Literatura académica sobre el tema "Habitants. Urban renewal"

The sustainable renewal design of urban vulnerable spaces is critical for urban space quality improvement. Taking Zhengzhou and surrounding cities as examples, a cognitive framework of urban vulnerable spaces is constructed. The three types of urban vulnerable spaces are vulnerable population, vulnerable cultural, and vulnerable forgotten spaces. Their sustainable renewal design elements comprise multidimensional factors, such as functional requirement, space organization, activity facility, urban context continuation, and material texture. The design elements for the sustainable update of urban vulnerable spaces are evaluated by grey relation analysis (GRA), and update strategies are proposed. The result shows that (1) vulnerable population spaces were shown to have the highest sensitivity to functional requirements and activity facility design elements, while vulnerable cultural spaces have high relevance to urban context continuation and functional requirement design elements. Furthermore, space organization, activity facility, and urban context continuation design elements all show high relevance and importance in vulnerable forgotten spaces. (2) The update of vulnerable population spaces should be designed to achieve functional communion; vulnerable cultural spaces can be reshaped through urban context implantation, and vulnerable forgotten spaces can use space creation to enhance ecological space continuity, achieving sustainable renewal. The study provides a reference for decision-making for improving urban vulnerable habitats and the sustainable renewal design of atypical urban space types.

Across urban environments, vegetated habitats provide refuge for biodiversity. Gardens (designed for food crop production) and nurseries (designed for ornamental plant production) are both urban agricultural habitats characterized by high plant species richness but may vary in their ability to support wild pollinators, particularly bees. In gardens, pollinators are valued for crop production. In nurseries, ornamental plants rarely require pollination; thus, the potential of nurseries to support pollinators has not been examined. We asked how these habitats vary in their ability to support wild bees, and what habitat features relate to this variability. In 19 gardens and 11 nurseries in California, USA, we compared how local habitat and landscape features affected wild bee species abundance and richness. To assess local features, we estimated floral richness and measured ground cover as proxies for food and nesting resources, respectively. To assess landscape features, we measured impervious land cover surrounding each site. Our analyses showed that differences in floral richness, local habitat size, and the amount of urban land cover impacted garden wild bee species richness. In nurseries, floral richness and the proportion of native plant species impacted wild bee abundance and richness. We suggest management guidelines for supporting wild pollinators in both habitats.

This article reflects on an applied anthropology collaborative project in Baltimore, Maryland. I will discuss how through the practice of anthropology my students and I, in partnership with the organization Habitat for Humanity (Habitat) in Baltimore, are addressing urban inequality, poverty, and health in relation to housing. I present a general overview of our applied project and give an example from one of our data, a life history. I will present the life history narratives of four women, who are Habitat homeowners from Pen Lucy, a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, as they reflected on their life experiences. We asked: Does Habitat housing become a solution to poverty inequality in the city? What is the role of Habitat homeowners in the urban renewal process in Baltimore?

The essay gets started from research of current problems of the Suzhou Old Town and tries to propose development ideas of modern renewing of the Old Town by interpreting the habitat quality, environment, heritage protection and other aspects. At the same time, it provides possible directions and useful lessons for the future renewing and developing of the Old Town with assistant of analysis of domestic and foreign related cases and theoretical technical means.

Urban land expansion has dramatically changed the spatial distribution patterns and functional structure of habitats. Previous studies on the spatial externality effect of urban land expansion on the habitat quality of urban agglomerations are still insufficient. With the use of remote sensing and statistical data from 2000 to 2018, this study explored the evolutionary relationship between urban land expansion and habitat quality in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration (CUA) using the bivariate local autocorrelation method and spatial Durbin model. Partial differential equation decomposition of the local and spatial spillover effects was implemented to investigate the marginal effects of the influencing factors. The highlights of the results are as follows: CUA’s urban land increased by 2890.42 km2 from 2000 to 2018, mainly caused by urban encroachment over farmland and grassland. New urban lands were situated primarily in the main urban districts of Chengdu and Chongqing; urban expansion intensity slowed to 7.64% in 2010–2018, declining by 53.95% from 2000 to 2010. The average habitat quality decreased to 0.905, and two “ring-shaped decline areas” were formed around the main urban areas of Chengdu and Chongqing. “Low-High” and “Low-Low” clusters were the main associations between urban land expansion and habitat quality changes. The impact of urban land expansion on local habitat quality changed from insignificant to negative, while its spatial spillover effects over adjacent areas have increased the negative environmental externalities to habitat quality in adjacent areas through spatial spillovers. Our findings provide evidence for urban agglomerations such as CUA that are still being cultivated to carry out cross-city joint protection strategies of habitat quality, also proving that habitat quality protection should be an integration of urban expansion regulation, natural adaptation and socioeconomic adjustment.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the problem of artificial reefs, to warn to the need for definition of such facilities in the national legal framework and in the context of urban ecology, present their potential for the marine environment. A review and analysis of national legal frameworks and European regulations regarding the possibilities of their establishment and management is given, all towards to reduce the eutrophication process, the increase of the fish stock and the creation of a zone for the prohibition of fishing in order to protect the coastline and enable the renewal of marine biodiversity and ecosystems in Republic of Croatia.

Worldwide, urban areas are expanding both in size and number, which results in a decline in habitats suitable for urban flora and fauna. The construction of urban green features, such as green roofs, may provide suitable habitat patches for many species in urban areas. On green roofs, two approaches have been used to select plants—i.e., matching similar habitat to green roofs (habitat template approach) or identifying plants with suitable traits (plant trait approach). While both approaches may result in suitable habitats for arthropods, how arthropods respond to different combinations of plants is an open question. The aim of this study was to investigate how the structural complexity of different plant forms can affect the abundance and richness of arthropods on green roofs. The experimental design crossed the presence and absence of annuals with three Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau (common name: stonecrops) treatments—i.e., uniformly disrupted Sedum, clumped disrupted Sedum, and no Sedum. We hypothesized that an increased structural diversity due to the coexistence of different life forms of plants on roofs is positively related to the abundance and richness of arthropods. We found that arthropod abundance and richness were positively associated with the percent of vegetation cover and negatively associated with substrate temperature. Neither arthropod abundance nor richness was influenced by the relative moisture of substrate. We also found that arthropod abundance and richness varied by green roof setups (treatments) and by seasonality. Arthropod abundance on green roofs was the highest in treatments with annuals only, while species richness was slightly similar between treatments containing annuals but varied between sampling periods. This study suggests that adding annuals to traditional Sedum roofs has positive effects on arthropods. This finding can support the development of biodiverse cities because most extensive green roofs are inaccessible to the public and can provide undisturbed habitat for several plant and arthropod species.

Broad-leaved subtropical forests are the most productive, diversified, and complex ecosystems on the planet. Unfortunately, they are currently under severe threat from anthropogenic activities, such as. deforestation, housing settlements, and agricultural expansion. In response to these severe effects, the present study was conducted to explore the current conservation status and population structure of a wide range of bird species inhabiting different subtropical broad-leaved urban forests of Pakistan. In total, 2879 individuals comprising 53 species and 28 families were detected between December 2017 and November 2018 as revealed through the distance sampling line transect method. The habitat selection among bird species varied according to vegetation structure and composition, food resources, adjoining habitats, and human settlements. According to IUCN Red List data, one species was deemed vulnerable out of 53 bird species, while the remaining 52 species were ranked as ofleast concern. The findings of the density analysis revealed that bird density varied between six subtropical broad-leaved forests. Palamar (3.954 ± 0.221 birds/ha) and Kityari (3.138 ± 0.162 birds/ha) were densely populated, whereas Kamal Khan (1.102 ± 0.178 birds/ha) was of the least concern. Likewise, the diversity analysis showed that Kamal Khan was a more diverse habitat (Shannon–Wiener Index; H’ = 3.581 ± 0.021). Shahabad was richer (Margalef Richness Index; R1 = 8.007 ± 0.053) and Dob Ghar was evenly distributed (Pielou J Evenness Index; E = 0.940 ± 0.005) compared to other urban habitats studied. Eight foraging guilds were identified among the bird species. Insectivores were the most abundant bird species utilizing the urban dwelling habitats. carnivores/piscivores/insectivores utilized Dob Ghar forest, while more frugivores utilized Kamal Khan and Dob Ghar. Based on the data, it was concluded that subtropical broad-leaved urban forests are dynamic, complex, and of vital significance for a diverse range of bird species.

Anthropogenic land use has led to the loss and fragmentation of native habitats and disruption to ecosystem processes, resulting in a decline in landscape connectivity and biodiversity. Here, in order to find the potentials of improvements in ecological connectivity, we provide a spatial analysis to present differences in ecological connectivity based on land cover maps and urban habitat maps in Suwon city, Republic of Korea. We generated two permeability maps for use in a network analysis, one being land cover and the other urban habitat, including a 5-km buffer area from the city boundary. We then determined the current-flow betweenness centrality (CFBC) for each map. Our results indicate that forests are typically the most highly connected areas in both maps. However, in the land cover map results, nearly all high-priority areas were in the mountainous region (CFBC value: 0.0100 ± 0.0028), but the urban habitat indicated that grasslands and rivers within the city also significantly contribute to connectivity (CFBC value: 0.0071 ± 0.0022). The CFBC maps developed here could be used as a reference when introducing green infrastructure in cities. Before establishing ecological networks for urban areas, future work should integrate the land use and ecological data of different administrative districts with continuous ecological connection.

Depuis 2003, plus de 400 quartiers populaires classés en Zones Urbaines Sensibles (ZUS) et 4 millions d’habitants sont devenus les destinataires d’un Programme de Rénovation Urbaine (PRU) instauré par la « loi Borloo » d’orientation et de programmation pour la ville. Dans un objectif de transformation des quartiers et de mixité sociale, ces programmes entraînent des opérations de démolition/reconstruction de logements, la réhabilitation du parc existant et la redéfinition des espaces urbains collectifs (voirie, espaces verts, etc.).Les communes de Clichy-sous-Bois et de Montfermeil en Seine-Saint-Denis font l’objet d’un de ces PRU. Tout en étant le plus important de France (en termes de budget et de logements détruits), il a aussi la particularité d’entraîner la démolition d’immeubles en copropriétés privées dégradées : les Bosquets à Montfermeil et la Forestière à Clichy-sous-Bois. À leur place, toutes les nouvelles constructions et les relogements se font dans le parc social. L’ensemble des habitants relogés passe donc du statut de propriétaires occupants ou locataires du parc privé à celui de locataires du parc social. Outre ce changement de statut résidentiel, cette situation s’accompagne de la mise en interactions régulières de ces « délogés » aux professionnels (de la ville, associatifs et des bailleurs) qui interviennent sur ce quartier, dans ces immeubles dans le cadre d’accompagnement pré et post relogement.Basée sur une enquête conduite par entretiens, observations et archives, cette thèse vise autant à saisir la genèse de cette politique, que les effets de la volonté de transformation des quartiers, par la généralisation du parc social, sur les pratiques professionnelles et les trajectoires des habitants relogés.Dans cette optique, les archives et les entretiens donnent à comprendre que la dégradation des anciennes copropriétés s’explique en priorité par leurs conditions de commercialisation, de production et de gestion. Or, toutes les mesures d’actions publiques, jusqu'à la signature du programme de rénovation urbaine, présentent systématiquement les habitants et leurs caractéristiques (populaires et immigrées) comme les principaux responsables de cette dégradation.L’ethnographie des pratiques professionnelles illustre ensuite comment dans les résidences neuves, ces acteurs se servent des interactions avec les habitants pour encadrer leurs manières d’habiter. Ce travail se faisant dans l’idée d’éviter une nouvelle dégradation des bâtiments.Enfin, les entretiens auprès des habitants (réalisés avant et après relogement) dévoilent comment le relogement et la rencontre avec les professionnels les déstabilisent dans leurs ancrages individuels et ébranlent le sens des hiérarchies internes à ce groupe social. Alors que les anciens propriétaires constituaient dans la copropriété la frange supérieure de ce groupe, ils sont aujourd’hui ceux qui se sentent le plus déclassés. À l’inverse, les locataires qui dans la copropriété occupaient les positions les plus dominées sont aujourd’hui les plus réhabilités.Au-delà des résultats empiriques, ces pistes analytiques situent les enjeux de la thèse à plusieurs échelles. D’abord, c’est dans une perspective constructiviste que ce travail illustre comment ces copropriétés et leurs occupants ont été construits comme un problème et une catégorie d’action publique. Ensuite, c’est en partant de la pratique des professionnels que cette thèse dévoile comment dans l’espace de la politique de la ville se maintiennent des formes d’encadrement et de domination à l’égard de certains publics cibles (ici issus des catégories populaires et immigrées). Enfin, cette thèse s’inscrit dans une sociologie des classes populaires autant attentives à leurs différences internes qu’aux modalités de réception variée d’une mesure d’action publique
Since 2003, more than 400 popular districts categorized as sensitive urban zones and 4 million inhabitants have become part of a program initiated by the Framework Act on Town Planning and Urban Renewal (so-called “Borloo law”). In order to achieve district transformation and social diversity, the program has led to demolition/rebuilding operations, the refurbishment of existing dwellings and the redefinition of public urban areas (street network and green spaces, etc.)The municipalities of Clichy-Sous-Bois and Montfermeil in the Seine-Saint-Denis region were part of this program. Whilst being the largest program in France (in terms of allocated budget and demolished dwellings), it also had the singularity to involve the destruction of dilapidated privately-owned buildings such as Les Bosquets in Montfermeil and La Forestière in Clichy-sous-Bois. All the new buildings reconstructed there are under social housing management.All re-housed inhabitants consequently moved from the status of owner-occupiers or private housing tenants to that of social housing tenants. In addition to their change in status, this situation implies regular interactions between these ‘displaced’people and the professionals (of the city, of nonprofit organizations, social landlords who operate in the area, in these buildings within the frame of pre- and post-rehousing accompaniment.Based on an analysis supported by interviews, observations and archives, this thesis aims at understanding the genesis of this policy as much as the effects of the will for district transformation through generalizing social housing, on professional practices and the trajectories of the re-housed inhabitants. To this end, archives and interviews help understanding that the degradation of the former co-ownership properties was attributable primarily to their conditions of marketing, construction and management. Yet, all the measures of public action, up to the signature of the urban renewal program, systematically present the inhabitants and their features (popular classes or migrants) as solely responsible for this deterioration.The ethnography of professional practices then shows how in the new homes the professionals use the interactions with the inhabitants to regulate the way they live there. This work is done with a view to avoiding new damage to the buildings.Eventually the interviews with the inhabitants (made before and after re-housing) illustrate how re-housing and the interactions with professionals destabilize them within their individual anchorages and shake the sense of hierarchies within this social group. While former owners made up the upper class in their previous housing, they now feel the most downgraded. Conversely, tenants who were the most dominated are today the most rehabilitated.Beyond empirical results, this analytical approach rates the issues of the thesis on sevral scales. First, this work illustrates how, in a constructivist perspective, these co-ownership properties and their inhabitants have been built as a problem and a category of public action. Then, starting from the practices of professionals, this thesis discloses how within the frame of urban policy, some forms of regulation and domination over certain targeted publics (here working classes and migrants) are still exerted. Finally this thesis is consistent with a sociology of popular classes who are attentive to their internal differences as much as to the various ways a measure of public action can be perceived

Le renouvellement urbain est une notion polysémique, ambigüe voire mouvante en fonction des contextes politiques dans lesquels elle est utilisée. Les politiques de renouvellement urbain supposent d’identifier les mécanismes envisagés sur les espaces urbains et comprendre leur genèse. Pour ce faire, la politique américaine d'Urban Renewal et plusieurs expériences européennes aident à comprendre le positionnement du renouvellement urbain français qui oscille entre une volonté curative de traiter les quartiers aux difficultés socio-économiques, et prospective en s'intégrant à un projet plus global, métropolitain, d’attractivité de nouveaux habitants. La thèse suppose que le renouvellement urbain est inscrit spatialement et prend forme dans les villes-centres et les banlieues à l’aide d’une analyse de la croissance démographique des aires urbaines françaises. On examine comment cette dualité du renouvellement urbain (stratégies prospectives et curatives) s'applique aux politiques françaises de rénovation urbaine à l’aide du PNRU (Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine). Cette étude révèle l’action différenciée du programme en fonction des espaces analysés, notamment au prisme de la croissance, de la résurgence et du déclin des villes françaises. La grille de lecture économique du renouvellement urbain permet d'identifier une dualité de mécanismes liée aux marchés et aux externalités
The term “urban renewal” is polysemic and ambiguous, ever-changing depending on the political context in which it is being used. Policies of urban renewal require to have identified the mechanisms applied to urban spaces and to have understood their genesis. In order to do so, the American policy of urban renewal alongside several European experiments help to understand the positioning of the French urban renewal, a policy which oscillates between a curative effort towards neighborhoods faced with socioeconomic difficulties and a prospective strategy encompassed within a comprehensive, metropolitan project aimed at attracting new residents. This thesis builds on an analysis of the demographic growth of French urban areas to posit that urban renewal is spatially defined shaped in core cities and suburbs. It examines how the duality of urban renewal (both prospective and curative strategies) applies to French policies of urban renewal supported by the “PNRU” (National Program of Urban Renewal). The study reveals the differentiated actions of the program depending on the spaces analyzed through the lens of growth, resurgence and decline of French cities. The economic analytical framework of urban renewal reveals dual mechanisms linked to markets and externalities

Ce travail veut apporter des éclairages sur la façon dont la ville d’aujourd’hui est conçue en revisitant à la fois les pratiques urbaines (approche néolibérale et approche par le risque). À travers l’étude comparative de deux quartiers d’Istanbul, Sarıgöl et Tozkoparan, désignés à risques et soumis à des projets de rénovation urbaine, nous avons analysé les objectifs des projets, leur contenu, les bénéficiaires de ces projets et les populations affectés. Sur quels motifs et réalités se basent les politiques publiques urbaines ? Comment les projets sont-ils légitimés par le risque ? Répondent-ils aux problèmes urbains et sociaux présents ? Occasionnent-ils de nouveaux problèmes sociaux ? Les constats établis sur les conséquences des pratiques de rénovation urbaine, nous ont poussé à nous intéresser aux enjeux sociaux émergeant des dynamiques urbaines conflictuelles. Comment les populations sont-elles ou seront-elles affectées par ces rénovations ? La réaction des habitants ?
This work aims to shed light on how the city of today is designed by revisiting both urban practices (neoliberal approach and risk approach). Through the comparative study of two districts in Istanbul, Sarıg.l and Tozkoparan, designated at risk and subject to urban renewal projects, we analysed the objectives of the projects, their content, the beneficiaries and affected populations. On what grounds and realities are urban public policies based ? How are projects legitimized by risk ? Do they respond to the urban and social problems ? Do they cause new social problems ? The findings on the consequences of urban renewal practices have led us to focus on social issues emerging from conflictual urban dynamics. How are populations affected or will they be affected by these renovations ? The reaction of the inhabitants ?

Saint-Denis, ville populaire et limitrophe de Paris est particulièrement impactée par l’habitat insalubre. Comment une ville communiste qui promeut une politique inclusive traite la question de l’habitat insalubre et quels sont les enjeux géopolitiques derrière la résorption de cet habitat ? Concernant les bidonvilles, les élus de Saint-Denis se sont fait les porte-voix de cette question à l’échelle nationale et mènent plusieurs projets d’insertion sur le territoire. Ceux-ci relèvent plus, en l’absence de politique nationale, d’un bricolage et se heurtent au manque de moyens, au problème de relogement et parfois à la réaction de certains riverains. Quant à l’insalubrité des immeubles, elle persiste malgré trente ans de politiques publiques, en raison de la faible efficacité des politiques incitatives, de la paupérisation de la ville et de la logique de marché qui a attiré des propriétaires bailleurs d’abord intéressés par la rentabilité des biens. Depuis 2008, la municipalité concentre ses efforts sur le centre-ville via un important programme de rénovation urbaine (un Programme National de requalification des Quartiers Anciens Dégradés – PNRQAD), qui s’inscrit dans une stratégie de valorisation du centre-ville pour attirer des propriétaires plus à même d’entretenir le bâti. La mise en place du PNRQAD soulève des enjeux de peuplement, d’image et d’évolution sociologique du centre-ville, d’autant plus que les communistes sont politiquement en difficulté. Ils se retrouvent pris dans une contradiction majeure : changer l’image de Saint-Denis pour contribuer à un meilleur entretien du bâti favorise une évolution du peuplement qui leur sera défavorable électoralement
Saint-Denis, a working class city in the suburb of Paris, is particularly impacted by run-down housing. How does a communist city that promotes an inclusive politics, addresses the question of degraded housing and what are the geopolitical stakes behind the resorption of this type of habitat? Saint-Denis’ elected officials have become outspoken on the question of slums at the national level and lead several projects for inserting their inhabitants in the territory. Those are however more akin to patch-up jobs considering the absence of a national policy and they face the lack of funding, the problem of rehousing, and sometimes negative reactions from other residents. With regards to apartment buildings’ insalubrity, it remains a problem despite thirty years of public policies. This is due to the low efficiency of incentivizing policies, city pauperization, and market-based solutions that attract landlords more interested in economic returns than good maintenance. Since 2008, city hall concentrates its efforts on the downtown area through a major program of urban renewal (PNRQAD), as part of a strategy to revalorize it to attract owners that would maintain housing’s upkeep. The implementation of the PNRQAD raises questions on issues of settlement, image, and sociological evolution of the downtown area, all the more so now that communists are faced with a rising socialist party. Communist elected officials therefore now face an internal contradiction: changing Saint-Denis’ image with the purpose of increasing the quality of housing conditions favors a settlement pattern that will be electorally detrimental to them

Cette thèse a l’ambition d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur un chapitre largement débattu de l’histoire de l’architecture du XXe siècle, constitué par la dissolution des CIAM et l’émergence de Team 10. En se situant dans la perspective d’une sociohistoire de l’architecture, elle s’appuie sur le constat suivant : les rapports sociaux entre les acteurs sont inséparables de leurs propos et de leurs actes et doivent être pris en compte pour comprendre les façons d’agir de ces acteurs dans le champ de l’architecture. Ainsi, plutôt que de mettre en avant les doctrines ou les projets, nous suivons les personnes dans leurs actions, prenant en compte leurs rapports mutuels, ceux qu’ils entretiennent avec les institutions et, dans la mesure du possible, avec le monde extérieur. En s’appuyant sur les archives – correspondance, réunions, résolutions- cette thèse analyse d’abord les CIAM en tant qu’organisation créée en parallèle des assemblées éphémères que constituent les congrès, et dont la structure et le mode de fonctionnement sont à la fois un enjeu et une condition du déroulement de l’action. Au sein de cette organisation, Team 10 se forme comme la nouvelle génération ayant la mission impossible d’assurer la continuité de l’organisation mais aussi le renouvellement du mouvement. Loin du sens biologique, il s’agit d’élucider la construction sociale de Team 10 en tant que « jeune génération » mais aussi en tant que « créateurs », « héritiers » et « avant-garde » à la fois. En se focalisant sur des documents graphiques (grilles), des textes mais aussi des écrits médiateurs, cette thèse observe, dans une seconde étape, les discours, les représentations et les ressources mobilisées par les acteurs inscrits dans les divers contextes nationaux. Enfin, au-delà d’une analyse de contenu, il s’agit de transformer les deux écrits - Doorn Manifesto et Team 10 Primer- en documents qui informent, par leurs énoncés, mais aussi par leur mise en forme, sur la formation puis sur la réinvention de Team 10, au moment du passage d’un champ d’action à un autre, des CIAM aux Team 10 Meetings.En assumant la tâche de ne pas faire comme avant, ces architectes qui diffèrent entre eux, comme se distinguent leurs situations professionnelles et les ressources dont ils disposent, construisent intellectuellement un système de différences avec l’environnement et avec, bien entendu, les Maîtres ; c’est d’abord par rapport à eux, à l’architecte moderne, que Team 10 cherche à se distinguer et à produire de l’alternative. Structure verrouillée et riche en contradictions par ses ambitions à former à la fois une organisation internationale, une avant-garde, et un mouvement réformateur pour s’imposer sur le marché de la profession, les CIAM génèrent leur propre dissolution. Celle-ci renforce le récit de la naissance d’une nouvelle avant-garde, d’autant plus qu’au bout de ce chemin, cette nouvelle élite d’héritiers n’a plus besoin des CIAM pour s’affirmer. Cette thèse établit des corrélations entre la formation de Team 10 et la dissolution des CIAM moins sur le plan de leurs doctrines et des conflits entre leurs membres, que sur celui de leur forme spécifique d’organisation et de gouvernance. Plus globalement, l’enjeu de cette recherche est de comprendre les propositions théoriques et formelles des architectes à partir de l’analyse de leurs pratiques (organisation sociale, institutionnelle, professionnelle) et de contribuer à construire une interprétation sociohistorique des formes mêmes de l'architecture.En outre, l’étude historiographique relève les usages que nous faisons aujourd’hui de Team 10, alors qu’une timeline (1988-2018) invite à réfléchir sur les rapports entre les constructions intellectuelles et les destructions matérielles, concernant les architectures de l’après-guerre
The present thesis aims to shed new light on a widely debated chapter in the history of 20th century architecture, constituted by the dissolution of CIAM and the emergence of Team 10. Situated in a socio-historical perspective, and taking inspiration from the reflexive turn in social sciences, this research relies on the observation that the social relations between the actors are inseparable from their discourse and their actions, and must be taken into account to understand the ways they act in the field of architecture. Thus, rather than putting forward doctrines or projects, we follow the actors, taking into account their mutual relationships, relationships with the institutions and, as far as possible, with the outside world. Looking at archives –such as correspondences, meetings, resolutions-, the thesis firstly analyzes the CIAM as a longstanding organization that is created in parallel with the established but ephemeral congresses of CIAM, whose structure and mode of operation are both an issue and a condition of the whole action. Within this organization, Team 10 is formed as the new generation that is entitled with the mission impossible to ensure the continuity of the organization but also the renewal of the movement. In this context “generation” is perceived beyond its biological aspects. The thesis focuses on the social construction of Team 10 as a "young generation" but also as "creators", "heirs" and "avant-garde" at the same time. On a second level of analysis, the thesis examines through the graphic documents (grids CIAM), articles and mediated texts, the discourses, representations and resources mobilized by the actors in their various national contexts. The third axis of our research, goes beyond the textual analysis of Doorn Manifesto and Team 10 Primer and looks into them as documents that inform, by their statements, but also by their formatting, the passage from one of a field of action to another, from CIAM to Team 10 Meetings, and ultimately the reinvention of Team 10 itself.By assuming the task of renewing, the architects who inform Team 10 and differ from each other, -on grounds of their professional situations and resources-, will construct an intellectual system of differences with their professional environment and with, of course, their Masters; it is primarily in relation to them that Team 10 seeks to emphasize otherness and produce alternatives. Rigid structured, and full of contradictions, by their ambitions to form an international organization, an avant-garde, and a reform movement, the CIAM seems to have generated their own dissolution. This reinforces the story of the birth of a new avant-garde, especially since this new elite of heirs no longer needs the CIAM to assert itself.The thesis establishes correlations between the formation of Team 10 and the dissolution of CIAM not so much in terms of their doctrines and conflicts between their members, but on the basis of their specific form of organization and governance. More generally, the stake of this research is to understand the theoretical and formal proposals of architects, from the analysis of their practices (social, institutional, professional organization), and to contribute in a sociohistorical interpretation of architectural forms.Furthermore, this kind of study in historiography highlights the uses we make today of Team 10, while a timeline (1988-2018) invites us to reflect on the relationship between intellectual constructions and material destructions, concerning postwar architectures

Il progetto degli abitanti. Il rinnovo urbano nelle periferie francesi, tra appropriazione e demolizione. Nei processi di rinnovo urbano promossi dalle politiche urbane francesi, la demolizione è indicata tra i principali strumenti operativi utilizzati per la riqualificazione dei cosiddetti quartieri ‘sensibili’ o ‘difficili’. Se la ristrutturazione delle zone d'habitat sociale è proposta come mezzo per migliorare la qualità della vita degli abitanti, allo stesso tempo queste operazioni trascurano le capacità d'espressione dei residenti, rivelate dalle pratiche d'appropriazione dello spazio e di personalizzazione del loro habitat. La demolizione appare allora come un atto autoritario, la rinuncia da parte delle istituzioni all'interpretazione e alla comprensione delle storie di vita locali, che sono annullate contemporaneamente alle strutture fisiche che le accolgono. Il terreno di ricerca è la città di Les Mureaux, 40 km all'Ovest di Parigi, in cui i cinque quartieri HLM analizzati sono interessati dal 2006 da un progetto di «rénovation urbaine». Due elementi sono rappresentativi delle dinamiche in corso: il fenomeno dell'appropriazione dello spazio materiale e immateriale, che ci porta all'interpretazione del ‘progetto degli abitanti’ implicito in questi atti; la demolizione dello spazio costruito, uno strumento operativo che limita fortemente l'espressione dei residenti rispetto alle possibilità di intervenire nella definizione del loro habitat e che cancella ‘il progetto degli abitanti’ senza uno sforzo preliminare per identificarlo. I risultati permettono di valutare il capitale potenziale delle capacità individuali e collettive che la demolizione disperderà, impedendo così la definizione di un percorso di rinnovamento alternativo che considera gli abitanti come i soggetti principali per una trasformazione dei luoghi maggiormente conforme alle loro aspirazioni. Le projet des habitants.
La rénovation urbaine des banlieues françaises, entre appropriation et démolition. Dans la rénovation urbaine promue par la politique de la ville, la démolition est un des principaux outils pour la requalification des quartiers dits ‘sensibles’ ou ‘difficiles’. Si la restructuration des quartiers d’habitat social est proposée comme moyen pour améliorer la qualité de vie des habitants, en même temps ces opérations négligent les capacités d’expression des résidents, révélées par les pratiques d’appropriation de l’espace et la personnalisation de leur habitat. La démolition apparaît alors comme un acte autoritaire, le renoncement en partie des institutions à l’interprétation et la compréhension des histoires de vie locales, qui sont annulées en même temps que les structures physiques qui les abritent. Le terrain de recherche est la ville des Mureaux, 40 km à l’Ouest de Paris, dont nous analysons cinq quartiers HLM ciblé depuis 2006 par un projet de rénovation urbain. Deux éléments sont hautement représentatifs des dynamiques en cours : le phénomène de l’appropriation de l’espace matérielle et immatérielle, qui nous amène à l’interprétation du « projet des habitants » implicite en ces actes; la démolition de l’espace bâti, un outil opérationnel qui limite fortement l’expression des résidents par rapport aux possibilités d’agencement de leur habitat et qui efface le « projet des habitants » sans un effort préalable pour l’identifier. Les résultats permettent d’évaluer le capital potentiel des capacités individuelles et collectives que la démolition va disperser, en empêchant la définition d’un parcours de rénovation alternatif qui considère dans les habitants les sujets principaux d’un projet de transformation des lieux conforme davantage à leurs aspirations. The ‘project of the inhabitants’. Urban renewal in the French banlieue, between appropriation and demolition. In the process of urban renewal promoted by the French urban policy, the demolition is a major tool for the redevelopment of so called ‘sensible’ or ‘difficult’ neighbourhoods. While the restructuring of social housing neighbourhoods is proposed as a means to improve the quality of life for residents, at the same time these operations neglect the inhabitants’ expressions, revealed by the practices of appropriation of space and personalization of the habitat. The demolition appears as an authoritarian act and a renunciation by the public institutions to the interpretation and understanding of local life stories, which are denied and erased as the physical structures housing them. The research field is the city of Les Mureaux, located 40 km west of Paris, where since 2006 five HLM areas are been targeted by an urban renewal project. Two elements are highly representative of the current dynamics: the phenomenon of the material and immaterial appropriation of space, which brings to the interpretation of the ‘project of the inhabitants’ that is implicit in these acts; the demolition of the built environment, an operational tool greatly limiting the expression of residents in relation to their own redesign possibilities of the habitat and deleting the ‘project of the inhabitants’ without any preliminary endeavour to identify it. These results allow assessing the potential wealth of individual and collective capability that demolition will disperse, by preventing the definition of alternative renewal routes where people and their aspirations should be seen as main subjects in the project of transformation of places.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Esta Dissertação de Mestrado advém de um trabalho elaborado durante o ano letivo 2020/2021 para a disciplina de Seminário de Investigação com o tema “Cabo do Mundo 21: Projeto para uma Cidade Urgente”. O tema é desenvolvido e acompanhado pelas disciplinas Atelier de Projeto II (1º semestre) e Laboratório de Investigação (2º semestre).O projeto decorre do presente encerramento da refinaria da GALP, em Matosinhos, que envolve diversos debates sobre o futuro ideal para este espaço urbano-industrial e o mais sustentável para a freguesia de Leça da Palmeira.As análises demográficas, geográficas e sociais realizados no local e na sua envolvência ajudaram-nos a entender e a encontrar soluções para que pudéssemos, não apenas imaginar a cidade Cabo do Mundo 21, como perspetivar o crescimento da freguesia de Leça da Palmeira.A turma dividiu a estrutura da refinaria em três áreas, das quais resultou a divisão dos grupos de trabalho, assim como a proposta individual. Foi no trabalho de turma que desenvolvemos as estratégias principais que teriam influência na fase individual. Daqui destacam-se a definição do eixo-Boulevard principal lançada de Norte para Sul, rematando os restantes eixos perpendiculares ao mar e agregando a rede de transportes coletivos. O outro elemento importante, definido enquanto turma, é a plantação de uma Mata Atlântica que faz a nova frente marítima, ligando-se, através de diferentes percursos, ao aglomerado urbano.Todas estas estratégias foram consideradas na fase inicial, ajudando ainda na definição do principal objetivo da tese: reciclar e relacionar uma área industrial com a cidade de Matosinhos.
This master’s dissertation emerges from a work that was carried out for the subject of Investigation Seminar during the 2020/2021 academic year with the topic “Cabo do Mundo 21: Project for an Urgent City”. The topic is developed and orientated in the subjects of Project Workshop II (1st semestre) and Research Laboratory (2nd semestre).The project derives from the present closing of the GALP refinery in the town of Matosinhos, which involves several debates on the ideal future for this urban/industrial area and the sustainabilty for the town of Leça da Palmeira.The demographic, geographical and social analysis undertaken in loco and within the surrounding area helps us understand and find solutions, so as to not only imagine the city “Cabo do Mundo 21”, but also foresee the growth of Leça da Palmeira.The refinery structure was divided into three areas by the class, which resulted in the division of group work, and thereafter the individual proposal. The outcome of the classwork led to the development of the main strategies that influenced the individual phase. It is at this stage that the definition of the main Boulevard-Avenue is launched from North to South, enclosing the remaining perpendicular routes to the sea and aggregating a public transport network. The other important element defined as a class is the plantation of an Atlantic forest that offers a new coastal front connecting the various courses to the urban agglomeration.All these strategies were taken into consideration in the initial phase, and also contributing to the definition of the principal goal of the thesis: recycling and integrating an industrial area with the town of Matosinhos.

The final chapter provides a detailed analysis of strategies for successful partnerships and how they can be evaluated. It talks about the American Public Gardens Association's vision to make public gardens an indispensable part of communities. The APGA defines public gardens as institutions that maintain “collections of plants for the purposes of public education and enjoyment, in addition to research, conservation, and higher learning.” Gardens can best lead the way by establishing and demonstrating effective biodiversity conservation strategies in the midst of rapidly changing natural landscapes. One strategy is to preserve locally, regionally, or globally endangered species in their native habitats, which is known as in situ conservation. A second strategy is for public gardens to establish ex situ seed banks or gene banks at their sites that will preserve the genetic identities of species threatened or extirpated in the wild. Public gardens also need to be paragons of sustainable behavior, whether through LEED-certified buildings, SITES-approved landscapes, the use of solar panels and windmills, reduction or elimination of pesticides, or the use of electric vehicles. The public garden of the future will need to partner with architects, urban planners, and progressive corporations to produce a new generation of green buildings and urban gardens, so that cities will become centers of clean air and renewable energy and provide all their residents with easy access to nature.

In Mediterranean regions worldwide, climate and landscape change increased the occurrence and the risk of (very) large and intense fires, which override the current firefighting capacity. Fire management policies, largely focused on fighting at the expense of prevention, have proven inadequate to address this challenge. Agricultural abandonment has shaped rural mountain areas in many parts of Southern Europe since the last century, owing to diverse socio-economic and biophysical constraints such as reduced job opportunities, poor generational renewal, low accessibility and soil productivity. The cessation of traditional livestock and agricultural practices caused by rural exodus has favoured more homogeneous and flammable landscapes —with strong side-effects on fire regime, ecosystem services and biodiversity. In fact, the challenge for managers and policy makers is no longer simply how to reduce wildfire impacts but how to reconcile socio-economic impacts of fires with their ecological benefits. Fire-smart management would clearly enable a more balanced integration of positive (reducing species competition, diseases and pests or fire intensity, and increase fire protection in wildland-urban interfaces) and negative contributions of fire to human well-being, which would inform better decision making in fire management policy and land-use planning. In practice, fire-smart landscapes can be obtained by fuel-reduction treatments and by fuel type conversion, rather than by fuel isolation. From this perspective, proactive management should therefore focus on reshaping vegetation (fuel) configuration to foster more fire-resistant and/or fire-resilient landscapes while simultaneously ensuring the long-term supply of ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. In contrast, rewilding has been proposed as an opportunity for biodiversity conservation in abandoned landscapes. However, rewilding is challenged by the increasing fire risk associated with more flammable landscapes, and the loss of open-habitat specialist species. Here we present three complementary studies carried out in the frame of the FirESmart project (https://firesmartproject.wordpress.com) focusing on two contrasting land-use policy scenarios (Rewilding vs High Nature Value farmlands) based on stakeholders’ perception of fire-landscape dynamics, and their potential impacts on biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. Our studies were implemented in a transboundary protected area, the Gerês-Xurés Biosphere Reserve, where we predicted the potential impacts in terms of fire regime change, species conservation and carbon sequestration. Our studies contribute to the increasing evidence of agricultural policies as essential tools to ensure biodiversity while reducing fire hazard, an aspect that has been frequently neglected when assessing the beneficial effects of agricultural policies. Also, our findings suggest using fire to enhance rewilding as an alternative management strategy in our study area — an issue that decision makers and managers should consider when implementing rewilding initiatives in other fire-prone regions. These studies represent the needs of local communities in these mountainous areas, which are heavily affected by rural abandonment, fire regimes, and loss of natural resources. These rural communities try to keep alive the few and scarce agricultural activities and manage the mountain landscapes. However, the reduced investment and financial support of these isolated communities has led to the decline of these traditional fuel and habitat management tools.

China has entered the era of ecological civilization, it is necessary to explore a path of sustainable development. This study collect block level cases of environment improvement in Europe from the UN - HABITAT Best Practices Database. On this basis, complement other related research. In addition, supplement the eco-renewal cases by my on-the-spot investigation in Europe. Collect all cases together, and cancel the cases which are out of topic, ultimately select 41 cases of the block level, finally establish the case base of eco-renewal projects in block level. Then, refine the design methods of eco-renewal from each case, collect and sort the methods from above cases to summarize and concise universal ecological design method, to explore the sustainable ecological design rules and regularities of distribution. My study provides the advanced ecological spectrum of design methods for China's city blocks sustainable update. Make a contribution to the urban transformation development of developing countries in the future.

O sítio escolhido para implantação da cidade de Salvador se caracteriza por ser um reservatório natural de águas, sempre renovadas pelo clima úmido e pelo elevado índice pluviométrico. A população de Salvador que no inicio do século XX não chegava a 300 mil habitantes, no final ultrapassava dois milhões. Por outro lado, ao tempo em que a área urbana se amplia, a cidade segue em busca de atender às demandas de água da sua população, porém deixando para trás problemas ambientais de grande monta. Utilizando-se de fontes secundarias, este estudo descreve, a partir de recortes temporais, como ocorreu o abastecimento d’água nesta cidade. Sua expansão física e populacional deu-se associada ao desenvolvimento econômico, entretanto, as políticas de abastecimento hídrico não corresponderam às necessidades da sua população ao longo dos séculos, impactando assim de forma negativa na sua qualidade ambiental, confirmando um processo de urbanização perverso, marcado pela exclusão social. The site chosen for the implantation of the city of Salvador characterizes for being a natural water reservoir, always renewed by the humid climate and the elevated pluviometer index. Salvador’s population that, in the beginning of 20th century didn’t reach 300 thousand habitants, in the end would pass 2 millions. On the other hand, while the urban area grows, the city seeks to supply the water demands of its population, although leaving behind large scale environmental problems. Utilizing second sources this study describes, from time periods, how the water supply occurred in this city. The physical and population expansion were given to economic development, however the water supply politics didn’t correspond the needs of its population out the centuries impacting in a negative way on its environment quality, and witch means we satiate a perverse process of urbanization, marked by social exclusion.

Coarse typological studies on urban program and density defined by various urban energy conversion technologies in Singapore. Zhongming Shi1,2, Shanshan Hsieh1,2,3, Bhargava Krishna Sreepathi1,2, Jimeno A. Fonseca1,2, François Maréchal1,3, Arno Schlueter1,2 1 Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower, 138602 Singapore 2 Architecture and Building Systems, Institute of Technology in Architecture, ETH Zurich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland 3 Industrial Process and Energy Systems Engineering Group, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland E-mail: shi@arch.ethz.ch, nils.schueler@epfl.ch, hsieh@arch.ethz.ch, sebastien.cajot@epfl.ch, fonseca@arch.ethz.ch, francois.marechal@epfl.ch, schlueter@arch.ethz.ch Keywords: Urban typology, urban form, energy technology, urban program, density Conference topics and scale: Efficient use of resources in sustainable cities Cities consume about three quarters of global primary energy. Compared to the beginning of the Twentieth Century, the urban area is expected to triple by 2030. The future urban energy performance is substantially influenced by how the urban area is planned, designed, and built. New energy technologies have enabled new possibilities of the urban form. For example, a district cooling system can free the building rooftops for more architectural design options, like an infinity pool or a sky garden. Vice versa, to maximize the energy performance, some new energy technologies enforce some specific requirements on the urban forms, like the urban form and density. We apply a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation to identify the optimal allocation of energy demand density and energy systems (e.g. district cooling network) subject to resource availability and energy (or environmental) performance targets (e.g. renewable share). The optimized energy demand density can be translated into urban program combinations and density ranges and gradients. To build the model, we survey the prevailing energy conversion technologies and their costs. Based on the local standards of Singapore, we derive the energy profiles and demand densities of buildings with different programs. We adopt a real case study in Singapore to test the target energy technologies. Adjacent to the existing central business district, the site, currently a container terminal, has an area around 1,000 hectares. Upon the relocation of the terminal in 10 years, the energy technologies, the density, and the program of the site have a variety of possibilities. This paper builds a series of coarse urban typologies in terms of urban program and density when adopting different urban energy conversion technologies in Singapore. Furthermore, the general density and the density gradient may vary when the size of these energy infrastructures alters. In an integrated urban design process involving energy considerations, the urban designer can refer these urban typologies for rules on the general density, the density gradient, and the urban program combination based on the selected energy technologies. On the other way, these urban typologies can also help on the selection of energy technologies to accommodate the target urban density and program. References (100 words) Ratti, C., Baker, N., and Steemers, K. (2005). Energy consumption and urban texture. Energy Build. 37, 762–776. Salat, S. (2009). Energy loads, CO2 emissions and building stocks: morphologies, typologies, energy systems and behaviour. Build. Res. Inf. 37, 598–609. Seto, K.C., Güneralp, B., and Hutyra, L.R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109, 16083–16088. UN-Habitat (2012). Energy. [Online]. Available: http://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/energy. [Accessed:08-Nov-2016].