Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Harbors – Great Britain – Environmental aspects"
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Singh, Veer Inder, Rahul Kumar Sharma, Yogesh Kumar y Sadique Saqulain. "Pharmacological aspects & medicinal uses of Trigonella foenum-graecum: A Current Review". International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 12, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v12i4.2204.
Texto completoRizzetto, Mauro, Pam J. Crabtree y Umberto Albarella. "Livestock Changes at the Beginning and End of the Roman Period in Britain: Issues of Acculturation, Adaptation, and ‘Improvement’". European Journal of Archaeology 20, n.º 3 (27 de marzo de 2017): 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.13.
Texto completoYu, Bao, Jianmei Wang y Ya Li. "Environmental Aspects of the European Experience in Landscape Planning". Problemy Ekorozwoju 17, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2022.1.28.
Texto completoŁakomy-Chłosta, Agnieszka. "Działalność wydawnicza i graficzna Wiener Werkstätte jako przejaw ruchu artystycznego Arts and Crafts w europejskiej kulturze pierwszej połowy XX w." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia ad Bibliothecarum Scientiam Pertinentia 20 (29 de marzo de 2023): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20811861.20.13.
Texto completoAndreeva, Galina. "THE MAGNA CARTA AS A LEGAL ACT, A CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL ARTIFACT AND AN OBJECT OF FINE ART". Herald of Culturology, n.º 2 (2022): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/hoc/2022.02.09.
Texto completoHarrison, R. T. "The Incidence and Nature of Redundancy in the Northern Ireland Shipbuilding Industry 1972 – 1983". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 18, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1986): 1225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a181225.
Texto completoKamolov, Bakhtiyor Kh y Saodat U. Sulaymonova. "ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN SOURCES ON THE FORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS". CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 02, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-02-11-07.
Texto completoKozin, S. V. "Society in the period of COVID–19. Review of the collective monograph “Pandemic COVID-19: challenges, consequences, counteraction” (edited by A.V. Torkunov, S.V. Ryazantsev, V.K. Levashov)". Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 28, n.º 3 (14 de septiembre de 2022): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2022-28-3-306-319.
Texto completoKhudaykulov, Feruzbek. "OBJECTIVE SIGNS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES AND THEIR FEATURES: ANALYSIS AND PROPOSALS". Jurisprudence 1, n.º 6 (15 de diciembre de 2021): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.1.6./dvdi7179.
Texto completoVenherska, Natalia y Ruslana Vorona. "SMARTIZATION AND DECARBONIZATION OF UKRAINIAN METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES AS DIRECTIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION". INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, n.º 3 (2023): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2023.3.5.
Texto completoSalamakha, Maryana, Iryna Semeriak, Larysa Solohub, Olha Vynnyk y Iryna Bodnar. "The discourse of American and British political interviews". Revista Amazonia Investiga 13, n.º 73 (30 de enero de 2024): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2024.73.01.13.
Texto completoNeilson, I. D. "Vehicle Safety—a Review for 1993". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 207, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_169_02.
Texto completoNavickaitė, Marija. "UŽSIENIO LIETUVIŲ KORESPONDENCIJA NELEGALIOJE LIETUVIŲ SPAUDOJE XIX A. PABAIGOJE – 1904 METAIS". Res Humanitariae 30 (29 de diciembre de 2022): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rh.v30i0.2464.
Texto completoRiabovol, Liliia y Yana Tytska. "Current issues of modern higher education: International-legal experience". Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, n.º 66 (30 de julio de 2023): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.66.06.26.
Texto completoBowes, Alison, Alison Dawson y Rosalie Ashworth. "Time for care: exploring time use by carers of older people". Ageing and Society 40, n.º 8 (29 de marzo de 2019): 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000205.
Texto completoLanskoy, Grigorii. "Fundamental and applied aspects of geopolitical studies in USA and their influence on contemporary practice of international relations". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 16, n.º 2 (2023): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2023.203.
Texto completoRUDA, Tatyana. "INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF APPLICATION OF THE COMMON TRANSIT PROCEDURE". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 312, n.º 6(2) (29 de diciembre de 2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-312-6(2)-8.
Texto completoHoroshko, Valentyna, Yehor Nazymko y Yurii Pavliutin. "CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: PROBLEMATIC ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ISSUES, WAYS OF REFORMING". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-3-48-52.
Texto completoZolotar, A. S. "USING THE GLOBALIZATION EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD'S LEADING COUNTRIES IN THE FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION IN UKRAINE". National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, n.º 1(57) (31 de mayo de 2023): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2023.1(57).280830.
Texto completoRutkiewicz, Krzysztof y Angelika Pruchnicka. "STATE AID IN THE AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY SECTORS AND IN RURAL AREAS IN RESPECT OF THE COMPETITION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE YEARS 2004-2015". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, n.º 3 (22 de agosto de 2017): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3257.
Texto completoMILLER, CAROLINE L. "Research in urban history: a review of recent theses". Urban History 33, n.º 2 (agosto de 2006): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926806003828.
Texto completoMacKenzie, John M. "Lusaka: New Capital and the Imperial Garden City Movement". Britain and the World 16, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2023): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2023.0404.
Texto completoButovskaya, Marina L., Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Elena Z. Godina, Kaushik S. Bose, Mariya V. Dobrovol'skaya, Andrei I. Kozlov, Mariya B. Mednikova, Irina A. Khomiakova, Anastasiya T. Agdzhoyan y Taisiya A. Syutkina. "The review of the IX International scientific conference, dedicated to the memory of academicians V.P. Alexeev and T.I. Alexeeva". Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), n.º 4 (21 de noviembre de 2022): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2022.4.137-149.
Texto completoStepanov, Evgeniy G., Vadim T. Kaibyshev, Lyayla M. Masyagutova y Guzyal R. Sadrtdinova. "Working conditions and health status of school workers (literature review)". Hygiene and sanitation 103, n.º 2 (15 de marzo de 2024): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-141-146.
Texto completoDevara, Evan, Maret Priyanta y Yulinda Adharani. "INOVASI PENDEKATAN BERBASIS RISIKO DALAM PERSETUJUAN LINGKUNGAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG CIPTA KERJA". LITRA: Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan, Tata Ruang, dan Agraria 1, n.º 1 (13 de septiembre de 2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/litra.v1i1.641.
Texto completoSOSNOVA, Miroslava. "ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND MODERN CONCEPT OF THE FUTURE TEACHERS TRAINING". Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Pedagogical Sciences 12 (2022): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2522-1477-2022-12-117-125.
Texto completoNETTEN, ANN, ROBIN DARTON, ANDREW BEBBINGTON y PAMELA BROWN. "Residential or nursing home care? The appropriateness of placement decisions". Ageing and Society 21, n.º 1 (enero de 2001): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0100808x.
Texto completoSaher, Liudmyla, Tatjana Tambovceva y Radoslaw Miskiewicz. "Research Progress and Knowledge Structure of Inclusive Growth: A Bibliometric Analysis". Virtual Economics 4, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34021/ve.2021.04.04(1).
Texto completoKARPENKO, Lidiia. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINANCIAL MECHANISM FOR PROVIDING THE STATE GUARANTEES OF POPULATION MEDICAL SERVICE: FOREIGN PRACTICE". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 302, n.º 1 (enero de 2022): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-302-1-48.
Texto completoKhomenko, Liliia, Olena Chygryn, Kateryna Shevchenko, Yuriy Bilan y Ihor Ponomarenko. "CARBON NEUTRALITY OF UKRAINE BY 2050". Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2022, n.º 4 (2022): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2022.4-16.
Texto completoRybina, Olena I., Nataliia E. Letunovska y Aleksandra Kuzior. "Socially responsible marketing as a way to increase the competitiveness of business entities". Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, n.º 1 (2020): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.87.07.
Texto completoLovas, Dóra. "Relevance of the Court Decision on the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant in Relation to Paks II". Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.305-317.
Texto completoFEDOROVA, N. V. y S. YU SAVIN. "PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE RESISTANCE OF FACILITIES EXPERIENCED TO LOCALIZED STRUCTURAL DAMAGE - AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW". Building and reconstruction 95, n.º 3 (2021): 76–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2021-95-3-76-108.
Texto completoKhomenko, Liliia, Olena Chygryn, Cetin Bektas y Andriy Iskakov. "Carbon Neutrality of Ukraine as a Determinant of Green Development". Economic Herald of SHEI USUCT 17, n.º 1 (2023): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/2415-3974-2022-17-1-122-127.
Texto completoDulger, Volodymyr, Serhii Baranov y Ivan Khozlu. "THE INSTITUTE OF CITIZEN APPEALS AS AN ACTIVE MECHANISM FOR THE PROTECTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC HUMAN RIGHTS". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-3-65-71.
Texto completoSafonchyk, Oksana y Konstiantyn Vitman. "PROSPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n.º 4 (29 de octubre de 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-212-220.
Texto completoSzadziewska, Arleta y Halina Waniak-Michalak. "Editorial". Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 109, n.º 165 (29 de octubre de 2020): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4338.
Texto completoBotvinov, Rоstislav, Anna Bohorodytska y Lina Dmitrieva. "ANALYZE OF ACTIVITIES DATA OF SUBJECT OF WORLD INSURANCE MARKET". State and Regions. Series: Economics and Business, n.º 2(125) (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1814-1161/2022-2-1.
Texto completoClair, Amy, Emma Baker y Meena Kumari. "Are housing circumstances associated with faster epigenetic ageing?" Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 10 de octubre de 2023, jech—2023–220523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2023-220523.
Texto completoDubіshchev, Viktor y Oleksandr Kudinov. "The Process of Decentralization Management Based on Foreign Experience". Economics and Region, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/eir.2020.3(78).1993.
Texto completoFedets, A. "The main aspects of foreign experience of state regulation of the market for the provision of services for the collection of funds and transportation of currency valuables". Democratic governance, n.º 27 (9 de junio de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33990/2070-4038.27.2021.239244.
Texto completoGao, Xiang. "A ‘Uniform’ for All States?" M/C Journal 26, n.º 1 (15 de marzo de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2962.
Texto completoMorrison, Susan Signe. "Walking as Memorial Ritual: Pilgrimage to the Past". M/C Journal 21, n.º 4 (15 de octubre de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1437.
Texto completoPatti-Signorelli, Anna y José Javier Romero-Díaz de la Guardia. "CHAPTER 4: The biopsychosocial model and what it means for understanding inclusion in education - Brahm Norwich Introduction This chapter focuses on two specific pieces of Paul Cooper’s writing from 19 and 15 years ago respectively, namely his ideas about the biopsychosocial model and how he developed and used this perspective in unique ways to expand our thinking about inclusion and inclusive education. I believe this will give me the opportunity to show the detail of his analyses and way he engaged in the key debates going on in the field. It will also enable me to show the continuing relevance /of the arguments he voiced to current issues and concerns. Paul’s intellectual approach has been to oppose what he sees as false oppositions or dichotomies and this is something I have learned from and shared with him. The biopsychosocial model was for him a way to combine and bring together a more complex synthesis not just as an intellectual exercise, but as critical to enhancing educational practice, especially for those with disability and difficulties. A critical discussion of education, ADHD and the biopsychosocial (BPS) perspective Paul Cooper’s paper on the biopsychosocial perspective (Cooper, 2008) focuses on ADHD to propose a BPS model or what is called here a ‘paradigm’ as a way forward to address controversies amongst educationalists. Its argument had and continues to have much wider significance for the field of special educational needs and inclusive education. The main point in the paper was to show how the polarity between biological and social explanations for learning and behaviour problems had become redundant and unhelpful. ADHD it was stated was influenced by both biology and the social environment and indeed was ‘socially constructed’. But, this notion of social construction was not like the one adopted by the social model advocates referenced in the paper and still widely used in the 2020s. Shakespeare (2018, p. 68), for example, refers to the social model of disability as ‘the idea that people are disabled by society, rather than by their bodies’. What motivated Paul was the negativity towards the ADHD concept based on what he saw as: ‘outdated thinking and a lack of understanding of the diagnosis and the biopsychosocial paradigm through which it can be usefully understood’ (p. 457). Before examining the arguments about a social or a BPS model of ADHD, it worth exploring the usage of the terms in these models in written publications generally and in relation to academic research publications in education. Using the google ngram viewer system shows that the phrase ’social model of disability’ is used 114 times more in those texts covered within the google system than the phrase ‘biopsychosocial model of disability’ published in 2019. In addition, references to the phrase ‘social model of disability; increased 2.6 times from 2000 to 2019. By contrast, the use of the phrase ‘biopsychosocial model of disability’ increased more rapidly by 9.3 times, over the same period. Though this analysis is confined to those ngram accessed books in English, it does show that the ‘social model’ was used in this corpus considerably more than the ‘BPS model’. This is so even when the ‘BPS model’ had a greater increase in usage compared to the ‘social model’ over this almost two decade period. This picture is repeated when examining research literature references in education using the Education Research Complete database (ERC). In a search for literature with the terms ‘inclusive education or inclusion or mainstreaming or integration’ and either ‘biopsychosocial model’ or ‘social model’, it was found that there were 13 times as many references for social model than BPS model. It is clear from these analyses that Paul Cooper’s position has not been widely adopted since the 2000s and into the late 2010s, despite the international interest in the WHO International Classification of Functioning (ICF), which adopts a BPS model of disability (Hollenweger, 2012). My argument here is that this does not detract from the value and importance of the arguments in his paper. I am not going into the details of the case for the usefulness and risks in the use of medical classification systems that include ADHD as the most prevalent of childhood behaviour disorders. Cooper’s 2008 paper does this, and no doubt since then the current state of knowledge about ADHD has changed. What I will focus on is the argument made by Paul Cooper about the involvement of biological processes in functioning that comes to be identified as ADHD. Here he considered evidence for there being a problem in the response inhibition system, involving neuropsychological executive functioning mechanisms implicating physiological processes in the frontal lobes of the brain. In addition, he also implicates the genetic studies that have shown a much greater incidence of ADHD among identical than non-identical twins and among children who are biologically related as opposed to adopted. What he resists is the polarising between recognising these biological processes on human behaviour and the social processes; the either – or in favour of the both – and perspective. This is a central point in the commentary I am making of Paul Cooper’s positions and one which will be made too in relation to his ideas about inclusion in education below. The BPS model he is advocating rejects a biological determinism and represents biological factors as being mediated by psychosocial processes; the biological is subjected to social construction at various social and psychological levels. See Figure 4.1 which represents this kind of BPS model. In this respect the BPS model he advocates has strong links to Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological model (Bronfenbrenner and Morris, 2006). It is notable that many references to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model have tended to also split the biological from the psycho-social (Tudge et al., 2009). Figure 4.1 Factors in interaction in the bio-psycho-social model of ADHD Critical reactions to ADHD have involved the dismissal of ADHD by some as a medical construct that individualises educational failure and disruptive behaviour. Part of the aversion to ADHD has been its use to legitimise the practice of using drugs as a form of social control of defiant children. Some argued this approach represented wrong-headed pseudo-science. The argument which Paul Cooper focussed on was the assertion that this individualised these problems, distract from how schools and teachers were involved in these problems, and so absolve them of responsibility to provide relevant opportunities for these groups. He countered this argument by claiming that the BPS model recognises that schools are a major setting through which institutional control and pedagogical practices contribute to the construction of ADHD. In his argument for a more complex BPS model, he countered the arguments of authors like Slee (1995) who were critical of what they portrayed as: ‘The monism of locating the nature of [classroom] disruption in the neurological infrastructure of the child is myopic and convenient’ (Slee, 1995, p. 74). Slee has continued this critical line of argument with his more recent views about the language of special educational needs in referring to: ‘the saturation of our discourse and thinking with the quasi-medical posturing of special educational needs. The conceptual foundations and usage of terms like special educational needs passes without a second thought’ (Slee, 2018; p. 78). Paul Cooper’s thorough response to four challenges from the critical perspective continue to be very relevant to the current circumstances. Firstly, it has been claimed that the ADHD diagnosis is somehow bogus or ‘illicit’ because there is an absence of neuro-scientific evidence. In this article he illustrates how this is ‘patently untrue’ (p. 463). Secondly, ADHD is sometimes claimed to be an example of biological determinism, a claim which expresses a fear of determinism and its associated denial of human agency. Here he has sympathy with this fear but shows how this is not well founded as regards developmental opportunities, given the interaction between biological inheritance and environmental factors in the development of behavioural difficulties. Paul Cooper argued that not only were there several biological pathways implicated in the development of ADHD, but that ADHD is not biologically determined in the simplistic sense suggested by some; see the Slee quote above. He turns the argument by ADHD critics about ADHD diverting attention from school factors against their position. He suggests that portraying ADHD as an example of biological determinism, itself diverts attention from converting a biopsychosocial account of ADHD into pedagogical and other interventions. By knowing more about the biological, psychological and social factors in ADHD enables us, he argued, to avoid aggravating experienced difficulties and promoting educational engagement. The third challenge he addressed was that an ADHD ‘diagnosis’ rests on value-laden, culturally-specific judgements about behavioural or cognitive norms. Here Paul Cooper adopts a perspective, not often found in debates about behaviour difficulties and school education norms. He recognised that children who are biologically predisposed to develop ADHD can be at a disadvantage by culturally based assumptions about appropriate school and classroom behaviour. But, this, he argues, does not reflect on the clinicians who identify ADHD, but reflects on the weaknesses of, what he called, ‘Western mass education’. This issue is about whether to change the educational environment to accommodate the student or to change the student to enable him or her to engage with an unchanging environment. As Paul Cooper recognised the attempt is often made to combine environmental and individual changes. He suggested that using medication can be seen as the failure of the school to make changes that enable the student with ADHD to engage effectively. The implications for those wanting to make schools more inclusive is to learn the lesson that ADHD teaches about shaping the educational environment to improve learning opportunities. In discussing how he approached this challenge, it is also notable that some psychologists have adopted more recently a BPS model of ADHD and supplemented the social aspects with a focus on the cultural aspects that relate to the mental health needs of culturally and linguistically diverse children and young people (Pham, 2015). The fourth challenge Paul Cooper responded to was that accepting an ADHD diagnosis ‘legitimise[s] the practice of drugging defiant children into docility’ (Skidmore, 2004, p. 4). To this he points out that informed opinion does not consider medication for ADHD as an essential treatment, and that whatever is decided is to be in the context of a multi-modal treatment programme that includes psychosocial and educational interventions. In his paper he refers to the UK guidance from 2000 and this is still the current guidelines (NICE, 2018). How parents participate in intervention selection is also illustrated in Pham (2015). The linked and final challenge he dealt with was that ADHD represents the wrongful medicalisation of defiance in school children. Here Paul Cooper questioned the link between defiance and the functional issues associated with ADHD. He suggested that defiance is better considered as a cognitive distortion affecting social engagement rather than a deficit in executive functioning associated with ADHD. So, not complying with parent wishes is seen as non-volitional and not to be confused with defiance. For him what was concerning was the ‘high moral tone’ (p. 470) which concealed limited understanding about ADHD that he believed could be dangerous. A crucial difference between the social and BPS models In defending the BPS model from critical arguments, Paul Cooper did not examine the ideological or value basis for the knowledge claims in these debates. From a critical perspective, it has been suggested by Slee & Weiner (2001) that it is possible to identify two groups of researchers, which they characterise in these terms, namely those who work within, what they call the ‘positivist paradigm’, accept the way things are, attempt to make marginal reforms and who criticise ‘full inclusion’ as ideological; and those who see inclusive education as cultural politics and call for educational reconstruction. This distinction between a positivist / technical versus cultural political position can be aligned with one between an investigatory versus an emancipatory perspective to research about disability (Oliver, 1999). Oliver frames the research-as-investigation as the dominant form of social research which is unacceptable to oppressed groups, such as those with disabilities, who aim to collectively empower themselves. In this perspective the social model of disability expresses the emancipatory stance which is pursued through cultural politics. This contrasts with a technical – interventionist perspective that derives from what Slee and Weiner (2001) call a ‘positivist paradigm’ and is associated with what is called a medical or a bio-medical model. It can be seen that this dichotomy between research stances embraces the splitting which Paul Cooper argued against. Figure 4.2 below represents these distinct research stances as adopting emancipatory or investigatory values, while showing their main focus and linked assumptions. With emancipatory values the main focus is on reducing the oppression of the vulnerable with this being done through collective socio-political action and in doing so entailing a causal assumption that it is the dominant social system that oppresses. With investigatory values, the main focus is on identifying complex causal models of a phenomenon and in doing so assumes that this knowledge can be used for subsequent improvement interventions. Figure 4.2 Value bases underlying different research stances One of the main arguments in this chapter is that there are links and common elements to these two basic value positions, so raising questions about the split and opposition between them. Both connect knowledge with action for social change, on one hand, and both assume some causal processes, on the other. The difference is in the assumptions of their main focus. Identifying complex causal processes (e.g. that includes social processes as part of a BPS perspective) is the primary focus of the investigatory stance, while change depends on applying this knowledge in interventions. This stance represents an outsider-spectator-intervenor perspective. By contrast, reducing the oppression of the vulnerable is the primary focus of the emancipatory stance, with this being through collective political and social action. This stance represents an insider-participator perspective. So, while distinct, there are connections to be recognised between them which can help to understand what the social stands for in these two models. The social in the social model stands for where change is to be focussed; in the socio-political arena. The social, by contrast, in the BPS model stands for the social factors that need to be understood in their interaction with bio-psychological causal factors. Making use of the distinction between insider-outsider role perspectives enables us to see how these different value stances can be connected and not seen as opposites to select between. As Paul Cooper argued in his 2008 paper, informed opinion does not consider medication for ADHD as an essential treatment / intervention; the BPS model implies multi-modal methods including psychosocial and educational interventions (NICE, 2018). Intervention / treatment acceptability is also an important consideration when considering individual children with identified ADHD from a BPS perspective, as illustrated in Pham’s (2015) case study. This implies that parents and young people will participate in action decisions, which gives them an insider role. However, the social model goes beyond insider participation at the individual level, to involve collective participation at institutional and societal levels too. This is where the BPS model could be open to insider participation beyond the individual level, to see the value of institutional and societal participation too. And, as the BPS can be open to the collective action of the social model, so the social model can be open to the outsider perspective’s recognition of multi-level causal processes (including the bio-psychological levels) and their associated interventions. Inclusion as a buzz-word In this 2008 paper Paul Cooper suggested that the use of insights from the BPS model in developing educational provision is likely to lead to a more genuinely inclusive education system. This was written after an earlier editorial he wrote in the journal Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties in 2004 (Cooper, 2004). Here he pointed to the overuse and misuse of the word inclusion, suggesting that it will lose its meaning and that the purposes for which it was coined will become neglected. One way of challenging this misuse, he mentioned, was to be vigilant about how it is used and to call for greater clarity. In this editorial he stated that social inclusion is about active participation and engagement with other people. With inclusive education, he continued, it is not just about social inclusion, but an individual’s active engagement in formal learning processes. Here Paul Cooper goes beyond common ideas about inclusion which are defined in terms of social and academic participation (as in the Inclusion Index; Booth and Ainscow, 2011), by clarifying that it is also about academic and social engagement. From this it was clear that inclusion was more than both location / placement and social interaction with other people; it was also about personal engagement with others and with formal learning. Paul Cooper was not alone in linking engagement with inclusion, he shared this with Mary Warnock, the chair of the Warnock Committee which in 1978 set out new policies about the education of children and young people with disabilities and difficulties (Warnock, 2005). In her 2005 policy paper she rejected the idea of educational inclusion as about ‘all children under the same roof’. She preferred a learning concept of inclusion, which was about: ‘including all children in the common educational enterprise of learning, wherever they learn best’ (Warnock, 2005). Though she does not use the term ‘engagement’ as such, her notion of learning where done best connects with ‘engagement’ and prioritises this over placement, a view which was also adopted later by Paul for the area of education of children and young people with social, emotional and behaviour difficulties (Cooper and Jacobs, 2011). Paul Cooper drew on the psychological ideas of Marjorie Boxall in the Boxall Profile (Bennathan and Boxall, 2003) to connect Inclusion with engagement, as he mentioned in his 2004 editorial. For him engagement was at the heart of educational inclusion from a cognitive perspective. He adopted the five subskills of what the Boxall Profile termed ‘the organization of experience’: whether the child gives purposeful attention, participates constructively, connects up experiences, shows insightful involvement and engages cognitively with peers. Within this framework he recognised that children with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) can have problems with some or all of these skills. So, it can be argued that the child who experiences SEBD is socially, emotionally and cognitively excluded from what is going in class lessons; with SEBD being framed as a barrier to inclusion. This concept of a barrier is very different to that proposed from a social model perspective as in the Inclusion Index (Booth and Ainscow, 2011), in which barriers are only external to the person. But, Paul Cooper does not draw the conclusion that children with SEBD can never be ‘included’. Here he makes the distinction between inclusion-as-location and inclusion-as-engagement, with the implication that in some cases when there is not mainstream class inclusion this does not mean there cannot be some engagement inclusion. He also reminded us that inclusion is such that nobody is ever fully included in any situation all the time. In this sense his ideas resemble Qvortrup and Qvortrup’s (2018) argument that inclusion and exclusion are connected through peoples’ simultaneous involvement in different social arenas. With social interactions involving negotiations in all situations, Paul Cooper argued that any episode can result in tensions and the rejection of the people involved . This is a feature of our lives and in this respect the child experiencing SEBD is no different from others. However, he pointed out that the child or young person with a SEBD is at greater risk of rejection or exclusion, which may be attributed to individual characteristics in interaction with social circumstances (in line with a BPS model). Using this notion of engagement, he also approached the questions of teaching children and young people with SEBD in terms of the BPS model. In avoiding a focus just on problems located in the student, he adopted an interactionist perspective that combined specialist teaching knowledge about individual differences with teachers’ practical thinking about decision-making that led to adapted teaching (Cooper, 2004). He reviewed in this 2004 chapter and in his later 2008 paper discussed above, the various teaching strategies that research had shown to promote further engagement for children with ADHD. It is useful here to compare his engagement perspective to a well-known ‘Inclusive Pedagogy (IP) framework for participation in classrooms’ developed by Florian and Black-Hawkins (2011). This framework in covering access, collaboration, achievement and diversity aimed to extend what was typically available in the classroom community to all. It avoided having learning activities for most being alongside different activities for some who experience difficulties. It also proposed differentiation by pupil choice for everyone while rejecting ability grouping. This is an approach that required flexibility to be driven by need and not curriculum coverage, while seeing difficulties in learning as professional challenges rather than learner deficits. Though Paul Cooper’s perspective agreed with some elements of this inclusive pedagogy framework (e.g. flexibility and responding to learning difficulties as a challenge), his does not accept the either-or polarity at the core of the framework with the adoption of only one option: differentiation by choice v. by grouping and only opting for the former, or seeing learning difficulties as a professional challenge v. learner deficits and opting only for the challenge option). This IP framework reflects the medical v social model polarity that he argued against while favouring a BPS model. Based on his approach of seeing social and academic engagement as being at the heart of educational and social inclusion, he believed that it followed that: ‘students are best placed in educational settings where they have access to and support for maximum social and academic engagement’. (Cooper, 2004, p. 222). In his view, this meant that there was no simple way to decide about the provision setting. For some pupils this meant access to various forms of provision, but always a detailed analysis of individual capabilities and needs as well as what provision affords should determine the decisions. Conclusion This chapter has focussed on two of Paul Cooper’s papers in which he explained and justified his ideas about the biopsychosocial model and how he developed and used this perspective in unique ways to expand our thinking about inclusion and inclusive education. Through relating and contrasting these with other contemporary and current ideas I hope to have shown his distinctive and insightful contribution. I have also tried to extend his adoption of a both-and rather than an either-or approach by discussing the epistemological and value bases of different models, on one hand, and how difference and distinction does not imply irreconcilable opposition between the key models in the field. References: Bennathan, M. & Boxall, M. (2003) The Boxall Profile. East Sutton: SEBDA. 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