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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Greywater"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 6 de septiembre de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Greywater"

Ungvári, Csaba, Andrea Izbéki-Szabolcsik y Ildikó Bodnár. "Analysis of Greywater Samples Treated by Filtration". Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 9, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2018): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2018.09.57.

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Abstract In our research we pre-treated synthetically produced greywaters with filtration on various filters. We characterised the quality of greywater samples using several parameters. We investigated these parameters on the untreated and pre-treated samples as well. We evaluated the efficiency of the treatments by measuring the characteristic parameters. It was shown that the most effective pre-treatment for the greywater’s preparation for reuse is filtration on silica sand or activated charcoal and silica sand combined filter media.

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Sabara, Zakir, Aswariani Anwar, Setyawati Yani, Kusnul Prianto, Rahmad Junaidi, Rofiqul Umam y Rizqi Prastowo. "Activated Carbon and Coconut Coir with the Incorporation of ABR System as Greywater Filter: The Implications for Wastewater Treatment". Sustainability 14, n.º 2 (17 de enero de 2022): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14021026.

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Greywater refers to wastewater generated from domestic activities, which do not contain fecal contamination. Therefore, this study aims to treat greywater in Makassar city to speed up the water cycle and enable reuse, as an environmental conservation strategy. The water parameters measured were pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). According to the results, the greywater’s BOD, COD, and TTS contents were 49.98 to 54.88 mg/L, 509 to 655 mg/L, and 404.40 to 464.65 mg/L, respectively, all of which exceed WHO wastewater quality standards. The use of a wastewater treatment installation comprising a combination of Activated Carbon (AC) and Coconut Coir (CC) with the incorporation of the Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) system as a greywater filter successfully reduced the city’s greywater pollution. In addition, the new BOD content fulfills the environmentally safe wastewater standards, while the new COD and TSS contents were 152 mg/L to 184 mg/L and 59.68 mg/L to 77.42 mg/L, respectively, which are close to the WHO domestic wastewater quality standards.

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Cecconet, Daniele, Silvia Bolognesi, Luca Piacentini, Arianna Callegari y Andrea Capodaglio. "Bioelectrochemical Greywater Treatment for Non-Potable Reuse and Energy Recovery". Water 13, n.º 3 (26 de enero de 2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030295.

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Greywater normally represents the largest fraction of wastewater generated in buildings and may be suitable for non-potable reuse after on-site treatment. Conventional technologies for greywater treatment include sequencing batch reactors, membrane filtration, and membrane biological reactors. Even though these can be very effective, they are highly energy consuming and may negatively impact the energy balance of the building where they are installed. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a sustainable technology for contaminant removal and energy production from a variety of substrates. In this study, the application of MFCs for greywater treatment is reported, with a particular focus on the analysis of energy losses, in view of non-potable reuse. MFCs were fed with different types of greywater, characterized by either high or low conductivity, because greywater’s conductivity may greatly differ based on its origin; in either case, organic matter (chemical oxygen demand; COD) removal was higher than 85% and not influenced by the influent conductivity, coupled with a maximum power production of 0.46 mW L−1 and 0.38 mW L−1. Electrolyte overpotentials were dramatically higher in the case of low conductivity greywater (20% vs. 10%, compared to high conductivity influent); these overpotentials are related to the conductivity of the influent, showing that low conductivity hindered energy generation, but not COD removal. Polarization and power curves showed higher internal resistance in the case of low conductivity, confirming the overpotentials’ analysis. Results showed the feasibility of the use of MFCs in greywater treatment, with potential to reduce the energy demand connected to its reuse compared to conventional technologies; coupling with a disinfection stage would be necessary to fully comply with most non-potable reuse regulations.

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Albalawneh, Abeer y Tsun-Kuo Chang. "REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, n.º 12 (31 de diciembre de 2015): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i12.2015.2882.

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In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse. Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households. All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios. The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to greywater. However, some countries have established specialized standards for greywater reuse. Technologies used for greywater treatment are classiﬁed into physical, chemical, biological, and natural systems, or a combination of these. Using physical greywater treatment processes solely as the main treatment method is insufﬁcient for greywater treatment, chemical greywater treatment processes are attractive for single household low-strength greywater treatment systems, as the variability in the strength and ﬂow of the greywater did not affect their treatment performance. Constructed wetland can be regarded as the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for greywater treatment and reuses. Finally, the study suggests the possible greywater recycling scheme for agricultural irrigation reuse purposes.

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Nondlazi, Sinoyolo, Nosiphiwe Ngqwala, Bongumusa M. Zuma, Paul K. Mensah y Roman Tandlich. "Effect of fly ash-lime treatment on the acute toxicity of greywater towards Daphnia magna". Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 18, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nbec-2019-0008.

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Abstract Acute toxicity of raw and treated greywater towards Daphnia magna was assessed in this study. Treatment was performed with exposure of greywater to the fly-lime mixture After 48 h of exposure, 100 % mortality of D. magna was recorded when testing the following volumetric fractions of the raw greywater streams in the tested liquid medium (%; v/v): 10 % for kitchen greywater, 5 – 10 % for bathroom greywater and 1.25 – 10 % for laundry greywater. After greywater treatment with the fly-ash-lime mixture with pH adjustment to 7.0, 80 % of neonates of D. magna survived after exposure to treated laundry greywater in all dilutions at 48 h. At the same time, 100 % of neonates survived exposure to treated bathroom and kitchen greywater at all volumetric fractions. Therefore greywater had acute toxicity to D. magna, i.e. greywater treatment was required before its discharge or reuse. Values of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the chemical components of the raw greywater and treated greywater and the survival of D. magna indicated a lack of statistically significant correlation at 5 % level of significance (p-value > 0.05 in all cases), i.e. the survival of D. magna was independent of the concentration of chemical constituents in greywater samples tested. Further studies will have to be conducted on the chronic toxicity of the greywater effluent after treatment with the fly-lime mixture. Experiments from this study will have to be re-run for the fully scaled-up version of the fly-lime mixture-based greywater treatment systems.

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Bakare, B. F., S. Mtsweni y S. Rathilal. "Characteristics of greywater from different sources within households in a community in Durban, South Africa". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, n.º 4 (14 de noviembre de 2016): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.092.

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The reuse of greywater is steadily gaining importance in South Africa. Greywater contains pollutants that could have adverse effects on the environment and public health if the water is not treated before reuse. Successful implementation of any greywater treatment process depends largely on its characteristics in terms of the pollutant strength. This study investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of greywater from different sources within 75 households in a community in Durban, South Africa. The study was undertaken to create an understanding of greywater quality from different sources within and between households. Greywater samples were collected from the kitchen, laundry and bathing facilities within each of the households. The samples were analysed for: pH, conductivity, turbidity, total solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). There was a significant difference in the parameters analysed between the greywater from the kitchen compared with the greywater from the bathtub/shower and laundry. It was also observed that the characteristics of greywater from the different households varied considerably. The characteristics of the greywater obtained in this study suggest that the greywater generated cannot be easily treatable using biological treatment processes and/or technologies due to the very low mean BOD : COD ratio (<0.5).

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Al-Mefleh, Naji K., Yahia A. Othman, Maher J. Tadros, Amani Al-Assaf y Samer Talozi. "An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia". Horticulturae 7, n.º 3 (25 de febrero de 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7030038.

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This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for safe use of greywater. Escherichia coli found in the greywater were lower compared to JISM and WHO guidelines for the safe use of greywater. Irrigation with treated greywater increased shoot fresh weight by 24–39% and dry weight by 34–40% compared to diluted greywater and control. No significant difference in crude protein was noticed between water treatments. Prosopis species (P. juliflora Albizia lebbeck L. and P. tamarugo Albizia lebbeck L.) had higher shoot fresh (35%) and dry weight the same species had lower crude protein (44%) when compared to Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck L. The reuse of treated greywater for landscaping or forage production alleviates the demand for water resources and reduces the pressure on wastewater treatment plants. However, considering the controversial findings of previous studies on greywater quality (especially, long-term reuse), the reuse of treated greywater needs to be considered with caution and periodic quality analyses and economic assessments are required.

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Filali, Hanen, Narcis Barsan, Dalila Souguir, Valentin Nedeff, Claudia Tomozei y Mohamed Hachicha. "Greywater as an Alternative Solution for a Sustainable Management of Water Resources—A Review". Sustainability 14, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020665.

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In this paper, a comprehensive review on greywater is presented. Emphasis is given to the techniques used to treat and recover greywater, and special emphasis is placed on the risk of the existence of the novel coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2” in greywater and the possibility of its spread via the reuse of this water. In general, greywater is considered wastewater collected from domestic sources, with the exclusion of toilet water (which is considered as blackwater). Greywater represents 50 to 80% of the total volume of wastewater all over the world. This review provides various aspects related to greywater, such as origins, characteristics, and existing guidelines for greywater proper treatment and reuse. Several approaches and techniques have been developed to study the performance of different greywater treatment systems. These methods are critically discussed in this article. In the context of sustainable development, water management, and taking into account the scarcity of water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, the use of treated greywater is one of the alternatives methods that can reduce the burden of withdrawals from the resource. In addition, some successful examples of greywater valuation experiences in Tunisia were examined.

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Nyagatare, Guillaume, Christian Shingiro y Claire Nyiranziringirimana. "Effect of domestic greywater reuse for irrigation on soil physical and chemical characteristics and tomatoes growth." Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 115, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-12069.

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This study aimed at determining the effect of laundry greywater on the growth of tomatoes and physical and chemical properties of a sandy loam Perrox in the Eastern province of Rwanda, Kayonza district, Mwiri sector. The experimental design consisted of plots planted with tomatoes (Lepersicon Esculantum) in a randomized complete block design with three replications and four treatments. Treatment 1: Tomatoes irrigated with pure greywater; Treatment 2: Tomatoes irrigated with a mixture of tap water and greywater at 1:1 ratio; Treatment 3: Alternation of greywater and tap water in a consecutive manner; and Treatment 4: only tap water serving as a control. Results showed that the following soil chemical parameters were significantly increased with greywater application: pH, EC, Av P, Na and SAR. Conversely, soil concentration in Mg and Ca significantly decreased with increase in greywater application. With the exception of soil bulk density, other measured physical properties such as soil hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability and porosity were significantly reduced with greywater application. The highest values for soil hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability and porosity were found for soil irrigated with tap water which ranged between 1.01 to 2.1 times higher than that of greywater, mixed or alternated with tap water. The alternate application of greywater and tap water did not affect significantly the stem height and weight of tomatoes. We concluded that the absence of positive growth effect of application of greywater was due to low concentration in essential plant nutrients in greywater, and induced adverse effects on soil chemical, physical, and biological properties. However, alternate application of the greywater and tap water preserved approximately the same soil physico-chemical characteristics as with application of tap water. Thus, among the irrigation treatments involving greywater, the latter should be considered as the most environmentally friendly. We propose combination of greywater with various forms of composts as the one of the most promising investigations on the reuse of greywater in irrigation.

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Newcomer, Evan, Courtney Boyd, Laban Nyirenda, Emmanuel Opong, Shannon Marquez y Rochelle Holm. "Reducing the burden of rural water supply through greywater reuse: a case study from northern Malawi". Water Supply 17, n.º 4 (10 de enero de 2017): 1088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.004.

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Greywater reuse has potential for non-potable applications that conserve freshwater resources in water-stressed areas especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The feasibility of reusing greywater for domestic activities in a rural area of Malawi, Africa, was evaluated from microbiological and public acceptance perspectives. Median Escherichia coli concentrations for eight domestic greywater sources (handwashing, laundry, runoff from a tap apron, bathing, cleaning a home/kitchen, cleaning a water collection container, washing plates and soaking vegetables) ranged from 100 to >20,000 colony forming units (cfu)/100 ml. Twenty-four of 47 greywater samples tested (51%) met the World Health Organization guideline for unrestricted use of greywater for irrigation. Pertinently, 80% (4/5) and 60% (3/5) of greywater samples from handwashing stations and bathing had E. coli less than the WHO guideline. Users reported greatest acceptance of reusing greywater for growing food and washing clothes, especially when the greywater source was bathing. Acceptance was closely tied to a household's economic standing, geographic location, and first-hand knowledge of reusing greywater. Greywater reuse practices in rural areas, especially targeting bathing water as suitable from bacteriological and user perception criteria, can help mitigate the impacts of water stress in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Más fuentes

Tesis sobre el tema "Greywater"

Ottosson, Jakob. "Hygiene Aspects of Greywater and Greywater Reuse". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1551.

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Greywater is domestic household wastewater without inputfrom the toilet, i.e. wastewater from sinks, the shower,washing machine and dishwasher in a home. Source separation ofgreywater can be a strategy to enhance recirculation of plantnutrients and/or improve water use. The risk for transmissionof disease when reusing greywater is largely dependent on thecross-contamination by faeces. High levels of faecalindicators, mainly thermotolerant coliform bacteria, have beenreported in greywater, indicating substantial faecal pollution.However, growth of indicator bacteria within the system leadsto an overestimation of thefaecal input and thus the hygienerisk. The faecal input of the greywater in Vibyåsen,Sollentuna, North of Stockholm, was estimated to be 0.04 ±0.02 g faeces person-1 day-1 from the quantification of thefaecal sterol coprostanol, compared to 65 g, 5.2 g and 0.22 gp-1 d-1 using E. coli, enterococci and cholesterolrespectively.

Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecalload based on coprostanol concentrations were used to form thebasis of a screening-level quantitative microbial riskassessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonellatyphimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia intestinalis andCryptosporidium parvum, looking at the treatment required to bebelow an acceptable level of risk (10-3) for reuse or dischargeof the greywater. The different exposure scenarios simulatedgroundwater recharge, direct contact, irrigation andrecreational watershowed that a reduction of 0.73.7 log was needed for rotavirus, with the measured level offaecal load in Vibyåsen. The other pathogen of concern wasCampylobacter, where a 2.2 log reduction was needed forgroundwater recharge. The infectious dose of Salmonella is highand the excretion numbers of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidiumoocysts low, resulting in no treatment requirements for theseorganisms under these circumstances. Pathogen input fromcontaminated food via the kitchen sink had a minor effect onthe microbiological quality of the greywater. Studies on virusoccurrence in greywater as well as validation of the faecalload of greywater at another site would give valuable input forfuture QMRAs.

Greywater treatment efficiency studies, especially on virusremoval, are scarce and more investigations are warranted.Active sludge may not be a suitable technique for greywater dueto the low carbon content in this flow. Chemical precipitationhas the advantage of removing phosphorus as well as virusesefficiently and it is suggested as one possible method fortreating greywater. Otherwise the most common practice forgreywater treatment in Sweden is soil infiltration. However, itis suggested that the recommendations for wastewaterinfiltration also be observed for greywater, despite the lowfaecal load, due to the simulated results on virus reductionneeded.

Key words:greywater, greywater reuse, greywatertreatment, microbial risk assessment, groundwater recharge,irrigation, recreational water, faecal contamination, indicatorbacteria, index organisms, faecal sterols, bacteriophages,enteric pathogens, rotavirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter,Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Legionella

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Denis, Achu. "Greywater Treatment systems' assessment". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9732.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the various types of onsite greywater treatment facilities available at two housing communities (Hull Street and Moshoeshoe Eco Village) in Kimberley, South Africa. The objective was to undertake a close observation through personal experience of the installations, measure water consumption and greywater produced, do an inventory of household cleaning chemicals and conduct interviews of different stake-holders of the Housing Project to find out their views on greywater and Ecosan issues. The study was conducted between June and August 2006.

The average water consumption per household per day during the study period was 272 L and 170 L in Eco Village and Hull Street respectively. The average greywater produced per household per day was 190 L and 119 L in Eco Village and Hull Street respectively. In Hull Street, the average water consumed and greywater produced per person per day during this study was 51L and 36L respectively. Three main types of treatment systems were installed in the study area; sandfilters, infiltration pits and resorption trenches. The sandfilters were poorly designed and were not functioning properly. The infiltration pits though working they were experiencing problems of poor infiltration and required constant draining and maintenance in many homes, especially those that have high water consumption and produce much greywater. The resorption trenches that make use of aerobic mulch media followed by infiltration had been installed in one house unit and after about 7 months had not presented problems to the user. Close monitoring done on this facility for about 4 weeks showed proper functioning according to its design.

Quite a lot had been done over time to improve on the installations in Hull Street and Eco village. The toilet installations have been exchanged and a number of alternatives to improve on the treated greywater have been attempted. The users and the housing company’s personnel feel one of the major problems being encountered is in treating greywater. Appropriate ways to compost faecal matter are still being sought. Hence use of greywater, urine and composted faeces in urban agriculture by residents is yet to be visible and will need encouragement.

Generally, the residents at Hull Street and Eco Village like the community life, house structures and location. However, they wish that improvement be made in some areas to make life in these areas more comfortable. The residents of both Hull Street and Eco Village expect better greywater treatment facilities. The community in Hull Street requests shopping centres, sport facilities, fence around the area, and taxi services among others. It is important to note that many people did not ask for further improvements on the toilet systems which might indicate they are coping with the urine diversion alternative sanitation.

The user perception on whole was good, but the need for constant attention and maintenance seems to offer a hurdle to the infiltration and sand filter facilities to treat greywater.

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Weingärtner, Dorothea Elisabeth [Verfasser] y H. H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hahn. "Greywater - Characteristics, Biodegradability and Reuse of some Greywaters / Dorothea Elisabeth Weingärtner. Betreuer: H. H. Hahn". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045663727/34.

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Partanen, Sarah Bonnie. "Greywater reuse in agritourism destinations". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52725.

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Though Canada has a perceived abundance of fresh water resources, they can be affected by localized drought, changing weather patterns and aging infrastructure. Greywater collected from sinks, baths, showers and washing machines can provide an alternate source of non-potable water, improving the security of fresh water resources in Canada. The agriculture sector is one area where greywater could be put to beneficial use. Farming at the rural-urban interface has been growing in popularity within North America, and provides farmers with new opportunities as they attract more visitors to the farm. Greywater reuse is one way farmers can address the challenge of how to manage the associated increased influx of wastewater. However, there is a lack of integrated research that explores the feasibility of using greywater as a water resource on farms at the rural-urban interface. There is also a lack of knowledge regarding farmers' perceptions and opinions of greywater reuse. Without this information, the barriers to greywater reuse on farms are unknown. This research undertook a feasibility study into the reuse of greywater at the UBC Farm in British Columbia, Canada. It explored feasibility from a technical, regulatory, and economic standpoint. A questionnaire was also developed and administered to farmers across BC as a way to discover the barriers to greywater reuse. It was found that the UBC Farm could generate enough greywater through produce washing operations to flush all the toilets in the proposed new farm centre throughout the summer months. The farm centre's roof provides the opportunity to capture enough rainwater to flush the toilets throughout the remainder of the year. The greywater treatment and distribution system becomes more economically feasible as the price of potable water increases. The questionnaire responses also highlighted that cost is a significant barrier to farmers' adoption of greywater reuse on their own farms. While most farmers saw the benefit of reusing water, they couldn't predict their customers' view of the practice. Farmers are unlikely to adopt a practice having the potential to hurt their business, so an awareness of customer perceptions will be required prior to their consideration of greywater reuse.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Dinama, Desmond y s3084691@student rmit edu au. "Greywater Systems: Barriers for Builders". RMIT University. Property, Construction and Project Management, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090119.142338.

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Australia is one of the driest continents in the world with changing climatic conditions continuing to put a strain on potable water sources. The use of water saving technologies such as greywater systems in residential properties is an important water conservation tool in order to reduce the consumption of the finite potable water resources in Australia. To this end, Master Builders Association Victoria with the assistance of RMIT University investigated the current barriers that builders face with regard to the installation of greywater systems in residential properties. Builders like other property and construction professionals have a part to play in promoting the use of sustainable technologies. The main aims of the project were to firstly find out or identify barriers that are inhibiting builders from installing greywater systems and secondly to identify and formulate strategies to reduce or eliminate the barriers identified. The main barriers for builders are; high cost, government regulations, lack of builder awareness or knowledge, and low client demand. The potential solutions for the reduction or elimination of the barriers identified as part of the research include; economic and reliable greywater systems, creation of a website with link on greywater systems and educating the general public.

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Wickstead, Frank Anthony. "Quantifying the benefits of greywater systems". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39626.

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This thesis offers a decision support framework to establish the economic feasibility associated with considering the installation of a greywater system. Because of the potential dangers and lack of widespread knowledge of greywater systems, the study begins by providing an explanation of current greywater technology to include the history of the technology, an explanation of greywater as opposed to reclaimed water, the potential risks of greywater use, and the necessary components of a greywater system. This decision support framework can be used with any scale of greywater system to be installed within any scale of facility. The example of an typical Atlanta, Georgia, USA multifamily rental development is used within the study to explain the framework by showing a working model. The need for water conservation in Georgia is shown and how greywater use dovetails with the need to lower overall usage. The legality of greywater use in Georgia along with the specific legal uses is also shown. The findings are then made State of Georgia and use specific to a multifamily development. The decision support framework provided is a viable tool. The sample framework in chapter 5 shows that the implementation of a greywater unit in the sampled facility would save 5,060,739.6 gallons of potable water per year with a 10.49 year payback cycle.

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Laine, Anu Talvikki. "Technologies for greywater recycling in buildings". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2001. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/1205.

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The potential of four pilot-scale wastewater treatment processes for in-building greywater recycling has been assessed. The evaluation of three membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and a biological aerated filter (BAF) was principally with reference to the non-potable water reuse quality standards. In the steady-state trials the feedwater quality was changed from synthetic greywater to blackwater (primary sewage influent) simulating the variability of domestic wastewater. The submerged MBR met both the chemical and microbiological water reuse quality standards independent of the feedwater strength. The BAF mostly achieved a significant reduction in organic pollutants but failed to meet the microbiological water quality criteria. Greywater treatment by the side-stream MBR resulted in a very good effluent quality whilst the membrane aeration bioreactor (MABR) had the most limited capacity to remove the pollutants measured. The unsteady-state trials were carried out on the submerged MBR and the BAF. The performance of the former remained relatively unchanged in the feedwater transitions and the intermittent operation of feed and/or air with synthetic greywater. These tests on the BAF resulted in a loss of performance such that in some cases the recovery took several days. In the supplementary experiments nutrient deficiency, variability in strength and degradation during storage were found typical of both real and synthetic greywater, hence potentially affecting the treatability of greywater. A survey on behavioural patterns in households indicated that perceived harmfulness of a substance did not necessarily affect the frequency with which it was discharged. Laboratory experiments suggested that some substances discharged with the greywater may increase the risk of failure of the biological treatment process.

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Abed, S. N. "Floating treatment wetlands for synthetic greywater remediation". Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42227/.

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Aggravation of water scarcity, eutrophication and pollution, has led to treatment and/or recycling of the major fraction of domestic wastewater, which is grey wastewater, for non‒potable options. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of FTWs for remediation of various pollutants from synthetic greywater. In the present study, a novel synthetic greywater composition has been proposed with respect to the composition of organics, nutrients, heavy metals and other trace elements. As an imitation of bio‒physiochemical treatment technology, mesocosm‒scale retention ponds were artificially retrofitted with floating reedbed Phragmites australis to introduce, what is known as, floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) for improving the removal efficiency of soluble contaminations from synthetic greywater (SGW) in such systems. As a corroboration to the phytoremediation, pelletised ochre (acid mine wastewater sludge) was added into those FTWs for its capacity to adsorb phosphorus and other trace elements. Mainly, four operational variables were designated for the experimental design set‒ups of the FTWs, namely: pollutant strength (high‒ (HC) and low‒ (LC) concentrations), contact time (2‒ and 7‒day), presence of P. australis and presence of cement‒ochre pellets. The findings revealed that dissolved (DO), and biochemical and chemical oxygen demands (BOD5 and COD) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all FTWs. The concentrations of NO3‒N were significantly (p < 0.05) higher, and of PO4‒P were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those concentrations of inflow, however, there were no significant (p > 0.05) changes in NH4‒N concentration in FTWs using a combination of ochre pellets with floating P. australis. Presence of ochre pellets in combination with P. australis significantly (p < 0.05) decreased Al, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Ni and Zn, while increasing Al, Ca, Fe and K contents in the outflow. Accumulation of all considered elements was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in P. australis of all treatment systems (T) than in control systems (C), except for sodium (Na) contents which had significantly (p < 0.05) lower accumulations. The statistical analysis showed that accumulated concentrations of all considered elements in ochre pellets after the end of the treatment experiment were significantly (p < 0.05) higher, except for Ca concentrations which were significantly (p < 0.05) lower, than those in ochre pellets before commencing the experiment.

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Kaduvinal, Varghese Jeslin. "The effects of the implementation of grey water reuse systems on construction cost and project schedule". Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1447.

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Mars, Ross. "Using the submergent Triglochin huegelii for domestic greywater treatment". Thesis, Mars, Ross (2001) Using the submergent Triglochin huegelii for domestic greywater treatment. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/180/.

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In recent years, there has been increased interest in alternative and innovative technologies which are used in the treatment of wastewaters, with the aim of developing efficient systems which are low-cost and low maintenance. However, greywater reuse from domestic houses appears to have received very little attention and the role of indigenous wetland plants, especially submergents, in contributing to nutrient reduction in wastewater is largely unknown. Species of Triglochin, commonly known as water ribbons, are fast growing submergent macrophytes. In Western Australia, Triglochin huegelii is mainly a submergent plant but as water recedes, the leaves become emergent. Triglochin huegelii can tolerate a range of water regimes and high nutrient concentrations, and this is useful in wastewater treatment applications. The aims of this present study were to examine the use of Triglochin huegelii for domestic greywater treatment, to compare the effectiveness of this plant with other better known, and more frequently used, emergent macrophytes, and to investigate why Triglochin huegelii is so successful in nutrient accumulation. A series of investigations using Triglochin huegelii in greywater treatment experiments showed that Triglochin has consistently removed more nitrogen and phosphorus, in all parts of the plant - leaves, tubers and roots, than most other indigenous emergent macrophyte species, including those of Schoenoplectus, Baumea and Juncus which are commonly used for wastewater nutrient-stripping. In some cases, such as in the leaves, twice as much nitrogen (N) and one and a half times more phosphorus (P) is assimilated in the Triglochin tissue. In all parts of the plant there has been an increase in Total N and Total P. Investigations were conducted using different environmental conditions for the plants. A comparison was made between root zone (substrate-only) and complete pond conditions, with some changes to loading rate and retention times. Triglochin huegelii has many practical applications in wastewater management, especially if the level of influentlwastewater can be controlled, thus allowing sufficient time for Triglochin huegelii to respond with changed structure and morphology. Proline, a substance known to be produced by plants under stress (such as changing water levels), was detected in Triglochin huegelii. In a pond, the leaves of Triglochin can be directly involved in nutrient absorption and assimilation. A study of leaf structure and other aspects of its biology showed that nutrients can easily pass into leaf tissue and then into other regions in the plant. In Triglochin huegelii, nitrogen was primarily stored or found in leaves then tubers then roots, while levels of phosphorus were higher in tubers then roots then leaves. The above-ground:below-ground (AG:BG) ratio of Triglochin huegelii also depends on the water regime. For all samples, whether pond or substrateonly, the ratio was 0.84. However, when consideration is given to pond conditions the ratio increases to 1.11. It appears that in pond conditions, and especially with long retention times, proportionally more above-ground growth (leaves) occurs and in substrate-only conditions, proportionally more biomass is found below-ground, with the number and size of leaves reduced in these plants. The highest nutrient levels recorded for Triglochin huegelii were 11.74 mgP/g and 35.7 mgN/g dry weight. Triglochin huegelii has been found to have a protein content of at least 1.7 g/100 g wet weight in the leaves, and less in roots and tubers. Triglochin huegelii could have potential as a fodder source because of its high protein content, similar to that of lucerne. Triglochin huegelii seems to remove nitrogen and phosphorus at a greater rate than many other types of aquatic macrophytes. Other parameters such as BOD, Suspended Solids and fecal coliforms were also examined, with reductions of up to 90%, 84% and 99% respectively. The implication is that instead of only planting the perimeter of lagoons, artificial wetlands and constructed basins we should be planting the bulk of the waterway with submergent species such as Triglochin spp which are far more effective in stripping nutrients than emergents currently used for that purpose. In addition, systems need to be designed that mimic natural ecosystems, and yet are economical and functional. This current research can be used as a basis for further study to establish the extent of nutrient removal by Triglochin huegelii and its interactions with other macrophytes in polyculture systems.

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Libros sobre el tema "Greywater"

Art, Ludwig, Farwell Larry y Oasis Biocompatible Products (Firm), eds. Greywater information. Santa Barbara, Calif: Oasis Biocompatible Products, 1991.

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Ludwig, Art. Builder's greywater guide: Installation of greywater systems in new construction and remodeling. Santa Barbara, Calif: Oasis Design, 2000.

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Create an oasis with greywater: Your complete guide to managing greywater in the landscape. 3^a ed. Santa Barbara, CA: Oasis Design, 1998.

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Radin Mohamed, Radin Maya Saphira, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi y Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim, eds. Management of Greywater in Developing Countries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90269-2.

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Branched drain greywater systems: Reliable, economical, sanitary distribution of household greywater to downhill plants without filtration or pumping. Santa Barbara, CA: Oasis Design, 2000.

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McIlwaine, Stephen. Greywater use in the Middle East: Technical, social, economic and policy issues. Warwickshire, UK: Practical Action Pub., 2010.

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Erlenbach, Dave. Planning guide for on-site greywater disposal systems for recreational and administrative sites. San Dimas, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Center, 1995.

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S, Mustow, Great Britain. Drinking Water Inspectorate. y Building Services Research and Information Association., eds. Water conservation: Implications of using recycled greywater and stored rainwater in the UK. Bracknel, Berks: Building Services Research and Information Association, 1997.

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Erlenbach, Dave. Planning guide for on-site greywater/wastewater disposal systems for recreational and administrative sites. San Dimas, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1998.

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Erlenbach, Dave. Planning guide for on-site greywater/wastewater disposal systems for recreational and administrative sites. San Dimas, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology & Development Program, 1998.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Greywater"

Akter, Aysha. "Greywater Water Reuse". En Springer Water, 165–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94643-2_5.

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Hyde, Katherine y Matthew Smith. "Greywater Recycling and Reuse". En Urban Pollution, 211–21. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119260493.ch16.

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Neubrand, W., J. Heiser, A. Schindler, M. Treberspurg, W. Hofbauer y H. Czaya. "Greywater Recycling: Field Experience". En Water Resources Quality, 359–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56013-2_21.

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Nolde, Erwin y Nolde Partner. "Greywater Recycling in Buildings". En Water Efficiency in Buildings, 169–89. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118456613.ch10.

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Al-Jayyousi, Odeh Rashed. "10. Greywater use: Islamic perspectives". En Greywater Use in the Middle East, 139–47. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440224.010.

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Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Efaq Ali Noman, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Balkis A. Talip, Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim y Norli Ismail. "Disinfection Technologies for Household Greywater". En Management of Greywater in Developing Countries, 185–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90269-2_10.

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Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Efaq Ali Noman, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed y Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. "Determination of Pathogens in Greywater". En Management of Greywater in Developing Countries, 51–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90269-2_3.

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Noman, Efaq Ali, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Siti Asmah Bakar, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Balkis A. Talip y Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. "Treatment Technologies of Household Greywater". En Management of Greywater in Developing Countries, 125–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90269-2_7.

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Kumar, P. Naresh y Arun Kumar Thalla. "Greywater Treatment by Two-Stage Bioreactor". En Climate Impacts on Water Resources in India, 211–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51427-3_18.

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Hijikata, Nowaki. "On-site Use of Reclaimed Greywater". En Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 243–68. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56835-3_16.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Greywater"

Shashi Kant, Fouad H Jaber y Raghupathy Karthikeyan. "Greywater Treatment System Modeling: An approach Using Simulated Greywater". En 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131620367.

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Raclavsky, Jaroslav. "GREYWATER RECYCLING IN BUILDINGS". En 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b41/s17.037.

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McDonald, Arthur Phaoenchoke, Alejandro Montoya y Fernando Alonso-Marroquin. "Vertical garden for treating greywater". En OFF-GRID TECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4985557.

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Baker, K. H., D. I. Harrow y B. A. Ritchey. "Tricosan in Greywater: Implications for Reuse". En Low Impact Development International Conference (LID) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41099(367)90.

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Mohan, S. y Manthapuri Vineeth. "Phycoremediation of Greywater Using Chlorella vulgaris". En World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2021. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483466.067.

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Thomas, Nimy Mary y Roshni K. R. "Reduction of Greywater Turbidity by Natural Coagulants". En Proceedings of the Advances in Technology, Engineering and Computing A Multinational Colloquium - 2017. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-0744-3_c17-19.

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"The Potential Of Greywater Reuse In Irrigation". En 21st Century Watershed Technology Conference and Workshop Improving Water Quality and the Environment. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/wtcw.2014-018.

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Sinno, Sarah, Bushra Tatan, Mohamed N. Singer, Khaled Elkersh y Kazi Fattah. "Recycling of Carwash Greywater Through Electrocoagulation Treatment". En 2022 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset53988.2022.9735125.

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Waris, Abdul y Fadi A. Ghaith. "Design of Solar Powered Greywater Treatment Unit for Residential Applications". En ASME 2022 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2022-85201.

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Abstract Many countries around the world depend primarily on seawater desalination process which is an energy-intensive process and incorporates high electricity consumption. In United Arab Emirates (UAE), desalinated seawater accounts for almost 89.9% of the country’s water needs. The average residential water consumption is 550 liters per capita per day which is almost 82% higher than the world average. This paper aims to design a greywater treatment plant which is fully powered by solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. The proposed water treatment plant consists of a three-step filtration process to treat greywater. Initially, the collected greywater from households is pumped to a multimedia filter to reduce the level of turbidity followed by pumping the water at high pressure through Reverse Osmosis unit and finally passing the water in the chlorination chamber to remove odor and prevent microbial growth. The proposed system was implemented to the case study of a villa community located in Dubai which comprises 38 villas and accommodates a total of about 152 residents. The proposed water treatment plant has a capacity of producing about 83 m3 of clean water per day at a high recovery rate of 67%. The solar system proved to be efficient by providing energy of 57397 kWh which was enough to power entirely the greywater treatment plant. Cost analysis was carried out to assess the economic feasibility of the proposed plant. The system resulted in a tangible reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 204 ton/year.

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Lakeh, Reza Baghaei, Daniel Andrade, Kyle Miller, Mohammad Masoud Modabernia, Thuan John Nguyen, Justine Nguyen, Elbon Flanagan et al. "Design and Testing of a Solar-Driven Wastewater Treatment Unit for Off-Grid Applications". En ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87090.

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The decline of surface water sources along with periodic droughts has introduced new challenges for the state of California. In order to keep up with the increasing demand for water, the state is heavily relying on imported water from the north to Southern California as well as importing water from the Colorado River. The imported water has a large carbon footprint due to using grid power for water transport. Water reuse (reclaimed) is considered as one of the solutions to reduce the dependency of state on imported water. The research team at Cal Poly Pomona, is developing an off-grid solar-powered greywater treatment system for non-potable use in single households. Greywater is the drained water from bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines; not including wastewater from toilets or kitchen sinks. Treating greywater on-site can provide significant water savings, and can reduce the carbon footprint of desalination using solar panels. The developed system is comprised of a three-stage treatment train: micro-filtration, solar-driven reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. The end product of the project is capable of reclaiming 90–100 gallons of water per day which is about 60% of residential greywater waste. The system removes large suspended particles (particles of dirt, food, etc.) as well as organic and inorganic dissolved contaminants. It is demonstrated that the system can provide a permeate quality that agrees with recommended guidelines for reclaimed water. The system has a recovery rate of up to 62%.

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Informes sobre el tema "Greywater"

Sahai, Rashmi, Nihar Shah y Amol Phadke. Addressing Water Consumption of Evaporative Coolers with Greywater. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), julio de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1223004.

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Haering, Chad, Peter Lavigne, Jude Jordan, Josue D az, Don Pickard, Jeff Wallace, Michael Edelson, Max Beila y John Lupien. Portable System for Field-Feeding Greywater Remediation and Recycling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julio de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607016.

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Zabetakis, Dan y Bruce P. Gaber. Certain Properties of Laboratory Greywater and Shipboard Non-Oily Wastewater and Permeates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, mayo de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326092.

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Vavrin, John L. A Quantitative Study of the Viability of Greywater Heat Recovery (GWHR): GWHR Implemented in Barracks and Dining Facilities. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, junio de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada559324.

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Travé Allepuz, Esther, María Dolores López y Karen Alvaro Rueda. Greyware Pottery from Sant Miquel de La Vall: some Thoughts about the Distribution and Exchange of Utilitarian Cooking Pots in Medieval Catalonia. Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/itma.2017.11.07.

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