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1
Shneyder, E. Yu, E. V. Karimova, Yu A. Shneyder y Yu N. Prikhodko. "Quarantine and particularly dangerous bacteria, phytoplasmas and viruses that pose a risk to the viticulture in Russian Federation". Horticulture and viticulture, n.º 2 (26 de mayo de 2020): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-2-41-51.
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The Russian Federation imports large quantities of planting and grafting material of grapes, including from countries where dangerous harmful organisms are spread to vineyards. Plant protection specialists in this industry, as well as grape producers, must understand the possible risk associated with the danger of the entry of quarantine disease pathogens into the Russian Federation and the potential damage if infected plant material is imported. Studies have been carried out by the staff of All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center to assess the phytosanitary risk of pests associated with the import of seedlings, stocks and grape cuttings. Based on these studies, the list of pests for the vine that have quarantine status and potentially quarantine status for the Russian Federation, in particular bacterioses, phytoplasmas and viral diseases has been established. This article describes the main diseases that affect grapes and are included in the Unified List of Quarantine Pests of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as potentially dangerous viral diseases that are not currently included, but planned for inclusion in the Unified List, which pose a serious threat if they penetrate to the territory of the Russian Federation. From quarantine pathogens, grapes are affected by grape bacteriosis (Pierce disease of grapevine) (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.), bacterial blight of grapevine (Xylophilus ampelinus (Panagopoulos) Willems et al.), Flavescence dorée of grapevine (Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis), from the planned inclusion grapes are affected by red spotting of grape leaves (Grapevine red blotch-associated virus), marbling of grape leaves (Grapevine vein clearing virus) and discoloration of the leaves of Roditis grape (Grapevine Roditis leaf discoloration-associated virus). The article considers the biological peculiarities of pathogens, ways of their possible penetration and spread on the territory of the cultivation of grape in the Russian Federation, host plants of quarantine and dangerous pests, the main symptoms of diseases on plants, possible vectors, damage caused by quarantine pests in the countries of spreading, diagnostic methods, as well as areas of possible harmfulness for the Russian Federation.
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UZUN, Ibrahim H. y Arzu BAYIR. "Distribution of Wild and Cultivated Grapes in Turkey". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, n.º 4 (5 de diciembre de 2010): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb245397.
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Turkey is one of main gene centers in the world for grapes. It is believed that cultivated grapes have their origins in Turkey and the surrounding countries. Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris is the only wild grape species in this region. That is why Turkey has a very large amount of wild grapevine populations and grape cultivars which offer to grapevine breeders a valuable gene pool. Wild grapevines have significant characters for inducing the resistence to biotic and abiotic stress factors, such as resistance to lime, drought, pests and diseases. Turkey has over 1.600 local grape cultivars, among which the majority of them are conserved at the national grape collection vineyard in Tekirda?. They are mostly used as table grapes, dried grapes or for local consumptions. Wild grapes are distributed all over the country territory, mainly in the river basins and forests. Wild grape collection vineyards were established at some universities in Turkey. These grapevines will be screened for the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors.
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Ren, Zhongbo y Jiang Lu. "113 Preliminary Study on Grafting between Vitis rotundifolia and V. vinifera Grapes". HortScience 34, n.º 3 (junio de 1999): 461A—461. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.461a.
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Non-native grape species such as V. vinifera and V. labrusca can not sustain the hot and humid environment of Florida due to their susceptibility to various diseases. Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine grapes) is native to Florida and the southeastern United States and adapted well to this climate condition. They are highly resistant to almost all grape foliage diseases and root pests such as nematode and phylloxera. Theoretically, muscadine grapes may become a valuable rootstock for bunch grapes. Unfortunately, most previous studies found that muscadine grapes were graft-incompatible with bunch grapes by normal grafting techniques. This study was to look for an alternative technique to graft V. vinifera onto muscadine rootstocks. A preliminary study indicated that bunch grape scions were successfully grafted on adult muscadine grapes. Two V. vinifera grape cultivars, `Thompson Seedless' and `Chardonnay', and two muscadine grape cultivars, `Carlos' and `Alachua', were used for this study. The muscadine grapes used as rootstocks are 6-year old field-grown vines and V. vinifera was used as scions. Using the common V-type grafting method was completely failed in more than 150 attempts. We then tried to insert the first-year buds of V. vinifera into 1- to 3-year-old muscadine canes. Surprisingly, the survival rate of the inserting buds was moderately high when `Carlos' was used as the rootstock. `Thompson Seedless'/`Carlos', `Chardonnay'/`Carlos' reached 53% and 33%, respectively. Successful grafting but lower survival rate was also obtained when `Alachua' was used as the rootstock (10% in `Thompson Seedless/`Alachua' and 3% in `Chardonny'/`Alachua'). The average survival rate of `Thompson Seedless' on the muscadine rootstocks was 36%, and `Chardonnay' was 12%. Regardless the cultivar of the scions, buds survived on `Carlos' and `Alachua' rootstocks were 44% and 5%, respectively. Results from this study indicated that V. vinifera grapes could be successfully grafted onto muscadine rootstocks. The survival rate varied depending on cultivars used for both scion and rootstock. It would be very interesting to see if resistance to certain diseases such as the Pierce's disease can be improved in those V. vinifera grape with muscadine roots and trunks derived from this preliminary study.
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Gorbunov, I. V. y A. A. Lukyanov. "New studies of wild-growing grapes of Kuban: ecology, morphology, variability". E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125401021.
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The purpose of this scientific work was to find and study the variety of wild grapes as future promising sources of selection and valuable traits on the example of the territory of the natural reserve «Red Forest”. Analysis of modern scientific literature on the study of Vitaceae Juss. family biodiversity showed that there is practically no scientific information on agrestic Kuban forms and autochthones of grapes. This article represents the beginning of a new large research work on the study of wild Kuban grapes under study in the territory of Krasnodar Krai, in particular, in the state natural reserve “Red Forest”. The following methods were used in the work: route reconnaissance (during expeditions), traditional geobotanical and ampelographic, analytical. 5 isolated populations of agrestic grapes have been found on the territory of the “Red Forest” nature reserve. For the first time, these forms were studied and described by the ecological and geographical growth conditions and morphological traits of vegetative and generative spheres of grape plants. Significant variability of some indicators has been revealed. The presence of damage by pests and diseases was not visually detected. Hypothetically, these isolated grape populations may belong to Vitis vinifera ssp. Silvestris Gmel. or its variation var. Tipica Negr. (wild forest grapes). Samples were taken for further genetic analysis. This research was carried out within the framework of the RFFR grant project (contract No.19–416–230025).
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Syrgabek, Yerkanat y Mereke Alimzhanova. "Modern Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides in Grapes: A Review". Foods 11, n.º 11 (31 de mayo de 2022): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11111623.
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Currently, research on the determination of pesticides in food products is very popular. Information obtained from research conducted so far mainly concerns the development of a methodology to determine the content of pesticides in food products. However, they do not describe the content of the pesticide used in viticulture in the resulting product. Over the past decade, this study has examined analytical methodologies for assessing pesticide residues in grapes. Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Springer databases were searched for relevant publications. The phrases “pesticides” and “grapes” and their combinations were used to search for articles. The titles and annotations of the extracted articles have been read and studied to ensure that they meet the review criteria. The selected articles were used to compile a systematic review based on scientific research and reliable sources. The need to study the detection of pesticide residues in grapes using advanced analytical methods is confirmed by our systematic review. This review also highlights modern methods of sample preparation, such as QuEChERS, SPME, PLE, dLLME, and ADLL-ME, as well as the most used methods of separation and identification of pesticides in grapes. An overview of the countries where residual grape pesticide amounts are most studied is presented, along with the data on commonly used pesticides to control pests and diseases in grape cultivation. Finally, future possibilities and trends in the analysis of pesticide residues in grapes are discussed by various analytical methods.
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Wang, Yutan, Chi Wei, Haowei Sun y Aili Qu. "Design of Intelligent Detection Platform for Wine Grape Pests and Diseases in Ningxia". Plants 12, n.º 1 (26 de diciembre de 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010106.
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In order to reduce the impact of pests and diseases on the yield and quality of Ningxia wine grapes and to improve the efficiency and intelligence of detection, this paper designs an intelligent detection platform for pests and diseases. The optimal underlying network is selected by comparing the recognition accuracy of both MobileNet V2 and YOLOX_s networks trained on the Public Dataset. Based on this network, the effect of adding attention mechanism and replacing loss function on recognition effect is investigated by permutation in the Custom Dataset, resulting in the improved network YOLOX_s + CBAM. The improved network was trained on the Overall Dataset, and finally a recognition model capable of identifying nine types of pests was obtained, with a recognition accuracy of 93.35% in the validation set, an improvement of 1.35% over the original network. The recognition model is deployed on the Web side and Raspberry Pi to achieve independent detection functions; the channel between the two platforms is built through Ngrok, and remote interconnection is achieved through VNC desktop. Users can choose to upload local images on the Web side for detection, handheld Raspberry Pi for field detection, or Raspberry Pi and Web interconnection for remote detection.
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Fadeev, Vladislav V., Agamagomed K. Radzhabov y Vasily I. Demenko. "The results of the study of agricultural technology sustainable white wine grapes for a new generation of biological wines production". Vegetable crops of Russia, n.º 5 (7 de noviembre de 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-5-52-57.
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Relevance. Widely used traditional wine varieties of European-Asian grapes are characterized by a low level of resistance to disease and require multiple treatments with pesticides to preserve the crop and plants. Obtaining and introduction of sustainable varieties into production is one of the urgent problems of modern viticulture in the world and in our country, especially in the aspect of the ever wider dissemination of the principles of organic production. This is especially true for vineyards located in the coastal areas of the South of Russia, where the use of methods of chemical protection of vineyards from pests and diseases are limited to the proximity to the sea coast and the status of the resort region.Material and methods. The paper presents the results of the study of white wine grapes of the new generation with a high potential for resistance to environmental conditions and diseases. Purpose: research and development of recommendations on the use of white wine grapes of the new generation, characterized by resistance to adverse environmental conditions.Results. It is revealed that the experimental white wine varieties are characterized by a high level of adaptive capacity. In terms of productivity, new varieties are not inferior to the Sauvignon variety. Wine materials made from new resistant varieties are characterized by a high content of extractive and phenolic compounds. According to the organoleptic characteristics of wine materials from new resistant white grape varieties are at the level of the control variety. It is established that the level of stability of new grape varieties can be excluded from the technology of care of the vineyard measures to protect against major diseases, which significantly reduces the cost of production and allows you to get environmentally safe and organic products.
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Gorbunov, I., Aleksey Luk'yanov y Stanislav Mihaylovskiy. "Ecological conditions of growth and variability of the main morpho-biological indicators of wild forms of Kuban grapes". Agrarian Bulletin of the 213, n.º 10 (26 de noviembre de 2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-213-10-21-30.
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Abstract. The purpose of this scientific work was to find and study the diversity of wild grapes as future promising sources of breeding and valuable traits on the example of the territory of the natural reserve “Krasnyy les”. Scientific novelty. Analysis of modern scientific literature on the study of the biodiversity of the Vitaceae Juss family. He showed that there is practically no scientific information on the Kuban wild forms and autochthons of grapes. This article is the beginning of a new large research work on the study of wild grapes of Kuban, studied in the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, in particular, in the state nature reserve “Krasnyy les”. Methods. The following methods were used: route-reconnaissance (during expeditions), traditional geobotanical and ampelographic, analytical. Results. 5 isolated populations of wild grapes were found on the territory of the natural reserve “Krasnyy les”. These forms were first studied and described according to the ecological and geographical conditions of growth and morphological features of the vegetative and generative spheres of grape plants. Significant variability of some indicators was revealed, for example: the openness of the crown of a young shoot and its degree of spider pubescence, the degree of bristly and spider pubescence of the underside of the formed leaf, the shape and corrugation of the leaf blade, etc. At the same time, the clusters of the studied wild forms of grapes are small, loose; the berries are also small, mostly black in color with a sweet tart taste. The presence of damage by pests and diseases is not visually detected. These isolated grape populations may hypothetically belong to Vitis vinifera ssp. Silvestris Gmel. or its varieties var. Tipica Negr. (wild forest grapes). Samples were taken for further genetic analysis in order to confirm or refute the above hypothesis. This study was conducted within the framework of the RFBR grant project (Contract No. 19-416-230025). Practical significance. The studied wild-growing forms of grapes can be used as promising sources of economically valuable breeding traits in the creation of new varieties, hybrid or clonal forms of grapes that are resistant to abiotic and biotic environmental factors.
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Teissedre, Pierre-Louis. "Composition of grape and wine from resistant vines varieties". OENO One 52, n.º 3 (3 de agosto de 2018): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.3.2223.
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Obtaining resistant varieties to diseases without loss of organoleptic quality is a real challenge for oenology. Inter-specific hybridization of grapevines began in the 19th century and was initially aimed at introducing pest and disease resistance in offspring. Later, several breeding programmes implemented worldwide led to the development of varieties showing different characteristics such as cold-hardiness, short/long growing season, and pest resistance. Vitis vinifera grapes have preferred flavour characteristics for wine production, but they tend to be susceptible to pests, diseases, and extreme temperatures; species native to North America and East Asia are generally better adapted to these stressors. But these wild species tend to be low yielding and produce wines with undesirable sensory characteristics, including high acidity, low astringency, and excessive herbaceous or undesirable aromas. To be an innovative revolution during the 21st century, resistant varieties (actual and future) should be tested in different contexts for 3 major points: (i) vines can produce grapes without pesticides; (ii)
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Petrova, M. O. y T. D. Chermenskaya. "Climate and Environment-Related Factors Affecting Degradation of Pesticides in Protecting Grapes against Diseases and Pests". Russian Agricultural Sciences 48, n.º 4 (agosto de 2022): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367422040103.
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Sivcev, Branislava, Ivan Sivcev y Zorica Rankovic-Vasic. "Natural process and use of natural matters in organic viticulture". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, n.º 2 (2010): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1002195s.
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During recent years organic viticulture has been developing in the leading viticulture countries worldwide. The organic viticulture has been defined as the application of procedures of organic agriculture in view of increasing the production of top quality grape and wine. All the aspects of the organic viticulture such as cultivating and maintaining the soil, ground cover plants and weed control, balanced nutrition of grapevine, growing systems, disease and pest control are carried out in view of increasing the quality and health safety of wine and table varieties. When making a choice of a cultivar, there are two key factors: an economic indicator-market perspective and characteristics of a cultivar. Traditional varieties are in advantage in comparison to newly created ones, new preparations, improved computerised forecast models contribute to the efficient protection from disease and pests. New I.C./PIWI varieties must show tolerance to low winter temperatures and/or spring frosts, real commercial value through the quality of fruit, wine, juice or table grapes, tolerance to diseases and pests, balanced relationship between fruit and wood ripening. The aim of this paper is to present organic viticulture through integral agroecosystem and traditionally applied procedures in viticulture.
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Volkova, Marina y Yakov Volkov. "Mechanisms to control grape erineum mite Colomerus vitis Pgst. in organic, biodynamic and traditional vineyards of the Crimea". BIO Web of Conferences 39 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213904001.
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Eco-oriented organic and biodynamic vineyards no longer relying on pesticides in protection schemes are indicative of a current trend in grape and wine growing of the Crimea. In this connection, new solutions to reduce pests and diseases have to be sought for, and monitoring which includes both eco-faunistic research and prediction of the numbers of phytophages is becoming of primary importance in the system of control of injurious species on grapes. A wide distribution of grape erineum mite Colomerus vitis Pgst. was registered in the bearing study vineyards on the South Coast of the Crimea and in the south-west of the Peninsula though its economic damage is negligible. The risk of the detrimental effect of the mite in the young study vineyards during the first two years after planting was stated. Key mechanisms to regulate the numbers of C. vitis in the organic and biodynamic study vineyards were revealed, such as winter pruning of canes as part of farming practices, application of sulfur to control Erysiphe necator, and natural regulation by indigenous predatory species of mites and other insects.
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Wise, John C., Paul E. Jenkins, Annemiek M. C. Schilder, Christine Vandervoort y Rufus Isaacs. "Sprayer type and water volume influence pesticide deposition and control of insect pests and diseases in juice grapes". Crop Protection 29, n.º 4 (abril de 2010): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.11.014.
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Jiménez-Ballesta, Raimundo, Sandra Bravo, José Angel Amorós, Caridad Pérez-de los Reyes, Jesús García-Pradas y Francisco J. García-Navarro. "Understanding the Quality of Local Vineyard Soils in Distinct Viticultural Areas: A Case Study in Alcubillas (La Mancha, Central Spain)". Agriculture 10, n.º 3 (6 de marzo de 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030066.
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The essential features of the soils of a pilot zone in La Mancha (Central Spain), namely the Alcubillas municipability, have been characterized. The soil properties that may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of soil on grape production have also, been evaluated. For this, several soil profiles have been described and analyzed and the profiles have been mapped. The soils are mainly Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols, with their evolution controlled by the action of a xerophytic Mediterranean climate. Most of these soils have a loamy clay texture, with medium clay contents and sufficient nutrient contents (despite the low content in organic matter 1.39% and 1.04%, and the high concentrations of calcium carbonate 23.7% and 26.9% in the surface and subsurface horizons, respectively). Drainage problems were not observed and it can therefore be stated that the Alcubillas vineyards are based on a ‘terroir’ term for the production of high quality grapes. In general, the soils are not subjected to treatments to control possible diseases or pests and we have therefore postulated that the soils represent the ideal scenario to establish a distinctive zone and for the increasingly valued ecological and natural viticulture.
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Umiyati, Weli, Manda Ayu Pramesti y Elin Pujiastutik. "Pest and Disease Identification in Parijoto Plant (Medinilla speciosa blume) at Nglurah Tawangmangu". Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, n.º 3 (13 de noviembre de 2021): 1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i3.2970.
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Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa blume) is a tropical plant that has purplish pink fruit often called Asian grape. In Indonesia, parijoto plants are very well known as ornamental plants that have various benefits, from parijoto fruit can be used as anti-inflammatory drugs so that ornamental plants are widely cultivated by the community, especially lovers of ornamental plants and ornamental plant cultivation in Nglurah. Medinilla speciosa blume is very suitable in Indonesia, which has a tropical climate, but the high rainfall in Indonesia in the rainy season should get more attention in caring for it. This makes parijoto plants susceptible to several types of diseases and pests that can damage the beauty of the Medinilla speciosa blume plant. However, the lack of experts in this field makes it very difficult for plant lovers and the cultivation community of Medinilla speciosa blume in Nglurah to solve the problem of diseases and pests that attack the Medinilla speciosa blume plant. The purpose of this study was to determine pests and diseases on Medinilla speciosa blume. This research was conducted in Nglurah Village Rt 01 Rw 02 Tawangmangu for five days on 04 ââ¬â 08 September 2021. This research uses observation and interview methods. Data were analyzed by qualitative descriptive. This study used 10 samples of the observed Medinilla speciosa blume plant. The tools used are cellphone cameras and stationery. The variables to be observed are pests and diseases. The results of this study found 4 pests and 2 diseases on Medinilla speciosa blume including Fussarium oxysporum, Cercospora sp and Pestalotia sp, mealybugs, caterpillars, snails, grasshoppers. For this reason, the solution for treating parijoto plants to avoid pests and diseases requires extra care such as paying attention to soil moisture, giving appropriate fertilizers, and giving vitamins so that parijoto plants can grow well.
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Bois, Benjamin, S. Zito y A. Calonnec. "Climate vs grapevine pests and diseases worldwide: the first results of a global survey". OENO One 51, n.º 2 (15 de mayo de 2017): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1780.
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Aim: This paper aimed to address the relationship between grapevine disease, pest occurrences and climate. The extremely large extension of viticulture worldwide offers the possibility to evaluate the impacts of climate variability on many aspects of the grape growing system. For this, we initiated a global survey to retrieve the most important diseases and pests in many grape growing regions worldwide and to identify the risk of exposure to pests and diseases of viticulture as a function of climate.Methods and results: Based on the answer of respondent about the main reported diseases/pests in their region, a severity index was calculated. Each region was geolocalised and data were compared to the WorldClim gridded climate database to document the range of climate conditions (growing season temperature and rainfall) associated to the main diseases/pests. The potential climatic-induced changes of grapevine disease and pest geography by 2050 are assessed using agro-climate projections from the ARPEGE CNRM model, using the RCP 4.5 scenario. The preliminary results allow to determine the distribution of diseases as function of agroclimatic indicators.Conclusion: While the distribution of diseases differs according to the region of the world, the current analysis suggests that mildews remain the major phytosanitary threat in most of the regions. Powdery mildew, trunk diseases and viruses were reported in extremely diverse climatic conditions, including intermediate and wet regions. Significance and impact of the study: This paper present an original methodology to address the relationship between grapevine disease and pest occurrences and climate. Such documentation is scarce in the current literature. Further analysis is currently being performed, including additional survey answers, climate indices and supplementary data collected (spatial extension, frequency of treatments…) to better depict the challenges of grapevine phytosanitary management in a changing climate.
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Nereu, Mauro, Ruben H. Heleno, Francisco Lopez-Núñez, Mário Agostinho y Jaime A. Ramos. "Effects of native biodiversity on grape loss of four castes: testing the biotic resistance hypothesis". Web Ecology 18, n.º 1 (20 de febrero de 2018): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-18-15-2018.
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Abstract. Management of agricultural landscapes can influence the biodiversity and the ecological services provided by these ecosystems, such as natural biological pest control. Viticulture is a very important economic activity in most countries with Mediterranean climate, often shaping their landscapes and culture. Grape production is affected by a number of pests and diseases, and farmers use prophylactic and response-driven pesticides to control these pests. Here we quantified the main biotic causes of crop losses in four grape castes, two red (Touriga Nacional and Baga) and two white (Arinto and Chardonnay), and evaluated the potential effect of native biodiversity to provide biotic resistance to pest outbreaks and grape losses. Specifically, the diversity and abundance of bird and insect communities in these vineyards were quantified and divided into functional guilds (pest, neutral or auxiliary), to test whether these natural communities hold the potential to naturally control grape pests (biotic resistance hypothesis) under normal vineyard management (including pesticide application regimes). A potential association between distance to the vineyard edge and grape losses was also evaluated. We recorded a very small proportion of grape losses (mean = 0.6 %; max = 7.5 %), with insect pests showing a preference for the castes Baga (red) and Chardonnay (white), while bird pests avoided the caste Arinto (white). Grape color did not influence losses caused by insect pests, but birds showed a preference for red castes. The caste Baga was also more vulnerable to losses caused by fungi. Despite their low impact on grape production, most insects and birds detected in the six vineyards were pests, which entails a potentially low level of biotic resistance in this highly managed agricultural ecosystem. Further research is necessary to fully evaluate the role of functional biodiversity in vineyards, particularly if alternative production processes, such as organic farming, can increase the potential of native biodiversity to protect against grape losses from pests under lower regimes of chemical spraying.
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Aleinikova, N. V., Y. E. Radionovskaia, Y. S. Galkina, V. V. Andreyev, L. V. Didenko, S. Y. Belash, P. A. Didenko, V. N. Shaporenko y E. A. Bolotianskaia. "Information databases - the basis for the formation of the adaptive pest control systems in the ampelocenoses of the Crimea". Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation 1, n.º 157 (11 de enero de 2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-4-157-18-25.
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Currently plant protection undergoes a period of active digitalization, which effects the most diverse aspects of its activity and involves the formation of phytosanitary databases, electronic detectors, the use of digital intelligence (creation and training of neural networks), software development, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, automatic agrometeorological stations, etc., and in general, the creation of decision -making support systems. The development of information databases is the first and very important stage in the creation of a decision-making system, which allows tracking long-term and seasonal changes in the structure of biota of agrocenoses with the necessary reliability, predicting phytosanitary risks, developing adaptive systems of protection, as well as promptly and reasonably making adjustments to them. In 2015-2019 on fruit-bearing industrial plantations of primary viticultural zones of the Crimea – the Southern Coast, Mountain-Valley, South-West and Central Steppe zones, the study of structures of entomo-, acaro- and pathocomplexes of grapes was carried out. Vineyards of wine and table cultivars typical for each region were selected for observations. The development of more than 20 fungal and bacterial diseases, affecting the above-ground and underground organs of grape plants was confirmed. We obtained new data on zonal features of formation and changing of pathocomplexes of Crimean ampelocenoses, their structure, different pathogen frequency index values and the intensity of damage to the vegetative and generative organs of grape plants. Thus, we accumulated the material for the formation of information database on the structure of zonal pathocomplexes of Crimean ampelocenoses. Basing on the results of study of the structure of zonal complexes of arthropod pests of grapevine, the information database "The structure of entomoacarocomplexes of ampelocenosis phytophages of primary zones of the Crimean viticulture" (AAAA-G20-620051990003-5) was developed and contained the annotated list of 55 species of phytophages of grapes. The database includes data on the comparative characteristics of zonal complexes of ampelocenosis phytophages of the Crimea in terms of species abundance, taxonomic and ecological characteristics, as well as the frequency of occurrence of the species studied.
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Zhou, Xixuan, Liao Yang, Weisheng Wang y Baili Chen. "UAV Data as an Alternative to Field Sampling to Monitor Vineyards Using Machine Learning Based on UAV/Sentinel-2 Data Fusion". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 3 (28 de enero de 2021): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030457.
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Pests and diseases affect the yield and quality of grapes directly and engender noteworthy economic losses. Diagnosing “lesions” on vines as soon as possible and dynamically monitoring symptoms caused by pests and diseases at a larger scale are essential to pest control. This study has appraised the capabilities of high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data as an alternative to manual field sampling to obtain sampling canopy sets and to supplement satellite-based monitoring using machine learning models including partial least squared regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), random forest regression (RFR), and extreme learning regression (ELR) with a new activation function. UAV data were acquired from two flights in Turpan to determine disease severity (DS) and disease incidence (DI) and compared with field visual assessments. The UAV-derived canopy structure including canopy height (CH) and vegetation fraction cover (VFC), as well as satellite-based spectral features calculated from Sentinel-2A/B data were analyzed to evaluate the potential of UAV data to replace manual sampling data and predict DI. It was found that SVR slightly outperformed the other methods with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.89%. Moreover, the combination of canopy structure (CS) and vegetation index (VIs) improved prediction accuracy compared with single-type features (RMSEcs of 2.86% and RMSEVIs of 1.93%). This study tested the ability of UAV sampling to replace manual sampling on a large scale and introduced opportunities and challenges of fusing different features to monitor vineyards using machine learning. Within this framework, disease incidence can be estimated efficiently and accurately for larger area monitoring operation.
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Arestova, Natalia y Irina Ryabchun. "Special aspects of the development of harmful objects on the grape mother plants of the original category in the conditions of the Rostov region". BIO Web of Conferences 25 (2020): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202506001.
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The results of monitoring the distribution of phytopathogens and pests under conditions of maintaining mother plantations, improved and propagated in tissue culture, category original in the conditions of the Nizhne-Kundryuchensky sand massif in Rostov region, are presented. In the basic vineyard, conditions are met that exclude the possibility of secondary infection of healthy plants and make it possible to obtain planting material of the elite category. Vineyards have not been cultivated on these areas for at least 10 years, which reduces the risk of the presence of outbreaks of harmful organisms specific to grapes. Before establishing of the basic vineyard, the soil samples were diagnosed for the presence of harmful organisms in it. The results of the survey showed the absence of such pests in the soil as the larvae of scoops, beetles, click beetles, as well as bacterial diseases and nematodes. According to the results of monitoring observations, it was revealed that the mother plants of the basic plants of the ARRIV&W Branch of FSBSI FRANC are mainly spread by the following fungal diseases: powdery mildew, black spot, downy mildew, the intensity of which, due to regular protective treatments, did not exceed 2.5 points. The harmfulness of the main insects (leafhoppers, ticks, thrips) on the basic vineyard, is economically insignificant. Studies confirm the absence of migration of the leaf form of phylloxera. Pesticides were used during protective measures, guided by the principle of rotation of active substances and with the use of an active substance of one name no more than twice a season.
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Sudiro, Cristina, Gregory Saccozza, Federico Guglielmi, Marie Hochart, Damiano Giacomello y Adriano Altissimo. "Evaluation of the activity of a plant extract against Plasmopara viticola in grapes". BIO Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224403003.
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Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola in grapevine, is one of the most devastating and widespread fungal disease on causing serious harm to grape production. The heavy use of chemical pesticides, necessary to control the pests and pathogens, has caused issues with the resistance, resurgence and residues in food, as well as creating diffuse environmental pollution. In the last decade, biological control started to offer an alternative safe(r) and effective method to control diseases. In this paper, we investigate the potential activity of a plant extract to protect grapevine from downy mildew when used in strategy with a reduced dosage of the conventional fungicides (PPP). Four strategies were tested, with two of them giving the best results. Indeed, the use of LL017 increased the tolerance of the vine against P. viticola compared to its control with the same dosage of PPP, and with an efficacy closer to the full dosage of the PPP. In the tests where the yield was evaluated, the treatment with LL017 always resulted in a higher yield than the respective control with the same dosage of PPP and, in some cases, it gave a higher yield than even the positive control.
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Kazakhmedov, R. E. y A. Kh Agakhanov. "Agrobiological features of promising grape varieties of DSOSViO selection in the changing climatic conditions of the South of Russia". Agrarian science, n.º 5 (17 de junio de 2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-359-5-98-104.
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Relevance. Currently, there is an increased need to replenish the grape assortment with adaptive, valuable agrobiological and technological properties, competitively capable varieties and clones, the introduction of which into production will ensure an increase in the profitability of the grape-growing industry.Methods. In the ampelographic collection of DSOSViO in 2012–2018, the study of breeding and introduced grape varieties was carried out: table varieties — Bulatovsky, Zhemchuzhina Yuga, Eldar, Suvenir DSOSViO, Yantar Dagestansky, Leki, Kishmish Derbentsky, Zarya Derbenta, Agadai (control), Moldova (control); technical varieties — Fioletta, Slava Derbenta, Saperavi (control). Grape culture is root-related, irrigated, not covered. The shape of the bushes is high-rammed (120 cm), double-shouldered cordon Kazenava. Planting scheme of grape varieties was 3.5 × 2.0 m.Results. Studies have found that grape varieties have high quality and productivity indicators: the fertility coefficient is 1.02–1.57, the yield from the bush is 10.4–16.5 kg. Mechanical composition and chemical properties of bunches and berries in the studied grape varieties: the juice content in the berries is low — Agadai (control); medium — Yantar Dagestansky, Zhemchuzhina Yuga, Leki, Eldar, Souvenir DSOSViO, Moldova; high — Fioletta, Saperavi (control), Slava Derbenta. The attachment of berries to the peduncle is very strong in table grape varieties and Agadai variety (control). Most of the DSOSViO grape varieties proved to be quite resistant to pests and major fungal diseases. The DSOSViO grape varieties exhibit high adaptability in the conditions of the South of Dagestan, which allows to achieve high yields and product quality in the changing climatic conditions of the region. Varieties of the station’s table breeding direction can take a worthy place in the pipeline of fresh grapes intake and consumption in the period July — October, and red varieties of the technical direction are promising for obtaining high-quality terroir wines.
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Savenkova, D. S., V. O. Mindiarova, Yu O. Filippova, S. A. Volkova, A. V. Мilovanov y L. P. Troshin. "The use of iPBS markers to study the genetic diversity of known stock grape varieties". Horticulture and viticulture, n.º 5 (21 de noviembre de 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-5-11-17.
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The expansion of viticulture in the world is accompanied by the spread of diseases and plant pests. Phylloxera is one of those organisms causing enormous damage to the world’s viticulture. The discovery of the possibility of grafting varieties on stock has led to the development of the breeding of stock originating from North America. Currently, the active use of different types of molecular markers for the identification and study of the genetic diversity of grapes allows to more accurately and efficiently study the biological peculiarities and genetics of plants. Obtaining good reproducibility of the analysis results and revealing the polymorphism between varieties and clones when using different types of markers, you can further use this knowledge for breeding in the selection of crossed pairs. The aim of the study in the present article was to study the common stock grape varieties - hybrids of American species. The article presents a study of the five most famous stock grape varieties: Kober 5BB and 420-A, Paulsen 1103, 101-14 and Richter 57 to identify genetic relationships and polymorphism between samples, based on the use of IRAP and iPBS primers. We used thirteen selected DNA markers that generated a total of 308 polymorphic DNA bands with 54.95 % polymorphism. The effectiveness of iPBS markers was comparable or even more effective than the markers based on retrotransposons. As a result of research, differences and commonality between stocks were clearly demonstrated by both cluster analysis and PCoA analysis.
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Hill, G. N., W. R. Henshall y R. M. Beresford. "Manipulating rainfall to study symptom expression of Botrytis cinerea infection in wine grapes". New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (26 de julio de 2017): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.64.
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Botrytis cinerea infection of wine grapes can result in a variety of symptoms. The most common symptom is botrytis bunch rot (BBR), where infected berries rot and shrivel, and eventually produce fungal sporulation. Another symptom is slip skin, where the skins of infected ripe berries slide easily from the pulp. It is hypothesised that a reduction in osmotic potential in grape berries due to late-season rainfall leads to slip skin symptom development. Hyphal growth of B. cinerea on osmotically adjusted agar was inhibited at osmotic potentials associated with near-ripe berries. Vine sheltering was used in a research vineyard to manipulate rainfall artificially and to alter berry sugar content in Vitis vinifera Sauvignon blanc vines, with the aim of increasing osmotic potential and altering symptom expression. Both BBR and slip skin symptoms were affected by the various sheltering conditions, with sheltered vines having lower BBR and higher slip skin at harvest.
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Bois, Benjamin, S. Zito y A. Calonnec. "Climate vs grapevine pests and diseases worldwide: the first results of a global survey". OENO One 51, n.º 2 (15 de mayo de 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2016.0.0.1780.
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<p class="Abstract"><strong>Aim:</strong> This paper aimed to address the relationship between grapevine disease, pest occurrences and climate. The extremely large extension of viticulture worldwide offers the possibility to evaluate the impacts of climate variability on many aspects of the grape growing system. For this, we initiated a global survey to retrieve the most important diseases and pests in many grape growing regions worldwide and to identify the risk of exposure to pests and diseases of viticulture as a function of climate.</p><p class="Abstract"><strong>Methods and results:</strong> Based on the answer of respondent about the main reported diseases/pests in their region, a severity index was calculated. Each region was geolocalised and data were compared to the WorldClim gridded climate database to document the range of climate conditions (growing season temperature and rainfall) associated to the main diseases/pests. The potential climatic-induced changes of grapevine disease and pest geography by 2050 are assessed using agro-climate projections from the ARPEGE CNRM model, using the RCP 4.5 scenario. The preliminary results allow to determine the distribution of diseases as function of agroclimatic indicators.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> While the distribution of diseases differs according to the region of the world, the current analysis suggests that mildews remain the major phytosanitary threat in most of the regions. Powdery mildew, trunk diseases and viruses were reported in extremely diverse climatic conditions, including intermediate and wet regions. </p><p><strong>Significance and impact of the study:</strong> This paper present an original methodology to address the relationship between grapevine disease and pest occurrences and climate. Such documentation is scarce in the current literature. Further analysis is currently being performed, including additional survey answers, climate indices and supplementary data collected (spatial extension, frequency of treatments…) to better depict the challenges of grapevine phytosanitary management in a changing climate.</p>
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Ranca, Aurora Maria, Victoria Artem, Ionica Dina, Liliana Parcalabu, Maria Iliescu, Gabriel Tabaranu y Ancuta Nechita. "Experimentation of grapevine cultivation in organic system, on five different Romanian vineyards". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 73, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:12206.
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In five Romanian vineyards, in 2013-2014 period was experimented organic system growing on grape varieties for wine representative for each area, here are applied organic growing technology in parallel with the conventional (control). White varieties studied are: Chardonnay (Murfatlar and Valea Calugareasca), Sauvignon blanc and Muscat Ottonel(Tarnave), Feteasca regala (Tarnave, Bujoru and Copou-Iasi). Red varieties are Cabernet Sauvignon (Murfatlar and Valea Calugareasca) and Merlot (Bujoru).Concerning evolution of main climatic factors for the years 2013-2014 it is show that the annual average air temperature increase compared with the average of the years 1991-2010; is observed an increasing in mean annual temperature, mean temperature during the growing season and the value of sum of sunshine hours. The water regime was kept constant, registering values close to the annual average, both during the growing season and at entire year. The weeds spectrum is represented both by dicotyledonous as knotweed (Polygonum aviculare), Veronica (Stellaria media), news (Amaranthus retroflexus), bindweed (Convolvurus arvensis) and monocotyledonous as grass thick (Cynodon dactylon).Concerning the phytosanitary status, at Murfatlar were registered problems with oidium attack, with all main disease at Dealu Mare and with downy mildew at Bujoru. In all areas the pest has been found are: grape mouth (Lobesia botrana) and spiders (Tetranichus sp.). Schemes of treatments focused generally on substances bassed on copper and sulfur to combat diseases and for pests have been used pheromonal traps or other certified organic products.The grapes harvest was lower in organic plots with till 25%; their quality being close at both growing variants.
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Shimira, Flavien, Senem Uğur, Şamil Muhammet Özdemir y Yeşim Yalçın Mendi. "Future and Prospect use of Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) as Part of the Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Tool in Turkey". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, n.º 1 (23 de enero de 2021): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i1.150-158.3771.
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Nowadays, immediate environmental friendly solutions such as the use of biopesticides and other methods to control and manage pests are well needed. They are imperative due to the continuous accumulation of toxic residues from synthetic insecticides into the environment, the contamination of global agro-ecosystem and resistance of certain insects and pathogens. The global renewed interest of botanical pesticides does not leave aside Turkey. Thus, many environmental reports pointed out contaminations in different regions of Turkey by chemical pesticide residues, like lambda-cyhalothrin in some conventional grapes farming in the Aegean region. The use of botanical pesticides like Pyrethrin extracted from Pyrethrum’s flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) is part of sustainable agriculture goals to reduce the incidence of pests and diseases without any alteration to the natural balance. The purpose of this review is to analyse and identify the possibilities of Pyrethrum production in Turkey. Various research works around the world were compiled and some key informants were correlated to existing researches in Turkey. Subsequently, it was found that the Black-Sea region of Turkey has great potential in the growing and industrial production of Pyrethrum by its weather patterns (temperatures, pluviometry and humidity) and soil characteristics. The region has a similar climate with the East-African high-lands well-known for Pyrethrum production. Thus, the country has shown great technological advances and the capacity to produce vegetative and disease-free clones for other ornamental plants by using tissue culture techniques. Therefore, the multiplication of high-quality vegetative clones of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium and their maintenance can sustain commercial and long term production of Pyrethrum in Turkey.
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Merot, Anne, Marc Fermaud, Marie Gosme y Nathalie Smits. "Effect of Conversion to Organic Farming on Pest and Disease Control in French Vineyards". Agronomy 10, n.º 7 (20 de julio de 2020): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071047.
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Since 2006, an increasing number of French vineyards have chosen to convert to organic farming. One major change in vineyard practices includes replacing chemical pesticides with copper and sulfur-based products in line with Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007. This change can make overall management and pest and disease control more difficult and potentially lead to yield losses. From 2013 to 2016, a network of 48 vineyard plots, in southern France, under conventional management and in conversion to organic farming were monitored throughout the three-year conversion phase to investigate the grapevine phytosanitary management of four major pests and diseases and variations in control efficiency. The severity of downy and powdery mildew, grape berry moths, and Botrytis bunch rot were assessed and linked to the protection strategy. The findings showed that pests and diseases were controlled in the third year of conversion at similar efficiency levels as in conventional farming. However, the first two years of conversion were a transitional and less successful period during which higher incidences of cryptogamic diseases were observed. This demonstrates a need for winegrowers to receive more in-depth technical advice and support, especially on pest and disease control, during this critical transition period.
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Morales, José Pablo, Félix Navarro, Félix Rondón, Clemente Báez y Ricardo Genao. "Evaluación de variedades de cebolla en la República Dominicana." Agronomía Mesoamericana 11, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2006): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v11i2.17322.
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A field study was conducted in order to evaluate 16 onion crops for their yield, grade and susceptibility to pests and diseases under field conditions in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic. The cultivars 'Texas Grano 438', 'Liberty', 'Lexus', 'Domingo', 'Serrana', 'Mercedes', 'Yellow Granex', 'Cougar', XPH 6700, 'Sebaqueña', 'Contessa', 'White Hawk', 'Diamante', 'Red Creole', 'Híbrido Rojo' and 'Sivan' were distributed in randomized complete blocks with three repetitions. Experimental units consisted of two double rowsthree meters in length. 'Red Creole', 'Yellow Granex' and 'Contessa' were utilized as prototypes for the red, yellow, and white onion crops, respectively. Onion crops were managed following a medium level technology package recommended for the zone. The variables evaluated were early development, diameter of thebulb neck at harvest, number of rings per bulb, incidence of pests and diseases, yield grades, total commercial yield, percentage of twin bulbs and percentage of rotten bulbs after curing. Statistical analysis revealed that among yellow cultivars, the materials with the best attributes of yield and bulb quality were 'Texas Grano 438', 'Lexus', 'Liberty' and XPH 6700. The yield of the of 'Texas Grano 438'. Among white onion crops, 'Diamante' and 'Contessa' were significantly better than 'Sebaqueña' and 'White Hawk' in terms of early development and/or yield. For the red crops, 'Red Creole' was significantly inferior than 'Híbrido Rojo' and 'Sivan' in bulb grade and yield.
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Babes, Anca Cristina, Maria Iliescu y Liliana Lucia Tomoiaga. "The Behaviour of Some Grape Hybrid Elite Varieties Obtained at SCDVV Blaj, in 2014-2015". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 73, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2016): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:12364.
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At Research Station for Viticulture and Enology Blaj (SCDVV Blaj), is a continuous process to improve and to obtain the new grapevine varieties, by sexual crossbreeding and clonal selection, varieties with high sugar accumulation and with equilibrate acidity, which could ensure high quality wines. During 2014-2015 period, the hybrid elite varieties: 5-26 and 6-110 were compared to the control Pink Traminer 60 Bl. and Feteasca Regala 21 Bl. As a study result, the elite varieties, 5-26 and 6-110, stood out by sugar/acidity balance, with good resistance to pests and diseases.
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Cruz, Eduardo y Héctor Deras. "Colecta y establecimiento de anonáceas en El Salvador." Agronomía Mesoamericana 11, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2006): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v11i2.17318.
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The national center of agricultural and forest technology (CENTA), through its unit of phytogenetic resources, under took a collecting survey of annonacea species in 1998, with the objective of exploring, collect, characterize and establish collections in the experimental stations. This survey was carried out at a national level visiting properties and markets. Evaluated traits for fruits were: weight , lenght and diameter, number of seeds, texture of shell and pulp, form of fruit and carpels, damage for pests and diseases. It also was carried out a bromatological analysis. As a result of the survey a collection was established with these species: squamosa, cherimola, reticulata, muricata, purpurea, diversifolia, holosericea and glabra. The morphological characterization Annona muricata showed an average of 175 seeds per fruit and an average weight of 1,319 grames per fruit. A. cherimola showed a very sandy pulp and non-prominent carpels. A. squamosa showed a sweet pulp, white and very prominent carpels. According to the bromatological characterization Annona muricata showed the higher humidity (82.8%), 1.84% of crude fiber, 367ppm of phosphorus. Annona diversifolia showed the lowest fat content of 0.01%. The highest pests was caused by Bephrateloides sp. and by Colletotrichum sp. in fruits and foliage.
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Казахмедов, Рамидин Эфендиевич, Альберт Халидович Агаханов, Тамила Имираслановна Абдуллаева y Владимир Александрович Волынкин. "New promising hybrid forms of wine direction selected by Dagestan Breeding Experimental Station for Viticulture and Vegeculture". Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, n.º 2(112) (18 de junio de 2020): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.47.59.003.
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В промышленных насаждениях Республики Дагестан нет сортов технического направления использования, выведенных на основе местных сортов и отвечающих требованиям современного, в т.ч. терруарного виноделия, а также обладающих устойчивостью к неблагоприятным условиям среды, болезням и вредителям. Цель работы - выведение генетически высокопродуктивных сортов винограда различного направления использования, устойчивых к грибным болезням и корневой форме филлоксеры, для возделывания в почвенно-климатических условиях юга России. В условиях Дагестана высокую адаптивность и урожайность проявляет сорт Первенец Магарача, который широко привлекается в селекционную программу скрещиваний станции как донор устойчивости. Исследования проводились на Ампелографической коллекции ДСОСВиО в 2013-2018 гг. В статье приводится агробиологическая и хозяйственно-технологическая оценка элитных сеянцев новой селекции, выведенных путем гибридизации аборигенных сортов и сорта Первенец Магарача как донора устойчивости к биотическим и абиотическим стрессорам. Выделенные элитные формы отличаются высокими показателями качества, биологической выносливостью в гибридном питомнике на сильном инфекционном фоне по филлоксере и болезням грибной этиологии. Использование сорта Первенец Магарача в селекции новых сортов с привлечением дагестанских аборигенных сортов позволяет получать генотипы с высокой устойчивостью к болезням и вредителям винограда в условиях Дагестана. Industrial plantations of Republic of Dagestan lack wine varieties breeded from local cultivars and meeting the requirements of modern, including terroir, winemaking, and resistant to adverse environmental conditions, diseases and pests. The purpose of this work is to develop genetically highly productive grape varieties resistant to fungal diseases and the root form of phylloxera for cultivation in the soil and climatic conditions of the South of Russia. In the conditions of Dagestan ‘Pervenets Magaracha’ grape variety shows high adaptability and productivity, and is widely involved in the breeding program of crossings of the Station as a donor of stability. Research was conducted on the Ampelographic collection of the Station in 2013-2018. The article presents agrobiological and economic-technological assessment of elite seedlings of new selection, bred by hybridization of local varieties and ‘Pervenets Magaracha’ variety as a donor of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The selected elite forms are characterized with high quality parameters, biological strength in a hybrid nursery with a strong infectious background for phylloxera and fungal diseases. The use of ‘Pervenets Magaracha’ variety in the selection of new varieties, involving Dagestani local varieties, allows us to obtain genotypes with high resistance to grape diseases and pests in the conditions of Dagestan.
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Karajeh, Muwaffaq R. "Pre-harvest bagging of grape clusters as a non-chemical physical control measure against certain pests and diseases of grapevines". Organic Agriculture 8, n.º 3 (18 de septiembre de 2017): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13165-017-0197-3.
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Rosado, Luís, Pedro Faria, João Gonçalves, Eduardo Silva, Ana Vasconcelos, Cristiana Braga, João Oliveira et al. "EyesOnTraps: AI-Powered Mobile-Based Solution for Pest Monitoring in Viticulture". Sustainability 14, n.º 15 (8 de agosto de 2022): 9729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159729.
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Due to the increasingly alarming consequences of climate change, pests are becoming a growing threat to grape quality and viticulture yields. Estimating the quantity and type of treatments to control these diseases is particularly challenging due to the unpredictability of insects’ dynamics and intrinsic difficulties in performing pest monitoring. Conventional pest monitoring programs consist of deploying sticky traps on vineyards, which attract key insects and allow human operators to identify and count them manually. However, this is a time-consuming process that usually requires in-depth taxonomic knowledge. This scenario motivated the development of EyesOnTraps, a novel AI-powered mobile solution for pest monitoring in viticulture. The methodology behind the development of the proposed system merges multidisciplinary research efforts by specialists from different fields, including informatics, electronics, machine learning, computer vision, human-centered design, agronomy and viticulture. This research work resulted in a decision support tool that allows winegrowers and taxonomy specialists to: (i) ensure the adequacy and quality of mobile-acquired sticky trap images; (ii) provide automated detection and counting of key insects; (iii) register local temperature near traps; and (iv) improve and anticipate treatment recommendations for the detected pests. By merging mobile computing and AI, we believe that broader technology acceptance for pest management in viticulture can be achieved via solutions that work on regular sticky traps and avoid the need for proprietary instrumented traps.
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Трошин, Л. П., Р. В. Кравченко, Н. В. Матузок y Р. Н. Куфанова. "Optimal mode of bush loading with fruiting shoots to obtain heavy and high-quality yield of wine grape varieties in the conditions of Anapo-Taman zone". Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, n.º 2(120) (16 de junio de 2022): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2022.16.73.006.
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В данной статье были рассмотрены результаты сравнительного изучения по агробиологическим и хозяйственным параметрам влияния различных режимов нагрузки кустов плодовыми побегами (или лозами) винограда сортов Мерло, Цимлянский черный, Саперави северный в условиях Анапо-Таманской зоны Краснодарского края. Исследования проводились по общепринятым в виноградарстве методикам. Отбирались визуально типичные кусты изучаемых сортов, характеризующихся сравнительно небольшим приростом, без признаков заболеваний и не поврежденные вредителями, высокопродуктивных, типичных по содержанию гроздей и ягод, но более укрупненных размеров. Объектом исследований выбрано влияние различных уровней нагрузки кустов на продуктивность сортов винограда. Предмет исследований: сорта винограда Мерло, Цимлянский черный, Саперави северный. Схема размещения на поле виноградных кустов - 3,0 × 1,5 м. Растения винограда сформированы по типу высокоштамбового двустороннего горизонтального кордона с высотой штамба 120 см, так как высокоштамбовая культура винограда, по сравнению с приземным способом ведения кустов отвечает в большей степени требованиям виноградного растения, как лианы. Схема опыта: короткая обрезка плодовых побегов на 3 глазка (контроль); средняя обрезка плодовых побегов на 6 глазков; длинная обрезка плодовых побегов на 10 глазков. Биометрический анализ полученного материала проведен методом вариационного анализа стандартным пакетом Statistica. По результатам исследований выявлено, что в промышленных насаждениях винограда технического направления, сформированных по типу высокоштамбовый двусторонний горизонтальный кордон, необходимо применять обрезку плодовых побегов сортов Мерло и Цимлянский черный на 3 глазка, а сорта Саперави северный - на 6 глазков. In this article, the results of comparative study by agrobiological and economic parameters of the influence of different modes of bush loading with fruiting shoots (or vines) of the studied grape varieties ‘Merlot’, ‘Tsymlyanskiy Chernyi’, ‘Saperavi Severnyi’ in the conditions of Anapo-Taman zone of Krasnodar Territory were considered. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods in viticulture. Visually typical bushes of the studied varieties, characterized by a relatively small growth amount, without signs of diseases and not damaged by pests, highly productive, typical in terms of the content of bunches and berries, but larger in size, were selected. The object of research is the influence of different levels of bush loading on the productivity of grape varieties. The subject of research is grape varieties ‘Merlot’, ‘Tsymlyanskiy Chernyi’, ‘Saperavi Severnyi’. The planting scheme of grape bushes is 3.0 × 1.5 m. Vine plants are trained according to the type of high-stem two-sided horizontal cordon with a stem height of 120 cm, since a high-stem grape culture, in comparison with the ground-level method of bush training, meets the requirements of a grape plant, like liana, to a greater extent. Scheme of experiment: 1) Short pruning of fruiting shoots for 3 eyes (control); 2) Medium pruning of fruiting shoots for 6 eyes; 3) Long pruning of fruiting shoots for 10 eyes. Biometric analysis of the obtained material was carried out by the method of variation analysis using the standard software package Statistica. According to the results of the research, it was revealed that in industrial plantations of wine grapes, trained according to the type of high-stem two-sided horizontal cordon, it is necessary to use pruning of fruiting shoots of varieties ‘Merlot’ and ‘Tsymlyanskiy Chernyi’ for 3 eyes, and ‘Saperavi Severnyi’ - for 6 eyes.
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SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction pages, NBHA-CN 50(4), 2022". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2022): 13046. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50413046.
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The papers published in Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, Issue 3, Volume 50, 2022 represent new exciting research in different topics of life science, respectively in plant science, horticulture, agronomy, and crop science. Among the interesting articles we invite you to find news about: Understanding the physiological and molecular mechanism of salinity stress tolerance in plants; Insights into the functional role of tea microbes on tea growth, quality and resistance against pests and diseases; Cloning and function analysis of DlWRKY9 gene in longan (Dimocarpus longan); miRNA expression differentiation induced by polyploidization in newly formed triploids of black poplar; A protocol specialized for microbial DNA extraction from living poplar wood; Global identification and functional prediction of cold-related lncRNAs in eggplant; Effect of pre-harvest application of salicylic acid, potassium silicate, and calcium chloride, on storability and quality attributes of table grape; Efficient micropropagation protocol of three cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.).
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Lytkin, Kirill, Vasily Nosulchak, Magamedgusein Agakhanov, Elena Matveikina, Ekaterina Lushchay, Dmitry Karzhaev, Evgenii Raines et al. "Development of a High-Density Genetic Map for Muscadine Grape Using a Mapping Population from Selfing of the Perfect-Flowered Vine ‘Dixie’". Plants 11, n.º 23 (25 de noviembre de 2022): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233231.
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Intraspecific diversity of the immune grape Muscadinia rotundifolia Michaux. can serve as a rich source of valuable resistance loci to the most widespread pathogens and pests of grapevine. While only one Run1/Rpg1 resistance locus has been introgressed from M. rotundifolia to the Vitis vinifera gene pool, a number of other genes conferring resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew have been identified in various Muscadinia cultivars. A larger introduction of Muscadinia varieties to the European continent would greatly facilitate experiments of interspecific crosses as well as stimulate biotechnological efforts to overcome the main barrier to F1 fertility caused by the differences in chromosome number. For the successful introduction of Muscadinia into the new European environment, it is necessary to overcome the difficulties associated with the physiological characteristics of the species, such as insufficient cold tolerance and very late fruit ripening. To facilitate the further discovery of valuable loci in Muscadinia and their transfer to grapevine breeding programs, we constructed a high-density linkage map using an S1 mapping population obtained from the self-pollination of M. rotundifolia cv. Dixie maintained on the southern coast of Crimea. Using ddRADseq, 3730 SNPs were ordered across 20 linkage groups spanning 2753.6 cM of the total map length. No segregation in resistance to diseases and pests was observed among the ‘Dixie’ S1 population, suggesting the presence of homozygous non-segregating resistant loci in the genetic background of ‘Dixie’. Markers with high segregation distortion showed a bias towards chromosomal intervals on linkage groups 10 and 20, where loci affecting the survival of ‘Dixie’ S1 progeny may be localized. QTLs with significant additive and dominance effects were discovered on LG14 and LG18, affecting the morphological traits associated with the vigor of growth and adaptability of young Muscadinia vines in the conditions of Crimea.
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Norfahmi, Femmi, Komalawati Komalawati, Muh Afif Juradi, Mardiana Mardiana y F. F. Munier. "The Identification of Rice Varieties Used in Central Sulawesi". E3S Web of Conferences 232 (2021): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123203013.
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Central Sulawesi’s rice productivity in 2019 was lower compared to that in 2018. One of the problems for the low productivity of paddy in Central Sulawesi is the application of low quality of seeds. Ministry of Agriculture through Central Sulawesi AIAT has introduced a numbers of new high yielding varieties (HYV) to increase rice production and productivity. To support the dissemination of new HYV, it is important to study the rice varieties that mostly used by farmers in Central Sulawesi. The objectives of this study are to identify the rice varieties and the preferred characteristics of rice varieties that farmers usually used in Central Sulawesi. This study used primary and secondary data. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented in tables and graphs. The results show that most farmers in Central Sulawesi use Mekongga, Ciherang, and Cisantana varieties, and local varieties such as Peluncur, Dewi, Ntabone and others. Farmers generally prefer varieties which tend to produce higher yields and resistant to pests and diseases. To maintain the availability of the varieties in Central Sulawesi, it is important to train farmers to become breeders.
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Naidu, Rayapati, Adib Rowhani, Marc Fuchs, Deborah Golino y Giovanni P. Martelli. "Grapevine Leafroll: A Complex Viral Disease Affecting a High-Value Fruit Crop". Plant Disease 98, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2014): 1172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-13-0880-fe.
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Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the most widely grown fruit crops in the world. It is a deciduous woody perennial vine for which the cultivation of domesticated species began approximately 6,000 to 8,000 years ago in the Near East. Grapevines are broadly classified into red- and white-berried cultivars based on their fruit skin color, although yellow, pink, crimson, dark blue, and black-berried cultivars also exist. Grapevines can be subject to attacks by many different pests and pathogens, including graft-transmissible agents such as viruses, viroids, and phytoplasmas. Among the virus and virus-like diseases, grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is by far the most widespread and economically damaging viral disease of grapevines in many regions around the world. The global expansion of the grape and wine industry has seen a parallel increase in the incidence and economic impact of GLD. Despite the fact that GLD was recognized as a potential threat to grape production for several decades, our knowledge of the nature of the disease is still quite limited due to a variety of challenges related to the complexity of this virus disease, the association of several distinct GLD-associated viruses, and contrasting symptoms in red- and white-berried cultivars. In view of the growing significance of GLD to wine grape production worldwide, this feature article provides an overview of the state of knowledge on the biology and epidemiology of the disease and describes management strategies currently deployed in vineyards.
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Shevchenko, Yu P., I. T. Ushakova, E. L. Kurbakov, L. V. Bespalko y V. A. Kharchenko. "ASPARAGUS (ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L.) – VEGETABLE CULTURE OF THE FUTURE". Vegetable crops of Russia, n.º 5 (4 de diciembre de 2018): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-5-47-50.
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The historical reference of Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus officinalis L.), its species composition and practical use is given. Biological and agrotechnical features of culture, the most common diseases and pests are presented. Grades and methods of selection work. Sexual type of asparagus, perennial varieties and the ability of plants to vegetative propagation are important factors in asparagus breeding. The following methods are used in asparagus selection: hybridization; formation of male varieties via self-pollination of bisexual flowers found on male plants; utilization of the heterosis effect the formation of homozygous inbred-lines; production of tetraploid forms by exposure of colchicine to asparagus seedlings. Selection can be done either on individual plants or using multiple approach. Improvement of selection may be achieved using several parameters: plant yield, the mass of seedlings; plant height of the most developed shoot; the number of shoots. This allows to discard undesirable forms at early stages. Laboratory of green vegetables, spicy-flavoring and flower crops of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center possesses the collection nursery of 7 samples of Asparagus officinalis: K-25, K-28, K-41, K-46, Mary Washington Bruswick, Paradise. The latter are used for Asparagus selection with the aim to retain economically valuable traits.
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Dubuis, P. H., G. Bleyer, R. Krause, O. Viret, A.-L. Fabre, M. Werder, A. Naef, M. Breuer y K. Gindro. "VitiMeteo and Agrometeo: Two platforms for plant protection management based on an international collaboration". BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501036.
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The negative effects of plant protection products on the human health and the environment have become a major concern for consumers and politics in Europe. In the last years new policies for risk mitigation and reduction of use of synthetic pesticides has been enforce in Europe and Switzerland. A possible strategy to reduce the use of plant protection products is to spray according to the epidemic of diseases and pests by following decision support systems (DSS). The platform VitiMeteo offers a wide set of forecasting models for viticulture including downy and powdery mildew, black rot, grape berry moth and rust mite. Two research institutes the Staatliches Weinbauinstitut Freiburg (Germany) and Agroscope (Switzerland) developed VitiMeteo jointly. A consortium was built with the company Geosens (Germany) which is in charge of the programming of the different forecasting software. Each institute is running his own internet website with specific tools and feature for each country but the core of the system is the same. The combination of these different DSS allows a significant reduction of plant protection products used. All these forecasting systems and tools are freely available for the winegrowers on the platform www.vitimeteo.de and www.agrometeo.ch. The use of these platforms helps the winegrowers to meet current society's expectations.
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Ergashev. "Analysis of Gross Margins in Queensland Tomatoes". Proceedings 36, n.º 1 (16 de enero de 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036048.
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Tomato is an important vegetable crop that contributes significantly to income security and healthy diets of people worldwide. Queensland produces the majority of tomatoes for fresh consumption accounting for 40 per cent of national supply in Australia. The purpose of this study is to provide an analytical summary of the Queensland tomato supply chain, by focusing on margins along the supply chain. For that, a representative tomato gross margin model in Southern Queensland was used to analyse the estimated income, grouped variable costs and the gross margin for four tomato varieties: gourmet, round, grape, and cherry. The mean yields of the sampled varieties varied considerably, depending on climatic conditions, pests and diseases, the season and whether tomatoes are grown on the ground or trellises. Driven by high revenues and relatively low freight costs, grape tomatoes have the highest gross margin ($73 thousand per hectare) as well as the highest market price at $4.64 per kilo compared to other varieties. The cost of growing the crop up to harvest can exceed $10,000 per hectare with high labour requirement for harvesting and packing. While costs for machinery, fertiliser, herbicide, weed control, insecticide, and fungicide largely remain constant across four tomato varieties, it is planting and irrigation that makes a difference. With average value of $9,303 per hectare, planting costs range from $5,134 for round tomatoes to $12,241 for cherry tomatoes. The results of this gross margin analysis can be helpful to explore profitability at the farm level, allowing regional and international comparisons
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Abad, Javier, Irantzu Hermoso de Mendoza, Diana Marín, Luis Orcaray y Luis Gonzaga Santesteban. "Cover crops in viticulture. A systematic review (2):Implications on vineyard agronomic performance". OENO One 55, n.º 2 (9 de abril de 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4481.
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The present systematic review aims to provide an overview of the impact of cover crops on vegetative growth and the productive parameters of vineyards.A systematic review was made on Scopus-index journals dating from 1999 to 2018. The selection was made at the same time by two different researchers, who selected a total of 272 published papers related to cover crops in vineyards. Each article was categorised according to its theme and a metadata database was created, considering all relevant information from an agronomic point of view for each article.It can be concluded from the review that the use of cover crops can reduce vine vegetative growth, which in turn can help keep the incidence of fungal diseases (like grey mould) at a low level. In general, this practice does not have a clear effect on vineyard yield or grape juice parameters, like total soluble solids (TSS) or titratable acidity (TA). Cover crops can decrease vineyard pests to a certain extent, especially Cicadellidae. Cover crops can sometimes sporadically cause water stress in the vineyard, but only during the summer months.This review allowed us to summarise available information on cover crops and their effects on vineyard agronomic performance in a systematic way. Such information can be used to help select the most suitable cover, based on specific vineyard objectives and growing conditions.
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Gonçalves, João, Eduardo Silva, Pedro Faria, Telmo Nogueira, Ana Ferreira, Cristina Carlos y Luís Rosado. "Edge-Compatible Deep Learning Models for Detection of Pest Outbreaks in Viticulture". Agronomy 12, n.º 12 (2 de diciembre de 2022): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123052.
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The direct effect of global warming on viticulture is already apparent, with unexpected pests and diseases as one of the most concerning consequences. Deploying sticky traps on grape plantations to attract key insects has been the backbone of conventional pest management programs. However, they are time-consuming processes for winegrowers, conducted through visual inspection via the manual identification and counting of key insects. Additionally, winegrowers usually lack taxonomy expertise for accurate species identification. This paper explores the usage of deep learning on the edge to identify and quantify pest counts automatically. Different mobile devices were used to acquire a dataset of yellow sticky and delta traps, consisting of 168 images with 8966 key insects manually annotated by experienced taxonomy specialists. Five different deep learning models suitable to run locally on mobile devices were selected, trained, and benchmarked to detect five different insect species. Model-centric, data-centric, and deployment-centric strategies were explored to improve and fine-tune the considered models, where they were tested on low-end and high-end mobile devices. The SSD ResNet50 model proved to be the most suitable architecture for deployment on edge devices, with accuracies per class ranging from 82% to 99%, the F1 score ranging from 58% to 84%, and inference speeds per trap image of 19.4 s and 62.7 s for high-end and low-end smartphones, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of the approach proposed to be integrated into a mobile-based solution for vineyard pest monitoring by providing automated detection and the counting of key vector insects to winegrowers and taxonomy specialists.
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Mondani, Letizia, Roberta Palumbo, Dimitrios Tsitsigiannis, Dionysios Perdikis, Emanuele Mazzoni y Paola Battilani. "Pest Management and Ochratoxin A Contamination in Grapes: A Review". Toxins 12, n.º 5 (7 de mayo de 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050303.
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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic member of ochratoxins, a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. The most relevant species involved in OTA production in grapes is Aspergillus carbonarius. Berry infection by A. carbonarius is enhanced by damage to the skin caused by abiotic and biotic factors. Insect pests play a major role in European vineyards, and Lepidopteran species such as the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana are undoubtedly crucial. New scenarios are also emerging due to the introduction and spread of allochthonous pests as well as climate change. Such pests may be involved in the dissemination of OTA producing fungi even if confirmation is still lacking and further studies are needed. An OTA predicting model is available, but it should be integrated with models aimed at forecasting L. botrana phenology and demography in order to improve model reliability.
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Tello, Javier, Rafael Torres-Pérez, Timothée Flutre, Jérôme Grimplet y Javier Ibáñez. "VviUCC1 Nucleotide Diversity, Linkage Disequilibrium and Association with Rachis Architecture Traits in Grapevine". Genes 11, n.º 6 (29 de mayo de 2020): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060598.
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Cluster compactness is a trait with high agronomic relevance, affecting crop yield and grape composition. Rachis architecture is a major component of cluster compactness determinism, and is a target trait toward the breeding of grapevine varieties less susceptible to pests and diseases. Although its genetic basis is scarcely understood, a preliminary result indicated a possible involvement of the VviUCC1 gene. The aim of this study was to characterize the VviUCC1 gene in grapevine and to test the association between the natural variation observed for a series of rachis architecture traits and the polymorphisms detected in the VviUCC1 sequence. This gene encodes an uclacyanin plant-specific cell-wall protein involved in fiber formation and/or lignification processes. A high nucleotide diversity in the VviUCC1 gene promoter and coding regions was observed, but no critical effects were predicted in the protein domains, indicating a high level of conservation of its function in the cultivated grapevine. After correcting statistical models for genetic stratification and linkage disequilibrium effects, marker-trait association results revealed a series of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with cluster compactness and rachis traits variation. Two of them (Y-984 and K-88) affected two common cis-transcriptional regulatory elements, suggesting an effect on phenotype via gene expression regulation. This work reinforces the interest of further studies aiming to reveal the functional effect of the detected VviUCC1 variants on grapevine rachis architecture.
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Neilsen, G. H., D. T. Lowery, T. A. Forge y D. Neilsen. "Organic fruit production in British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2009): 677–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08167.
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British Columbia has climatic conditions suitable for the production of a wide range of high-value fruit crops, and has the highest rate of increase of organic production in Canada. This review assesses the current status of organic fruit production using a case study of the three most valuable fruit crops currently grown: apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and high bush blueberry (Vaccinium corybosum L.). The review emphasizes the current status of organically acceptable management of crop resources and crop protection from insects and diseases. Central to organic production are soil management strategies designed to maintain soil fertility and increase soil biological activity and biodiversity by increasing soil organic matter content. Composts and organic amendments that require vigilant testing of their variable and often lower nutrient content are substituted for the chemical fertilizers of conventional production. Increased effort to manage vegetation within and between planting rows is necessitated by an inability to use herbicides. Thus, techniques such as mulching, cultivation and cover cropping are important. Management of insects and diseases requires detailed information of the agro-ecosystem and the unique interactions between pests and specific crops. Organic approaches to minimize pest damage include altered production practices or applications of organically approved control products. Some aspects of organic production systems have received little or no research. In irrigated areas, there is little information available on water management that supports conservation and the specific needs of organic production systems. Historically, research on organic production systems has not received the financial support allocated to conventional system research. Many research needs are identified in this review both applicable to all three fruit crops studied, but also specific to the individual crop. It is argued that future consumer demand calls for an acceleration of research on organic fruit production systems. Key words: Malus × domestica Borkh., organic soil, insect and disease management, Vaccinium corybosum L., Vitis vinifera L.
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Nigmatzyanov, R. A. y V. N. Sorokopudov. "A new promising variety of black currant Estafeta". Agrarian science, n.º 4 (21 de mayo de 2022): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-358-4-93-96.
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Relevance. Creation of new varieties with a complex of economically valuable characteristics in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostanis relevant. The climatic conditions of the republic require the creation of varieties with high resistance to the complex of biotic and abiotic stressors of the cultivation region.Materials and methodology. The objects of research are the hybrid fund, selected, promising, elite forms and varieties of black currant of local and foreign selection located in the Kushnarenkovsky breeding center for fruit and berry crops and grapes of the Bashkir Research Institute of the UFIC RAS. Research is carried out according to the program and methodology of selection and variety studies of fruit, berry and nut crops.Results. A new variety of black currant Estafeta has been created, which has a complex of economically valuable characteristics in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. According to the results of many years of research, the new variety of black currant Estafeta is resistant to diseases and pests. Over the years of research, leaf damage by anthracnose was 1,0 point (15%), in the control variety — 1,5 points (20%). Damage from grass moth — 2,0 points (30%), in control — 3,0 (40%), from aphids — 0,5 points (10%), in control — 1,0 (20%). New variety Estafeta is large-fruited, with berries of the standard sweet and sour taste. The average and maximum berry weight of 1,6-2,5 g is higher than that of the control of 1,4-2,1 g. According to the content of biologically active substances in black currant berries, the new variety has less sugar than the control, but has more vitamin C and carotene. The bush of the Estafeta variety is medium-sized, medium-spreading. Shoots are medium, straight, light green, slightly pubescent, matte. The buds are medium, oblong, green. The leaves are medium-sized, light green, three-lobed, with small notches. The fruit brush is medium, the berries in the brush are medium. The flowers are medium-sized, with a bright color. The sepals are medium-sized, with a bright color, with an average pubescence of the outer side, arranged horizontally. The berry is large, round-oval, black. The cup is open. The skin is of medium thickness. Pubescence is weak, simple. The peduncle is short, dark green, fleshy. The number of seeds is average. The taste is sweet and sour, refreshing. The timing of budding and the beginning of maturation is average, simultaneous. The period of the beginning of flowering is average. The variety is promising for industrial and amateur gardening. The optimal layout of plantings is 3,0-4,0 х 1,0-2,0 m. The self-fruitfulness of 40-45% is quite good for setting berries in single-grade plantings, although over-pollination with other varieties has a positive effect on the productivity and marketable qualities of berries.
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Strang, J., J. Hartman, R. Bessin, T. Jones, G. Brown, T. Barnes, T. Yankey y J. Snyder. "THE USE OF FINE MESHED NETTING TO EXCLUDE PESTS OF THORNLESS BLACKBERRIES AND GRAPES". HortScience 27, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1992): 1169g—1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1169g.
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Four different netting types were evaluated in the field for excluding Japanese beetles and green June beetles from `Dirksen' thornless blackberry plants. These nets were bird net, crop net, rack mesh, and Agryl P17. Observations were made in an unreplicated trial on `Reliance' grapes using OV3018 and OV7100 nets in addition to those listed. Plants were not sprayed with insecticides or fungicides after net application. Rack mesh appears to be the best net of those evaluated during a dry season for excluding Japanese beetles and green June beetles on thornless blackberries and grapes. Plants covered with rack mesh had minimal fruit and foliage damage due to insects and fruit rot. The use of rack mesh eliminated the need for insecticide sprays for 53 days on thornless blackberries and 41 days on grapes. Light intensity was reduced by the netting, but did not reduce (hornless blackberry yield or soluble solids; however it did unacceptably reduce `Reliance' grape fruit coloration.
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Raman, K. V. "SURVEY OF DISEASES AND PESTS IN AFRICA: PESTS". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 213 (septiembre de 1987): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.213.15.
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