Tesis sobre el tema "Hazardous chemicals"
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1
Chan, Wai-man. "The control and management of dangerous substances and chemicals in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945711.
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Barrios, Paula. "Liberal environmentalism and the international law of hazardous chemicals". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/354.
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This study looks at the role that liberal economic norms are playing in international environmental negotiations on hazardous chemicals (including wastes), and the implications of these norms for the protection of the environment and human health from the thousands of chemicals on the market. The key trait of liberal economic norms in relation to global environmental governance is their assumption that the liberalisation of trade and finance and economic growth are both consistent with and necessary for environmental protection. From this assumption follows, for instance, the idea that states should adopt the "least-trade restrictive" measures required to protect the environment and human health.
I argue that liberal economic norms are "hegemonic," in a Gramscian sense, in chemicals-related international environmental negotiations. This means that a wide range of actors, including those that do not necessarily accept the liberal economic perspective, are upholding liberal economic norms in their statements and proposals if not out of conviction then out of a perceived need to be realistic or persuasive.
The most important implication of liberal economic hegemony is that it is widely assumed that human health and the environment can be effectively protected from the negative effects of hazardous chemicals even though the volume of chemicals and chemical-containing products being consumed is increasing at a spectacular rate. The issue of growing consumption of chemicals is therefore consistently framed as a problem of quality (hazardousness) rather than quantity. To understand consumption in this narrow sense is problematic, however, because there is considerable scientific uncertainty concerning the environmental and health effects of most of the chemicals on the market and because chemicals that pose minimal risks to the environment and human health might be very hazardous when they are being manufactured or upon becoming waste.
In order to address the problem of hazardous chemicals effectively, it is necessary to challenge the hegemony of liberal economic norms in international environmental negotiations. This can be done, I conclude, by deepening a number of fissures in the hegemony of the liberal economic perspective that can be detected in the context of chemicals-related instruments.
3
Lycett, James Edward. "Knowledge based systems for decision support in emergency situations". Thesis, Teesside University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358745.
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Graham, William Robert. "Guidelines for the safe handling of hazardous chemicals, a collaborative approach". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0001/MQ41804.pdf.
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Petrie, Bruce. "Enhancing the removal of a diverse range of hazardous chemicals from wastewaters". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8506.
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Due to increasingly stringent legislation covering the discharge of hazardous chemicals into the environment, existing wastewater treatment processes need to be upgraded for their removal. This thesis explores the removal of a diverse range of hazardous chemicals during secondary wastewater treatment with the overall aim of enhancing their removal simultaneously by activated sludge. Previous research in this field has made the broad comparison of full-scale activated sludge plants (ASPs) which receive varying influent sewage compositions and flow. Consequently, assessing the direct impact of process operation to hazardous chemical removal has been difficult. In this study, the independent impact of the process variables solids retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were examined using a pilot-scale ASP. To measure ASP resilience for the removal of a wide range of hazardous chemicals of varied chemistry and preferred removal pathways steroid estrogens, nonylphenolic surfactants and metals were monitored. Cont/d.
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Kassam, Zara. "Degradation of polypropylene and novel blend formulations, and the release of hazardous chemicals". Thesis, Kingston University, 2017. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/39247/.
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Opdyke, Daniel Robert. "Probabilistic groundwater transport of chemicals under non-equilibrium sorption conditions /". Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Chia, Valerie Jing-chi. "Life-cycle analysis of hazardous chemicals in the Department of Materials Science & Engineering". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81139.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 29).
MIT policies set forth by the Department of Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) require that all laboratories maintain a chemical inventory to properly document the use of hazardous chemicals. While EHS has provided a chemical inventory management tool called ChemTracker to help labs to do so, it is estimated that less than 20% of laboratories utilize the software. As a result, an EHS committee has been formed to re-evaluate ChemTracker and explore other options for inventory management. RFPs have been sent to potential vendors to determine if alternatives can better satisfy the goals of EHS and attain the benefits of effective chemical management. To analyze the problem of low usage rates of ChemTracker, interviews were conducted with research groups within the Department of Materials Science & Engineering (DMSE). These revealed that the largest variables were the number of chemicals used by the lab and the user-friendliness of the software. The initial time investment to switch from current, simpler methods to ChemTracker discouraged many smaller labs from pursuing that option. Current users of ChemTracker also expressed frustration with auto-fill features that weren't comprehensive and thus hindered the process of entering and updating inventory. Future work should expand into other departments to observe usage behavior and concerns and compare to those within DMSE. Any chemical inventory management software should be user-tested prior to full Institute implementation to ensure adoption by a larger proportion of groups around campus. While compulsory software would also ensure adoption, a one-size-fits-all approach is not appropriate for chemical tracking due to the hassle it could create and the potential impact on productivity of research itself. Thus, further analysis of user concerns and better marketing of the tools to address those concerns are required for a successful solution to the problem.
by Valerie Jing-chi Chia.
S.B.
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Benn, Suzanne Harriette Science & Technology Studies UNSW. "The Environmental Challenge to the Overloaded State: The Politics of Toxic Chemicals in NSW since the late 1970s". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Science and Technology Studies, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32639.
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This thesis is a regional interdisciplinary analysis of the environmental challenge to the liberal democratic state. It situates these new problems of governance in one of the dominating political conflicts of our time, the battle between market and state for the 'commanding heights'. By the end of the 1970s, environmental concerns had added to the social crises associated with the overloaded, welfare state. The study sets the political context through an exposition of the perceived problems of the overloaded state, analysed by neo-Marxist theorists in terms of rationality and legitimacy deficits and by public choice theorists in terms of the incentives and calculations confronting rational individuals. It draws out the association between these alternative perspectives on 'state overload' and the political philosophies of corporatism and neo-liberalism, showing that, on the neo-Marxist understanding, corporatism addresses the functional requirements of late capitalism, while public choice precepts are strongly influential on leading elements of neo-liberalism. This political analysis is developed through the history of a landmark piece of legislation, the Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act (NSW) 1985, in toxic chemicals policymaking from the late 1970s to the end of 1997. The interpretation of the case material shows that the response in NSW to the environmental problematic has been driven by the reform agenda of the successive political programs of corporatism and neo-liberalism for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. Neither the corporatist nor the neo-liberal programs succeeded in meeting environmental criteria. Examination of the inadequate responses of both corporatism and neo-liberalism, when measured against sustainability criteria, leads to a deeper understanding of the institutional reforms required if these criteria are to be addressed. The thesis concludes that the failure to effect successful reform of toxic chemicals policy in NSW reflects the failure of leading political theorems of the liberal democratic state to incorporate sustainability criteria successfully into their reform agenda for the state, the bureaucracy and the democratic process. These regional issues are shown to be thematic for the nation-state when raised in the context of the globalisation of the environmental challenge and the inter nationalisation of market forces. The thesis concludes with a brief review of some recent political theory in relation to the programmatic issues of sustainability and democracy which it has pursued.
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Romero, HernaÌndez Omar. "Integrated approach to determine an optimal degree of wastewater pollution abatement in process industries". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313693.
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Klöber, Wolfram. "Risikomanagement im Chemikalienrecht : ein Rechtsvergleich des US-amerikanischen Toxic Substances Control Act und des deutschen Chemikaliengesetzes /". Hamburg : Kovač, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/362362866.pdf.
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Chan, Wai-man y 陳偉文. "The control and management of dangerous substances and chemicals in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253945.
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Labunska, Iryna. "Environmental contamination and human exposure to PBDEs and other hazardous chemicals arising from informal e-waste handling". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7549/.
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A method was developed and validated for GC/MS analysis of PBDEs in a variety of matrices (soil, dust, sediment, and 10 types of foodstuffs), represented by a total of 313 samples. Extensive environmental contamination by PBDEs is shown to arise as a result of improper e-waste handling in Guiyu, China, with open burning and circuit boards shredding operations identified as the most significant sources of PBDEs to soil and sediment. Elevated concentrations of selected key pollutants, including legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and metals/metalloids, were detected in a number of dietary samples from Taizhou e-waste recycling sites, confirming the hypothesis that improper e-waste handling is an important source of toxic contaminants to locally produced foods. Human exposure, of both adults and children, to key pollutants via diet was estimated, with results suggesting that children are particularly exposed to a range of toxic substances through a locally-sourced diet. This was especially evident in the case of PCBs, PBDEs, cadmium, and lead. Concentrations of, and/or routes of human exposure to, several contaminants (e.g., PBDEs in duck eggs, and compound-specific NBFRs in diet originating from Taizhou) are reported here for the first time. Application of a simple pharmacokinetic model to predict human body burden of PBDEs (based on estimated dietary intake) provided predicted PBDE body burdens that compared satisfactorily in most instances with those reported elsewhere in blood of adults from Taizhou e-waste sites.
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Molander, Linda. "Chemicals in consumer products : Towards a safe and sustainable use". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104826.
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Health and environmental risks associated with emissions of hazardous chemicals from articles, including everyday consumer products such as clothes and toys, have become widely acknowledged internationally, particularly in the EU. This thesis contributes to new understandings of how these risks are currently managed within the EU and recommends actions for ensuring a safe and sustainable use of chemicals in articles. Paper I provides an overview and comparative analysis of regulatory strategies for managing risks of chemicals in articles in the EU. The in-depth analysis, which is focused on the Toys Safety Directive, the RoHS Directive, and REACH, shows that the legislations differ significantly. Differences include e.g. what criteria are used for the selection of substances to be targeted for regulation, and the kind of requirements and restrictions applied to the selected substances. It is concluded that product-specific directives are important complements to REACH in order to ensure a safe use of chemicals in articles. Paper II evaluates to what extent the regulation of chemicals in articles under REACH is coherent with the rules concerning chemicals in the Sewage Sludge Directive (SSD) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The results show that the majority of the chemicals that are prioritized for phase-out under the WFD or for concentration restrictions in sludge and soil under the SSD are allowed to be used in articles according to REACH. In order to avoid end-of-pipe problems and to increase resource efficiency, it is argued that it is necessary to minimize the input of chemicals identified as hazardous to health or the environment into articles. Paper III aims to clarify what the substitution principle means and how it can reasonably be applied as part of chemical policies. A general definition is proposed that gives equal weight to hazard, functionality and economical considerations, while at the same time recognizing that the aim of the substitution principle is to reduce hazards to human health and the environment. This paper also summarizes major methods to promote and implement the principle, discusses legislative approaches with regard to their ability to promote substitution of hazardous chemicals, and makes proposals for an efficient implementation of the principle.QC 20121119
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Abussaud, Basim Ahmed. "Wet air oxidation of benzene". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103362.
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Processing of petrochemical compounds produces a large amount of wastewater. This wastewater consists of toxic (hazardous) materials that can not be discharged to the environment without treatment. As restrictive environmental constraints increase, new technologies are needed to treat those toxic materials before discharging them to the environment. Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) is one of these new methods.This study casts light on the effect of initial pH on the WAO of benzene at different temperatures and pressures. It was found that at pH 6, a temperature of 260°C and a partial pressure of oxygen of 1.38 MPa around 97% degradation was achieved in one hour. When the initial pH was lowered to 4 more than 90% degradation was achieved at 220°C and PO2 of 1.38 MPa in only 15 minutes.` It was concluded that the higher the temperature the better the benzene degradation, and the faster benzene degradation has been obtained with the increasing partial pressure of oxygen. The main intermediates were acetic acid and formic acid.
Furthermore, it was found that the degradation of benzene can be further enhanced in the presence of phenol. The main reason can be attributed to the effect of the free radicals generated from the fast phenol degradation. A simplified pathway for oxidation of benzene was proposed.
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Ching, Hei-wai y 程琋瑋. "A review on e-waste management and an analysis of human exposure to hazardous chemicals due to informal e-waste processing". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48543020.
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This study compares the procedures of formal and informal e-waste recycling; and investigates the relationship between informal e-waste recycling and the health of residents living near the recycling facilities. The informal e-waste recycling facilities are mainly located in developing countries and are operated by illegally receiving e-waste from developed countries. In these informal recycling businesses, the procedures are raw and crude without any measures in pollution control and state-of-the-art technologies, suggesting the health of the workers and residents living nearby are at risk.
By conducting human health risk assessment based on the data from Guiyu town located in China, the actual exposure level of PCDD/Fs for infants is estimated. The total exposure level of infants to PCDD/Fs in Guiyu is 61.5 pg WHO-TEQ 〖kg〗^(-1) 〖day〗^(-1); among the total exposure level, dietary route accounts for over 90%. The total exposure value has also exceeded the WHO standards by 61 times at most, which reflects a harmful level of local PCDD/Fs exposure to the infants and management measures are needed. Implication can be drawn that not only the infants, but also people living near the facilities of informal e-waste recycling, including the mothers and residents are under high level of exposure to PCDD/Fs and other hazardous chemicals presented in the recycling process.
Management and regulations are the weaknesses of developing countries to handle the issues on e-waste. The study reviews the e-waste management and regulations in China, India and Nigeria; their common properties have been revealed, including the lack of enforcement and the misconceptions of e-waste. Regarding the national level of regulations and legislations, recommendations have been drawn. Measures in adopting licensing system for recycling business, adopting financial mechanism on top of the existing the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system to limit the use of hazardous chemicals, setting up special department for better regulating and enforcing e-waste related issues and enhancing the public education towards e-waste are of benefits. The study suggests an action plan using China as an example to illustrate how the country could act upon the existing regulations and legislations of e-waste issues. The plan could also be adopted by the other developing countries regarding their own conditions.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
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Kaup, Aleš. "Modelování následků chemických havárií". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232928.
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Nowadays the number of produced chemicals is increasing very rapidly. However, technological processes are gradually improving and safety of handling chemicals is increasing. Unfortunately, even today, chemical accidents can happen. To alleviate results or to prepare for protection of humans, extensive knowledge is necessary to estimate the course of a chemical accident. One of the means of accident mitigation are modern modelling programs that will help us to clarify the implications and consequences of the course of chemical accidents. Based on the results of such modelling, different organizational and safety measures (preventive, oppressive, protective, rescue and relief character) can be taken to increase readiness for disasters and especially to reduce vulnerability of population.
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Eriksson, Sara. "Laboratory adjustment to the new regulation on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-204661.
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The United Nations has, during many years, developed a model for a globally harmonized system for classification and labeling of chemicals, with the aim of it becoming a global standard. This system is implemented in the European Union through the CLP-regulation and is now working parallel to the existing directives until 1st of June 2015, when all the new classifications of substances and mixtures must be completed. The aim of this project was to adjust the laboratory to the new legislation, through inventory of stored chemicals, update the list of chemicals and perform self-classifications of mixtures. The work included handling of about 650 different chemicals with varying hazard classifications and search for information in corporate websites and chemical databases. This resulted in a new and complete list of chemicals stored and used in the laboratory and, in addition, an example of how to make a self classification of a mixture. Through this work using web based search for chemical classification according to the CLP-regulation, many difficulties were encountered and one of the conclusions is that due to the many noticed uncertainties and inconsistencies in self classification of mixtures the aim of keeping the globally harmonized system harmonized will be nearly impossible to fulfill.
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Lind, Patrik. "Gemensamma åtgärder i harmoni? : En beskrivande fallstudie av regional miljöpolitisk koordination mellan nationell och internationell nivå". Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2264.
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The aim and scope of this study is to describe the coordination of joint efforts concerning chemicals and hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea region, between the Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) and the land-based pollution group of the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM LAND). Based on the description of the coordination, the second aim is to discuss the consequences for the Swedish Chemicals Agency in its policy shaping work towards a nontoxic environment. A qualitative and descriptive case study method is used for this purpose. Theories of coordination and achievement-inducing criteria for environmental goals are applied to the case. Components and related processes of coordination are applied to the descriptive part of the study, whilst the achievement-inducing criteria are applied in the discussion. The description of the coordination unveils a strong coordination regarding goal selection, goal decomposition and mapping activities to actors. It also confirms an interdependency between the two organisations, based on the fact that they have different institutional leverage, and thus addresses different types of actors. The result of the study shows that the coordination consequences do not lead to an independent Swedish chemicals policy. Due to limited data, the certainty of the conclusions based on the theoretical and empirical evidence found in this study can be discussed, and must therefore be subject to more empirical research.
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Claeson, Anna-Sara. "Volatile organic compounds from microorganisms : identification and health effects". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-880.
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Černá, Monika. "Posouzení zdrojů environmentálního rizika v průmyslovém podniku". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318527.
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This diploma thesis is focused on evaluating the sources of environmental risks in the safety domain of the Honeywell Aerospace Olomouc company. First part of the diploma thesis is theoretical and serves as an entry to problematics of severe accidents prevention, risks identification and assessment. In the next part all the chemical substances stored in this international industrial company are valorised, the substances most dangerous to the environment are identified and certain precautions to prevent serious accidents are suggested according to valid legislation and recommended methods of the Ministry of the Environment.
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Lima, Ivo Costa de. "Gerenciamento de resíduos químicos de laboratórios: estudo de caso do Instituto de Química da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4050.
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Instituições de Ensino e Pesquisa possuem um papel fundamental na formação de seus profissionais considerando a ciência, tecnologia e o conhecimento que afetam toda a sociedade. A falta de um programa de gestão de resíduos, na maioria das instituições de ensino e pesquisa do país, tem levado, com certa frequência, a um descarte pouco responsável dos materiais residuais no ambiente, através das pias dos laboratórios ou do lixo comum, ou em muitos casos, resultando na geração de passivos ambientais acumulados precariamente por longo tempo à espera de um eventual tratamento. Entretanto, essas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), através de suas atividades de pesquisa, ensino e extensão, acabam gerando resíduos químicos perigosos, como os de laboratórios químicos. Nas Universidades, o volume de resíduos gerados é muito pequeno, porém a diversidade de resíduos é muito grande, o que dificulta o tratamento dos mesmos. Os resíduos químicos perigosos gerados no Instituto de Química situado no Pavilhão Reitor Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, necessitam de procedimentos seguros de manejo para a sua passivação e/ou disposição final, já que eles requerem um descarte distinto daquele dado ao lixo doméstico, conforme estabelecidos na legislação. Este trabalho objetiva estudar os aspectos de gestão, saúde e segurança do trabalho relacionado ao manejo de resíduos gerados em laboratórios químicos, potencialmente perigosos, enfocando ações preventivas de minimização dos resíduos e o seu tratamento, particularmente nas fontes geradoras, estudando o caso dos laboratórios de Química Geral e Inorgânica comparando-os com o laboratório de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Petróleo e Petroquímica. O trabalho classificou-se como pesquisa exploratória e empírica através do estudo de caso. A metodologia utilizada constituiu-se da aplicação de um questionário, dirigido aos técnicos dos laboratórios, e observações, para avaliação do manejo de resíduos químicos perigosos de forma a propor uma possível adequação dos laboratórios às legislações vigentes, como as resoluções NBR RDC 306/04, CONAMA 358/05, das Fichas de Informação de Segurança, das Normas Regulamentadoras e a OHSAS 18001/07. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os dois laboratórios estudados de Química Geral e Inorgânica não atendem, ainda, o que preconiza a legislação RDC 306/04 da ANVISA. Observa-se que os resíduos químicos perigosos são manejados inadequadamente, expondo a graves riscos físicos, químicos e de acidentes para os usuários dos laboratórios, além da poluição ambiental gerado pelo lançamento dos efluentes nas redes de esgoto, sem tratamento. O estudo corrobora para a necessidade da implementação do Programa de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Químicos Perigosos, da criação de uma Coordenação de Gestão Ambiental presidida por um especialista da área, da construção de saídas de emergência, com escadas de escape externo para os laboratórios estudados e, sobretudo, de capacitação permanente dos funcionários e alunos.The Educational Institutes have a huge influence due professional development considering the social impact of science, technology and knowledge. But Higher Education Institutions (HEI) produces, throughout all those researches, the same hazardous chemical wastes as laboratories normally produces. Even being in a small quantity they have a big variety and very often the universities does not have a correct management for all those waste. Hazardous chemical wastes produced inside Chemistry Institute, located at Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha Pavilion of University of State of Rio de Janeiro, needs a special and safe management compared with all domestic sediments conformity to the legislations. This research aims propose health and occupational safety a better manner to manage all the hazardous chemical waste produced, a way to decrease its quantity and suggest a safety mode at work to deal with all those chemicals leavings. We focused, particularly, in the waste source of those laboratories Chemistry General and Inorganic and Engineering Lab and the Gas and Chemistry-gas Lab. Regarding the objetives, this thesis is classified as exploratory scientific research in which the case is instrumental and empirical. This study is based on a questionnaire named Laboratory Appraisal understanding applied laboratories of technician on hazardous chemical wastes management regarding to propose an adaption to the legislations as NBR RDC 306/04, CONAMA 358/05, Material Safety Data Sheet-MSDS, Regulations Norms and OHSAS 18001/07. The results showed that the two laboratories not yet fully meet all the standards RDC 306/04 ANVISA. Observed that the hazardous chemical wastes are not properly handled and expose to serious physical and chemicals accidents people and environmental pollution. We noticed that the laboratories showed the urgent implementation necessity of The Chemical Wast Management Program, Environmental Management of Coordination-that one should be chaired by a specialist- emergency exits, external escape stairs for the studied laboratories and permanent training of officials and students.
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Budde, Eva. "Assessment and optimisation of biological and physico-chemical techniques to monitor natural attenuation : application to three field sites". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=153281.
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Monitored natural attenuation is a cost-effective remediation strategy for the risk reduction of chemicals of concern (CoCs) in contaminated land and waters. This study considers three genuine sites in Germany, undergoing remediation. The objective was to measure a suite of physicochemical and biological parameters, and characterise the sites based on these data. The sites differed by their prevalent type of CoC, with one site impacted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and two sites, situated in Hilden, impacted by BTEX. Sampling of microorganisms was performed using the industrial partner's newly developed matrix. This matrix was used for measurements of microbial respiration rate, ATP content, and 14C mineralisation rate, while groundwater samples were used for microbial luminescent biosensor assays (applying Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607, Pseudomonas putida F1 Tn5, and Pseudomonas putida F1 TVA8), and for the chemical analysis of CoC, nitrate, iron, manganese, sulphate, and phosphate concentration. Microbial biosensors and respiration tests performed well in the identification of BTEX impacted wells at the Hilden sites, while the results for ATP content and 14C mineralisation were more ambiguous. Factor analysis showed a high impact of sulphate concentration. However, several strong correlations existed between measured parameters, so no single driving force, but a set of environmental influencing factors could be identified at the sites. The remediation progress could be demonstrated by the changes in cluster analyses between two time points. Sulphate and redox potential, the most influential parameters of the Hilden physico-chemical data set, were highlighted and confirmed by multiple linear regression, using a calculated attenuation rate as the dependent variable. Based on this outcome, a reduced sampling regime was proposed. This approach has the potential to reduce sampling costs and time at hydrocarbon contaminated sites, and has adequately demonstrated the use of statistical methods in assessing the remediation progress at a site.
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Lee, Tai-Gyu. "Modeling of hazardous waste incinerator : failure diagnostic and staged combustion". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35447.
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Kwok, Hon-chiu. "An overview of chemical waste management of printed circuit board manufacturing in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457348.
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Holánová, Iveta. "Detekce a laboratorní kontrola úniků nebezpečných chemických látek do životního prostředí s nutností výjezdu chemické laboratoře HZS". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232723.
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The diploma thesis is focused on a detection and a laboratory control of hazardous substances’ leak into the environment. These hazardous substances are classified. Further, it aims to chemical laboratories of the fire-brigade of the Czech Republic, as well as which place they hold in the fire-brigade system, and it indicates their main duties. This diploma thesis contains a review of some essential types of devices and mediums, which are in terms of the fire-brigade of the Czech Republic usable to practice the detection, determination and assessment of the hazardous substances in various figures of the environment in terrain, i.e. filling of duties of the chemical survey. The output of this diploma thesis is simulation of leaks of the toluene diisocyanate using ALOHA software, TerEx software and Rozex Alarm software. Further on, the proposal of another methodical sheet focused on leak actions of the concrete hazardous industrial substance – toluene diisocyanate. This methodical sheet could therefore broaden pro tempore elaborated sheets for chlorine and ammonia.
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Al-Atta, Ammar Jaber. "Supercritical water oxidation of hazardous waste : process enhancement and reactor design". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/53356/.
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The work presented in this thesis is focused on two specific areas of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). Firstly, the design and testing of an innovative anticorrosive reactor design that can be used for the SCWO of hazardous organic waste. Secondly, exploiting the merits of counter current mixing reactor in combining two processes; Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and supercritical water hydrothermal synthesis (SCWHS) in one reactor. In Chapter 1, an introduction to supercritical fluid and supercritical water oxidation is given, followed by a brief account of the main problems associated with SCWO. This includes a review of the experience to date, with different reactor designs for corrosion control. This Chapter also provide an introduction to hydrothermal methodology and continuous flow reactor design for nanoparticle production, along with the aims and objective of this PhD. Chapter 2 details the components and construction of the experimental rigs used in this thesis. Additionally, this Chapter presents the principles behind the main analytical techniques used throughout this work, along with the definition of some important parameters. Chapter 3 reports the use of a physical modelling approach to assess mixingdynamics inside three different types of reactor where supercritical water is mixed with a second colder, waste containing, effluent flow. Physical or `pseudo'modelling was used to simulate the general flow patterns and mixing regimes in transparent pseudo reactors (to allow visualization). Towns water was used to simulate the supercritical water flow and 40% w/w aqueous sucrose solution to simulate the cold aqueous effluent flow. This visual technique allowed the quantification of mixing efficiency, as well as identification of issues such as flow recycling, stagnant zones, and other inconsistencies in the mixing dynamics. An upwards co-current protected wall reactor arrangement provided the `best' mixing i.e. with minimal wall contact during the downstream oxidation process. A combined process of SCWO and SCWHS in a continuous counter current reactor is the focus of Chapter 4. Acrylic acid was chosen as a model compound to represent an organic wastewater and the effects of the reaction temperature, residence time, oxidant ratio and acrylic acid concentration on chemical oxygen demand (COD) were all investigated. Two different experimental configurations for oxidant delivery were carried out in `pre-heated' and `non-preheated' oxidant configurations. With a stoichiometric excess of 100% oxygen, COD reduction levels of 80% (non-preheated) and 15% (preheated) were achieved with very short residence times. SCWHS was achieved through the addition of small amounts of various soluble metal salts in the cold up flow resulted in nanoparticles forming which increased the reaction rate and hydrothermal oxidation efficiency. The addition of small amounts of chromium nitrate (>5mM) results in nearly 100% COD reduction at 380C and residence times of 0.75 seconds. The potential economic benefits of combining the two processes together, in the different configurations, were also evaluated. In Chapter 5, The results of the catalytic oxidation in supercritical water of a non-biodegradable and highly toxic organic compound (phenol) are presented. The reactions were studied in a continuous counter current reactor through the in-situ formation of Fe2O3 catalyst. The preliminary results showed that catalytic non-preheated oxidant configuration resulted in increased COD removal when compared to other oxidant delivery methods. It was shown that temperatures below 400C could be used to decompose these compounds into final product and that complete conversion of COD could likely be expected within less than 1 second. It was demonstrated that SCWO combined with SCWHS is a feasible and cost-effective alternative for the destruction of contaminants in water. In Chapter 6, A laboratory-scale protected wall reactor rig was designed, constructed, tested, and operated to validate the pseudo modelling for application to SCWO. SEM, SEM/EDS, and XRD results showed that 1 meter long protected wall reactor was divided into two regions. 25% of the reactor length was protected by the flow of clean supercritical water. Near complete removal of the organic content of 2,4-DCP was obtained at mild operating conditions. To conclude, a summary of the work detailed in this thesis is delivered in Chapter 7. The most pertinent findings from this work are put forward, followed by a discussion of future work which could lead on from this thesis.
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Heino, Perttu. "Fluid property reasoning in knowledge-based hazard identification /". Espoo [Finland] : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1999. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1999/P393.pdf.
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Hildebrandt, Leslie M. "Control guidelines for the transportation of chemically contaminated dry vacuum pumps". Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998hildebrandtl.pdf.
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Apperley, Sarah Ann. "Attitude dimensions and behavioural response towards the issue of environmental impact of domestic chemical products". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274234.
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Hill, Stephanie R. "Evaluation of seed and seedling response to aid revegetation of hazardous chemical waste sites". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40671.
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The response of several plant species to heavy metal
contaminated soils was evaluated using plant bioassays with
a soil substrate. A natural soil was collected from
Dinwiddie County, Virginia and soil analysis was performed.
The plant species, Lolium multiflorum, setaria italica and
Trifolium rep ens latum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Andropogon
gerardi, Asclepias syriaca, Echinacea purpurea, Rudbeckia
hirta and Festuca rubra were grown in to determine the
response to cupric and cadmium chloride in soils (mg Cu/kg
soil). A few plant species were grown in small pots in a
plant growth chamber for 28 days using control, 10, 30, 100
and 300mg Cu or Cd/kg soil. Germination proved to be less
sensitive than root length. S. italica had highest ECSOs.
In eu 20.7 and 15.3 in Cd. All plant species were grown
for 7 days in 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 10.0, and 30.0mg Cu/kg soil and
in control. Germination was not effected by metal
concentrations in most species (p=0.07-0.6), except
T.repens latum, R. hirta and F. rubra at 30mg/kg
(p=0.0007). Root length was significantly effected by Cu
concentrations for almost all species (p=0.0001-0.0112).
Setaria italica had the highest EC50 at 10.86mg/kg. Robinia
pseudoacacia root length was not significantly affected
by CU concentrations. The other species had EC50s ranging
from 3.74-7.51mg/kg. Both inhibition and stimulation of
root growth were observed.
Preliminary studies regarding germination rates,
fungicides and rangefinding are included.
Master of Science
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Bunn, Adrian R. "A study of the design expertise for plants handling hazardous materials". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1987. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7503.
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Nagel, Christopher John. "Identification of hazards in chemical process systems". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13952.
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Bevin, Anna, An Na Lay, Daniel Ullmark y Jessika Hagman. "Chemical analysis of hazardous substances in permanent tattoo inks available on the market". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277104.
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As permanent tattoos are becoming more popular and common, an increased number of allergic reactions to tattoos is reported. The purpose of this project was to analyze tattoo inks for hazardous substances, and whether they comply to current Swedish and European legislative requirements. The tattoo inks were qualitatively analyzed for pigments, and quantitatively analyzed for metals. A total of 73 tattoo inks were collected from various sources such as a tattoo ink supplier, online retailers, and provided directly from tattoo artists. The labels of each tattoo ink bottle were inspected to investigate their compliance with the Council of Europe and the Swedish Medical Products Agency. Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) was used to qualitatively analyze 20 selected tattoo inks for different pigments. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantitatively analyze trace metals in 70 of the samples. A large majority (90%) of the tested samples violated the requirements and criteria in the European resolution ResAP 2008(1), such as information on name and address of the manufacturer, minimum date of durability, sterility, batch number, and storage. Patch and allergy testing were incorrectly recommended for many samples in a way that is not accepted by dermatologists. In a worst-case scenario, this testing could be a sensitizing step. Also, it can not prevent future allergic reactions from occurring or provide any juridical insurance. Only one brand, World Famous, fulfilled the requirements for labeling for six of the seven samples (one sample failed due to a faulty declared pigment). The brands Tang Dragon and Dynamic did not fulfill any of the requirements listed in ResAP 2008(1). The list of ingredients was incorrect for all samples from Tang Dragon (bought prior to 2019 online). Also, six of the other 50 samples from different brands (World Famous, Intenze, Fusion Tattoo Ink, Eternal Ink, Solid Ink) declared at least one pigment incorrectly in their ingredients list. 25% of the declared and theoretically detectable pigments were detected by means of MALDI-ToF-MS, whereas the other pigments were either absent or below the limit of detection. Future analyses should include an MS/MS analysis. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was identified qualatively in 15 of the 20 samples analyzed with MALDI-ToF-MS but was not listed in any of the ingredients lists. ICP-QQQ-MS is a very sensitive technique and could both detect and verify the presence of all metal-containing pigments, as well as the level of impurities. Copper was clearly more present in green and blue colors, regardless of the brand. The metal content was evidently dependent on the brand for arsenic, aluminum, bismuth, chromium, nickel, zinc, and strontium. Elevated levels of barium and strontium (partially very high levels: up to 727 mg/kg barium and up to 8.06 g/kg strontium) were found in several samples. High amounts of aluminum (4 to 11,0 g/kg) and titanium (as judged from white precipitates and ingredients lists) were present in most samples. Nickel (0.1 to 41 mg/kg) and chromium (0.1 to 139 mg/kg) were also present in the samples. Some other impurities were also present (arsenic – 3.8 mg/kg, mercury – 1.6 mg/kg, and lead – 5.4 mg/kg for one sample, respectively). Known sensitizing pigments were declared and partially confirmed by MALDI-ToF-MS in 17 of 53 samples of the brands Radiant Colour, Eternal Ink, Fusion Tattoo Ink, and Kuro Sumi. Four samples (from Intenze, Eternal Ink, and Kuro Sumi) also declared pigments listed as non-suitable substance according to the European Commission regulation on cosmetic products from 2009.
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London, Leslie. "The health hazards of chemical use in agriculture". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27007.
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Photocopies of journal articles.
* Agrichemical safety practices on farms in the Western Cape. London L. SA Med J 1994 ; 84 : 273-278. * Notification of pesticide poisoning in the Western Cape 1987 - 1991. London L, Ehrlich R, Rafudien S, Krige F, Vurgarellis P. SA Med J 1994 ; 84 : 269-272. * Critical Issues in agrichemical safety in South Africa. London L, Myers JE. Am J Ind Med 1995 ; 27(1) : 1-14. * Repeatability and validity of a field kit for estimation of cholinesterase in whole blood. London L, Thomson ML, Sacks S, Fuller B, Bachmann OM, Myers JE. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995; 52 : 57-64. * Biological Monitoring of workers exposed to organophosphate pesticides: Guidelines for field application. London L. Occupational Health Southern Africa July/August 1995 ; 1(4) : 13-17.Despite playing an important role in crop protection and increasing food production, chemicals used in agriculture may have a range of unanticipated effects on human health. Such effects may range from overt and acute poisonings to gradual-onset chronic morbidity. In South Africa, data on such morbidity are sparse, and subject to much underreporting as one of the included papers illustrates. The dearth of such data has much to do with the marginalised living and working conditions in agriculture and the lack of attention to occupational and environmental health on farms in the country. We have little sense of the extent of hazardous exposures in agriculture, nor of their health impacts on rural populations. Even less so, have methods for the control of poisoning by pesticides been investigated amongst farm workers in South Africa. A public health response to this problem should aim at all levels of prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary), by characterising the extent and distribution of the problems caused by pesticides, identifying risk factors and groups at highest risk for poisoning, as well as testing intervention strategies and technologies. The set of papers presented below attempts to do that by linking a series of investigations into different aspects of agrichemical hazards in South Africa, with a focus on the Western Cape. The first paper examined various aspects of potential exposure to agrichemicals on farms in the Stellenbosch region, taking into account both environmental and occupational routes of exposure. The second paper describes the profile of agrichemical poisoning in the province from 1987 to 1991, identifying high risk groups and characterising the completeness and nature of reported poisonings. The third paper developed from the author's growing realisation of the need to contextualise problems related to agrichemical exposures and effects within the overall legislative and public health framework in South Africa. This paper therefore identifies the key public health issues that need addressing with regard to pesticide safety. Finally, the last two papers address aspects related to workplace interventions for the prevention of agrichemical poisoning. One paper deals with the evaluation of a field kit (for validity and repeatability) for monitoring workers exposed to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, while the last paper elaborates guidelines for the use of cholinesterase testing in the primary and secondary prevention of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. In this series, therefore, the papers attempt to address the problem of agrichemical hazards within a public health framework, tracing the problem from potential exposure to acute outcomes, through reviewing the legislative and occupational health environments, through to technologies and policy guidelines related to workplace intervention. In doing so, the papers use the term "agrichemical" to refer to all chemicals used in agriculture for pest and weed control. This supersedes the term "pesticide" which has ambiguous meanings in the technical environment. Readers are therefore advised to understand the term "agrichemical" to include the generic aspects of chemical usage on crops in agriculture. The research on which these papers was based was spawned by the involvement of the author in a larger research project investigating long-term neurobehavioural effects of organophosphate exposure on deciduous fruit farm workers over the period 1991 - 1994. This latter piece of research is not referred to here as it was the basis for another degree at the University of Cape Town.
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Medcalf, Bradley D. "The chemchar gasification process : theory, experiment, and design developments /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901263.
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Steinbach, Paul B. "An electrothermal fluidized-bed carbon-particle plasma reactor for hazardous waste treatment /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9823315.
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Cronin, J. L. "A strategy for thermal hazards analysis in batch chemical manufacture". Thesis, London South Bank University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375477.
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Aldeeb, Abdulrehman Ahmed. "Systematic approach for chemical reactivity evaluation". Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/159.
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Under certain conditions, reactive chemicals may proceed into uncontrolled chemical reaction pathways with rapid and significant increases in temperature, pressure, and/or gas evolution. Reactive chemicals have been involved in many industrial incidents, and have harmed people, property, and the environment. Evaluation of reactive chemical hazards is critical to design and operate safer chemical plant processes. Much effort is needed for experimental techniques, mainly calorimetric analysis, to measure thermal reactivity of chemical systems. Studying all the various reaction pathways experimentally however is very expensive and time consuming. Therefore, it is essential to employ simplified screening tools and other methods to reduce the number of experiments and to identify the most energetic pathways. A systematic approach is presented for the evaluation of reactive chemical hazards. This approach is based on a combination of computational methods, correlations, and experimental thermal analysis techniques. The presented approach will help to focus the experimental work to the most hazardous reaction scenarios with a better understanding of the reactive system chemistry. Computational methods are used to predict reaction stoichiometries, thermodynamics, and kinetics, which then are used to exclude thermodynamically infeasible and non-hazardous reaction pathways. Computational methods included: (1) molecular group contribution methods, (2) computational quantum chemistry methods, and (3) correlations based on thermodynamic-energy relationships. The experimental techniques are used to evaluate the most energetic systems for more accurate thermodynamic and kinetics parameters, or to replace inadequate numerical methods. The Reactive System Screening Tool (RSST) and the Automatic Pressure Tracking Adiabatic Calorimeter (APTAC) were employed to evaluate the reactive systems experimentally. The RSST detected exothermic behavior and measured the overall liberated energy. The APTAC simulated near-adiabatic runaway scenarios for more accurate thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. The validity of this approach was investigated through the evaluation of potentially hazardous reactive systems, including decomposition of di-tert-butyl peroxide, copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile, and polymerization of 1,3-butadiene.
40
Howard, Patricia Ann. "Analysis of mesh strategies for rapid source location in chemical/biological attacks". Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0430104-144332.
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Lama, Audrey. "Interactive Wireless Sensor for Remote Trace Detection and Recognition of Hazardous Gases". TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1308.
Texto completoResumen
The interactive wireless sensor detects many hazardous gases such as Hexane, Propane, Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. These gases are highly toxic and used in different kinds of manufacturing industries, domestic purpose and so on. So, building a sensor that can detect this kind of gases can save the environment; prevent the potential for explosion, and endangering human life. In long term, interactive wireless sensor can also prevent the financial losses that might occur due to the hazardous incident that might occur due to these toxic gases.
Hexane is a colorless, strong gas which inhaled in significant amounts by a person then he may suffer with hexane poisoning and suffocation. It also causes skin burns when exposed in high concentrations. Propane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen can easily freeze in room temperature, if in contact with eye, it could permanently damage eye or cause blindness. The advantage of this wireless sensor is the use of artificial olfactory system (electronic nose) that can be taught to detect these hazardous gases. This sensor has a unique molecular combination of analysts, impurities and background that corresponds to a gas leak. It consists of a chemiresistor, such as an array of conductometric sensors, and a mechanism analyzing the data in real time. A smell-print is composed of many molecules which reaches receptor in the human nose. When a specific receptor receives a molecule, it sends a signal to the brain where the smell is identified and associated with that particular molecule. Similar manner, albeit substituting sensors for the receptors, and transmitting the signal to a machine learning algorithm for processing, rather than to the brain.
This wireless gas leak sensing consists of microchip Pic 32, integrated electronic nose, automated data analysis unit, power supply, and communications. The communication channel will use the ZigBee link, or the cellular links, or other specific frequency wireless link. The time-stamped and position-stamped sensor measurement data are transmitted to the central computer in predetermined periods of time. The data will be stored in the computer database for possible future analysis of the gas leak development process.
42
Brookes, Jodi. "Biological and chemical hazards in water-mix metalworking fluids and mists". Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2017. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/21507/.
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Background: Occupational exposure to used metalworking fluid (MWF) mists is a risk factor in the development of allergic and irritant respiratory disease. Respiratory disease "outbreaks" have prompted further investigation into possible causative factors. These might include sensitizing agents accumulating in used MWF. However, there is no clear evidence that shows whether levels of biologicals and chemicals detected within the sump are representative of what is found in the mist. Method: Samples of used MWF and mist samples were obtained from UK sites. Analysis of biological contaminants was conducted using a combination of 16S rRNA PCR-DGGE, qPCR, zymography, fluorescence based assays and NanoLC-ESI-MSe. Metals particulates and dissolved metals were analysed using ICP-MS. Results: Bacteria were detected in both used MWF sump and mist samples. These included Ochrobactrum and Proprionibacterium at site visit one, and Methylobacterium at site visit two. Other potentially pathogenic bacterium detected within the MWF sump sample included organisms from the Mycobacterium chelonae-Mycobacterium abscessus complex, and Wautersiella Falsenii. Bacterial toxins in the form of “serine-like” proteases were detected within 76% of the MWF samples and in two of the mist samples. Potentially sensitizing metals such as zinc, aluminium, manganese, chromium and nickel were detected at different levels within both the used MWF sumps and the mist samples taken. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that it is likely contaminants and constituents of MWF become airborne during machining processes. However, further research is required to determine the quantities of such contaminants in the mist to determine whether they would meet the threshold to initiate the development of allergic respiratory diseases seen in machine operators.
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Viljoen, Liandi. "Comparison of South African occupational exposure limits for hazardous chemical substances with those of other countries / Liandi Viljoen". Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8640.
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Various hazardous chemical substances are used daily as part of manufacturing and
processing. Exposure to these hazardous chemical substances (HCSs) can cause
adverse health effects in the exposed workers. Occupational exposure limits (OELs)
are used to control exposure to these HCSs and thereby protect workers from the
adverse effects that exposure may induce.
The aim of this study was to compare South African list of OELs as contained in the
Hazardous Chemical Substance Regulations (HCSR) to several developed and
developing countries based on two aspects: (1) the number of substances that are
selected and regulated by the lists of each country (2) and the overall level of the
OELs set by the different countries and jurisdictions. Due to the nature and the large
amount of data the study is divided into two parts. The first part is a comparison of
South African OELs with nine developed countries and jurisdictions along with the
Mine Health and Safety Act Regulation 22.9 (MHSR) of South Africa. The second
comparison was conducted between South African and the four developing BRICS
countries. BRICS is an acronym for: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa,
all are leading developing countries. Substance selection and coverage was
compared by analysing the number of overlapping and uniquely regulated OELs that
existed between countries. The over-all level of OELs was determined and
quantified by using the statistical method, the geometric means of ratios. These
ratios were compared in order to establish how the levels of OELs of the South
African HCSR compare with the level of the various other countries.
Results indicated that there are large and unsystematic differences between the
selection of HCSs that are regulated by different countries and jurisdictions.
Individual coverage and selection of HCSs between the various developing and
developed countries and jurisdictions in the study was inconsistent and dissimilar. A
high number of HCSs are regulated by only one of the various countries included in
this study. Among the developed countries 20.8% of substances are uniquely
regulated, whereas 46% of HCSs are regulated by only one of the various
developing countries. According to the geometric means of ratios Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the only jurisdiction in a developed
country that has a higher overall level of OELs when compared to South Africa as for
the rest of the developed countries they all yielded a lower overall level of OELs.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH) had the lowest
overall level of OELs.
When compared with the BRICS countries South Africa had a higher overall level of
OELs. The average overall level of OELs differs substantially between the BRICS
countries; Russia having the lowest, and Brazil having the highest overall limit when
compared relative to South African HCSR. Strong similarities were found between
South African HCSR and MHSR indicating national similarity. The South African
OELs for HCSs have an overall higher level than the majority of developed and
developing countries. Various factors may be responsible for these differences
among countries and jurisdictions. These factors include, variations in scientific
reasoning, the risk acceptance of the negative impact that various HCSs might
induce and the time lags that countries have between updates. Further differences
may be explained by the difference in consideration of socio-economical and
practical feasibility of an OEL and the predominant industries in a country.Thesis (MSc (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Johansson, Felicia. "Evaluation of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) in composite wastewater samples from a hazardous waste management facility". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-86100.
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been used broadly in industries, firefighting foams, surfactant materials and consumer products. These compounds are very resistant to degradation in the environment and high exposure to these compounds may cause health issues such as cancer and immunosuppression. Many of the consumer products will end up as waste and later end up in landfills where the leachate will be contaminated by these compounds. The leachate can be dispersed to the surrounding environment, and it is therefore necessary to investigate and reduce the concentrations of PFAS in the landfill leachates. This study examined eight composite samples from eight different sample sites; the samples was originally from eight samples per sample site at a hazardous waste management facility collected at different time points, where 23 PFASs and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) were analysed. The concentrations of the total target PFASs ranged from 676-11 800 ng/L and the dominating compounds were short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), where perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) had the highest concentration in most samples. These results were compared with another on-going study that analysed the same sample sites with grab samples collected at different time points. The comparison was made on the average of three grab samples from each sample site and it showed that the results from the grab samples and composite samples were similar in terms of number of detected compounds but not exact in concentrations. Depending on the objective of the monitoring, it is possible to use composite samples to save money and time. The study also showed that 80% of the EOF in all samples, except one, were unidentified which implies that the water samples might consist of high amounts of PFASs not in the target list, or other fluorinated compounds with similar properties to PFAS, which needs to be investigated, monitored and might be reduced in the environment.
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Bella, Françoise. "Les choses dangereuses dans les contrats privés". Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS007S/document.
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Un simple regard porté sur la vie quotidienne suffit pour prendre conscience autant de la diversité des contrats que de la multitude des choses dangereuses qui nous entoure. La diversité contractuelle qui apparaît clairement dans le Code Civil et plus largement dans le droit civil, s’est aussi développée dans le droit commercial et plus amplement dans le droit des affaires. Quant aux choses dangereuses, comme souvent évoquée par la doctrine, elles sont de plus en plus considérées comme étant omniprésentes dans la société contemporaine. Les choses dangereuses peuvent être l’objet de tous les contrats qui existent et il ne fait pas de doute que l’intervention de ces dernières dans les contrats produit des effets autant sur leur formation que sur leur exécution. La présente recherche a donc pour objectif de déterminer quels sont ces effets dès lors que les choses dangereuses sont introduites volontairement ou non dans les contrats privés. Avant d’analyser lesdits effets, il s’est avéré nécessaire de définir au préalable et façon juridique, la notion de “chose dangereuse”. Cette définition a facilité l’étude de l’influence qu’exercent les choses dangereuses sur les contrats. L’analyse de ladite influence a permis d’élaborer un ensemble de règles pouvant s’appliquer, nos pas de façon sectorielle, mais d’une manière globale à tous les contrats portant sur les choses dangereuses. La détermination de cet ensemble de règle a pour objectif d’ assurer une gestion globale et efficace du danger (ou du risque) des choses dans le contratA simple outlook on daily life is enough for becoming aware of the diversity of the contracts as well as the multitude of dangerous things which surround us. The contractual diversity which appears in the Civil Code and more widely in civil law, is also developed in commercial law and more generally in business law. As for dangerous things, like often mentioned by the doctrine, they are increasingly considered to be ubiquitous in the contemporary society.Dangerous things can be part of all contracts as diverse they may be. But there is no doubt that the intervention of dangerous things in contracts does not let them free and it has inevitably effects as much on their training as on their execution. That is the reason why which explains the choice of this subject. We intend to find what are the effects produced by dangerous things when they are intentionally or unintentionally introduced into private contracts.Before analyzing those effects, it was necessary to define first, legally speaking, the concept of "dangerous thing". Indeed, this definition facilitates the study of the influence of dangerous things on the contracts which concern them. The analysis of that influence of dangerous things will help to develop a set of rules that could be applied to all contracts relating to dangerous things.The purpose of this analysis is to explore ways to ensure comprehensive management of risk in the contract, which can be easily transposed to all contracts relating to dangerous things
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Vaughan, N. P. "Methods for the assessment of dust hazards in metal processing industries". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372576.
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Amsterdam, Heinrich Francois. "The use of Monte Carlo simulation to quantify the uncertainty in modeled estimates of toxic, radiation and overpressure impacts resulting from accidents in large chemical plants". Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/893.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2004Current Risk Assessment procedures for the estimation of the acute health impacts resulting from the accidental release of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere involve the definition or construction of a representative accidental release scenario and the use of one or other air quality or dispersion model to estimate ambient air concentrations and exposure durations in the vicinity of the source. Legislation such as the South African Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993, Major Hazard Installation Regulations, United States Risk Management Plan Rule and the European Union Seveso n, to prevent and or minimize impacts of such events require owners of installations to perform a Risk Assessment if they handle hazardous substances above specified threshold quantities. Mathematical modeling has been widely used to assist with the Exposure Assessment to perform off-site worst-case release analysis. Governmental departments, agencies and local authorities increasingly (but not exclusively) rely on air pollution models for making decisions related to air quality, traffic management, urban planning, and public health. As a result, the model users' community is becoming larger and more diverse. Most of the air quality modeling work has so far been based on the "deterministic" approach of using only set input parameters and specific applications. The selected model provides estimates of averaged concentrations using specific meteorological and emission data sets.
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Grissom, Tyler Glenn. "Fundamental Investigations of Hazardous Gas Uptake and Binding in Metal-Organic Frameworks and Polyurethane Films". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101079.
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The advancements of chemists, engineers, and material scientists has yielded an enormous and diverse library of high-performance materials with varying chemical and physical properties that can be used in a wide array of applications. A molecular-level understanding of the nature of gas–surface interactions is critical to the development of next generation materials for applications such as gas storage and separation, chemical sensing, catalysis, energy conversion, and protective coatings. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopic techniques were employed to probe how topological features of a material as well as structural differences of the analytes affect gas sorption. Detailed studies of the interactions of three categories of molecules: aromatic hydrocarbons, triatomic ambient gases, and chemical warfare agents, with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and polyurethane coatings were conducted to build structure–property relationships for the nature and energetics of gas sorption within each material. Differences in the molecular structure of the guest compounds were found to greatly influence how, and to what extent each molecule interacts with the MOF or polyurethane film. Specifically, IR studies revealed that transport of aromatic compounds within the zirconium-based MOF, UiO-66 was limited by steric restrictions as molecules passed through small triangular apertures within the pore environment of the MOF. In contrast, the smaller triatomic molecules, CO2, SO2, and NO2, were able to pass freely through the MOF apertures and instead reversibly adsorbed inside the MOF cavities. Specifically, SO2 and NO2 were observed to preferentially bind to undercoordinated zirconium sites located on the MOF nodes. In addition, uptake of CO2, SO2, and NO2 was also aided by dispersion forces within the confined pore environments and by hydrogen bond formation with μ3 OH groups of the MOFs. Dimethyl chlorophosphate (DMCP), a nerve agent simulant that contains several electronegative moieties, was also found to strongly adsorb to undercoordinated zirconium; however, unlike in the aromatic and triatomic molecule systems, DMCP remained permanently bound to the MOFs, even at high temperatures. Finally, QCM studies of mustard gas simulant uptake into polyurethane films of varying hard:soft segment compositions revealed that dipole-dipole and dipole-induced dipole interactions were responsible for favorable absorption conditions. Furthermore, the ratio of hard and soft segment components of the polyurethane had a minor impact on simulant adsorption. Higher hard-segment content resulted in a more crystalline film that reduced simulant uptake, whereas the rubbery, high soft segment polyurethane allowed for greater vapor absorption. Ultimately, molecular-level insight into how the chemical identity of a guest molecule impacts the mechanism and energetics of vapor sorption into both MOFs and polymeric films can be extended to other relevant systems and may help identify how specific characteristics of each material, such as size, shape, and chemical functionality impact their potential use in targeted applications.Doctor of Philosophy
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Mamabolo, Mankabidi Cuthbert. "Effects of TDS and Br on the accumulation of water-borne potentially hazardous chemical constituents As en Pb in broilers". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06112009-141112.
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Najjar, Hala M. "Using historic accident data to estimate the potential fatalities due to chemical hazards". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36116.
Texto completoResumen
Inherent safety is that which is intrinsic to a chemical plant. Chemical plants should be designed to be acceptably safe and it is better if this can be achieved through inherent safety, which cannot be compromised, rather than added-on engineered safety. The earlier that inherent safety is considered, the greater are the benefits. The aim of this project is to develop a method which can be used to assess the inherent safety of a chemical plant, by estimating the potential number of fatalities in the event of a catastrophic accident. This method is intended for use in the early phases of design when the major decisions on the chemical process are made. In the early stages, only limited information about equipment and plant layout exist as well as the reaction chemistry and the physical, chemical and toxicity properties of the chemicals involved.