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Dariusz Jakubek. "Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution in the Gas Turbine Blade". Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2021): B227—B236. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.3.b227-b236.
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This paper concentrates on temperature distribution in the gas turbine blade equipped by the cooling holes system on transient heat transfer. The present study requires the specification of internal and external boundary conditions. The calculations had been done using both Crank-Nicolson algorithm, explicit and implicit methods, in which different heat transfer coefficients on internal cooling surfaces of the holes were applied. The value of coefficients has a direct and crucial impact on the final result. The heat transfer coefficient of cooling the working surface of the of heat pipes was 1600 W/(m2K). It was found that there were no significant differences of temperature distribution in comparison of results from explicit method in the Ansys analysis, Crank-Nicolson algorithm and implicit method in Matlab. The simulation is based on Finite Element Method, which uses the Crank Nicolson algorithm.
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Wang, M., Di Zhu, Ning Song Qu y C. Y. Zhang. "Preparation of Turbulated Cooling Hole for Gas Turbine Blade Using Electrochemical Machining". Key Engineering Materials 329 (enero de 2007): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.329.699.
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With the development of high performance of gas turbine engine, there is a tendency to design the ribs in the cooling hole in order to improve the heat transfer and cooling efficiency in a cooling passage. This paper focuses on a machining method of the burbulated cooling hole. The cooling hole is formed by electrochemical machining (ECM) process using a shaped electrode. The ribs on the hole wall form using ECM after the shaped electrode is lowed into the bottom of the straight hole machined in advance. The experimental results indicate that machining efficiency increases obviously. Various parameters affecting the forming of the cooling hole, such as voltages, electrolyte concentrations, and the material of the workpiece, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the flow field and temperature field of the different type of cooling hole are analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and finite element method. Result shows that the heat transfer coefficient in rib channels could enhances significantly
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Talya, Shashishekara S., J. N. Rajadas y A. Chattopadhyay. "Multidisciplinary design optimization of film-cooled gas turbine blades". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5, n.º 2 (1999): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1024123x99001015.
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Design optimization of a gas turbine blade geometry for effective film cooling toreduce the blade temperature has been done using a multiobjective optimization formulation. Three optimization formulations have been used. In the first, the average blade temperature is chosen as the objective function to be minimized. An upper bound constraint has been imposed on the maximum blade temperature. In the second, the maximum blade temperature is chosen as the objective function to be minimized with an upper bound constraint on the average blade temperature. In the third formulation, the blade average and maximum temperatures are chosen as objective functions. Shape optimization is performed using geometric parameters associated with film cooling and blade external shape. A quasi-three-dimensional Navier–Stokes solver for turbomachinery flows is used to solve for the flow field external to the blade with appropriate modifications to incorporate the effect of film cooling. The heat transfer analysis for temperature distribution within the blade is performed by solving the heat diffusion equation using the finite element method. The multiobjective Kreisselmeier–Steinhauser function approach has been used in conjunction with an approximate analysis technique for optimization. The results obtained using both formulations are compared with reference geometry. All three formulations yield significant reductions in blade temperature with the multiobjective formulation yielding largest reduction in blade temperature.
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Ali, Asif, Lorenzo Cocchi, Alessio Picchi y Bruno Facchini. "Measurement of Internal Heat Transfer Distribution of Highly-Loaded Gas Turbine Blade by Combined Experimental/Numerical Method". E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019710007.
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To ensure a passable life span of gas turbine hot gas path components the measurement of metal surface temperature is paramount. Experimental analyses on internally cooled devices are often performed on simplified or scaled up geometries, which reduces the applicability of the results to the actual real hardware. A more reliable estimation of cooling performance could be obtained if the real engine component is directly studied. To achieve this goal, an experimental campaign is performed to investigate the internal heat transfer distribution of an industrial blade, cooled by means of an internal U-shaped channel. During the experiment the blade is heated to a known temperature, then a coolant is introduced through the internal channel to induce a thermal transient, during which the external surface temperature is measured with the help of an infrared camera. Then a transient thermal finite element simulation is performed with the same boundary and inlet conditions of the experiment. Based on the output of the simulation, the internal heat transfer distribution is updated until convergence between simulation output external temperature and the experimental temperature is achieved. In order to start the iterative procedure, a first attempt estimation of the internal heat transfer distribution is obtained with a lumped thermal capacitance model approach. Different experiments were performed with different mass flow rates and the results are compared with available literature data. The obtained results allow to observe detailed heat transfer phenomena, strongly bound to the relevant features of the actual real cooling system.
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Frąckowiak, Andrzej y Michał Ciałkowski. "Application of discrete Fourier transform to inverse heat conduction problem regularization". International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 28, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2018): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-09-2017-0381.
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Purpose This paper aims to present the Cauchy problem for the Laplace’s equation for profiles of gas turbine blades with one and three cooling channels. The distribution of heat transfer coefficient and temperature on the outer boundary of the blade are known. On this basis, the temperature on inner surfaces of the blade (the walls of cooling channels) is determined. Design/methodology/approach Such posed inverse problem was solved using the finite element method in the domain of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Findings Calculations indicate that the regularization in the domain of the DFT enables obtaining a stable solution to the inverse problem. In the example under consideration, problems with reconstruction constant temperature, assumed on the outer boundary of the blade, in the vicinity of the trailing and leading edges occurred. Originality/value The application of DFT in connection with regularization is an original achievement presented in this study.
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Gkoutzamanis, Vasilis G., Justin N. W. Chiu, Guillaume Martin y Anestis I. Kalfas. "Thermal energy storage in combined cycle power plants: comparing finite volume to finite element methods". E3S Web of Conferences 113 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911301001.
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The research in thermal energy storage (TES) systems has a long track record. However, there are several technical challenges that need to be overcome, to become omnipresent and reach their full potential. These include performance, physical size, weight and dynamic response. In many cases, it is also necessary to be able to achieve the foregoing at greater and greater scale, in terms of power and energy. One of the applications in which these challenges prevail is in the integration of a thermal energy storage with the gas turbine (GT) compressor inlet conditioning system in a combined cycle power plant. The system is intended to provide either GT cooling or heating, based on the operational strategy of the plant. As a contribution to tackle the preceding, this article describes a series of 3-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations, employing different Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, to study the transient effects of inlet temperature and flow rate variation on the performance of an encapsulated TES with phase change materials (PCM). A sensitivity analysis is performed where the heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature varies from -7°C to 20°C depending on the operating mode of the TES (charging or discharging). The flow rate ranges from 50% to 200% of the nominal inflow rate. Results show that all examined cases lead to instant thermal power above 100kWth. Moreover, increasing the flow rate leads to faster solidification and melting. The increment in each process depends on the driving temperature difference between the encapsulated PCM and the HTF inlet temperature. Lastly, the effect of the inlet temperature has a larger effect as compared to the mass flow rate on the efficiency of the heat transfer of the system.
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Nielsen, Annette E., Christoph W. Moll y Stephan Staudacher. "Modeling and Validation of the Thermal Effects on Gas Turbine Transients". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, n.º 3 (24 de junio de 2005): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1850495.
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Secondary effects, such as heat transfer from fluid to engine structure and the resulting changes in tip and seal clearances affect component performance and stability. A tip clearance model to be used in transient synthesis codes has been developed. The tip clearance model is derived as a state space structure. The model parameters have been identified from thermomechanical finite element models. The model calculates symmetric rotor tip clearance changes in the turbomachinery and symmetric seal clearance changes in the secondary air system for engine transients within the entire flight envelope. The resulting changes in efficiency, capacity, and cooling airflows are fed into the performance program. Corrections for tip clearance changes on the component characteristics are derived from rig tests. The effect of seal clearance changes on the secondary air system is derived using sophisticated air system models. The clearance model is validated against FE thermomechanical models. The modeling method of modifying the component characteristics is verified comparing engine simulation and test data, which show good agreement. Based on a representative transient maneuver typical transient overshoots in fuel flow and turbine gas temperature and changes in component stability margins can be shown. With the use of this model in the performance synthesis the transient engine performance can be predicted more accurate than currently in the engine development program.
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Trynov, A. V. y D. G. Sivykh. "DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES TO INCREASE RELIABILITY TURBOCHARGER BEARING UNIT AUTOTRACTOR DIESEL ENGINE". Internal Combustion Engines, n.º 1 (7 de septiembre de 2022): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/0419-8719.2022.1.02.
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To increase the reliability of small turbochargers, in particular the bearing unit, it is proposed to use in the automatic mode of local cooling of the bearing with compressed air. The design of the turbocharger with the central case which houses the bearing and to which engine oil from the engine lubrication system is brought under excess pressure is considered. This design is the most common among turbochargers of tractor engines. Forced engine modes can be critical for the bearing, accompanied by fluctuations in the exhaust gas temperature, for example, due to an uncontrolled increase in cyclic supply, a sharp increase in load. Such modes lead to an increase in temperature deformations of the turbine wheel, rotor, reduce the reliability of the turbocharger. Heat dissipation from the rotor through the bearing assembly into the lubrication system is insufficient, additional short-term local cooling is required. The study simulated heat transfer processes in the bearing assembly of a small turbocharger using the developed mathematical model based on the finite element method. To clarify the model, namely the boundary conditions of the thermal conductivity problem, a series of non-motorized experiments with a locally cooled bearing were performed. In the course of non-motorized experiments, the algorithm of the automatic control system operation was worked out, some of its structural elements were selected and tested in practice. Conducted non-motorized experiments and the results of mathematical modeling confirmed the effectiveness of using the system of automatic local cooling of the bearing assembly. These measures increase the reliability of small turbochargers.
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Radhakrishnan, Kanmaniraja y Jun Su Park. "Thermal Analysis and Creep Lifetime Prediction Based on the Effectiveness of Thermal Barrier Coating on a Gas Turbine Combustor Liner Using Coupled CFD and FEM Simulation". Energies 14, n.º 13 (24 de junio de 2021): 3817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133817.
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Thermal barrier coating (TBC) plays a vital role in the gas turbine combustor liner (CL) to mitigate the internal heat transfer from combustion gas to the CL and enhance the parent material lifetime of the CL. This present study examined the thermal analysis and creep lifetime prediction based on three different TBC thicknesses, 400, 800, and 1200 μm, coated on the inner CL using the coupled computational fluid dynamics/finite element method. The simulation method was divided into three models to minimize the amount of computational work involved. The Eddy Dissipation Model was used in the first model to simulate premixed methane-air combustion, and the wall temperature of the inner CL was obtained. The conjugate heat transfer simulation on the external cooling flows from the rib turbulator, impingement jet, and cross flow, and the wall temperature of the outer CL was obtained in the second model. The thermal analysis was carried out in the third model using three different TBC thicknesses and incorporating the wall data from the first and second model. The effect of increasing TBC thickness shows that the TBC surface temperature was increased. Thereby, the inner CL metal temperature was decreased due to the TBC thickness as well as the material properties of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, which has low thermal conductivity and a high thermal expansion coefficient. With the increase in TBC thickness, the average temperature difference between the TBC surface and the inner metal surface increased. In contrast, the average temperature difference between the inner and outer metal surfaces remained nearly constant. The von Mises equivalent stress, based on the material property and thermal expansion coefficient, was determined and used to find the creep lifetime of the CL using the Larson–Miller rupture curve for all TBC thickness cases in order to analyze the thermo-structure. Except in the C-channel, the increasing TBC thickness was found to effectively increase the CL lifespan. Furthermore, the case without TBC was compared with the damaged CL with cracks due to thermal stress, which was prevented by increasing TBC thickness shown in this present study.
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Dixon, Jeffrey A., Antonio Guijarro Valencia, Daniel Coren, Daniel Eastwood y Christopher Long. "Main Annulus Gas Path Interactions—Turbine Stator Well Heat Transfer". Journal of Turbomachinery 136, n.º 2 (26 de septiembre de 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023622.
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This paper summarizes the work of a five year research program into the heat transfer within cavities adjacent to the main annulus of a gas turbine. The work has been a collaboration between several gas turbine manufacturers, also involving a number of universities working together. The principal objective of the study has been to develop and validate computer modeling methods of the cooling flow distribution and heat transfer management, in the environs of multistage turbine disk rims and blade fixings, with a view to maintaining component and subsystem integrity, while achieving optimum engine performance and minimizing emissions. A fully coupled analysis capability has been developed using combinations of commercially available and in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element (FE) thermomechanical modeling codes. The main objective of the methodology is to help decide on optimum cooling configurations for disk temperature, stress, and life considerations. The new capability also gives us an effective means of validating the method by direct use of disk temperature measurements, where otherwise, additional and difficult to obtain parameters, such as reliable heat flux measurements, would be considered necessary for validation of the use of CFD for convective heat transfer. A two-stage turbine test rig has been developed and improved to provide good quality thermal boundary condition data with which to validate the analysis methods. A cooling flow optimization study has also been performed to support a redesign of the turbine stator well cavity to maximize the effectiveness of cooling air supplied to the disk rim region. The benefits of this design change have also been demonstrated on the rig. A brief description of the test rig facility will be provided together with some insights into the successful completion of the test program. Comparisons will be provided of disk rim cooling performance for a range of cooling flows and geometry configurations. The new elements of this work are the presentation of additional test data and validation of the automatically coupled analysis method applied to a partially cooled stator well cavity (i.e., including some local gas ingestion) and also the extension of the cavity cooling design optimization study to other new geometries.
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Dixon, Jeffrey A., Antonio Guijarro Valencia, Andreas Bauknecht, Daniel Coren y Nick Atkins. "Heat Transfer in Turbine Hub Cavities Adjacent to the Main Gas Path". Journal of Turbomachinery 135, n.º 2 (8 de noviembre de 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4006824.
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Reliable means of predicting heat transfer in cavities adjacent to the main gas path are increasingly being sought by engineers involved in the design of gas turbines. In this paper, an interim summary of the results of a five-year research program sponsored by the European Union (EU) and several leading gas turbine manufacturers and universities will be presented. Extensive use is made of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element (FE) modeling techniques to understand the thermo-mechanical behavior of a turbine stator well cavity, including the interaction of cooling air supply with the main annulus gas. The objective of the study has been to provide a means of optimizing the design of such cavities for maintaining a safe environment for critical parts, such as disc rims and blade fixings, while maximizing the turbine efficiency and minimizing the fuel burn and emissions penalties associated with the secondary airflow system. The modeling methods employed have been validated against data gathered from a dedicated two-stage turbine rig running at engine representative conditions. Extensive measurements are available for a range of flow conditions and alternative cooling arrangements. The analysis method has been used to inform a design change, which is also to be tested. Comparisons are provided between the predictions and measurements of the turbine stator well component temperature.
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Winchler, Lorenzo, Antonio Andreini, Bruno Facchini, Luca Andrei, Alessio Bonini y Luca Innocenti. "Conjugate Heat Transfer Methodology for Thermal Design and Verification of Gas Turbine Cooled Components". Journal of Turbomachinery 140, n.º 12 (15 de octubre de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041061.
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Gas turbine design has been characterized over the years by a continuous increase of the maximum cycle temperature, justified by a corresponding increase of cycle efficiency and power output. In such way, turbine components heat load management has become a compulsory activity, and then, a reliable procedure to evaluate the blades and vanes metal temperatures is, nowadays, a crucial aspect for a safe components design. In the framework of the design and validation process of high pressure turbine cooled components of the BHGE NovaLTTM 16 gas turbine, a decoupled methodology for conjugate heat transfer prediction has been applied and validated against measurement data. The procedure consists of a conjugate heat transfer analysis in which the internal cooling system (for both airfoils and platforms) is modeled by an in-house one-dimensional thermo-fluid network solver, the external heat loads and pressure distribution are evaluated through 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and the heat conduction in the solid is carried out through a 3D finite element method (FEM) solution. Film cooling effect has been treated by means of a dedicated CFD analysis, implementing a source term approach. Predicted metal temperatures are finally compared with measurements from an extensive test campaign of the engine in order to validate the presented procedure.
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Darbandi, Masoud y Ramin Jalali. "Internal cooling sensitivity analysis to improve the thermal performance of gas turbine blade using a developed robust conjugate heat transfer method". International Journal of Engine Research, 14 de febrero de 2022, 146808742110701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680874211070101.
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The heat transfer simulations of turbine blades with internal cooling are faced with so many uncertainties, of which some originate from the secondary air system, including the inlet hot gas temperature and pressure and the cooling side boundary conditions, and the blade material. The main objective of this work is to carry out a suitable sensitivity analysis on a specific novel turbine vane to improve the thermal performance of its internal cooling system and to quantify how the uncertainties on the designed/calculated values can desirably/undesirably affect the maximum blade surface temperature, which can consequently affect the gas turbine engine efficiency. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis is carried out to find the effects of uncertainties of a number of key parameters on the resulting blade temperature distribution. To arrive at trustworthy conclusions, the conjugate heat transfer (CHT) method is used to analyze the heat and fluid flow behavior. This work suitably develops a CHT-based method/solver to perform the proposed study. This method/solver uses a segregated iterative procedure, in which the outer hot gas region is simulated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver, the flow passing through the connected internal cooling passages is calculated using a 1D correlated-based solver, and the vane conduction is predicted using a 3D finite-element solver, which are fully coupled. The results show that the cooling channel wall temperature has a direct impact on the convective coefficient magnitude; especially in lower temperature regions. As a novel contribution, this work takes into account the cooling wall temperature influence on the 1D code calculations. To implement this, an artificial neural network is suitably trained to predict better convective coefficient. The results of this developed CFD-CHT code are validated against experimental data available for a benchmark vane. Eventually, the sensitivity analysis is carried on the present specific novel turbine vane.
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Amaral, Sergio, Tom Verstraete, René Van den Braembussche y Tony Arts. "Design and Optimization of the Internal Cooling Channels of a High Pressure Turbine Blade—Part I: Methodology". Journal of Turbomachinery 132, n.º 2 (13 de enero de 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3104614.
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This first paper describes the conjugate heat transfer (CHT) method and its application to the performance and lifetime prediction of a high pressure turbine blade operating at a very high inlet temperature. It is the analysis tool for the aerothermal optimization described in a second paper. The CHT method uses three separate solvers: a Navier–Stokes solver to predict the nonadiabatic external flow and heat flux, a finite element analysis (FEA) to compute the heat conduction and stress within the solid, and a 1D aerothermal model based on friction and heat transfer correlations for smooth and rib-roughened cooling channels. Special attention is given to the boundary conditions linking these solvers and to the stability of the complete CHT calculation procedure. The Larson–Miller parameter model is used to determine the creep-to-rupture failure lifetime of the blade. This model requires both the temperature and thermal stress inside the blade, calculated by the CHT and FEA. The CHT method is validated on two test cases: a gas turbine rotor blade without cooling and one with five cooling channels evenly distributed along the camber line. The metal temperature and thermal stress distribution in both blades are presented and the impact of the cooling channel geometry on lifetime is discussed.
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Ngetich, Gladys C., Alexander V. Murray, Peter T. Ireland y Eduardo Romero. "A Three-Dimensional Conjugate Approach for Analyzing a Double-Walled Effusion-Cooled Turbine Blade". Journal of Turbomachinery 141, n.º 1 (17 de octubre de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041379.
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A double-wall cooling scheme combined with effusion cooling offers a practical approximation to transpiration cooling which in turn presents the potential for very high cooling effectiveness. The use of the conventional conjugate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the double-wall blade can be computationally expensive and this approach is therefore less than ideal in cases where only the preliminary results are required. This paper presents a computationally efficient numerical approach for analyzing a double-wall effusion cooled gas turbine blade. An existing correlation from the literature was modified and used to represent the two-dimensional distribution of film cooling effectiveness. The internal heat transfer coefficient was calculated from a validated conjugate analysis of a wall element representing an element of the aerofoil wall and the conduction through the blade solved using a finite element code in ANSYS. The numerical procedure developed has permitted a rapid evaluation of the critical parameters including film cooling effectiveness, blade temperature distribution (and hence metal effectiveness), as well as coolant mass flow consumption. Good agreement was found between the results from this study and that from literature. This paper shows that a straightforward numerical approach that combines an existing correlation for film cooling from the literature with a conjugate analysis of a small wall element can be used to quickly predict the blade temperature distribution and other crucial blade performance parameters.
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Kunze, Martin, Konrad Vogeler, Glenn Brown, Chander Prakash y Kenneth Landis. "Aerodynamic and Endwall Film-Cooling Investigations of a Gas Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane Applying Temperature-Sensitive Paint". Journal of Turbomachinery 133, n.º 3 (28 de febrero de 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4003426.
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Endwall film-cooling investigations are conducted with a single row of fan-shaped holes in a low-speed, six-bladed linear cascade. The incidence of the inlet flow was changed between −5 deg and 40 deg to achieve higher loading conditions, which results in an intensification of the secondary flow and enhanced interaction with the injected coolant. The investigated profile is based on a near-hub section of the nozzle guide vane of a highly loaded gas turbine. The aerodynamic performance was investigated using pneumatic probes. The film-cooling effectiveness distribution is determined using the temperature-sensitive paint technique. Carbon dioxide was used as coolant to provide elevated density ratios of about 1.4. Although low thermal conductivity material is used for the endwall test plate, the measured temperature fields show influences of 3D-heat conduction inside the test plate. To measure film effectiveness and the heat transfer separately, an adiabatic test surface is needed. Therefore, the effects of heat conduction are modeled using the finite-element-method. With the resulting convective heat flux pattern derived from the computations, the endwall film-cooling measurements are corrected. Furthermore, this approach is applied to evaluate the heat loss inside the holes and the film discharge temperature at the hole exit.
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Pohl, Julien, Harvey M. Thompson, Antonio Guijarro Valencia, Gregorio López Juste, Vincenzo Fico y Gary A. Clayton. "Structural Deflection's Impact in Turbine Stator Well Heat Transfer". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 139, n.º 4 (18 de octubre de 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4034636.
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In the most evolved designs, it is common practice to expose engine components to main annulus air temperatures exceeding the thermal material limit in order to increase the overall performance and to minimize the engine-specific fuel consumption (SFC). To prevent overheating of the materials and thus the reduction of the component life, an internal flow system is required to cool the critical engine parts and to protect them. This paper shows a practical application and extension of the methodology developed during the five-year research program, main annulus gas path interaction (MAGPI). Extensive use was made of finite element analysis (FEA (solids)) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD (fluid)) modeling techniques to understand the thermomechanical behavior of a dedicated turbine stator well cavity rig, due to the interaction of cooling air supply with the main annulus. Previous work based on the same rig showed difficulties in matching predictions to thermocouple measurements near the rim seal gap. In this investigation, two different types of turbine stator well geometries were analyzed, where—in contrast to previous analyses—further use was made of the experimentally measured radial component displacements during hot running in the rig. The structural deflections were applied to the existing models to evaluate the impact inflow interactions and heat transfer. Additionally, to the already evaluated test cases without net ingestion, cases simulating engine deterioration with net ingestion were validated against the available test data, also taking into account cold and hot running seal clearances. 3D CFD simulations were conducted using the commercial solver fluent coupled to the in-house FEA tool SC03 to validate against available test data of the dedicated rig.
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Ali, Asif, Lorenzo Cocchi, Alessio Picchi, Bruno Facchini y Simone Cubeda. "Development and Application of an Internal Heat-transfer Measurement Technique for Cooled Real Engine Components". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 1 de julio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4051641.
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Abstract The aim of this work is to present the development and application of a measurement technique that allows to record internal heat transfer features of real components. In order to apply this method, based on similar approaches proposed in previous literature works, the component is initially heated up to a steady temperature, then a thermal transient is induced by injecting cool air in the internal cooling system. During this process, the external temperature evolution is recorded by means of an IR camera. Experimental data are then exploited to run a numerical procedure, based on a series of transient finite-element analyses of the component. In particular, the test duration is divided into an appropriate number of steps and, for each of them, the heat flux on internal surfaces is iteratively updated as to target the measured external temperature distribution. Heat flux and internal temperature data for all the time steps are eventually employed in order to evaluate the convective heat transfer coefficient via linear regression. This technique has been successfully tested on a cooled high-pressure vane of a Baker Hughes heavy-duty gas turbine, which was realised thanks to the development of a dedicated test rig at the University of Florence, Italy. The obtained results provide sufficiently detailed heat transfer distributions in addition to allowing to appreciate the effect of different coolant mass flow rates. The methodology is also capable of identifying defects, which is demonstrated by inducing controlled faults in the component.
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Smith, Reid y Sandip Dutta. "Conjugate Thermal Optimization With Unsupervised Machine Learning". Journal of Heat Transfer 143, n.º 5 (19 de marzo de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4049842.
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Abstract With advances in additive manufacturing of metal components, commercial production of complex turbine components is becoming feasible. Thus, designers are not constrained to the limitations of conventional manufacturing methods. A new conjugate optimization technique is proposed, which is not computationally demanding and can be used when several heat transfer modes are working simultaneously. For this study, film cooling holes in the leading edge of a gas turbine airfoil are optimized without trial and error simulations. Since the machine learning technique is not dependent on thermal analysis, the optimization technique can be applied to any nonlinear problem. Film hole sizes are optimized to minimize coolant flow rate while reducing the temperature variations in the stationary vane. The technique used a transfer function based iterative optimization process with unsupervised machine learning that has been termed nonlinear optimization with replacement strategy (NORS). It uses a grading metric to replace the worst performing hole combinations with one that has been optimized with a given objective and several constraints. Optimized results show significant reductions in vertical temperature variations along the leading edge while minimizing coolant flow rate. Reduced temperature variation results in reduced thermal stresses. The finite element (FE) model and the associated correlations are not part of the unsupervised machine learning technique; therefore, the proposed optimization model can be generalized for any engineering design with multiple inputs for learning and multiple outputs for grading.
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Shahi, Mina, Jim B. W. Kok, J. C. Roman Casado y Artur K. Pozarlik. "Strongly Coupled Fluid–Structure Interaction in a Three-Dimensional Model Combustor During Limit Cycle Oscillations". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 140, n.º 6 (30 de enero de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4038234.
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Due to the high temperature of the flue gas flowing at high velocity and pressure, the wall cooling is extremely important for the liner of a gas turbine engine combustor. The liner material is heat-resistant steel with relatively low heat conductivity. To accommodate outside wall forced air cooling, the liner is designed to be thin, which unfortunately facilitates the possibility of high-amplitude wall vibrations (and failure due to fatigue) in case of pressure fluctuations in the combustor. The latter may occur due to a possible occurrence of a feedback loop between the aerodynamics, the combustion, the acoustics, and the structural vibrations. The structural vibrations act as a source of acoustic emitting the acoustic waves to the confined fluid. This leads to amplification in the acoustic filed and hence the magnitude of instability in the system. The aim of this paper is to explore the mechanism of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) on the LIMOUSINE setup which leads to limit cycle of pressure oscillations (LCO). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using a RANS approach is performed to obtain the thermal and mechanical loading of the combustor liner, and finite element model (FEM) renders the temperature, stress distribution, and deformation in the liner. Results are compared to other numerical approaches like zero-way interaction and conjugated heat transfer model (CHT). To recognize the advantage/disadvantage of each method, validation is made with the available measured data for the pressure and vibration signals, showing that the thermoacoustic instabilities are well predicted using the CHT and two-way coupled approaches, while the zero-way interaction model prediction gives the largest discrepancy from experimental results.
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Flouros, Michael, Patrick Hendrick, Bilal Outirba, Francois Cottier y Stephan Proestler. "Thermal and Flow Phenomena Associated With the Behavior of Brush Seals in Aero Engine Bearing Chambers". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 137, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029711.
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Due to the increasing fuel cost and environmental targets, the demand for more efficient gas turbines has risen considerably in the last decade. One of the most important systems in a gas turbine is the secondary air system, which provides cooling air to the disks and to the blades. It also provides air for sealing of the bearing chambers. The amount of secondary air that is extracted from the compressor is a performance penalty for the engine. In aero engines, bearing chambers are in most cases sealed by the most traditional type of seal, the labyrinth seal. Bearing chambers contain the oil lubricated components like bearings and gears. In order to avoid oil migration from the bearing chamber into the turbomachinery, the seals are pressurized by secondary air; thus, a pressure difference is setup across the seal, which retains the lubricant into the bearing chamber. Oil loss can lead to a number of problems like oil fire or coking with the probability of an uncontained destruction of the aero engine. Oil fumes can also cause contamination of the air conditioning system of the aircraft thus cause discomfort to the passengers. Beside labyrinth seals, other types of seals such as brush seals and carbon seals are used. Both the latter are contact type seals, that is, they may be installed with zero gap and lift during operation when they get pressurized. Brush seals particularly may be installed having an overlap with the rotating part. An original aero engine bearing chamber was modified by MTU Aero Engines to run with brush seals in a simulating rig in Munich. Two types of brush seals were used for testing: (a) a brush seal with bristles made of Kevlar fibers and (b) a brush seal with bristles made of steel. Both types were installed with an overlap to the rotor. The targets set were twofold: (a) to measure the transient temperatures in the rotor and particularly in the contact zone between the bristles and the rotor and (b) to calculate the heat generation by the seals which could enable predictions of the heat generation in future applications (i.e., scaling to bigger rotor diameters). For the heat transfer calculations, numerical models using ansys cfx were created. Additionally, a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) approach was applied to simulate flow and bristle's behavior. In order to obtain the transient temperature measurements with high fidelity, a new pyrometric technique was developed and was applied for the first time in brush seals as reported by Flouros et al. (2013, “Transient Temperature Measurements in the Contact Zone Between Brush Seals of Kevlar and Metallic Type for Bearing Chamber Sealing Using a Pyrometric Technique,” ASME J. Gas Turbines Power, 135(8), p. 081603) and Flouros et al. (2012, “Transient Temperature Measurements in the Contact Zone Between Brush Seals of Kevlar and Metallic Type for Bearing Chamber Sealing Using a Pyrometric Technique,” ASME Turbo Expo 2012, Copenhagen, Paper No. GT2012-68354). This technique has enabled positioning of the pyrometer (SensorthermGmbH, www.sensortherm.com) into the bristles pack of the seal adjacent to the rotating surface. The pyrometer could record the frictional temperature evolution in the bristles/rotor contact zone during accelerations or decelerations of the rotor. The sealing air demand can be reduced up to 97% with brush seals compared to traditional three fin labyrinth. It has been estimated that this can result in a reduction in fuel burned up to 1%. Further, the reduction in air flow has additional potential benefits such as a possible simplification of the bearing chamber architecture (vent less chamber). Even though the rotor was accelerated up to 19,500 rpm, the temperature induced overshoots in the seal/rotor contact zone have caused no deterioration in either the materials or the oil.