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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Grains research"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 20 de febrero de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Grains research"

Ivanova, Tatyana N. "Research of working capacity of grinding wheels". MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401005.

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The processing of materials by cutting with abrasive tool is carried out by means of thousands of grains bonded together as a single whole. The quality of abrasive tool is defined by cutting properties of abrasive grains and depends on features of spreading of temperature field in time and in abrasive grain volume. Grains are exposed to heating and cooling during work. It leads to undesired effects such as decrease of durability of grain retention in the binder, hardness, intensification of diffusion and oxidation processes between the binder and grain, the occurrence of considerable temperature stresses in the grain itself. Obtained equation which allows calculation of temperature field of grain for one rotation of grinding wheel shows that the temperature of the wheel depends on grinding modes and thermophysical properties of abrasive material. Recommendations for working capacity of grinding wheels in each operation mode and with a transition from one mode to another are given. As a result of research different dependencies were determined. They include dependencies governing the extent of influence of granularity, difference in height and concentration of grains, geometry parameters of detail to be machined and grinding wheel on machining modes and the thickness of layer cutoff by one grain.

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Zhang, Jie, Shengping Liu, Wei Wu, Xiaochun Zhong y Tao Liu. "Research on a rapid identification method for counting universal grain crops". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 9 (14 de septiembre de 2022): e0273785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273785.

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Thousand-grain weight is a key indicator of crop yield and an important parameter for evaluating cultivation measures. Existing methods based on image analysis are convenient but lack a counting algorithm that is suitable for multiple types of grains. This research develops an application program based on an Android device to quickly calculate the number of grains. We explore the short axis measurement method of the grains with morphological thought, and determine the relationship between the general corrosion threshold and the short axis. To solve the problem of calculating the number of grains in the connected area, the study proposes a corrosion algorithm based on the short axis and an improved corner point method. After testing a variety of crop grains and equipment, it was found that the method has high universality, supports grain counting with white paper as the background, and has high accuracy and calculation efficiency. The average accuracy rate is 97.9%, and the average time is less than 0.7 seconds. In addition, the difference between the average accuracy for various mobile phones and multiple crops is small. This research proposes a grain counting algorithm with a wide range of applications to meet the requirements of nonglare use in the field. The algorithm provides a fast, accurate, low-cost tool for counting grains of wheat, corn, mung bean, soybean, peanut, rapeseed, etc., which is less constrained by space and power conditions. The algorithm is highly adaptable and can provide a reference for the study of grain counting.

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Liu, Tian Mo, Wei Hui Hu y Qing Liu. "Research on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Annealed Cold Upsetting AZ31 Magnesium Alloy". Materials Science Forum 610-613 (enero de 2009): 826–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.826.

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The microstructures and mechanical properties of cold upsetting magnesium alloys were investigated upon anneal under different conditions. The results show that a large amount of twins were observed in the original grains of cold upsetting AZ31 magnesium alloys. The twins disappeared gradually and recrystal grains formed after anneal. The volume fraction of the recrystal grains increases as the strain of samples rises. Recrystal grain size grows large with the elevated annealing temperature. Recrystal grain size reduces at first and then grows as the annealing time is prolonged. In addition, compared with as-cast magnesium alloys, the yield strength of cold upsetting samples increase apparently due to grain refinement after anneals.

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Stankevych, G. y A. Borta. "RESEARCH OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLUTEN OF WHEAT GRAINS DAMAGED BY THE WHEAT BUG". Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, n.º 3 (14 de noviembre de 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1506.

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Favorable weather and climate conditions for growing grain are also favorable for the livelihoods and reproduction of pests of grain stocks, and especially for wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps Put.). Grain damaged by this pest loses its genetically incorporated properties, negative changes occur in the quantity and quality of gluten. Due to the ingestion of bug’s saliva with its special enzymes into the grain, the baking properties of the flour from such grain deteriorate – the dough becomes liquid, sticky, it loses elasticity. Thus, the issue of further effective use of grain damaged by the shield bugis very urgent. This requires information on the dependence of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of gluten on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The aim of the study was to establish patterns of change in the quantity and quality of gluten depending on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug, which will increase the efficiency of the formation of batches for further use in the food industry. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: during the grain harvesting periods of 2015–2018, at the enterprises of the industry, wheat samples were taken with the content damaged by the wheat bug in the range of 0.5...5.0 %, the quantity and quality were determined in them gluten, trends in the quantity and quality of gluten have been established depending on the content of damaged grains and their comparison with published data. The object of the study was the gluten complex of wheat, with various contents of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The subject of research was the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of soft wheat of grades 2–3 of the 2015– 2018 crop samples with various grains damaged by a wheat bug selected at enterprises in the Odessa region. Based on the results of determining the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of the 2015–2018 crop and the available literature data on the quantity and quality of gluten in grain 2005– 2007, a crop with the content of grain damaged by the wheat bug was shown to be 5.0 %, that between the amount of gluten and the content in the grain mass of the grains damaged by the wheat bug, there are no regularities.Existing fluctuations in the amount of gluten are reliably associated with different origins of grain samples grown under different agrotechnological conditions, different protein contents, varietal characteristics of grain and other factors. The regularities of changes in the quality of gluten depending on the content of grain damaged by a wheat bug have been established – with an increase in the content of damaged grains, according to a linear law, the gluten quality index determined on the VDK device also increases. It was also established that the intensity of changes in the quality of gluten significantly depends on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug; there was a slight increase in the quality index of gluten with the content of damaged grains up to 2.0 %, and its rapid growth with the content of damaged grains from 2.0 % to 5,0 % It is shown that in the studied wheat samples with the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug up to 2.5...2.7 %, the VDK indicator belongs to the 2nd group of gluten quality – satisfactory weak and wheat belongs to 1–3 grades in this indicator. With a further increase in the content of grains damaged the wheat bug, the index of VDK increases and gluten passes to the 3rd group – unsatisfactory weak, and the batch of wheat belongs to the 4th class.

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Korotkov, V. A. y S. I. Petrushin. "Research of Operational Characterizations of Cutting Discs with Oriented Abrasive Grains". Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (octubre de 2014): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.224.

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Efficiency of the polishing process is determined by the properties of abrasive grains, including its form parameter and orientation in the body of the grinding tool. It is possible to improve the operational characterizations of the grinding instruments, in particular – cutting discs, by ordering of the grain geometry, selection of the rational form and orientation of abrasive grains for specific processing conditions and parameters of the power load. For the solution of such problem the developed and patented method for production of grinding tools with the orientated abrasive grains is offered [1]. According to the specified method the cutting discs with radial and tangential orientation of abrasive grains are made. As a comparative standard, discs without orientation of abrasive grains are made also. Comparative tests by cutting according to the scheme of pressing of workpiece to a disc with a constant effort are carried out. It is established that orientation of abrasive grains significantly influences the operational characterizations of cutting discs. So, the cutting ability of cutting discs with radial orientation of abrasive grains is 15-17% higher during processing of various materials, than at standard tools. The grinding coefficient of cutting discs with tangential orientation of abrasive grains is 25-29% higher, than at usual discs with non-oriented grains. Results of an assessment of effective power of cutting in addition confirm that discs with the radial orientation of grains are working with the greatest intensity and at the same time with biggest wear. Further, on decrease, cutting discs with non-oriented grains follow. Instruments with tangential orientation of abrasive grains are characterized by the smallest cutting ability and the smallest wear. Such effect is caused by that the radial focused abrasive grains possess the greatest sizes of forward corners, and tangential focused grains possess the smallest sizes. It is established also that application of cutting discs with radial orientation of abrasive grains in comparison with ordinary tools allows to reduce temperature in a cutting zone by 20-30 °C and to reduce the size of zones of thermal influence.

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Deng, Zhao Hui, Zhi Gang Xu, Qiao Ping Wu y Xiao Hong Zhang. "Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in a Grinding Wheel with Defined Grain Pattern". Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (agosto de 2011): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.314.

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It is achieved that abrasive grains could be ordered on the surface of a grinding wheel using modern manufacturing methods. The excellent feature of a grain-arranged grinding wheel is that it can increase the proportion of active grains, improve the cutting efficiency, increase the chip volume space, effectively reduce the grinding temperature, prolong the service life of the grinding wheel and improve the surface finish of workpiece. Consequently, in the area of academic and industry the research of a grain-arranged grinding wheel has become a hot research topic, and more and more scholars focus on the research of the grain-arranged grinding wheel. In this paper, distribution patterns of abrasive grains were introduced; molding techniques for distributing abrasive grains were summed up; progress in research and future research trends of a grain-arranged grinding wheel was presented.

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Zhang, Wei Ran, Gui Hong Geng y Wei Ye Chen. "Research on Undercooling Grain Refinement Technology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 643 (septiembre de 2014): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.643.342.

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Grain refinement can greatly enhance the material mechanics, magnetism and other physical properties. Exploration of grain refinement methodology has been one of the hottest fields of material research. Among all the methods, deep supercooling technology is an effective way to refine the grains. In this paper, the grain refinement mechanism has been explored by deep supercooling and rapid solidification technique with introducing grain refined process of pure metal, binary uniform crystalline alloy and the binary eutectic alloy. Furthermore, peritectic grain refinement mechanism and rapid solidification technique have been discussed.

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Liu, Xiao Mei, Zheng Liu y Yong Mei Hu. "Research on Effect of La on Microstructure in Semi-Solid A356 Alloy". Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (octubre de 2010): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.693.

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Semi-solid A356 alloy slurry grain-refined by Al-La master alloy is prepared by low superheat pouring. The effects of La on the morphology and size of primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy are researched. The results indicate that the semi-solid A356 alloy slurry with particle-like and rosette-like primary grains can be prepared by low superheat pouring. The size and morphology of the primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy are markedly improved by La. The refining mechanism of La on the morphology and size of the primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy is delved. The eutectic reaction of Al-La binary alloy provides the effective nuclei for formation of the primary grains in semi-solid A356 alloy.

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Molenda, Justyna, Adam Charchalis y Adam Barylski. "Research on Tool Temperature Dependence on Lapping Grains Size". Solid State Phenomena 199 (marzo de 2013): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.159.

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Commonly used as a finishing operation, lapping has been used for achieving ultra-high finishes and close tolerances between mating pieces. Its carried out by applying loose abrasive grains between work and lap surfaces, and causing a relative motion between them resulting in a finish of multi-directional lay. The grains activity (sliding and rolling) in the working gap causes not only the material removal but also the temperature rise of lap plate. This work presents the results of lapping plate temperature rise research. The investigation has been conducted to check the influence of grains size on. It was made during flat lapping with use of ABRALAP 380 lapping machine and infrared camera Thermo Gear G100. The lapping machine executory system consisted of three working conditioning rings. Plate temperature was measured during ceramic (Al2O3) elements lapping. The elements were valve sealing parts. After grinding they were processing with three abrasive grains sizes: F400/17, F800/6.5 and F1200/3. The abrasive mixture was boron carbide powder mixed with kerosene and machine oil with grain concentration 0.25. Other lapping parameters remained constant during process. The wheel speed was 60 rev/min and lapping pressure 0.04 MPa. In the next step the statistical analysis was conducted. It was analysed if the plate temperature is influenced by the grains size. A hypotheses testing method was use. Results were calculated for temperature rise values measured after 300 minutes of machine working. According to them the influence of abrasive grains size on plate temperature rise is statistically insignificant, what is not consisted with the model.

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Zhang, Zhenwei, Junli Wang, Qinglong Zhang, Supeng Zhang, Qingnan Shi y Huarong Qi. "Research on Grain Refinement Mechanism of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Processed by Combined SPD Methods of ECAP and MAC". Materials 11, n.º 7 (20 de julio de 2018): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071246.

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Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and multi-axial compression deformation (MAC) are severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes that produce bulk nanostructured materials with ultrafine grains. The grains could be observably refined by multi-pass of ECAP and MAC. This research proposed new routes of cyclic equal channel compression (CECC), which combines ECAP and MAC to increase the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy. The tests, which are conducted through electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), were performed on the grain size, recrystallization distribution, misorientation distributions, dislocations, and secondary phase distributions of CECC-processed 6061 aluminum alloys on the purpose of exploring the mechanism of grain refinement. MEM is the short form for the CECC processing route of MAC + ECAP + MAC, which is one ECAP pass between two MAC passes. The tests results showed that the average grain size could reach to as much as 1.1 μm after two MEM deformation circles named MEM-MEM, with the non-annealing average grain size being 21 μm and recrystallization annealed average grain size being 28 μm. The dislocation cells, which could be transformed into sub-grains with the increase of the strain, were formed by the slip and the accumulation of dislocations. The secondary phase was Mg2Si, which could prevent the refined grains from growing up again by pinning at the grain boundaries. Above all, the dislocation proliferation and secondary phases will both lead to the grain refinement.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Grains research"

Lawrence, David Norman y n/a. "Learning as Participation in Grains Research, Development and Extension in Australia". Griffith University. School of Vocational, Technology and Arts Education, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070118.111610.

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This thesis is grounded in the introduction of participatory research, development and extension (RDE) to Australian agriculture. The emphasis on participatory processes emerged as the Transfer-of-Technology (ToT) model is no longer considered adequate to deal with complex farming systems and their diverse stakeholders (Packham 2003). However, RDE agencies are introducing participatory processes with a limited understanding of how they may work in Australia's developed agriculture sector (Vanclay 1994). Consequently, the initiation of three participatory Farming Systems RDE projects in Australia's northern grains region provides opportunity to explore and understand participatory approaches and their impact on participants. Three related themes are developed by exploring the nature of participants' diversity across these projects, the characteristics of participation in each project and the subsequent learning of participants: (i) that increased participation implicitly increases diversity in the conduct of RDE; (ii) that participatory RDE provides opportunities to integrate stakeholders' diverse experience and knowledge; and (iii) that participants' learning can improve current farming systems. Participatory action research was used to understand how participatory RDE should be enacted, and to involve project participants to help them also understand and improve their project processes and goals. The research utilised a range of qualitative and quantitative procedures including: participant and nonparticipant observation at project meetings and activities with farmers; focus groups and semi-structured interviews with project teams, their managers, and participating farmers; a team learning survey of team members; and custom-made questionnaires to quantify participants' perceptions of the projects, their processes, and impacts on learning and behaviour. These interventions identified participants' demographic, organisational and informational diversity. They also identified and elaborated their diverse aims, expectations and passions for participatory RDE, revealed individuals' preferred RDE methodologies and suggested their underlying worldviews. Indeed, ToT paradigms and positivist worldviews remained entrenched in most project staff and their managers. The teams consequently used participation to help farmers better understand technical issues, not build interdependent projects with integrated RDE processes. Farmers generally appreciated their increased participation and influence in RDE activities. While their initial consultative and functional participation did not extend to process decisions or project strategy, farmers valued the opportunity to work with the projects and influence the issues addressed. The projects consequently improved farming practices and management of issues that have long-eluded traditional RDE. For example, the widespread use of: (i) zero tillage and controlled traffic systems to control soil erosion; (ii) nitrogen fertilisers to match crop requirements; (iii) ley pastures to address soil fertility in grain and grazing systems; and (iv) new crops to diversifying grain systems away from monocultures. The projects provided farmers with opportunities for increased participation and learning over time. Functional participation developed in on-farm research that addressed issues identified with farmers, and action learning workshops provided proximal opportunities for farmers to understand existing information and use their own farm data in real decisions. In this way, the behaviourist learning of the ToT approach was supplemented by guided learning to integrate new meaning schemes with farmers' experiential knowledge. Some on-farm research and action learning activities extended to reflecting on their processes, and involved farmers in deciding the most appropriate RDE methodology and methods for subsequent activities. This opportunity to reflect on the values and assumptions of different approaches was critical in developing interactive participation and higher level learning for participants. Nevertheless, the initial participation in each project team failed to meet some team members' expectations. The expected task and process conflicts emerged, but small activity groups with shared values and RDE paradigms developed within each team. Team members' process conflict about the 'best' RDE methodologies for specific issues then developed into worldview conflicts about the relevance and rigour of these methodologies. Some smaller groups subsequently worked independently, with damaging relationship conflict developing from unresolved process issues between some individuals. Team members communicated, but their participation remained largely passive and consultative. Factors that shaped participation were identified, and a framework to support opportunities for stakeholders to plan, manage and evaluate RDE was developed. These helped increase participation in the projects. Participation within the projects' constituent activities subsequently fluxed from isolation to interactive participation. Individuals within activities now expected, and usually had, equality in content decisions (i.e. functional participation), which often extended to process decisions (i.e. interactive participation). Yet, the levels of participation between members of different activities varied across the projects. One project remained a series of parallel and relatively independent activities with passive and consultative participation. A second project had functional and interactive participation imposed for some activities, but otherwise used passive and consultative participation. The third project developed to provide functional and interactive participation in major project decisions. It then became apparent that the learning outcomes of each project varied. Individuals continued to learn from their participation in the projects, but the contributions of diverse sources and participation were major shapers of this learning. Participation within the less diverse activity groups produced mainly technical learning through participants' existing meaning schemes. Again, the level of participation between activities with diverse values, RDE paradigms, and worldviews, shaped the nature of learning. Passive and consultative participation produced mostly technical learning through existing meaning schemes. Yet, teams that embraced their diversity, and reflected on the assumptions of their different RDE methodologies, transformed their approach to learning. With high levels of diversity, the level of participation determined the level of learning. Essentially, participation became learning. This thesis confirms the potential of participatory RDE to improve farming practices. Consultation to identify priority issues, and functional participation to develop proximal opportunities for farmers to understand these issues and make their own decisions had a major impact on farming practices. Yet, participatory processes must rise above the prevailing ToT paradigms of RDE agencies to integrate participants' knowledge, and so achieve sustainable development in Australia. Three main process contributions are made to support this development. Firstly, the evaluation framework provides a challenge and structure to encourage the contributions of all participants at each stage of project activities. It provides a checklist for effective participation in Farming Systems RDE. Secondly, a typology of participation in Farming Systems RDE extends that proposed by Pretty (1995). It provides a catalyst and means to better understand and identify the most appropriate levels of participation in RDE projects. The associated checklist for assessing modes of participation allows monitoring of the participation developed in practice. Finally, the re-conceptualisation of a broader continuum of participation in Farming Systems RDE for developed agriculture is proposed. The subsequent development of the Doing successful on-farm research process is a culmination of the understandings developed in this thesis. It facilitates the development of interactive participation within the on-farm research process that is central to these projects. Recognising the technical focus of most current RDE agency staff, it guides their development of participatory on-farm research processes before reflecting on the appropriateness of different research methods to their research issues. The findings here cannot ensure the development of Australia's RDE beyond the ToT paradigm. However, this thesis provides important insights into the nature of diversity, participation, and learning in the Farming Systems projects, and a series of tools to support this development. Conceptually, it proposes that different kinds of participation will be shaped by participants' diversity from their prior experiences and their expectations that are in turn transformed through evidence of improved practice.

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Lawrence, David Norman. "Learning as Participation in Grains Research, Development and Extension in Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366360.

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Mohammed, Anwaruddin. "ACHIEVING ULTRAFINE GRAINS IN Mg AZ31B-O ALLOY BY CRYOGENIC FRICTION STIR PROCESSING AND MACHINING". UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ms_etds/1.

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This thesis presents results from the application of cryogenic cooling on multiple-pass friction stir processing and the subsequent orthogonal machining on friction stir processed and as-received Mg AZ31B-O disks, and shows their combined effects on microstructure and microhardness values. A simple friction stir tool, a specially designed fixture and liquid nitrogen are used to perform multiple-pass friction stir processing experiments on Mg AZ31B-O alloy. The friction stir processed and as-received sheets are then made into disks for the orthogonal machining experiments. This study analyzes the microhardness, microstructure changes by cryogenic friction stir processing and the effect of machining conditions such as dry, MQL and cryogenic and cutting parameters on the Mg AZ31B-O alloy. Four different speeds and three different feed rates are used for the orthogonal machining experiments. The effects of stirring parameters such as the translational feed, rotational speed, cooling conditions and the machining parameters are studied. The resulting microstructure and microhardness from these processes hold a key to the mechanical properties of the alloy. This analysis would help to understand and evaluate the specific aspects of grain size and microhardness that influence the fatigue life of a component.

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Patton, Mark Evans Mr. "The Agricultural Growth and Malting Production of Barley Grains in Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3061.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the history and production processes of beer and examines the components that contribute to its brewing. The narrative will provide a timeline of the processes that are required to create the product of beer beginning with the agricultural products and following the brewing processes that result in beer as the finished product. I will also examine the business of agriculture and grain processing and will provide some historical perspectives of grain, beer, and malting. I will also consider whether the growing, processing, and malting of grains in the East Tennessee and Southwest Virginia Region is feasible as demonstrated through this research and reported findings.

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Lundén, Anna. "Biogas Production : Anaerobic Digestion of Grains Diluted in Process Water from a Wastewater Treatment Plant". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2017.

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In light of constant research regarding the development of alternate fuels, anaerobic digestion of grains diluted in process water from a wastewater treatment plant has been investigaed by starting biogas reactors to produce methane. The possibility of using the sludge from the reactors as fertilizer was also explored. The experiment ran for 90 days of which three days were used to collect samples over a 24-hour period. Variables monitored were associated to process stability, consistency and production. The results of the 24-hour periods show that volatile fatty acids concentrations increase immediately following feeding, peak a few hours later then decrease. Gas production is most efficient at the beginning of the period then stagers after about 20 hours. Results of the 90-day period resemble the 24-hour results; high volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations are often linked to low gas production and methane concentrations. The results indicate that certain types of process waters are better suited as dilution liquids than others i.e. digested sludge is better than centrifugation water, though overall gas production in all reactors averaged ca 650 ml/ g volatile solids loaded. With regards to fertilizer use, Cr was the only metal that was measured in unacceptable quantities. Fertilizing the land is not a problem seen from the heavy metals perspective. There is, however, a need for further research and process development before any full-scale digestion processes of this type are initiated.

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O'Grady, Kerry-Ann. "Pneumonia in Indigenous children in the Northern Territory, Australia, and the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine : 1997 - 2005". Thesis, University of Melbourne, 2008. http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/359341.

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Annis, Margaret Catherine y n/a. "Extending stored grain research and technology to grain farmers". University of Canberra. Education, 1995. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060602.115607.

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This thesis is concerned with an investigation into current on-farm grain storage practice and with ascertaining what educational interventions, if any, are appropriate for future and more detailed consideration. The Australian grain growing, handling, and marketing industry has changed in recent times. A few years ago (1989), the grain growers only essential contact with grain marketing was through the bulk handling authorities and the Australian Wheat Board. Advice was freely available from state departments of agriculture, and the only requirement to store grain on-farm was that necessary for the grower's own needs. Now (1994), there is a possible advantage that grain stored on-farm may be used for a wide range of selling options, amongst other reasons, and market requirements are much more complex and stringent. There is a substantial body of research on grain storage techniques. At the same time there is a significant gap between researched knowledge and the use of this knowledge for on-farm storage. A major purpose of this study is to identify an improved approach to extension and farmer education that may help to reduce this gap. This thesis contains a review of the general literature on extension followed by an overview of extension in the developed world to establish the international context for Australia. Then the historical context of extension is examined briefly to understand the current situation in each state. Some educational models are reviewed to identify relationships between stakeholders and the opportunities available for and constraints to development of educational strategies. Information channels are reviewed to comprehend extension interaction and grain storage technologies are reviewed to ensure comprehension of techniques. On the basis of the literature review a field study was designed to investigate current on-farm storage practice, current extension sources for storage information and preferences for future educational interventions. This was done by a survey using a stratified random sample of grain growers and cluster selection of individuals for personal interviews. This information was complemented by informal discussion with farmers at field days. The results of the study confirmed the gap between research knowledge and on-farm implementation of this knowledge. They also demonstrated that grain growers wanted more information and gave some indicators of how this might be achieved. Major findings of the research included the need for extension coalitions and the desirability for active involvement of the grain grower. Major conclusions, for on-farm storage and extension, are drawn to form a basis for development of future extension interventions. These are aimed at ensuring grain growers have available the information needed for good storage practice. This includes an essential understanding the grain growers' needs and perceptions, early, in any planning process. It also includes the necessity for coordination of extension/education activities at local, regional and national levels. The research has some major implications for an improved approach to extension and on-farm storage. These include the establishment of a farmers-as-researcher program to implement grain storage innovations and the recognition that implemented change will need long term maintenance; often more resource intensive than the original intervention.

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Cardozo, Antonio Fernando Cabral. "Computer simulation of grain boundary multiplicity in Ni₃Al". Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09052009-040243/.

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Reffruschinni, Katie, David Robinson y Albert Dobrenz. "Seedling Alfalfa Root Research". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203792.

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There has been limited research on the rooting patterns of alfalfa. This information would be important in developing new germplasm sources that are more water efficient, salt tolerant and drought tolerant. Ten alfalfa varieties were evaluated for possible genetic control of rooting traits. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in a growth chamber. The cultivars evaluated showed a significant statistical difference for width of lateral root system and number of lateral roots. The variation in seedling rooting patterns is sufficient to warrant a selection program for improved lateral rooting patterns.

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Tamsberg, Merle S. "Gifted and talented program evaluation : the acquisition of research skills in grades 3-8 /". The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148733599290369.

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Libros sobre el tema "Grains research"

Carlow), National Tillage Crops Conference (1987. Tillage Crops Conference: Proceedings : [Oak Park Research Centre Carlow],February 1987. [Dublin: An Foras Talúntais], 1987.

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National Tillage Crops Conference (1986 Carlow). Proceedings of Tillage Crops Conference: [Oak Park Research Centre Ca rlow], February 1986. [Dublin: An Foras Talúntais], 1986.

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International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media (1989 Clermont-Ferrand, France). Powders and grains: Proceedings of the International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media, Clermont-Ferrand, 4-8 September 1989. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1989.

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Association, Home-Grown Cereal. Research progress in 1997. London: HGCA, 1998.

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Day, Abby. Winning research funding. Burlington, Vt: Gower, 2003.

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Research supporting middle grades practice. Charlotte, N.C: Information Age Pub., 2010.

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Chintu, E. M. Cereals commodity group 2006/07 new and on-going research project porposals and budget. Lilongwe: Dept. of Agricultural Research Services, 2006.

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International Conference on New Approaches to Research on Cereal Carbohydrates (1984 Copenhagen). New approaches to research on cereal carbohydrates. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains. Soybean Promotion, Research, and, Consumer Information Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on H.R. 2209, June 8, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Grains research"

Nuth, Joseph A., Susan L. Hallenbeck y Frans J. M. Rietmeijer. "Interstellar and Interplanetary Grains". En Laboratory Astrophysics and Space Research, 143–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4728-6_6.

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Peltre, Gabriel. "Pollen Grains, their Role in Allergy". En Aerosol Inhalation: Recent Research Frontiers, 265–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1694-4_18.

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Nciizah, Tendai, Elinah Nciizah, Caroline Mubekaphi y Adornis D. Nciizah. "Role of Small Grains in Adapting to Climate Change: Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe". En African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 581–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_254.

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AbstractClimate change has become one of the most profound threats to smallholder agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. Farmers in this sector are especially vulnerable to climate change due to reliance on rain-fed agriculture, limited access to capital and technology among other challenges. While several potential adaptation options exist, many barriers hinder effective adoption of these practices, hence production in marginal areas remains very low. This chapter discusses crop adaptation through the adoption of small grains in Zvishavane rural, a semi-arid area in Zimbabwe. Small grains are conducive in hot areas; their drought-tolerant nature enables them to thrive in marginal areas making them an appropriate strategy in responding to climate change. However, several production and policy challenges associated with small grain production hinder their adoption by farmers. In view of this, this chapter discusses the potential of small grains as an adaptation strategy to climate change in Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe, and addresses potential challenges and opportunities for increased adoption and future research. The review showed that farmers in Zvishavane have perceived climate change due to noticeable changes in rainfall and temperature patterns in the past years. Despite small grain production being the best strategy due to drought and high temperature tolerance, an insignificant number of Zvishavane farmers is involved in small grain production. This is due to numerous barriers such as high labor demand associated with small grain production, the challenge posed by the quelea birds, food preferences, low markets, and low extension services and government support. It is therefore necessary to encourage adoption of small grains by developing improved varieties, adoption of climate smart agricultural practices, improved technical support, and access to markets among other interventions.

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Martinez, A. J. y R. A. Alvarado. "An Evaluation of Four Mycological Media for Enumeration of Mold and Yeast in Grains and Seeds". En Biodeterioration Research 1, 165–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0949-9_18.

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Tsukiyama, Junji, Kenji Matsuda, Yasuhiro Uetani y Susumu Ikeno. "Relationship between Tensile Deformation and Crystallographic Orientation of Grains in Al-Mg-Si Alloys with Cu". En Advanced Materials Research, 129–32. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-463-4.129.

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Horiba, Katsunari, Junji Tsukiyama, Kenji Matsuda, Yasuhiro Uetani y Susumu Ikeno. "Relationship between Tensile Deformation and Crystallographic Orientation of Grains in the Balanced Al-Mg₂ Si Alloys". En Advanced Materials Research, 125–28. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-463-4.125.

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Lawrence, David. "The Emergence of ‘Farming Systems’ Approaches to Grains Research, Development and Extension". En Rainfed Farming Systems, 925–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9132-2_36.

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Hasegawa, Yoichi, Yoshihisa Suyama y Kenji Seiwa. "Difference in Pollen Donor Composition During the Early Phases of Reproduction as Revealed by DNA Analysis of Pollen Grains and Seeds in the Monoecious Tree Castanea crenata". En Ecological Research Monographs, 33–46. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53901-8_4.

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Thangadurai, Devarajan, Mojtaba Kordrostami, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Abdel Rahman Mohammad Said Al-Tawaha y Souhat Jabeen. "Genetic Enhancement of Nutritional Traits in Rice Grains Through Marker-Assisted Selection and Quantitative Trait Loci". En Rice Research for Quality Improvement: Genomics and Genetic Engineering, 493–507. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5337-0_21.

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Noordin, Siti Noor Azila, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan y Rusmadiah Anwar. "Application of Low-Temperature Transparent Glaze in Sustaining Luminous Grains for Ceramic Artwork Surface Treatment". En Proceedings of the 2nd International Colloquium of Art and Design Education Research (i-CADER 2015), 173–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0237-3_18.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Grains research"

Đukić, Vojin, Jegor Miladinović, Zlatica Mamlić, Gordana Dozet, Marija Bajagić, Dragana Miljaković y Jelena Marinković. "UTICAJ GODINE I SORTE SOJE NA BROJ I MASU ZRNA PO BILJCI". En XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.021dj.

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The number of grains and the mass of grains per plant are morphological characteristics that directly affect the achieved soybean yield. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of year and different varieties on the number of grains and grain weight per plant. In 2017 and 2021, the number and weight of grains per plant were statistically significantly lower compared to other years of research. The observed morphological characteristics have the highest values in the soybean variety with the longest vegetation period, the number of grains per plant was statistically significantly higher in the Rubin variety compared to the Sava and Galina varieties, while the grain weight per plant was statistically significantly higher in the Rubin variety on the Galina variety and statistically significantly higher in relation to the Sava variety.

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Xie, Yani. "Research on Grains Packaging Design and Consumer Preferences". En 2017 7th International Conference on Mechatronics, Computer and Education Informationization (MCEI 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mcei-17.2017.73.

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Parasız, Sunal Ahmet, Brad L. Kinsey, Neil Krishnan y Jian Cao. "Characterization and Investigation of Deformation During Microextrusion Using X-Ray Texture Analyses". En ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2007-31107.

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In microforming scaling down the size of the process while the grain size is kept relatively constant usually results in inhomogeneous deformation. In most works, the inhomogeneous deformation of miniaturized samples is presented and evaluated by microstructure analyses of the deformed grains. However, in certain microforming processes, such as microextrusion, where the final texture of the conventional macro size samples is well known, texture analyses can provide useful information about the deformation. In our past research, extrusion experiments were performed to produce sub-millimeter sized pins having a base diameter of 0.76 mm and an extruded diameter of 0.57 mm. Curvature of differing degrees and directions was observed in workpieces with a coarse grain size of 211 μm. However, a similar effect did not occur in workpieces with a fine grain size of 32 μm. Microstructure analyses showed that when the sample size approaches the grain size, the deformation becomes inhomogeneous and the properties of individual grains can dominate the overall deformation of their cross-sections. Moreover, microhardness measurements revealed that deformation size effects are present and as a result the coarse grained pins strain hardened more than the fine grained pins during microextrusion. This result along with microstructure analyses suggested that the coarse grains in the central region possibly undergo more shear deformation. In this paper, X-ray texture analyses of the pins were performed to validate that there is penetration of shear deformation into the central regions of the coarse grained pins. Also, the texture analyses point to the possibility that the deformation in the curved region of the coarse grained pins is not axially symmetric which causes the curvature observed.

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Kruszelnicka, Weronika. "ANALYSIS OF MULTI-DISC GRINDING PROCESS OF RICE GRAINS". En The International conference on innovative research in Science Engineering & Technology. Acavent, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/irset.2018.12.30.

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Beránek, M., J. Pavlu, I. Richterová, J. Vaverka, J. Šafránková, Z. Němeček, Vladimir Yu Nosenko, Padma K. Shukla, Markus H. Thoma y Hubertus M. Thomas. "Self-discharging Of Positively Charged Dust Grains". En DUSTY∕COMPLEX PLASMAS: BASIC AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: Sixth International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3659813.

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Xiaopeng, Dai y Xiong Dahong. "Research on conjoint grains of rice based on machine vision". En 2010 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing Systems (ICSPS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsps.2010.5555789.

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Alexandrova, Sofya Petrovna. "Comparative analysis of pollen grains in different types of flowering plants". En 4th International Research and Practical Conference for Pupils, chair Marina Vladimirovna Kulikova. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-117152.

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Dragan, G. S., D. V. Spodarets, Vladimir Yu Nosenko, Padma K. Shukla, Markus H. Thoma y Hubertus M. Thomas. "Kinetic Interactions of Charged Grains In Smoky Plasmas". En DUSTY∕COMPLEX PLASMAS: BASIC AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: Sixth International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3659779.

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Nebbat, E., R. Annou, Vladimir Yu Nosenko, Padma K. Shukla, Markus H. Thoma y Hubertus M. Thomas. "Vortices of self-gravitating grains in dusty plasmas". En DUSTY∕COMPLEX PLASMAS: BASIC AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: Sixth International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3659837.

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Jiao, Feng y Bo Zhao. "Research on Ultrasonic Aided Fixed-Abrasive Lapping Technology for Engineering Ceramics Cylindrical Part". En ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8564.

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As the final machining procedure of precision components, lapping is often regarded as an important step affecting surface quality, machining accuracy and machining efficiency. Due to some drawbacks of free-abrasive lapping such as deep scratches on the lapped surface, lower lapping efficiency for lower lapping speed, severe waste of abrasive, high processing cost, and so on, fixed-abrasive lapping technology was put forward and developed recently. Meanwhile, considering the unique advantages of the ultrasonic vibration aided machining in the processing of hard-brittle materials such as engineering ceramics, optical glass, etc. and the influence of ultrasonic vibration on the self-sharpening characteristic of abrasive pellet, a novel ultrasonic aided fixed-abrasive lapping technology for engineering ceramics cylindrical part is put forward and corresponding lapping device is developed in this paper. Through theoretical analysis on the ultrasonic aided lapping mechanism, it is found that the value and direction of grain movement speed will change due to the superimposition of ultrasonic vibration, which will lead to the change of cutting angles and further affect the lapping performance. Assuming every abrasive particle is a cutting insert, under the assistance of axial ultrasonic vibration, negative rake of the grain will increase, even change to positive value, so as to sharpen the lapping grains and benefit the lapping processing. Moreover, when ultrasonic vibration is superimposed to the lapping tool, motion locus of abrasive grains will present sinusoid. As a result, the locus of single grain may self-interfere in actual lapping process and make blank cutting. So the depth of cut of abrasive grain will increase under the same lapping pressure, leading to the increase of MRR under the same lapping conditions. Finally, a series of contrast lapping experiments were carried out and some lapping characteristics were researched. Experimental results show that ultrasonic vibration assistance can help to heighten material removal rate, smoothen the waveform of tangential force, reduce the average tangential force and improve surface quality. Ultrasonic aided lapping with fixed abrasive is a high efficiency and precision processing technology for engineering ceramics cylindrical part.

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Informes sobre el tema "Grains research"

Woldeyohanes, Tesfaye, Karl Hughes, Kai Mausch y Judith Oduol. Adoption of improved grains legumes and dryland cereals crop varieties: A synthesis of evidence. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21022.pdf.

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Like other crop improvement programs, a key prerequisite for the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (CRP GLDC) to generate large-scale impact is large-scale adoption. Hence, evidencing the breadth and depth of such adoption is both of intrinsic interest and important for estimating downstream impacts, such as improved food and nutritional security, income, resilience, and soil health. While various GLDC adoption studies have been undertaken, a recent effort to systematically review these studies and synthesize the results is lacking. We undertook such a review, identifying 69 studies and 35 independent country crop combinations (CCCs). To generate aggregated and updated estimates of GLDC improved varietal adoption, we devised and applied a procedure to estimate national cropping areas under such varieties and, in turn, the number of adopting households. Estimates derived from household surveys and expert opinion solicitation are treated with higher and lower levels of confidence, respectively. As of 2019, we estimate from higher confidence studies that improved GLDC crops were cultivated on 15.37 million hectares of land by 17.64 million households in CRP GLDC’s 13 priority countries. With the inclusion of lower confidence studies, these numbers increase to 32 and 44.64 million, respectively. We are further confident that the program exceeded its adoption target of 8.9 million newly adopting households from 2011, particularly when likely spillovers vis-à-vis non-surveyed areas, non-priority countries, and non-priority crops in priority countries are considered.

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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf y Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, octubre de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.

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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.

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McCluney, R. Fenestration research grant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), julio de 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7078429.

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Shanks, Rachel. School Clothing Grant in Scotland: Policy Briefing. University of Aberdeen, agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/19088.

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A researcher at the University of Aberdeen has found that almost 20% (n=70) of secondary schools in Scotland specify an exclusive supplier for school uniform. The research shows that almost every secondary school has a compulsory uniform (over 96%). Of the 343 schools with a compulsory uniform, 320 uniforms include a school tie, 235 include a blazer and 200 schools ban jeans. While the Scottish Government has called for the automatic payment of benefits such as the national minimum clothing grant , only 6 local authorities make automatic awards of this grant when families are applying for other benefits. Nine local authorities roll over the school clothing grant into the next school year without requiring families to re-apply and 1 local authority has both automatic grants and rollover of school clothing grant in place.

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Rammer, Douglas R. y Samuel L. Zelinka. Review of end grain nail withdrawal research. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-151.

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Rogers, Adrianne E. Breast Cancer Research Training Grant. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, octubre de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada341422.

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Fiorentin, Florencia, Mariano Pereira y Diana Suarez. Open configuration options The Gender Gap in Public S&T Funding: The Matilda Effect in STEM Disciplines in Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, enero de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004017.

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This study explores the presence of gender bias in public grants for science and technology (S&T) activities known as the Matilda effect in STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in Argentina. The empirical analysis is based on the Scientific and Technological Research Projects program (PICT in Spanish) for the period 20032015 and found that female researchers are less likely to be awarded the first time they apply for a research grant than their male counterparts (-6.2 percentage points, or p.p.). Even for follow-on applications after the first one, without having been awarded before, female researchers remain less likely to be awarded (-3.8 p.p.). However, the probability of being recurrently awarded known as the Matthew effect is the same for both male and female researchers. This paper concludes that female researchers in STEM suffer disadvantages in the allocation of public funds to finance their research projects. Only those female researchers that overcome the initial barriers and obtain their first grant can take advantage, as their male counterparts do, of the Matthew effect that makes them more likely to obtain further awards. These results suggest the need for policies aiming at reducing the initial gender gap in accessing public grants for female researchers in STEM.

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Freiman, Charles V. Air Force Engineering Research Initiation Grants (1990-1991). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julio de 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada255004.

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van den Boogaard,, Vanessa y Fabrizio Santoro. Co-Financing Community-Driven Development Through Informal Taxation: Experimental Evidence from South-Central Somalia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), septiembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.016.

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Community contributions are often required as part of community-driven development (CDD) programmes, with payment encouraged through matching grants. However, little remains known about the impact of matching grants, or the implications of requiring community contributions in order for communities to receive development funding. This paper describes research where we partner with two non-governmental organisations (NGOs) – one international and one Somali – and undertake a randomised control trial of a CDD matching grant programme designed to incentivise informal contributions for local public goods in Gedo region in south-central Somalia. We rely on household survey data collected from 1,297 respondents in 31 treatment and 31 control communities, as well as surveys of village leaders and data on informal contributions from the mobile money platform used by community leaders to collect revenue. Two key findings emerge. First, our research shows that working with communities and incentivising informal revenue generation can be an effective way to deliver public goods and to support citizens and communities. Second, building on research exploring the potential for development interventions to spur virtuous or adverse cycles of governance, we show that development partners may work directly with community leaders and informal taxing institutions without necessarily undermining – and indeed perhaps strengthening – state legitimacy and related ongoing processes of statebuilding in the country. Indeed, despite playing no direct role in the matching grant programme, taxpayer perceptions of the legitimacy of the local government improved as a result of the programme. These findings deepen our understanding of how community contributions may be incentivised through matching grant programmes, and how they may contribute to CDD and public goods provision in a context of weak institutional capacity.

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Lever, James, Emily Asenath-Smith, Susan Taylor y Austin Lines. Assessing the mechanisms thought to govern ice and snow friction and their interplay with substrate brittle behavior. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), diciembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/1168142742.

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Sliding friction on ice and snow is characteristically low at temperatures common on Earth’s surface. This slipperiness underlies efficient sleds, winter sports, and the need for specialized tires. Friction can also play micro-mechanical role affecting ice compressive and crushing strengths. Researchers have proposed several mechanisms thought to govern ice and snow friction, but directly validating the underlying mechanics has been difficult. This may be changing, as instruments capable of micro-scale measurements and imaging are now being brought to bear on friction studies. Nevertheless, given the broad regimes of practical interest (interaction length, temperature, speed, pressure, slider properties, etc.), it may be unrealistic to expect that a single mechanism accounts for why ice and snow are slippery. Because bulk ice, and the ice grains that constitute snow, are solids near their melting point at terrestrial temperatures, most research has focused on whether a lubricating water film forms at the interface with a slider. However, ice is extremely brittle, and dry-contact abrasion and wear at the front of sliders could prevent or delay a transition to lubricated contact. Also, water is a poor lubricant, and lubricating films thick enough to separate surface asperities may not form for many systems of interest. This article aims to assess our knowledge of the mechanics underlying ice and snow friction.

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