Literatura académica sobre el tema "Green gas network"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Green gas network"
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Pan, Kan, Anrui Li, Zheng Yang, Yongjie Nie, Zhenwei Geng, Junjie Wen, Wentao Liu, Shichen Wang, Hui Chen y Zuyuan Huang. "Research on Green Energy Internet Planning Model". E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 03031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129303031.
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This paper intends to take power system planning as the main module, while considering the requirements and constraints of natural gas network and transportation network construction and use the energy hub model to analyse the energy transmission and transformation relationship between different networks, to realize the power system, natural gas network, and transportation. Integrated energy system planning for the network. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed PMIES planning method, an improved Garver test system is used for simulation. The system includes a 7-node natural gas network system and a 6-node electric test system. We optimized and analysed the simulated system for model research.
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Ekhtiari, Ali, Damian Flynn y Eoin Syron. "Green Hydrogen Blends with Natural Gas and Its Impact on the Gas Network". Hydrogen 3, n.º 4 (27 de octubre de 2022): 402–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3040025.
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With increasing shares of variable and uncertain renewable generation in many power systems, there is an associated increase in the importance of energy storage to help balance supply and demand. Gas networks currently store and transport energy, and they have the potential to play a vital role in longer-term renewable energy storage. Gas and electricity networks are becoming more integrated with quick-responding gas-fired power plants, providing a significant backup source for renewable electricity in many systems. This study investigates Ireland’s gas network and operation when a variable green hydrogen input from excess wind power is blended with natural gas. How blended hydrogen impacts a gas network’s operational variables is also assessed by modelling a quasi-transient gas flow. The modelling approach incorporates gas density and a compressibility factor, in addition to the gas network’s main pressure and flow rate characteristics. With an increasing concentration of green hydrogen, up to 20%, in the gas network, the pipeline flow rate must be increased to compensate for reduced energy quality due to the lower energy density of the blended gas. Pressure drops across the gas pipeline have been investigated using different capacities of P2H from 18 MW to 124 MW. The results show significant potential for the gas network to store and transport renewable energy as hydrogen and improve renewable energy utilisation without upgrading the gas network infrastructure.
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Ekhtiari, Ali, Damian Flynn y Eoin Syron. "Investigation of the Multi-Point Injection of Green Hydrogen from Curtailed Renewable Power into a Gas Network". Energies 13, n.º 22 (19 de noviembre de 2020): 6047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226047.
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Renewable electricity can be converted into hydrogen via electrolysis also known as power-to-H2 (P2H), which, when injected in the gas network pipelines provides a potential solution for the storage and transport of this green energy. Because of the variable renewable electricity production, the electricity end-user’s demand for “power when required”, distribution, and transmission power grid constrains the availability of renewable energy for P2H can be difficult to predict. The evaluation of any potential P2H investment while taking into account this consideration, should also examine the effects of incorporating the produced green hydrogen in the gas network. Parameters, including pipeline pressure drop, flowrate, velocity, and, most importantly, composition and calorific content, are crucial for gas network management. A simplified representation of the Irish gas transmission network is created and used as a case study to investigate the impact on gas network operation, of hydrogen generated from curtailed wind power. The variability in wind speed and gas network demands that occur over a 24 h period and with network location are all incorporated into a case study to determine how the inclusion of green hydrogen will affect gas network parameters. This work demonstrates that when using only curtailed renewable electricity during a period with excess renewable power generation, despite using multiple injection points, significant variation in gas quality can occur in the gas network. Hydrogen concentrations of up to 15.8% occur, which exceed the recommended permitted limits for the blending of hydrogen in a natural gas network. These results highlight the importance of modelling both the gas and electricity systems when investigating any potential P2H installation. It is concluded that, for gas networks that decarbonise through the inclusion of blended hydrogen, active management of gas quality is required for all but the smallest of installations.
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Pellegrini, Marco, Alessandro Guzzini y Cesare Saccani. "A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential of Low Percentage Green Hydrogen Blending in the Italian Natural Gas Network". Energies 13, n.º 21 (23 de octubre de 2020): 5570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215570.
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The growing rate of electricity generation from renewables is leading to new operational and management issues on the power grid because the electricity generated exceeds local requirements and the transportation or storage capacities are inadequate. An interesting option that is under investigation by several years is the opportunity to use the renewable electricity surplus to power electrolyzers that split water into its component parts, with the hydrogen being directly injected into natural gas pipelines for both storage and transportation. This innovative approach merges together the concepts of (i) renewable power-to-hydrogen (P2H) and of (ii) hydrogen blending into natural gas networks. The combination of renewable P2H and hydrogen blending into natural gas networks has a huge potential in terms of environmental and social benefits, but it is still facing several barriers that are technological, economic, legislative. In the framework of the new hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe, Member States should design a roadmap moving towards a hydrogen ecosystem by 2050. The blending of “green hydrogen”, that is hydrogen produced by renewable sources, in the natural gas network at a limited percentage is a key element to enable hydrogen production in a preliminary and transitional phase. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate at the same time (i) the potential of green hydrogen blending at low percentage (up to 10%) and (ii) the maximum P2H capacity compatible with low percentage blending. The paper aims to preliminary assess the green hydrogen blending potential into the Italian natural gas network as a tool for policy makers, grid and networks managers and energy planners.
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Qiu, Yue, Suyang Zhou, Jinyi Chen, Zhi Wu y Qiteng Hong. "Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas Network Simulation for Consuming Green Hydrogen Considering the Hydrogen Diffusion Process". Processes 10, n.º 9 (2 de septiembre de 2022): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091757.
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Transporting green hydrogen by existing natural gas networks has become a practical means to accommodate curtailed wind and solar power. Restricted by pipe materials and pressure levels, there is an upper limit on the hydrogen blending ratio of hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) that can be transported by natural gas pipelines, which affects whether the natural gas network can supply energy safely and reliably. To this end, this paper investigates the effects of the intermittent and fluctuating green hydrogen produced by different types of renewable energy on the dynamic distribution of hydrogen concentration after it is blended into natural gas pipelines. Based on the isothermal steady-state simulation results of the natural gas network, two convection–diffusion models for the dynamic simulation of hydrogen injections are proposed. Finally, the dynamic changes of hydrogen concentration in the pipelines under scenarios of multiple green hydrogen types and multiple injection nodes are simulated on a seven-node natural gas network. The simulation results indicate that, compared with the solar-power-dominated hydrogen production-blending scenario, the hydrogen concentrations in the natural gas pipelines are more uniformly distributed in the wind-power-dominated scenario and the solar–wind power balance scenario. To be specific, in the solar-power-dominated scenario, the hydrogen concentration exceeds the limit for more time whilst the overall hydrogen production is low, and the local hydrogen concentration in the natural gas network exceeds the limit for nearly 50% of the time in a day. By comparison, in the wind-power-dominated scenario, all pipelines can work under safe conditions. The hydrogen concentration overrun time in the solar–wind power balance scenario is also improved compared with the solar-power-dominated scenario, and the limit-exceeding time of the hydrogen concentration in Pipe 5 and Pipe 6 is reduced to 91.24% and 91.99% of the solar-power-dominated scenario. This work can help verify the day-ahead scheduling strategy of the electricity-HCNG integrated energy system (IES) and provide a reference for the design of local hydrogen production-blending systems.
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Cavana, Marco, Enrico Vaccariello y Pierluigi Leone. "Pressure management in smart gas networks for increasing hydrogen blending". E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233403003.
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The injection of hydrogen into existing gas grids is acknowledged as a promising option for decarbonizing gas systems and enhancing the integration among energy sectors. Nevertheless, it affects the hydraulics and the quality management of networks. When the network is fed by multiple infeed sites and hydrogen is fed from a single injection point, non-homogeneous hydrogen distribution throughout the grid happens to lead to a reduction of the possible amount of hydrogen to be safely injected within the grid. To mitigate these impacts, novel operational schemes should therefore be implemented. In the present work, the modulation of the outlet pressures of gas infeed sites is proposed as an effective strategy to accommodate larger hydrogen volumes into gas grids, extending the area of the network reached by hydrogen while keeping compliance with quality and hydraulic restrictions. A distribution network operated at two cascading pressure tiers interfaced by pressure regulators constitutes the case study, which is simulated by a fluid-dynamic and multi-component model for gas networks. Results suggest that higher shares of hydrogen and other green gases can be introduced into existing distribution systems by implementing novel asset management schemes with negligible impact on grid operations.
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Younes, Maram Bani. "Towards Green Driving: A Review of Efficient Driving Techniques". World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, n.º 6 (10 de junio de 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13060103.
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The exponential increase in the number of daily traveling vehicles has exacerbated global warming and environmental pollution issues. These problems directly threaten the continuity and quality of life on the planet. Several techniques and technologies have been used and developed to reduce fuel consumption and gas emissions of traveling vehicles over the road network. Here, we investigate some solutions that assist drivers to follow efficient driving tips during their trips. Advanced technologies of communications or vehicle manufacturing have enhanced traffic efficiency over road networks. In addition, several advisory systems have been proposed to recommend to drivers the most efficient speed, route, or other decisions to follow towards their targeted destinations. These recommendations are selected according to the real-time traffic distribution and the context of the road network. In this paper, different high fuel consumption scenarios are investigated over the road networks. Next, the details of efficient driving techniques that were proposed to tackle each case accordingly are reviewed and categorized for downtown and highway driving. Finally, a set of remarks and existing gaps are reported to researchers in this field.
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Grossi, G., F. Arpino, M. Bertone, C. Canale, L. Canale, G. Cortellessa, M. Dell’Isola, G. Ficco y L. Moretti. "Natural gas system decarbonization by green hydrogen injection: a distributed approach". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1106, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1106/1/012004.
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Abstract The large-scale penetration of renewable sources in the European energy system is leading to management and control issues on the electricity distribution network, due to the randomness of the energy coming from these sources and to the lack of adequate storage capacities. In this regard, an interesting solution currently being considered is represented by Power-to-Gas technology and chemical energy storage. In fact, renewable electricity surplus can be used to power water electrolysers producing green hydrogen to be injected in natural gas pipelines, with the dual effect of solving production-consumption mismatches in the electricity network and decarbonizing the natural gas system. In the present work, a mathematical model has been developed to study the hourly operation of an integrated multi-gas system for green hydrogen production via photovoltaic-powered electrolysers and its injection upstream of a Regulating and Measuring Station (RMS). Different operating conditions are investigated and a scenario of increasing photovoltaic production is considered. Obtained results show that higher fractions of hydrogen in the blend can be achieved during summer operations when the lowest natural gas consumption and the highest solar production occur.
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Cheung, Mario Ho Tak. "Green energy recovery by blending treated biogas into town gas pipeline networks". Special Issue with Awarded and Shortlisted Papers from the HKIE Outstanding Paper Award for Young Engineers/Researchers 2020 27, n.º 4 (11 de enero de 2021): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v27n4thie-2020-0021.
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Biogas can be converted into treated biogas or synthetic natural gas, which can be blended into town gas pipeline network at a designed mixing ratio. Specific gravity and calorific value of biogas are adjusted to satisfy gas safety and quality standard. Carbon dioxide pressure swing adsorption is selected and applied for specific gravity reduction and calorific value enrichment. 95% nitrogen, defined according to the flammability plot, is mixed with biogas for tuning the calorific value at the end of the process end. Gas interchangeability of the gas mixture of treated biogas and town gas was predicted by using maximum combustion potential (MCP) chart and their maximum mixing ratio for safe use was indicated. Gas interchangeability of the gas mixture was tested to confirm the prediction. The South East New Territories Processing Facilities were designed and built according to the above principle, and has been in operation to convert biogas into synthetic natural gas successfully since 2017.
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Cheung, Mario Ho Tak. "Green energy recovery by blending treated biogas into town gas pipeline networks". Special Issue with Awarded and Shortlisted Papers from the HKIE Outstanding Paper Award for Young Engineers/Researchers 2020 27, n.º 4 (11 de enero de 2021): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33430/v27n4thie-2020-0021.
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Biogas can be converted into treated biogas or synthetic natural gas, which can be blended into town gas pipeline network at a designed mixing ratio. Specific gravity and calorific value of biogas are adjusted to satisfy gas safety and quality standard. Carbon dioxide pressure swing adsorption is selected and applied for specific gravity reduction and calorific value enrichment. 95% nitrogen, defined according to the flammability plot, is mixed with biogas for tuning the calorific value at the end of the process end. Gas interchangeability of the gas mixture of treated biogas and town gas was predicted by using maximum combustion potential (MCP) chart and their maximum mixing ratio for safe use was indicated. Gas interchangeability of the gas mixture was tested to confirm the prediction. The South East New Territories Processing Facilities were designed and built according to the above principle, and has been in operation to convert biogas into synthetic natural gas successfully since 2017.
Tesis sobre el tema "Green gas network"
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Pinto, Taborga Carola. "A methodology and a mathematical model for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the suppply chain redesign". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/620787.
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Virtually the entire scientific, political, business, and social community is aware of the importance of climate change. Countries adhering to the Kyoto Protocol have taken up the challenge of reducing carbon emission, implementing national policies that include the introduction of carbon emissions trading programs, voluntary programs, taxes on carbon emissions and energy efficiency standards.
In this context, the business world must be able to generate a carbon reduction strategy to ensure long-term success, considering also that customers (and investors) are ever more interested in the well-being of the environment, and increasingly demand their suppliers to be eco-friendly.
This thesis has addressed the problem of designing (or redesigning) the supply chain to reduce carbon emission in an economically viable and, as far as possible, optimal way. The thesis addresses the problem by designing a complete and formalized
methodology, which also includes a mathematical model to determine the best decisions to take.
The research begins, as usual, with a review of the basic terminology, standards and the scientific literature related to the topic. From the review of the literature, it has been concluded that, although there are authors who propose models related to the design of the supply chain including carbon reduction, there is a lack of formalized methodologies that can be applied to real cases .
The methodology consists of 4 stages: 1) The creation of a corporate carbon strategy; 2) The alignment with strategic financial planning; 3) The development of a mathematical model; and 4) The implementation and tracking.
In the first stage a six-step guide is developed to create a corporate carbon strategy. The steps are: 1) Determine the type of emission; 2) Boundaries definition; 3) Planning and performance information; 4) ldentify carbon reduction opportunities; 5) Determine carbon reduction goals; 6) Participating in programs and carbon markets .
In the second stage, the corporate carbon strategy is evaluated from a financial point of view and integrated into the strategic planning. In the third stage, a Mixed lnteger Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed to obtain a plan for the supply chain redesign, so that: 1) the carbon reduction targets are achieved; 2) the strategic financial plan is taken into account; 3) all the real possibilities are contemplated to redesign the supply chain; and 4) a solution is achieved to optimize the economic results of the company.
The carbon reduction methodology , including the mathematical model, has been applied to three case studies that are useful for adjusting sorne elements and for its validation . The first case study corresponds to a company that operates in the Home and Personal Care sector in Brazil, where the system of taxes is more complex than in other countries and illustrates how the mathematical model can be adapted to any context. The second case study deals with a multinational company which operates in the Foods sector in Spain and requires a redesign of the supply chain to improve its product cost. Finally, the third case used a company in the U.S. to show the effect of the scope definition on the carbon strategy.
In the three cases, the solution of the mathematical model maximizes the net profit, whilst the carbon reduction target is achieved. Therefore, the carbon reduction methodology is useful for achieving economic and environmental benefits, as well as providing benefits related to the improvement of the corporate image, strengthening of brands and avoiding possible carbon taxes risks.
In conclusion, the carbon reduction methodology proposed in this thesis, was developed to support companies that want to generate a competitive advantage and a sustainable development. In addition, it was designed to be flexible enough to adapt to the needs of each business and facilitate its execution in the business world.Prácticamente toda la comunidad científica, política, comercial y social es consciente de la importancia del desafío medio ambiental relacionado con las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEi). Los paises adheridos al Protocolo de Kioto han asumido el desafío de reducir los GEi, implementando políticas que incluyen programas de comercio de emisiones , programas voluntarios, impuestos sobre la emisión de GEi y normas sobre eficiencia energética. En este contexto, el mundo empresarial debe ser capaz de generar una estrategia de reducción de GEi para garantizar el éxito a largo plazo, considerando además que los clientes están cada vez más interesados en el bienestar del medio ambiente . Esta tesis ha abordado el problema de diseñar (o rediseñar) la cadena de suministro como vía para la reducción de GEi de una manera económicamente viable y, en la medida de lo posible, óptima. La tesis aborda la problemática diseñando una metodología completa y formalizada, que incluye también un modelo matemático para determinar las mejores decisiones a tomar. De la revisión de la literatura, se ha concluido que, si bien existen autores que proponen modelos relacionados con el diseño de la cadena de suministro que incluyen la reducción de GEi, no existen trabajos que propongan una metodología completa y suficientemente formalizada que puedan ser aplicados a la realidad. La metodología consta de 4 etapas que son: 1) La creación de una estrategia corporativa para la reducción de GEi; 2) La alineación con la planificación financiera estratégica; 3) El desarrollo de un modelo matemático; y 4) La implementación y seguimiento. En la primera etapa se desarrolla una guía de seis pasos para crear una estrategia corporativa para la reducción de GEi, los pasos son: 1) Determinar el tipo de emisión; 2) Definir el alcance; 3) Establecer las bases de la medición; 4) Identificar oportunidades de reducción de GEi; 5) Establecer los objetivos; 6) Planificar la participación en programas de reducción de GEi. En la segunda etapa, la estrategia corporativa antes propuesta, se evalúa desde un punto de vista financiero y se integra en la planificación estratégica. En la tercera etapa, se propone un modelo de Programación Lineal Entera Mixta para obtener un plan para et rediseño de ta cadena de suministro, de modo que: 1) se logren tos objetivos de reducción de GEi; 2) se tenga en cuenta el plan financiero estratégico; 3) se contemplen todas las posibilidades reales para rediseñar la cadena de suministro; y 4) se optimicen tos resultados económicos de la empresa. La metodología, incluyendo el programa matemático se ha probado en tres casos de estudio. El primer caso de estudio corresponde a una multinacional del sector de productos de higiene del hogar y cuidado personal que opera en Brasil, donde el modelo matemático fue adaptado para integrar beneficios fiscales. El segundo caso trata de una multinacional del sector alimentario basada en España que requiere un rediseño de la cadena de suministro para mejorar el coste de producir. Finalmente, en el tercer caso se utiliza una empresa del sector del metal basada en EE. UU., para ilustrar la importancia de la definición de límites y responsabilidades corporativas . En los tres casos de estudio, el modelo matemático maximiza el beneficio neto mientras alcanza el objetivo de reducción de GEi. Por lo tanto, la metodología es útil para conseguir beneficios económicos y medio ambientales, además de brindar beneficios relacionados con la mejora de la imagen corporativa, fortalecimiento de las marcas y el evitar posibles riesgos impositivos . En conclusión, la metodología propuesta fue desarrollada para que su implementación pueda generar en las empresas una ventaja competitiva y un crecimiento fundamentado en la sostenibilidad ambiental; asimismo, fue diseñada para que sea lo suficientemente flexible y pueda adaptarse a las necesidades de cada negocio
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Feijoo, Felipe. "Analysis of Carbon Policies for Electricity Networks with High Penetration of Green Generation". Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5684.
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In recent decades, climate change has become one of the most crucial challenges for humanity. Climate change has a direct correlation with global warming, caused mainly by the green house gas emissions (GHG). The Environmental Protection Agency in the U.S. (EPA) attributes carbon dioxide to account for approximately 82\% of the GHG emissions. Unfortunately, the energy sector is the main producer of carbon dioxide, with China and the U.S. as the highest emitters. Therefore, there is a strong (positive) correlation between energy production, global warming, and climate change. Stringent carbon emissions reduction targets have been established in order to reduce the impacts of GHG. Achieving these emissions reduction goals will require implementation of policies like as cap-and-trade and carbon taxes, together with transformation of the electricity grid into a smarter system with high green energy penetration. However, the consideration of policies solely in view of carbon emissions reduction may adversely impact other market outcomes such as electricity prices and consumption.
In this dissertation, a two-layer mathematical-statistical framework is presented, that serves to develop carbon policies to reduce emissions level while minimizing the negative impacts on other market outcomes. The bottom layer of the two layer model comprises a bi-level optimization problem. The top layer comprises a statistical model and a Pareto analysis. Two related but different problems are studied under this methodology. The first problem looks into the design of cap-and-trade policies for deregulated electricity markets that satisfy the interest of different market constituents. Via the second problem, it is demonstrated how the framework can be used to obtain levels of carbon emissions reduction while minimizing the negative impact on electricity demand and maximizing green penetration from microgrids. In the aforementioned studies, forecasts for electricity prices and production cost are considered. This, this dissertation also presents anew forecast model that can be easily integrated in the two-layer framework.
It is demonstrated in this dissertation that the proposed framework can be utilized by policy-makers, power companies, consumers, and market regulators in developing emissions policy decisions, bidding strategies, market regulations, and electricity dispatch strategies.
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Adolfo, Dominique. "Modelling and simulation of natural gas distribution networks in the presence of hydrogen injection". Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1213924.
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The 2050 long-term strategy, defined by the European Commission, leads towards zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions can be achieved substituting high carbon fossil fuels (coal and oil) with natural gas, renewable sources and green fuels. In the next years, the gas system will play a central and crucial role in the global energy market. Due to modifications of international gas trade flows and rise of demand, the existing gas infrastructures will necessarily have to be expanded, upgraded and renovated in the immediate future. Furthermore, power-to-gas technology is a potential solution to support and accelerate the penetration of renewable sources and the decarbonization of the energy sector. The excess of power generated by renewable energy sources is used by power-to-gas facilities to produce alternative green fuels. The resulting gas, such as hydrogen or synthetic natural gas, can be injected and stored into the existing gas grid. Subsequently, the green low/zero-carbon fuel blended with the traditional natural gas would enable to reduce carbon dioxide emission of industrial, commercial and residential gas customers.
In this new scenario, it is essential to study, model and simulate the integration and operation of gas networks in the energy system. It is also very important to evaluate the impact of alternative fuel injections on the properties and composition of the gas delivered to the users connected to the gas grid.
In this thesis, a steady-state and dynamic one-dimensional gas network tool, named "Gas Network Solver", is developed. The research focuses on mathematical modelling of city gate station (source), pipe, reducing station, valve, demand node and interchange node elements, which compose a gas distribution network. Particular attention is dedicated to the implementation of the mathematical model of the gas and the algorithm for quality tracking in order to analyse and simulate multiple types of gas sources.
The tool proposed is validated by comparing results of three test cases to solutions obtained with a commercial software application, named "Scenario Analysis Interface for Energy Systems" (SAInt), and data from other models available in the literature.
Finally, a case study considering a real medium-pressure and low-pressure gas distribution network, composed by about 2289 elements and located in a hilly area of central Italy, is analysed. After the simulation and analysis of the network in the actual scenario, a possible solution to decarbonize the network is carried out. The installation of a power-to-gas facility, associated effects on behaviour of the network and quality of the gas delivered are studied. The investigation also aims to evaluate the maximum amount of hydrogen injectable respecting gas standards defined by the Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks and Environment.
Libros sobre el tema "Green gas network"
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Zhang, Xi, F. Richard Yu y Victor C. M. Leung. Green Communications and Networking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Zhang, Xi, F. Richard Yu y Victor C. M. Leung. Green Communications and Networking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Zhang, Xi, F. Richard Yu y Victor C. M. Leung. Green Communications and Networking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Zhang, Xi, F. Richard Yu y Victor C. M. Leung. Green Communications and Networking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Zhang, Xi, F. Richard Yu y Victor C. M. Leung. Green Communications and Networking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
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Yu, F. Richard, Victor C. M. Leung y X. I. Zhang. Green Communications and Networking. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.
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Green Communications and Networking. CRC Press, 2012.
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Grünauer, Philipp. Die globale Fragmentierung der Klimafinanzierung : Ein Mehr-Ebenen Ansatz mit Fokus auf Deutschland. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.412.
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Climate neutrality is being put on the political agenda of an increasing number of countries around the world, including Germany and Europe. The goal of achieving greenhouse gas neutrality in Europe by 2050 is a politically agreed consensus through the European Green New Deal. But how should an ecological, economic and social transformation of this magnitude be financed? As diverse and plural as the effects of climate change are, the political and financial cooperation for mitigating and adapting to climate change is decentralized and fragmented. The master's thesis therefore examines the question: What does the degree of fragmentation of global climate finance depend on and how can this be empirically recorded? Starting from a theoretical perspective of fragmented climate finance, German, European and global actors are evaluated with the help of a visual network analysis and structural patterns are interpreted with regard to the degree of fragmentation. Post-colonial structures, changes in norms and sectoral shifts can thus be worked out, as can changes in the constellations of actors and their types. As a result, the German level can be interpreted as largely synergetically fragmented. The European level, on the other hand, is mostly cooperatively fragmented, while the global level is viewed as cooperatively to conflictively fragmented. The innovative approach of evaluating cooperation in climate finance using OECD data in a network analysis is associated with both opportunities and risks. In addition to the content-related results, the method reflection therefore contributes to a scientific discourse on the meaningfulness, usability and didactics of the method in international relations.
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Larsen, Christa, Jenny Kipper, Alfons Schmid y Marco Ricceri, eds. The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783957104113.
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The last few years have brought major changes to regional and local labour markets. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are a promising way to ensure the functionality of the labour market and, at the same time, to support continued growth in employment and strengthen the integration of many marginalised target groups into the labour market through social inclusion and protection. This publication by the European Network on Regional Labour Market Monitoring illuminates the functionalities of AI tools for the improvement of labour market functions, especially with respect to fair and socially sustainable work. It presents known AI solutions and identifies existing gaps in this regard. It is also of interest how public employment services could use AI tools to shape their ‘new’ role as regional and local nodes in labour market monitoring and their consulting role for labour market actors. More than 30 authors from different European countries and beyond describe their experiences and approaches in the context of their use of AI with a special focus on regional and local labour markets, target groups, and specific sectors and industries.
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Kane, Paula M. St. Homobonus Leads the CEOs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190280192.003.0009.
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Wealthy American Catholics have created foundations, institutes, and research centers to endorse and defend neoliberal capitalism. Since the 1980s, a network of rich Catholics have supported their class privilege by defending strong private property rights, free markets, and free trade on the economic front, and by favoring antiabortion and anti-gay-marriage positions in social debates. The chapter contextualizes Catholic establishment of elective affinities with capitalism through several organizations, including Legatus and the Napa Institute; through connections between elites and Catholic higher education, such as Ave Maria University; and by Catholic CEOs whose business practices flout Catholic social teaching. Since the 2013 election of Pope Francis, who has explicitly attacked greed and neoliberal economics for leaving the poor and vulnerable undefended, these top Catholic entrepreneurs, together with allied clergy and apologists, have mobilized in ways that seemingly disregard the immigrant roots of most Catholics as well as the papal call to care for the nation’s neediest.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Green gas network"
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Rolf, Werner. "A Typology for Green Infrastructure Planning to Enhance Multifunctionality Incorporating Peri-Urban Agricultural Land". En Human-Nature Interactions, 195–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01980-7_16.
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Significance StatementThis work addresses a research gap that exists when it comes to Green Infrastructure planning as a new spatial planning approach to develop multifunctional green networks. I introduce a typology for spatial planning to integrate peri-urban farmland in Green Infrastructure, supporting the development of a multifunctional open space network. This typology is based on a two-tiered approach, involving an inter- and transdisciplinary approach and an evidence synthesis. It contributes to the conceptual understanding of multifunctionality planning, provides evidence that peri-urban farmland bears potentials to address urban challenges, such as biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, green economy development, and social cohesion, and reveals research gaps that still need to be addressed in future.
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Gkotsis, Ilias, Anna Gazi, Dimitrios Gritzalis, George Stergiopoulos, Vangelis Limneos, Vassilios Vassiliou, Eugenia Koutiva et al. "Securing the European Gas Network, the Greek Business Case". En Security Informatics and Law Enforcement, 357–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69460-9_21.
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"Installation Plan of a Fuel Cell Cogeneration System". En Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 103–35. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5796-0.ch004.
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This chapter consists of two sections, ‘Installation Plan of a Fuel Cell Microgrid System Optimized by Maximizing Power Generation Efficiency’ and ‘Fuel Cell Network with Water Electrolysis for Improving Partial Load Efficiency of a Residential Cogeneration System.’ A microgrid that use PEFC may significantly reduce the environmental impact when compared with traditional power plants. The 1st section investigates what occurs when a set of PEFCs and a natural gas reformer are connected to the microgrid in an urban area. In the 2nd section, a fuel cell energy network which connects hydrogen and oxygen gas pipes, electric power lines and exhaust heat output lines of the PEFC cogeneration for individual houses is analyzed.
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Ahuja, Sanjay P. y Karthika Muthiah. "Survey of State-of-Art in Green Cloud Computing". En Green Business, 1360–69. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7915-1.ch066.
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Cloud computing is witnessing tremendous growth at one time when climate change and reducing emissions from energy use is gaining attention. With the growth of the cloud, however, comes an increase in demand for energy. There is growing global awareness about reducing greenhouse gas emissions and healthy environments. Green computing in general aims to reduce the consumption of energy and carbon emission and also to recycle and reuse the energy usage in a beneficial and efficient way. Energy consumption is a bottleneck in internet computing technology. Green cloud computing related technology arose as an improvement to cloud computing. Cloud data centers consume inordinate amounts of energy and have significant CO2 emissions as they have a huge network of servers. Furthermore, these data centers are tightly linked to provide high performance services, outsourcing and sharing resources to multiple users through the internet. This paper gives an overview about green cloud computing and its evolution, surveys related work, discusses associated integrated green cloud architecture – Green Cloud Framework, innovations, and technologies, and highlights future work and challenges that need to be addressed to sustain an eco-friendly cloud computing environment that is poised for significant growth.
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Obara, Shin’ya. "Fuel Reduction Effect of the Solar Cell and Diesel Engine Hybrid System with a Prediction Algorithm of Solar Power Generation". En Green Technologies, 815–39. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-472-1.ch414.
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Green energy utilization technology is an effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We developed the production-of-electricity prediction algorithm (PAS) of the solar cell. In this algorithm, a layered neural network is made to learn based on past weather data and the operation plan of the hybrid system (proposed system) of a solar cell and a diesel engine generator was examined using this prediction algorithm. In addition, system operation without a electricity-storage facility, and the system with the engine generator operating at 25% or less of battery residual quantity was investigated, and the fuel consumption of each system was measured. Numerical simulation showed that the fuel consumption of the proposed system was modest compared with other operating methods. However, there was a significant difference in the prediction error of the electricity production of the solar cell and the actual value, and the proposed system was shown to be not always superior to others. Moreover, although there are errors in the predicted and actual values using PAS, there is no significant influence in the operation plan of the proposed system in almost all cases.
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Sudhir Kumar Sinha, Akhoury, Sanjay Kumar Kar, Umaprasana Ojha y Marriyappan Sivagnanam Balathanigaimani. "Role of Natural Gas in India: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives". En Natural Gas - New Perspectives and Future Developments [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101346.
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India strives for increasing the share of natural gas to 15% by 2030 from 6.5% at present. This chapter highlights recent developments to achieve the targets set by the government. Further, we discuss regulatory and policy interventions to facilitate the growth of the natural gas market in the country. We analyze the opportunities and challenges to the smooth transition of the green economy with the greater role of natural gas. We present the infrastructure developments, including liquefied natural gas (LNG) importing terminals, cross-country natural gas pipelines network, LNG tankers, refueling stations, and city gas distribution (CGD) network. Finally, we present a futuristic perspective of natural gas in the energy transition. We conclude that India being a natural gas deficient country, import dependency would continue to grow. However, this would not deter the growth of natural gas in the economy. Proactive measures by the government and its agencies will boost investment to create the desired infrastructure for achieving higher natural gas penetration in India.
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Aronczyk, Melissa y Maria I. Espinoza. "Sustainable Communication". En A Strategic Nature, 127–50. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055349.003.0006.
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In chapter 5, Sustainable Communication, the role of PR firms as international knowledge brokers is given its due. The chapter demonstrates the impact of a network of American public relations firms in spreading “green” PR across European and Mexican borders during a critical historical period. With the consolidation of the European Union and NAFTA on the horizon, corporate clients in a range of industries (from tobacco to chemicals to oil, coal, and gas) adopted promotional methods that advertised their commitment to environmentalism in an effort to sidestep sweeping regulations. By diffusing its core principles of sustainable communication over sustainable environmental behavior, PR networks helped to define environmental communication as a field in its own right, acting as a key cultural producer in the realm of international environmental governance.
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Light, Janet. "Blockchain and Green Networking Analytics in 5G Networks and Beyond". En Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 1–17. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6988-7.ch001.
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The objective of green networking is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining the same level of performance. Green networking refers to all processes used to optimize networking and inter-networking functions to make it more energy efficient. Green networking concepts can be extended to cover any method that reduces latency, save bandwidth, and/or decrease computation time, as a reduction in these factors invariably leads to power savings. These savings can directly translate into lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reduce computing's carbon footprint and its impact on the environment. Energy-awareness is critical in the networking infrastructure, especially in wireless 5G networks and beyond. Research on blockchain for 5G wireless networks is still in its infancy. But it is obvious that blockchain will significantly uplift the shape and experience of future mobile applications and services. Identifying the green networking analytics will lead to sustainable energy policy planning for the future.
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Miller, Wendy y Janis Birkeland. "Green Energy". En Green Technologies, 1–16. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-472-1.ch101.
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Despite the general evolution and broadening of the scope of the concept of infrastructure in many other sectors, the energy sector has maintained the same narrow boundaries for over 80 years. Energy infrastructure is still generally restricted in meaning to the transmission and distribution networks of electricity and, to some extent, gas. This is especially true in the urban development context. This early 20th century system is struggling to meet community expectations that the industry itself created and fostered for many decades. The relentless growth in demand and changing political, economic and environmental challenges require a shift from the traditional ‘predict and provide’ approach to infrastructure which is no longer economically or environmentally viable. Market deregulation and a raft of demand and supply side management strategies have failed to curb society’s addiction to the commodity of electricity. None of these responses has addressed the fundamental problem. This chapter presents an argument for the need for a new paradigm. Going beyond peripheral energy efficiency measures and the substitution of fossil fuels with renewables, it outlines a new approach to the provision of energy services in the context of 21st century urban environments.
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Miller, Wendy y Janis Birkeland. "Green Energy". En Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 1–16. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-775-6.ch001.
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Despite the general evolution and broadening of the scope of the concept of infrastructure in many other sectors, the energy sector has maintained the same narrow boundaries for over 80 years. Energy infrastructure is still generally restricted in meaning to the transmission and distribution networks of electricity and, to some extent, gas. This is especially true in the urban development context. This early 20th century system is struggling to meet community expectations that the industry itself created and fostered for many decades. The relentless growth in demand and changing political, economic and environmental challenges require a shift from the traditional ‘predict and provide’ approach to infrastructure which is no longer economically or environmentally viable. Market deregulation and a raft of demand and supply side management strategies have failed to curb society’s addiction to the commodity of electricity. None of these responses has addressed the fundamental problem. This chapter presents an argument for the need for a new paradigm. Going beyond peripheral energy efficiency measures and the substitution of fossil fuels with renewables, it outlines a new approach to the provision of energy services in the context of 21st century urban environments.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Green gas network"
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Corbett, Nicholas C., Michel Houde, Kathleen Bohan y Simon Batt. "Unlocking the Green Economy for Aeroderivative Gas Turbines". En ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60264.
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Abstract If existing gas turbine engines are to remain as the primary choice source of power for supplying short term peaking power capacity in an emergency, then they will need to be capable of directly using a alternative carbon neutral fuel supply. It is important that the fuel can be stored locally to ensure operation of the gas turbine can be provided without reliance upon supplies through distribution network infrastructure or stored hydrogen. Alternative carbon neutral fuels such as synthetic electro or biomass manufactured from hydrogen with nitrogen or CO2 to produce respectively; nitrofuel (Ammonia) or carbofuel (Methanol). Both fuels are renewable and compatible with existing carbon supply chain infrastructure as they can be similarly transported and stored as liquids with similar properties. Digital technologies can help accelerate the uptake of carbon neutral solutions by operators by assisting them to make greener choices, from the data and information presented to them, promoting the use of their assets demonstrating their contribution and responsibilities to managing the environment. Whilst progress in adopting digital technology has been slow, it is by linking the investment to decarbonization that could then be considered as a value adder rather than a regulatory requirement. The paper discusses the program of work to develop a bundle of digital services whilst decarbonizing aeroderivative gas turbine applications.
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Qing, Wang, Li Wei-long y Liu Yong-ping. "Design of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) SF6 gas monitoring system based on RBF neural network". En 2022 Power System and Green Energy Conference (PSGEC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psgec54663.2022.9881186.
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Dandres, Thomas, Rejean Samson, Reza Farrahi Moghaddam, Kim Khoa Nguyen, Mohamed Cheriet y Yves Lemieux. "The green sustainable telco cloud: Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions of server load migrations between distributed data centres". En 2016 12th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cnsm.2016.7818452.
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Williams, Jack, Reza Alizadeh, Janet K. Allen y Farrokh Mistree. "Using Network Partitioning to Design a Green Supply Chain". En ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22644.
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Abstract In supply chain network design, a retailer may determine the number and locations of facilities based on the cost of opening the facility, a customer driving to the facility, and a replenishment truck driving to the facility from a warehouse. However, this does not include the system’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Given the existential threat posed by global warming, it is pertinent to consider how the design of the system affects its GHG emissions. We model the supply chain as a network of customers and store locations, with customers driving in cars to and from stores and the retailer resupplying the stores from a central warehouse. The number and location of stores is determined while minimizing the GHG emission. Our contributions are (1) to remove the assumption of uniform demand, and instead build a model of a GSC based on population data; (2) to model the GSC as a two-echelon k-median problem. We conduct a sensitivity analysis to study the effect of a carbon tax in encouraging a greener system considering various scenarios under which emissions might increase or decrease. Specific scenarios lead to a lower overall GHG emission. For example, doubling the fuel efficiency of cars decreases emissions by 46% compared to the baseline scenario. The proposed design approach is not limited to GSC design and can be extended to many design problems, including manufacturing, material design, and healthcare.
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Wesselink, Onno, Alfons Krom y Martin van Agteren. "Balancing Hydrogen Networks Safely: A Method for Calculating Linepack Potential Without Causing Integrity Risk Due to Hydrogen-Enhanced Fatigue". En 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86674.
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Abstract The hydrogen economy is about to shift towards a large-scale decarbonization solution, a transition in which green hydrogen will take the stage. An increasing share of green hydrogen means that supply and demand will be more widely spread, in terms of distance as well as timing. Transport system operators see a temporary role for themselves in solving this issue of imbalance. Gasunie will have developed a ‘hydrogen backbone’ by 2030, approximately 1200 km in length, of which 80% will consist of re-used natural gas pipelines with 36–48 inch diameters. Hydrogen pipeline networks can efficiently accommodate temporal imbalances via their linepack. However, there is a downside to using linepack this way. Highly volatile production volumes of green hydrogen, caused by volatile wind and solar profiles, will result in frequent significant pressure fluctuations in the pipelines. This is worrying because pipeline crack-like defects in contact with hydrogen gas grow about ten times faster compared to natural gas under the same pressure fluctuations. This effect is known as hydrogen-enhanced fatigue defect growth. Increasing the frequency and amplitude of pressure fluctuations for balancing using linepack will lead to even higher defect growth rates, compared to a more constant pressure regime. Enhanced fatigue can be prevented by controlling the pressure fluctuations, but this limits the maximum available linepack. This difficult choice between commercial interests and pipeline integrity justifies performing a quantitative analysis of market-driven pressure fluctuations in hydrogen networks and their effect on defect growth and lifetimes of these hydrogen networks. This paper describes an integrated simulation model that can calculate dynamic network behaviour for hydrogen transport networks and give an indication of the corresponding defect growth risks that come with this network behaviour. By using this integrated simulation model, safe margins can be calculated for providing sufficient linepack without risking increased hydrogen-enhanced fatigue defect growth, which can undermine the integrity of a pipeline and reduce the lifetime of this asset. Insights from this model are applied by Gasunie to maximize security of supply and minimize integrity risks. This is essential in the start-up phase of the hydrogen economy due to the absence of sufficient flexibility in production and storage.
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Harvey, Simon. "Performance of a Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle CHP Plant Supplying Heat to a District Heating Network". En ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0023.
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This paper examines a Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC) CHP plant using atmospheric air-blown gasification with wet cold gas clean-up and flue gas drying of the biomass feed stream. The plant provides heat and power to a medium sized municipality. The paper presents simulated performance results obtained using GateCycle software, and also presents results for the associated economy and CO2 emissions of the district heating system. The computed production costs of the cogenerated electricity are uncompetitively high, given current conditions in Sweden. In order to become competitive, international consensus must be reached on the level of economic advantage to be attributed to the “green” electric power produced by such a plant. However, likely price incentives for “green” power will probably be insufficient for BIGCC-CHP plants to become economically attractive. Therefore further effort is needed to improve the technology, reduce the investment costs, and identify options for longer annual operating times than those usually adopted for CHP plants coupled to district heating plants.
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Adam, Peter. "Opportunities and Challenges in Converting Existing Natural Gas Infrastructure for Hydrogen Operation". En Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208033-ms.
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Abstract Hydrogen holds enormous potential in helping the world achieve its decarbonization goals and is set to play a key role in the Energy Transition. However, two central building blocks are needed to make the hydrogen economy a reality: 1) a sufficient source of emissions-free (i.e., blue or green) hydrogen production and 2) a needs-based transportation and storage network that can reliably and cost-effectively supply hydrogen to end-users. Given the high costs associated with developing new transportation infrastructure, many governments, pipeline operators, and regulatory bodies have begun exploring if it is both possible and economical to convert existing natural gas (i.e., methane) infrastructure for hydrogen operation. This paper outlines opportunities and technical challenges associated with such an endeavor – with a particular focus on adaptation requirements for rotating equipment/compressor drive trains and metallurgical and integrity considerations for pipelines.
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Moghbelli, Hassan y Robert Vartanian. "A Green Hybrid Solar Cell and Fuel Cell Power Plant Generating Electricity and Water". En ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90087.
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One major problem in the world is global warming that is now in the concern of some countries. Most countries are working on the usage of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, clean fuels like hydrogen and also increasing the efficiency of fossil fuel plant to help the global warming effect. Countries having high potential of solar energy and also natural gas as a source of hydrogen can use the finding of this research by developing usage of the solar energy converters and natural gas fuel cells for electric power plants. This paper discusses hybridization of renewable solar energy source with high efficient and clean usage of natural gas fossil fuel. Other aspects of this hybrid power plant is using the renewable energy sources as a reliable power supply with stand alone and grid connected capability which can increase network power quality. This paper also discusses the hybridization of solar energy as a renewable energy source and natural gas fuel cells as a fossil fuel and also improvement of power plant efficiency by using power electronics technology and electric energy storages.
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Pandit, Vikram. "Pressurfect™ CNG-Advanced Material Grade for High Pressure CNG Fuel Line Applications". En ASME 2017 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2017-2417.
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In line with the government of India’s philosophy of going green to reduce emission levels in cities there is a thrust to increase the gas distribution network. With an increase in CNG vehicles, comes the safety of the people and we need to ensure that Safety is not comprised at any level. To follow the Safety aspect, CNG is an excellent alternate fuel which can be used to minimize risks and increase life of the vehicles. Since this gas is used at very high pressures (in the range of 230–250 bar) and under severe conditions, special tubing must be used for the transportation to gas stations and in the vehicles. Therefore, the tubing should be able to not only withstand high pressure of the gas within but also the corrosion issues arising due to the extreme conditions the tubes within. Sandvik did an extensive study of the conditions and came up with a material which is specifically developed for this high pressure application. The high pressure line is of Stainless Steel 316L but this material comes with certain modifications for this particular requirement. In this tubing the C content is lowered to 0.025% for better corrosion resistance, Ni is min 13% along with Mo min 2.5% this makes sure that the material not only has sufficient passivation properties but the strength also to withstand that kind of a pressure. Alongside a special production route also has been developed for the manufacturing of these tubing. This ensures Safety for the people throughout the life of the vehicle.
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Kumar, Kamlesh, Varun Pathak, Pankaj Agrawal, Zaal Alias, Tushar Narwal y Abdullah Hadhrami. "Production Optimization Coupling Multiple Reservoirs and Facilities With Sour Gas Re-Injection for Miscible EOR in South Oman". En Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207289-ms.
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Abstract Effective gas utilization is critical to any gas injection development project to maximize recoveries for a given purchase of make-up gas, whilst reducing the Green Gas House (GHG) emissions. This paper describes the use of a fully implicit Integrated Production System Model (IPSM) for two inter-connected production system networks, coupling multiple, critically sour oil reservoirs undergoing Miscible Gas Injection (MGI) for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) using produced sour gas from oil and condensate fields in South Oman. The IPSM model links sixteen reservoir models with varying levels of complexities to the facilities network. Complexities in the facilities include multiple nodal constraints that necessitate the use of an Equation of State model (EOS). The IPSM model honors the gas balance implicitly. Gas flood optimization includes prioritizing low GOR production wells (at reservoir and well level) whilst maintaining reservoir pressure above Minimum Miscibility Pressures (MMP). Development schedule optimization also helps in optimizing the compressor size, the key Capex component. Compositional modeling allows continuous tracking of souring levels at different nodes, providing integrity status of overall production system network. The current IPSM model helps in optimization of schedule for the phased development of the oil reservoirs and eventually the most efficient gas utilization. This has enabled low pressure operation in some reservoirs providing oil at very low unit technical cost while waiting for gas availability. Compositional tracking for H2S helps in operating the facilities within design limits whilst planning future developments to cater to this design. Some key parameters can be parameterized for quick sensitivity analysis for an informed decision making for business opportunities. The production potential of the system is also tracked to ensure there is a cushion in the system to deal with any unexpected changes. This feature helps in planning and optimizing the scheduled turn-around activities for these two inter-connected production system networks. The novelty of this work is collaboration across multiple disciplines, especially the surface and subsurface because of complex interactions between facilities constraints and reservoir performance (associated with produced gas reinjection). Compositional tracking and injection gas apportionment across multiple reservoirs is key to the overall value maximization in this complex development.
Informes sobre el tema "Green gas network"
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Jaime Hernandez, Angeli Jayme, Mojtaba Ziyadi, Erman Gungor, Seunggu Kang, John Harvey et al. The Impact of Wide-Base Tires on Pavement—A National Study. Illinois Center for Transportation, octubre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-035.
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Researchers have been studying wide-base tires for over two decades, but no evidence has been provided regarding the net benefit of this tire technology. In this study, a comprehensive approach is used to compare new-generation wide-base tires (NG-WBT) with the dual-tire assembly (DTA). Numerical modeling, prediction methods, experimental measurements, and environmental impact assessment were combined to provide recommendations about the use of NG-WBT. A finite element approach, considering variables usually omitted in the conventional analysis of flexible pavement was utilized for modeling. Five hundred seventy-six cases combining layer thickness, material properties, tire load, tire inflation pressure, and pavement type (thick and thin) were analyzed to obtained critical pavement responses. A prediction tool, known as ICT-Wide, was developed based on artificial neural networks to obtain critical pavement responses in cases outside the finite element analysis matrix. The environmental impacts were determined using life cycle assessment. Based on the bottom-up fatigue cracking, permanent deformation, and international roughness index, the life cycle energy consumption, cost, and green-house gas (GHG) emissions were estimated. To make the outcome of this research effort useful for state departments of transportation and practitioners, a modification to AASHTOWare is proposed to account for NG-WBT. The revision is based on two adjustment factors, one accounting for the discrepancy between the AASHTOware approach and the finite element model of this study, and the other addressing the impact of NG-WBT.
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Friedman, Haya, Chris Watkins, Susan Lurie y Susheng Gan. Dark-induced Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation and Inhibition by Gibberellins: Towards Inhibition of Postharvest Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, diciembre de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7613883.bard.
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Dark-induced senescence could pose a major problem in export of various crops including cuttings. The assumption of this work was that ROS which is increased at a specific organelle can serve as a signal for activation of cell senescence program. Hormones which reduce senescence in several crops like gibberellic acid (GA) and possibly cytokinin (CK) may reduce senescence by inhibiting this signal. In this study we worked on Pelargonium cuttings as well as Arabidopsis rosette. In Pelargonium the increase in ROS occurred concomitantly with increase in two SAGs, and the increase persisted in isolated chloroplasts. In Arabidopsis we used two recentlydeveloped technologies to examine these hypotheses; one is a transcriptome approach which, on one hand, enabled to monitor expression of genes within the antioxidants network, and on the other hand, determine organelle-specific ROS-related transcriptome footprint. This last approach was further developed to an assay (so called ROSmeter) for determination of the ROS-footprint resulting from defined ROS stresses. The second approach involved the monitoring of changes in the redox poise in different organelles by measuring fluorescence ratio of redox-sensitive GFP (roGFP) directed to plastids, mitochondria, peroxisome and cytoplasm. By using the roGFP we determined that the mitochondria environment is oxidized as early as the first day under darkness, and this is followed by oxidation of the peroxisome on the second day and the cytoplast on the third day. The plastids became less oxidized at the first day of darkness and this was followed by a gradual increase in oxidation. The results with the ROS-related transcriptome footprint showed early changes in ROS-related transcriptome footprint emanating from mitochondria and peroxisomes. Taken together these results suggest that the first ROS-related change occurred in mitochondria and peroxisomes. The analysis of antioxidative gene’s network did not yield any clear results about the changes occurring in antioxidative status during extended darkness. Nevertheless, there is a reduction in expression of many of the plastids antioxidative related genes. This may explain a later increase in the oxidation poise of the plastids, occurring concomitantly with increase in cell death. Gibberellic acid (GA) prevented senescence in Pelargonium leaves; however, in Arabidopsis it did not prevent chlorophyll degradation, but prevented upregulation of SAGs (Apendix Fig. 1). Gibberellic acid prevented in Pelargonium the increase in ROS in chloroplast, and we suggested that this prevents the destruction of the chloroplasts and hence, the tissue remains green. In Arabidopsis, reduction in endogenous GA and BA are probably not causing dark-induced senescence, nevertheless, these materials have some effect at preventing senescence. Neither GA nor CK had any effect on transcriptome footprint related to ROS in the various organelles, however while GA reduced expression of few general ROS-related genes, BA mainly prevented the decrease in chloroplasts genes. Taken together, GA and BA act by different pathways to inhibit senescence and GA might act via ROS reduction. Therefore, application of both hormones may act synergistically to prevent darkinduced senescence of various crops.
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Casper, Gary, Stefanie Nadeau y Thomas Parr. Acoustic amphibian monitoring, 2019 data summary: Isle Royale National Park. National Park Service, diciembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2295506.
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Amphibians are a Vital Sign indicator for monitoring long-term ecosystem health in seven national park units that comprise the Great Lakes Network. We present here the results for 2019 amphibian monitoring at Isle Royale National Park (ISRO). Appendices contain tabular summaries for six years of cumulative results. The National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network established 10 permanent acoustic amphibian monitoring sites at ISRO in 2015. Acoustic samples are collected by placing automated recorders with omnidirectional stereo microphones at each of the 10 sampling sites. Temperature loggers co-located with the recorders also collect air temperature during the sampling period. The monitoring program detected all seven species of frog and toad known to occur at ISRO in 2019, with Eastern American Toad, Green Frog and Spring Peeper occurring at almost every site sampled, and Wood Frog at six sites. Gray Treefrog, Mink Frog, and Boreal Chorus Frog were found at only one or two sites each. Northern Leopard Frog has yet to be confirmed at ISRO in this GLKN monitoring program. We expanded analyses and reporting in 2018 to address calling phenology and to provide a second metric for tracking changes in abundance (as opposed to occupancy) across years. Occupancy analyses track whether or not a site was occupied by a species. Abundance is tracked by assessing how the maximum call intensity changes on sites across years, and by how many automated detections are reported from sites across years. Using two independent survey methods, manual and automated, with large sample sizes continues to return reliable results, providing a confident record of site occupancy for most species. There were no significant data collection issues in 2019. Three units stopped collecting data early but these data gaps did not compromise sampling rigor or analysis. Since temperature logs show that the threshold of ≥40°F was often exceeded by 1 April in 2019, making 15 March a start date for data collection may be considered if park personnel feel snow and ice cover would be reduced enough by that date as well. We do recommend making sure that temperature logger solar shields in future are not hanging in such a manner as to be banging against anything in a breeze, as this contaminates the soundscape
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Boyle, M. y Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cumberland Island National Seashore: 2020 data summary. National Park Service, septiembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294287.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2020 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS). Fifty-six vegetation plots were established throughout the park from May through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cumberland Island National Seashore in 2020. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, including Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands, Maritime Open Upland Grasslands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Noteworthy findings include: 213 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 56 vegetation plots, including 12 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands: longleaf + pond pine (Pinus palustris; P. serotina), redbay (Persea borbonia), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), variable panicgrass (Dichanthelium commutatum), and hemlock rosette grass (Dichanthelium portoricense). Maritime Open Upland Grasslands: wax-myrtle, saw greenbrier (Smilax auriculata), sea oats (Uniola paniculata), and other forbs and graminoids. Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: live oak (Quercus virginiana), redbay, saw palmetto, muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), and Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) Two non-native species, Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were encountered in four different Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots during this monitoring effort. Six vascular plant species listed as rare and tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2022) were observed in these monitoring plots, including the state listed “Rare” Florida swampprivet (Forestiera segregata var. segregata) and sandywoods sedge (Carex dasycarpa) and the “Unusual” green fly orchid (Epidendrum conopseum). Longleaf and pond pine were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodland habitat types; live oak was the most dominant species of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland types. Saw palmetto and rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea) dominated the sapling stratum within Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Of the 20 tree-sized redbay trees measured during this monitoring effort only three were living and these were observed with severely declining vigor, indicating the prevalence and recent historical impact of laurel wilt disease (LWD) across the island’s maritime forest ecosystems. There was an unexpectedly low abundance of sweet grass (Muhlenbergia sericea) and saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) within interdune swale plots of Maritime Open Upland habitats on the island, which could be a result of grazing activity by feral horses. Live oak is the dominant tree-sized species across...