Literatura académica sobre el tema "Handwriting kinetics"

Background. Knowledge regarding the relationship between writing kinetics and the difference among writing tasks is limited. Purpose. This study examined the differences in handwriting performance when doing tasks with different levels of challenge from both temporal and kinetic perspectives among children in four different age groups. Method. The cross-sectional design introduced a force-acquisition pen to detect differences of pen grip and writing kinetics among 170 school-age children doing writing tasks at different difficulty levels. Data were obtained on the force information of the digits and pen tip and the kinetic parameters to examine the coordination-and-control mechanism between the digits and pen. Statistical analyzes were carried out to indicate the differences in writing performance among groups and tasks. Findings. Statistical differences in the pen-grip forces, force fluctuation, and force ratio between grip and pen-tip forces were found when performing different writing tasks and among different age groups. Implications. The study provides an alternative method to explore how writing performance among school-age children can vary according to the difficulty of the writing tasks.

Background: Hand is an important structure used for reaching, holding object predominantly for that grasp and grip strength particularly tripod pinch grip strength is very essential and handwriting is one of the skilled fine motor movements in that deft handwriting which include particular speed with legible writing product is needed for students especially for their higher grades to achieve their best academic performance. Objective: Deft Handwriting is an essential functional skill that impacts on Academic performance and progress from primary school level to higher grades, mostly assumed that grasp and tripod pinch grip affects legibility, speed, yet research studies examining this relationship as correlation are limited. Method: We used Narrative review methodology to map existing research on tripod pinch grip and handwriting quality from the school-age children to higher grades and to identify gaps in the literature. Results: Ten articles met search criteria and were categorized by grasp patterns which mainly include tripod –dynamic tripod grip strength and handwriting performance in speed and readability and grasp kinetics and handwriting performance. Findings suggest an inefficient grasp can lead to decreased handwriting quality i.e legibility and speed. The current literature is inconclusive and several gaps were identified. Conclusion: Tripod pinch grip strength consider as an important since the thump ,index and middle finger its fine motor action , pressure and force exerted on the pencil since static and dynamic tripod pinch commonly used with students if the student lack of this factor finally end in the low academic performance which affect their higher grades, hence Early Analysis at the primary level and early intervention with maintain the higher grades consider as an essential factor reveals from the article.

Background: Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) exhibit visual–motor deficits affecting handwriting. Shape tracing, a key prerequisite for handwriting, supports motor and cognitive development but remains underexplored in research, particularly in objectively studying its role in children with DCD. Objectives: To compare the kinetics (pressure applied to the writing surface) and kinematics (spatial and temporal aspects) of shape tracing in children with pDCD to those of typically developing (TD) peers utilizing a digitized tablet. Methods: A total of 27 children with pDCD aged 7 to 12 years and 27 TD children matched by age and gender traced five unique shapes resembling print letters onto a digitized tablet. Participants’ performance measurements included precision, time, smoothness, velocity, and pressure. Results: The findings revealed lower precision, longer duration, more smoothness but less consistency, lower velocity, and less pressure application in the pDCD group. Conclusions: This research underlies the mechanisms of shape-tracing difficulties in children with DCD. Insights into early shape-tracing processes beyond product outcomes are essential for therapeutic and educational interventions, with digitized tablets offering a novel tool for assessing graphomotor skills in children with DCD.

Handwriting, like all other behavior, is regulated by the brain. This is typically an unconscious mechanism that is closely related to brain impulses. Any mental disorder can impair the forearm's kinetic motions, as can be seen in the subject's handwriting. It's crucial to focus on how a subject write rather than what a subject write if you want to understand health and mental issues. The aim of this analysis study is to learn about the changes that occur in an individual's handwriting characteristics during psychological problems, or when the subject is in a troubled state of mind. Calligraphy The study and analysis of handwriting, especially in relation to human psychology, is known as graphology. It has been discovered that features related to motion, time, and pressure are very useful and could be used to diagnose health and mental disorders using a manual or digital handwriting analysis approach.

Although reading and writing are often treated as two separate processes, the research data of recent years suggest that these two functions seem to be interrelated and one depends on the other. The aim of this study was to examine whether handwriting is related to and, further, influences the development of reading abilities. To this end, we have reviewed neuroimaging research conducted over the last fifteen years. Research findings, both for pre-school and early-school children, as well as for adults, showed that handwriting influences brain development and activates brain reading systems more than other sensory kinetic techniques. Neuroimaging revealed that learning to write is based on the development of a network of brain structures, which includes the dorsal premotor cortex, the ventral premotor cortex, the upper parietal cortex and the fusiform gyrus of the left hemisphere in right-handed persons, as well as the contralateral cerebellum, structures whose participation and interconnection are specific to the writing of alphabet characters. This network is structured for the common learning of writing and reading and depends on the level of the writer's experience. The perception of letters is helped by the handwriting experience, upon which the ability to process the letters in the person's brain during reading is also based. The brain networks that appear to be triggered when identifying letters following the learning of these letters through handwriting are the same sensory kinetic networks that are activated during letter recognition and reading. In conclusion, the sensory experience gained through handwriting seems to develop the brain and strengthens the person’s ability to read.

Handwriting is an action administered by the brain like each and every other action. This procedure is frequently insensible and is closely tied to instincts from brain. Any kind of sickness affects the kinetic movement and reflects in a person’s handwriting. To recognize the health and mental problems, it is important to focus on how the person writes instead of what person writes. This also makes the procedure of handwriting analysis is independent of at all languages. Person handwriting is scientific proof that whatsoever person writes subconsciously it affects in handwriting. The structures related to motion, time and pressure have been used for analysis of person health. Cancer is the second top cause of death globally, and is accountable for an estimated 9.8 million deaths in 2019. Universally, around 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. On an approximation 72% of deaths due to cancer are in middle and low salaried countries. One third deaths from cancer are due to 5 foremost dietary and behavioural risks that are low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, high body mass index, tobacco use, and consumption of alcohol. Cancer can be cured if the person gets to know as soon as possible. So, substitute method to patterned whether the person is diagnosed from a cancer or not, can be done by handwriting sample. For this testing 100 various person sample are used for diverse handwriting data samples. To find a solution to this mounting problem we propose the method of cancer characteristics detection by utilizing handwritten text by machine learning, SVM. Various machine learning methods were used to find a model, which can discriminate statistically Cancer patients with approximately 90%accuracy. The classification we use to discriminate are SVM, Naïve Bayes algorithms.

This study aims to contribute to the understanding of mirror writing by employing modern neurophysiological techniques, specifically Optics Challenging Dynamics (P 100), and by providing pedagogical approaches for problem-solving. The focus of this research is to investigate the disorders of written expression in typically developing children who are introduced to the process of learning to write. Additionally, it examines the developmental differences in visual-kinetic skills among preschool and first-grade elementary school children. The research hypotheses revolve around the reduction in mirror writing occurrence during handwriting practice, the progressive development of visuospatial orientation and visuomotor skills, the impact of hand preference on handwriting tendencies, and the potential association between dyslexic handwriting and prolonged P100 latency in neurophysiological examinations. The study involves a sample of 100 participants, including kindergarten children and first-grade elementary school students, and utilizes both standardized tests and neurophysiological assessments, specifically visual evoked potentials (VEPs), to gather data. By addressing these research objectives, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of visual-motor abilities, particularly in visuo-spatial discrimination, controlled visual attention, and the healthy functioning of the visual pathway, while highlighting the differences in neuronal maturation and interhemispheric communication that underlie mirror writing.

Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Cette thèse a étudié les connexions potentielles entre le COVID long (CL) et la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) étant donné les facteurs de risque et processus physiopathologiques partagés existants entre ces deux pathologies. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur les patients atteints de Dysosmies post COVID-19 persistantes (DPCP) s'intégrant donc dans un CL olfactif. Les études radiologiques et neurocognitives soutiennent des modifications cérébrales communes identifiable dans le CL et la MA, notamment l'hypométabolisme et les changements structurels dans les zones liées à l'olfaction et à la mémoire. Cette thèse s'articulera uniquement autour des 9 travaux distincts qui la constituent.Une revue de littérature exhaustive initiale associée à un consensus d'experts internationaux nous a permis de mettre en évidence les chevauchements cliniques potentiels entre les symptômes du CL et ceux ciblés par les biomarqueurs spécifiques des formes préclinique de MA, soulignant les difficultés prévisibles de son dépistage précoce. Nous suggérons ainsi de faire preuve de prudence dans l'utilisation des outils modernes de dépistage d'une forme préclinique de MA pour les patients CL en raison du risque de biomarqueurs cliniques faussement positifs. Nos travaux sur l'un de ces biomarqueurs (olfaction) révèlent que les DPCP présentent une signature centrale, distincte des atteintes olfactives post-virales périphériques dites classiques. Nous avons aussi observé un déficit de la mémoire sémantique chez 20 % des patients présentant une DPCP, en particulier chez les individus les plus jeunes (19-39 ans). Par ailleurs, les patients présentant une DPCP montraient une forme de résistance aux méthodes de rééducation olfactives conventionnelles. De ce fait, nous avons développé un nouveau protocole de rééducation olfactive basé sur une approche cognitive et visuo-olfactive, (MaMadeleine™), montrant des résultats prometteurs sur la DPCP et la mémoire sémantique. De plus, nous avons mis en parallèle le rôle potentiel de la charge allostatique et du stress post traumatique dans la pathogénie du CL et de la MA, suggérant une interaction complexe entre les facteurs environnementaux, la dysrégulation physiologique et le déclin cognitif. Enfin, nous avons observé, chez les patients présentant une DPCP, des altérations de la motricité fine, en particulier dans la cinétique de l'écriture manuscrite, partageant certaines similitudes avec celles rapportées chez les patients atteints de MA précoce ou de troubles cognitifs mineurs. Nous recommandons ainsi un suivi à long terme des patients CL pour évaluer les risques de genèse de potentiels troubles neurodégénératifs à long terme. Ces résultats soulèvent parallèlement certaines préoccupations concernant la poursuite de l'utilisation d'évaluations psychométriques automatisées distancielles, telles qu'une olfactométrie automatisée ou l'analyse cinématique de l'écriture manuscrite, pour le dépistage précoce d'une MA chez les patients CL.Cette thèse contribue à une meilleure compréhension des implications neurologiques à long terme du CL et de sa relation potentielle avec les processus neurodégénératifs, soulignant l'importance de poursuivre la recherche cognitive et neurosensorielle chez cette population émergente de patients, désormais endémique
This thesis investigated the potential connections between Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) and early stages of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) given shared risk factors and pathophysiological processes, focusing on olfactory dysfunction (OD) patients. Neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies reveal overlapping patterns of brain alterations in PACS and early AD, including hypometabolism and structural changes in olfactory and memory-related areas. This thesis will focus exclusively on the nine distinct works that constitute it.An initial comprehensive literature review and international expert consensus helped us to highlight the potential clinical overlaps between PACS symptoms and early AD stages, underlining predictable early AD stage screening difficulties using modern remote digital assessments. We suggested caution in using modern early AD screening tools for PACS patients due to symptom and biomarker overlaps. Our findings concerning one of these biomarkers (olfaction) reveal that this specific OD exhibits a central signature, distinct from peripheral post-viral olfactory impairments. We also reported an impairment of semantic memory in 20% of PACS-related OD patients, particularly in younger individuals (19-39 years). PACS-related OD patients showed quite a resistance to conventional olfactory training (OT) methods, necessitating cognitive and visuo-olfactory approaches. We developed a novel OT protocol, MaMadeleine™, showing promising results in improving olfactory function and semantic memory. Additionally, we highlighted the potential role of allostatic load and posttraumatic stress in PACS and AD pathogenesis, suggesting a complex interplay between environmental factors, physiological dysregulation, and cognitive decline. Finally, we reported fine motor impairments in PACS-related OD patients, particularly in handwriting kinetics, sharing some similarities with those reported in early AD or Mild Cognitive Impairment patients. We thus recommended long-term monitoring of PACS patients to assess neurodegenerative disorder genesis risks. These findings raise concerns about using certain remote automated psychometric assessments, such as olfactory tests and kinetic handwriting analysis, for early AD screening in PACS patients.This comprehensive work contributes to understanding PACS's long-term neurological implications and its potential relationship with neurodegenerative processes, emphasizing the importance of continued research and tailored clinical approaches for this emerging patient population

It has been previously established that handwriting is a motor skill defined in a two dimensional spatial domain, consisted of three major levels through which the motor units that contain the letter trajectories are retrieved from their motor memory storage and translated into a process of muscle commands via muscle adjustments. As soon as individuals start learning how to write they are introduced to a writing system common to a group of writers connected by geographic, academic, temporal, national or occupational links. As the writing ability evolves, writers distance themselves from the class system, that they were taught, develop peculiarities in handwriting and acquire personal writing characteristics, the so called individual characteristics of handwriting, which are considered the backbone of forensic handwriting identification. Handwriting is influenced by a number of genetic, physiological and biomechanical factors. Some factors can change the individual's writing so drastically that it may be impossible to make an accurate comparison of the person's normal writing with the person's abnormal writing causing serious problems for forensic document examiners. However the research regarding the visual feedback is partially contradictory regarding the degree of its influence on the individual characteristics. A two-pronged approach was designed in order to investigate the degree of this influence: Samples of signatures, cursive and block handwriting written with and without visual feedback were collected by 40 volunteers and were imported in a PC via an opaque pen tablet using an electronic inking pen. The data was stored and analyzed in a handwriting movement analysis software module specially designed for this research, that was attached in the software MovAlyzeR by Neuroscript LLC. Peer reviewed forensic comparison by a forensic document examined (FDE) between the two groups (that is the group of samples executed with normal visual feedback versus the group of samples executed without visual feedback) shows total lack of significant differences between samples of the two different conditions and the existence of a large corpus of similarities in the design and the pictorial aspect, regardless of the complexity of the samples. Focusing on the cursive and block handwriting, six traits linked to the absence of visual feedback where found: change of overall size, non uniformity of left margins, change of slant, avoidance of pen lifts, inclusion of extra trajectories and decrease of line quality. Furthermore, it was established that the absence of visual feedback by itself cannot lead a trained FDE to an erroneous conclusion. The statistical analysis shows that visual feedback significant influences the duration and average absolute velocity of the signature execution, since the signature is executed more slowly under no visual feedback. Further analysis of the cursive handwriting shows that without visual feedback there is a significant increase in absolute and horizontal size as well as average pen pressure and a decrease in slant and vertical size while in block handwriting there is a significant increase in absolute and horizontal size, average pen pressure as well as duration and a decrease in slant, average absolute velocity and vertical size. The comparative analysis suggests that the factors of gender, educational level and handedness creates an insignificant influence during the comparison of the two conditions of the researched individual characteristics, with the only notable exception of the relationship between signature duration and educational level due to automation and its results in the memory retrieval program of the allographs. The combination of the above findings suggests that all types of writing (signature, cursive and block handwriting) are governed by a single major open loop motor program, which is not significantly influenced by visual feedback -no evidence was found that visual feedback intervenes significantly in the procedure of allograph execution, but is mainly linked with the auxiliary order of macro-managing, inspection and possibly correction of the overall outcome of the combination of the above allographs.

Resumo: A escrita é uma forma de comunicação importante que se desenvolve com a idade e com a escolarização. Algumas crianças apresentam dificuldade em desenvolver uma escrita proficiente. Do ponto de vista do controle motor, uma escrita não proficiente pode estar vinculada à dificuldade da criança ativar adequadamente as sinergias motoras que dão suporte a esta habilidade. Portanto, estimular as sinergias motoras dos dedos pode proporcionar melhora na cinética e cinemática da escrita e, conseqüentemente, na qualidade da escrita. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção, para crianças com dificuldades na escrita, composto por atividades manipulativas e pré-caligráficas que estimularam as sinergias motoras dos dedos por meio da variação da produção de força dos dedos. Trinta e duas crianças foram indicadas por suas professoras de classe para participarem do estudo. Dezesseis crianças, de 7 a 12 anos de idade, com baixa qualidade na escrita, formaram o Grupo Experimental (GE), e outras 16 crianças com boa qualidade na escrita, e com idade, gênero e preferência manual correspondentes ao GE, formaram o Grupo Controle (GC). O desempenho motor de todos os participantes foi avaliado pelo Movement Assessment Battery for Children, M-ABC (HENDERSON; SUDGEN, 1992). Todos os participantes tiveram a qualidade da escrita avaliada pelo Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (REISMAN, 1999) adaptado à língua portuguesa. Além disso, todos os participantes foram testados na produção gráfica e escrita sobre uma mesa digitalizadora (Wacom, Intuos2). Ambos, o Minnesota Handwriting Assessment adaptado e a produção gráfica e escrita sobre uma mesa digitalizadora foram administrados antes (pré-teste) e após (pós-teste) o programa de intervenção. Somente o GE foi submetido ao programa de intervenção. O programa de intervenção... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Handwriting is an essential manner of human communication which develops with the process of aging and schooling. Some children present difficulties in developing a proficient handwriting. From the motor control perspective, a non-proficient handwriting may be associated with the difficulty to appropriately activate specific motor synergies. Thus, the stimulation of motor synergies of the fingers can improve the kinetic, and kinematic parameters of handwriting, and consequently the quality of the product of handwriting. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of an intervention program involving manipulative and pre-calligraphic activities. The intervention activities were based on variation in the force production of the fingers for children with handwriting difficulties. A total of 32 children aged between 7 and 12 years were selected to participate in the study by the classroom teachers. The Experimental Group (EG) was composed by 16 children displaying poor quality of handwriting, and other 16 children matched by age, gender and handedness showing high quality of handwriting composed the Control Group (CG). The motor performance of the participants was assessed by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, M-ABC (HENDERSON; SUDGEN, 1992). All participants had the quality of the handwriting assessed by the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (REISMAN, 1999) adapted to the Portuguese language. Furthermore, participants were tested in the handwriting and graphic production on a digitizing tablet (WACOM - Intuos2). Both the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment adapted and the handwriting and graphic production on a digitizing tablet were administered before (i.e., pretest) and after (i.e., post test) the intervention program. Only the EG was submitted to the intervention program. The intervention program consisted of 27 sessions... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Ana Maria Pellegrini
Coorientador: Cynthia Yukiko Hiraga
Banca: Luis Eduardo P.B.T. Dantas
Banca: Livia de Castro Magalhães
Doutor

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A escrita é uma forma de comunicação importante que se desenvolve com a idade e com a escolarização. Algumas crianças apresentam dificuldade em desenvolver uma escrita proficiente. Do ponto de vista do controle motor, uma escrita não proficiente pode estar vinculada à dificuldade da criança ativar adequadamente as sinergias motoras que dão suporte a esta habilidade. Portanto, estimular as sinergias motoras dos dedos pode proporcionar melhora na cinética e cinemática da escrita e, conseqüentemente, na qualidade da escrita. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção, para crianças com dificuldades na escrita, composto por atividades manipulativas e pré-caligráficas que estimularam as sinergias motoras dos dedos por meio da variação da produção de força dos dedos. Trinta e duas crianças foram indicadas por suas professoras de classe para participarem do estudo. Dezesseis crianças, de 7 a 12 anos de idade, com baixa qualidade na escrita, formaram o Grupo Experimental (GE), e outras 16 crianças com boa qualidade na escrita, e com idade, gênero e preferência manual correspondentes ao GE, formaram o Grupo Controle (GC). O desempenho motor de todos os participantes foi avaliado pelo Movement Assessment Battery for Children, M-ABC (HENDERSON; SUDGEN, 1992). Todos os participantes tiveram a qualidade da escrita avaliada pelo Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (REISMAN, 1999) adaptado à língua portuguesa. Além disso, todos os participantes foram testados na produção gráfica e escrita sobre uma mesa digitalizadora (Wacom, Intuos2). Ambos, o Minnesota Handwriting Assessment adaptado e a produção gráfica e escrita sobre uma mesa digitalizadora foram administrados antes (pré-teste) e após (pós-teste) o programa de intervenção. Somente o GE foi submetido ao programa de intervenção. O programa de intervenção...
Handwriting is an essential manner of human communication which develops with the process of aging and schooling. Some children present difficulties in developing a proficient handwriting. From the motor control perspective, a non-proficient handwriting may be associated with the difficulty to appropriately activate specific motor synergies. Thus, the stimulation of motor synergies of the fingers can improve the kinetic, and kinematic parameters of handwriting, and consequently the quality of the product of handwriting. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of an intervention program involving manipulative and pre-calligraphic activities. The intervention activities were based on variation in the force production of the fingers for children with handwriting difficulties. A total of 32 children aged between 7 and 12 years were selected to participate in the study by the classroom teachers. The Experimental Group (EG) was composed by 16 children displaying poor quality of handwriting, and other 16 children matched by age, gender and handedness showing high quality of handwriting composed the Control Group (CG). The motor performance of the participants was assessed by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, M-ABC (HENDERSON; SUDGEN, 1992). All participants had the quality of the handwriting assessed by the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (REISMAN, 1999) adapted to the Portuguese language. Furthermore, participants were tested in the handwriting and graphic production on a digitizing tablet (WACOM - Intuos2). Both the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment adapted and the handwriting and graphic production on a digitizing tablet were administered before (i.e., pretest) and after (i.e., post test) the intervention program. Only the EG was submitted to the intervention program. The intervention program consisted of 27 sessions... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Grip kinetics are emerging as an important measure in clinical assessments of handwriting pathologies and fine motor rehabilitation as well as in biometric and forensic applications. The signature verification literature in particular has extensively examined the spatiotemporal, kinematic, and axial pressure characteristics of handwriting, but has minimally considered grip kinetics. Therefore, the focus of this thesis was to investigate the variability of grip kinetics in adults during signature writing. To address this goal, a database of authentic and well-practiced bogus signatures were collected with an instrumented pen that recorded the forces applied to its barrel. Four different analytical studies were conceived. The first study investigated the intra- and inter-participant variability of grip kinetic topography on the pen barrel based on authentic signatures written over 10 days. The main findings were that participants possessed unique grip force topographies even when the same grasp pattern was employed and that participants could be discriminated from each other with an average error rate of 1.2% on the basis of their grip force topographies. The second study examined the stability of different grip kinetic features over an extended period of a few months. The analyses revealed that intra-participant variation was generally much smaller than inter-participant variations even in the long term. In the third study, grip kinetics associated with authentic and well-practiced bogus signatures were compared. Differences in grip kinetic features between authentic and bogus signatures were only observed in a few participants. The kinetics of bogus signatures were not necessarily more variable. The variation of grip kinetic profiles between participants writing the same bogus signature was evaluated in the fourth study and an average error rate of 5.8% was achieved when verifying signatures with kinetic profile-based features. Collectively, the findings of this thesis serve to inform future applications of grip kinetic measures in biometric, clinical and industrial applications.

碩士
國立成功大學
職能治療學系碩博士班
100
Handwriting is a very important and basic ability for children mastering their school-life and academic performance. Numerous tools have been developed for evaluating various aspects of handwriting performances, such as legibility, writing speed and grip forms, etc. However, few investigations using quantitative descriptions to evaluate the kinetics of handwriting were found in the literature owing to the lack of suitable assessment tools. Hence, this study quantified the kinetic performance of handwriting tasks with 5 to 12 years old children via a custom Force Acquisition Pen (FAP) system. The purposes of this study were: 1) to investigate the effect of age and gender on handwriting kinetics, 2) to study the effect of task differences on handwriting kinetics, and 3) to explore the relationship between children’s handwriting kinetics and the performance of fine motor tests among 5 to 12 years old children. This study recruited 181 children from age 5 to 12, including 39 children from the top class in kindergarten and 142 children from Grade 2, 4, and 6 of elementary school in Tainan and Kaohsiung. A series of tracing tasks including lines (horizontal/vertical/ oblique), circles and numbers were administered to each child. While the children were asked to trace strokes, the contact force between the pen-tip to writing surface as well as digits to the pen-barrel were collected simultaneously with the FAP. The parameters, Modulation Range (MR), Number of Force Fluctuations (NFF), Impulse (I), Impulse Ratio (IR), were designed for describing the kinetic relationships between hand, pen and writing surface. In addition, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency performance-2 (BOT-2) was used to measure children’s fine motor skills which provided the information to explore the relationship between the fine motor skills and handwriting performance. The kinetic results indicated the girls wrote faster than the boys did. The elder children showed better writing fluency, more mature force applying pattern and used less time to write than the younger children did. There was a moderate relationship (r= -0.549~ -0.636, p〈.001) between Manual Dexterity scores and NFF which determined that handwriting may be relevant to the skills of manual dexterity. IR results were thumb 〉 index finger 〉 middle finger (0.46±0.07 〉 0.32±0.07 〉 0.22±0.08) which indicated that middle finger plays as a stabilizer but the thumb and index finger play as the controllers when performing the writing tasks. The results of writing kinetics were divided into 4 categories (by age) as the developmental norms for 5 to 12 years old children. The findings of this study may provide a reference for therapists and teachers planning interventions for children with handwriting problems. Recommendations for future studies may include the design of various pen styles (barrel size or shape) for further investigation the handwriting performances in depth and also combination of motion capture system to integrate the kinematics and kinetics of handwriting.

Continuous blood pressure monitoring in daily life could contribute to early detection of strokes and heart attacks, as well as healthcare promotion. Understanding of what patients were doing when their blood pressure changes occurred would be much more helpful to check the causes of blood pressure changes. However, at present, patients should record their activities by filling the clinical activity record card. The activity record card is so inconvenient that handwriting all the activities becomes a burden and causes inaccuracy. Moreover, it is not able to record posture changes that are a major factor related to short-term blood pressure changes. From these reasons, automatic activities recognition method is strongly required.