completoConsidering the growing global demand for oil and protein, sunflower appears as a highly competitive crop, thanks to the diversification of its markets and environmental attractiveness and health. Yet the protein and oil contents are submitted to genotypic and environmental effects that make them fluctuating and hardly predictable. We argue that a better knowledge of most important effects and their interactions should permit to improve prediction. Two modeling approaches are proposed: statistical one, where we compared three types of statistical models with a simple existing one. The dynamic approach is based on source-sink relationships analysis (field and greenhouse experiments in 2011 and 2012) during grain filling. Performances of both modeling types and their validity domain are compared
Ladjouzi, Rabia. "Analyse des mécanismes de tolérance aux antibiotiques ciblant la paroi chez les entérocoques". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2077.
Texto completoTolerance refers to the phenomenon that bacteria do not significantly die when exposed to bactericidal antibiotics. Enterococci, though most commonly regarded as members of the microbial flora of the intestinal tract, have recently emerged as human pathogens of significant concern. These bacteria are known for their high tolerance to bactericidal drugs but the molecular reasons why they resist killing are not understood. In this study, we focused our interest on the analysis of the pathogenic enterococci tolerance to cell wall active antibiotics. We demonstrated that tolerance of these organisms is directly correlated to the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. This was proved by the construction of deficient mutants affected in SOD activity. The investigation on the mechanisms implicated in antibiotic-induced cell death in ∆sodA mutants showed that the bactericidal action of penicillin or vancomycin depends on an active metabolism. Furthermore, we showed that the bactericidal action is greater in the presence of hexoses than in the presence of pentoses. Interestingly, the metabolism of glycerol which is linked to the lower part of glycolysis may abolish the lethal action of the antibiotic. Therefore, we concluded that the bactericidal action of these antibiotics is linked to the upper part of glycolysis. In this work, we have also highlighted the involvement of arginine catabolism in tolerance to vancomycin. Finally, the results reported in this study allow a better understanding of the extraordinary tolerance in enterococci
Lebreton, François. "Facteurs d'opportunisme chez Enterococcus faecium : de la pathogénicité à la résistance aux antibiotiques". Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN3135.
Texto completoMultiple antibiotic resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecium, an opportunistic pathogen, have emerged and spread worldwide. Fundamental studies designed to provide understanding on mechanisms for transforming E. Faecium from its commensal nature into a nosocomial pathogen are lacking. First, we characterized the VanN transferable vancomycin resistance type in an E. Faecium hospital isolates. Presence of peptidoglycan precursors ending in D-serine and D,D peptidase activities in the absence of vancomycin indicated constitutive expression of the resistance. Besides antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis is of interest. Since the most remarkable feature of E. Faecium isolates is their striking capacity to massively colonize healthy carriers and patients, to survive to the host defences and to spread, we described the use of Galleria mellonella insects as a relevant model to assess E. Feacium host-persistence. Finally, based on transcriptomic studies, gene inactivation experiments, phenotypic studies and the Galleria model, we revealed an important role for the MarR family oxidative-sensing regulator AsrR (antibiotic and stress response regulator) in vancomycin and ampicillin antibiotic resistance, stress adaptation and pathogenesis of E. Faecium. This study provides a significant resource, combining the description of the VanN vancomycin resistance determinant and the identification of AsrR as a key regulator modulating opportunistic traits and pathogenesis, and fill a missing gap on understanding the E. Faecium shift from commensal to opportunistic pathogen in colonized host
Costa, Juslene Aparecida Oliveira da. "Avaliação da Atividade Protetora Gástrica do Extrato Hidroalcoólico da Semente de Girassol". Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2009. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/82.
Texto completoHelianthus annus is a plant known as "sunflower". The use of plants as medicine for human use dates back to the old age. The hydroalcoholic extract of sunflower seed (HESS) has been indiscriminately used for gastric lesions, without scientific support to validate their action. This study assessed quantitatively and qualitatively the probable gastric protection of HESS in stress, and in the use of ethanol and indomethacin; checked the acidity (pH) through the gastric pylorus ligation (gastric residue, either pure or added with water); and compared differences in pH values in both techniques. A total of 120 rats (5 in each group) of the species Rattus norvegicus albinus, weighing 150-230g,were divided into 24 groups, which received the following treatments: HESS: 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg and 2000mg / kg; ethanol; cimetidine; indomethacin; water; cimetidine and ethanol; cimetidine and endomethacin; pylorus ligation and water; pylorus ligation and cimeditine; HESS and ethanol; HESS and indomethacin; pylorus ligation and HESS. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test for evaluation of gastric lesions, and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn, to evaluate the gastric pH, with a statistically significance at p <0.05. This work was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, with protocol no. 04 A / 2009. The results showed that HESS 250 mg/kg and 1000mg/kg suggests probable gastric protection in stress. In the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model, the doses of 250 and 1000 mg / kg showed probable gastric protection; the HESS 250 mg / kg + indomethacin, the dose of 250 mg / kg suggests gastric protection. Regarding the pH, the gastric residue, when pure, is more acidic than water, thus indicating that the model of addition of 3 ml of water is increasing the pH, thus proving that the pure pH model is more appropriate and more practical. Therefore, the data obtained in this study show that HESS probably provides gastric protection at certain doses. So, the results show that the sunflower,should be further studied for the development of phytomedicines or new chemicals with antiulcerogenic activity.
Helianthus annus é uma planta conhecida como girassol . A utilização das plantas, como medicamento para o tratamento das enfermidades que acometem a espécie humana remonta à idade antiga. O uso do extrato hidroalcoólico de semente de girassol (EHSG) para lesões gástricas é utilizado de forma indiscriminada, sem base em estudos científicos que tenham validado sua ação. O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar quantitativamente e qualitativamente a provável proteção gástrica do EHSG com a cimetidina, frente ao estresse, ao uso da indometacina e do etanol e o pH gástrico por meio da ligadura pilórica (resíduo gástrico puro e com adição de água). Foram estudados 120 ratos (5 em cada grupo) da espécie Rattus norvegicus albinus, com peso de 150-230g, divididos em 24 grupos distintos, os quais receberam o EHSG nas dosagens de 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg e 2000mg/kg, etanol 0,5ml, cimetidina 150mg/ml, indometacina 20mg/Kg e água 1ml. Estes grupos foram submetidos à associação da cimetidina com etanol e indometacina, às 4 dosagens do EHSG com etanol 70% e indometacina, aos grupos submetidos à ligadura pilórica e administração de água, cimetidina e às 4 dosagens de EHSG. As análises estatísticas dos resultados foram realizadas por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA), seguidas pelo teste de Tukey, para avaliação das lesões no estômago, e Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo teste Dunn, para avaliação do pH do estômago, utilizando diferença estatisticamente significante para p<0,05. O presente trabalho foi encaminhado e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, com o protocolo 04 A / 2009. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que o EHSG nas dosagens 250 e 1000mg/kg sugerem proteção contra as lesões gástricas no estresse. No modelo de indução de úlcera gástrica por etanol, as dosagens de 250 e 1000 mg/kg apresentaram provável proteção gástrica; no grupo utilizando EHSG 250 mg/kg + indometacina, a dosagem de 250 mg/kg sugere proteção gástrica. Em relação ao valor de pH, o resíduo gástrico, quando verificado puro, mostrou-se mais ácido que pelo modelo da adição de água, significando que este último aumentou o pH, verificando assim que o modelo do resíduo gástrico puro é mais indicado e mais prático. Portanto, os resultados obtidos no presente estudo apontam provável efeito protetor gástrico do EHSG em determinadas doses. Assim, pode-se concluir que a planta em questão constitui interessante alvo de estudo, visando ao desenvolvimento de fitomedicamentos ou à busca de novas entidades químicas com ação antiulcerogênica.
Roche, Jane. "Composition de la graine de tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.) sous l'effet conjugué des contraintes agri-environnementales et des potentiels variétaux". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7411/1/roche.pdf.
Texto completoIsingrini, Elsa. "Modélisation de l'impact de la dépression sur le système cardiovasculaires : utilisation du modèle de stress chronique imprédictible chez la souris". Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4033/document.
Texto completoEpidemiologic studies have demonstrated that depressive symptoms can predict cardiovascular disease in healthy patients. The purpose of this study was to develop an animal model able to reproduce the vascular alterations and the treatment resistance observed in depressed subjects who develop vascular disease. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and endothelial dysfunction were assessed in mice exposed to the Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) that constitute a reliable animal model of depression and the reversal effect of antidepressant was assessed in UCMS mice fed a high fat diet. Our results show that high fat diet regimen prevented the reversal effect of chronic fluoxetine treatment on UCMS-induced depressive-like behaviour. Moreover, UCMS-induced endothelial dysfunction was not associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation. These findings suggest that this model can reproduce the physiological but not the morphological vascular alterations observed in depressed patients who develop vascular disease as well as the reported treatment resistance in depressed patients also suffering from cardiovascular risk factor
Royet, Kévin. "La réponse au stress chez les bactéries : réponse au stress métallique chez Pseudomonas putida et au stress rencontré en cours d’infection de plante chez le phytopathogène Dickeya dadantii". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1206/document.
Texto completoEnvironmental bacteria have to deal with a number of stresses in their livingenvironment. The bacteria have to adapt quickly to changes in temperature, osmolarity,pH changes or nutrient deficiencies in order to survive and thrive in their naturalenvironment. This thesis work is related to the study of stress response inenvironmental bacteria by taking the example of stress caused by metals in thebacterium Pseudomonas putida model and stress encountered during plant infection inthe phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii. The presence of an excess of metal ions as well asthe defences of a plant on a phytopathogen both cause oxidative stress and can causemembrane and protein alteration. These stresses, at first sight distant, could thus inducesimilar response mechanisms in bacteria. Most stress resistance studies in bacteriafocus on the study of over- or under-expressed genes and may then lack genesimportant for the response to a given stress whose expression remains unchanged. Inorder to identify new metal stress resistance genes in P. putida and newresistance/virulence factors in D. dadantii phytopathogen, a Tn-seq (Transposon-Sequencing) screen was performed using very dense mutant banks. Both screenshighlighted the major role of transcription regulators as well as the importance of effluxmechanisms in the response to stress. Both screens also highlighted the importance ofamino acid and nucleic acid biosynthesis pathways. Finally, many genes with unknownfunction participate in the survival of both bacteria in stress conditions. The resultsobtained could lead to the development of new antimicrobials in D. dadantii. Themechanisms of resistance to metals and antibiotics may be similar. Our work isimproving our understanding of metal resistance mechanisms and could lead to newmolecules with antimicrobial activity
Girardot, Fabrice. "Recherche et analyse de facteurs génétiques impliqués dans la résistance au stress et le contrôle de la longévité chez Drosophila melanogaster". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066525.
Texto completoNarainsamy, Kinsley. "Biologie systémique de la résistance au stress oxydant métabolique : rôles du glutathion, du méthylglyoxal et des glyoxalases". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112099.
Texto completoCyanobacteria are fascinating microorganisms. They are among the oldest life forms, regarded as the progenitors of the oxygenic photosynthesis and plant chloroplast. Furthermore, cyanobacteria have evolved as the largest and most diverse groups of bacteria in colonizing most marine and fresh waters, as well as soils. An important reason for the hardness of cyanobacteria is their successful combination of effective metabolic pathways driven by their efficient photosynthesis that uses nature's most abundant resources, solar energy, water and CO2, to produce a large part of the Planet's oxygenic atmosphere and organic assimilates for the food chain. Hence, cyanobacteria are receiving a growing attention because of their potential for the carbon-neutral production of biofuels and bioplastics. To better understand cyanobacteria and turn their biotechnological potentials into an industrial reality, we need to develop robust protocols for global analysis of their metabolism and its responses to environmental stresses. The model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 is well suited for this purpose. Synechocystis is a basic organism, i.e. unicellular, which grows well (i) in fresh- and marine-waters; (ii) in the presence of glucose that can compensate for the absence of light; and (iii) at high pH that prevents microbial contaminations. Furthermore, Synechocystis harbors a small sequenced genome (about 4.0 Mb), which can be easily manipulated. In the present work, we developed a robust protocol for metabolome analyses of Synechocystis, using liquid chromatography (LC) for metabolite separation, coupled to a LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer that provides high sensitivity and resolution, accurate mass measurements, and structural informations with MS/MS or sequential MSn experiments that facilitate metabolite identification. Consequently, we applied the PFPP-LC/MS method to analyze the metabolome of Synechocystis growing under various conditions of light and glucose, which strongly influence cell growth. We found that glucose increases glucose storage and catabolism, while it decreases the Calvin-Benson cycle that consumes photosynthetic electrons for CO2 assimilation. Depending on light and glucose availabilities, this global metabolic reprogramming can generate an oxidative stress, likely through the recombination of the glucose-spared electrons with the photosynthetic oxygen thereby producing toxic reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we studied the metabolism of an endogenous toxic the méthylglyoxal and its main catabolic pathway going through the glyoxalases system glutathione dependent
Ferreira, David. "Résistance au stress lors de la phase de latence en fermentation œnologique et développement de levures optimisées". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0051.
Texto completoAbstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for millennia to perform wine fermentation due to its endurance and unmatched qualities and is nowadays widely used as wine yeast starter. Nevertheless, at the moment of inoculation, wine yeasts must cope with specific stress factors that can compromise the fermentation start. The objective of this work was to elucidate the metabolic and molecular bases of multi-stress resistance during wine fermentation lag phase. We first characterized a set of commercialized wine yeast strains by focusing on stress factors typically found at this stage in red wines and in white wines. Temperature and osmotic stress had a drastic impact in lag phase for all strains whereas SO2, low lipids and thiamine had a more strain dependent effect. Based on these data, we developed two parallel approaches. Using an evolutionary engineering approach where selective pressures typically present in lag phase were applied, we obtained evolved strains with a shorter lag phase in winemaking conditions. Whole genome sequencing allowed to identify several de novo mutations potentially involved in the evolved phenotype. In parallel, a QTL mapping approach was conducted, combining an intercross strategy, industrial propagation and drying of the progeny populations and selection of the first budding cells by FACS. Both strategies allowed the identification of several allelic variants involved in cell wall, glucose transport, cell cycle and stress resistance, as important in lag phase phenotype. Overall, these results provide a deeper knowledge of the diversity and the genetic bases of yeast adaptation to wine fermentation lag phase and a framework for improving yeast lag phase. Additionally, we showed that K. marxianus has potential for mixed cultures and positive aromatic contributions under oenological conditions, opening new possibilities for further studies.Title: Stress resistance during the lag phase of wine fermentation and development of optimized yeastsKeywords: Wine fermentation, yeast, lag phase, multi-stress resistance, QTL, adaptive evolution, K. marxianus