Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Government spending policy"
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Surya, Tata, Fery Andrianus y Neng Kamarni. "Pengeluaran Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Riau: Pendekatan Spasial". Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 23, n.º 3 (30 de octubre de 2023): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v23i3.4368.
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Traditional determinants of government spending include income, grants, demographic and political factors. But a government's spending policy can also be influenced by its neighboring governments' spending policies. This study uses Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) spatial econometrics to observe the existence of strategic interactions in District/City Government spending in the Riau Province for the 2011-2019 period. The research results show that there is a strategic interaction in government spending.
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Barrell, Ray y Simon Kirby. "Fiscal Policy and Government Spending". National Institute Economic Review 214 (octubre de 2010): F61—F66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110389772.
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In June the Coalition Government produced a budget that aimed to reduce the government deficit quickly. The plan was based mainly on cuts in current expenditure and reductions in transfers to individuals. There are four possible reasons for reducing the deficit, and all have been used to justify the policy. The first reason might be that the cost of borrowing is currently too high, and the second could be that if deficits persist the markets could lose confidence and the cost of borrowing would rise. The third reason might be that we have to reduce the debt stock in order that we prepare for the next crisis, whilst the fourth, and perhaps most persuasive in the long run, is that it is unfair to borrow so much and therefore reduce the consumption of future generations. If either of the first two had merit there would be a case for swift consolidation, whilst if the third or fourth predominate, we should not be in any rush to act until output is nearer full capacity.
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Riak PhD, Gabriel Alier y Dut Bol Ayuel Bill. "THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INITIATIVE ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE". IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 8, n.º 11 (5 de noviembre de 2022): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v8i11.5375.
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Financial initiative, government policy related to taxation and public spending. Fiscal policy and monetary policy, which is concerned with money supply, are the two most important components of a government's overall economic policy, and governments use them in an attempt to maintain economic growth, high employment, and low inflation.J. Nogueira Martins (2009)
Financial policy can be either expansionary or contractionary. It is expansionary or loose when taxation is reduced or public spending is increased with the aim of stimulating total spending in the economy, known as aggregate demand. Expansionary policy might occur when a government feels its economy is not growing fast enough or unemployment is too high. By increasing spending or cutting taxes, the government leaves individuals and businesses with more money to purchase goods or invest in new equipment. When individuals or firms increase their purchases, they raise demand, which requires additional production, creating jobs and generating more spending. The result is higher employment and a growing economy.
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Troug, Haytem. "Monetary policy with non-separable government spending". Journal of Applied Economics 23, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 426–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2020.1793281.
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Clemens, Jeffrey y Stephen Miran. "Fiscal Policy Multipliers on Subnational Government Spending". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 4, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2012): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.4.2.46.
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Balanced budget requirements lead to substantial pro-cyclicality in state government spending, with the stringency of a state's rules driving the pace at which it must adjust to shocks. We show that fiscal institutions can generate natural experiments in deficit-financed spending that are informative regarding fiscal stabilization policy. Alternative sources of variation in subnational fiscal policy often implicitly involve “windfall” financing, which precludes any effect of future debt or taxation on current consumption and investment. Consistent with a role for these “Ricardian” effects, our estimates are smaller than those in related studies, implying an on-impact multiplier below 1. (JEL C51, E32, E62, H72)
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Anshasy, Amany A. El. "Oil Revenues, Government Spending Policy, and Growth". Public Finance and Management 12, n.º 2 (junio de 2012): 120–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397211201200202.
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This study argues that government spending composition determines how oil abundance ultimately impacts growth. Using dynamic panel-data GMM and PMG techniques on a panel of oil exporters, we find that the negative growth effect of oil price volatility is channeled through fiscal policy. In particular, revenue windfalls may impede growth through at least three channels: (i) weakening the domestic tax base, (ii) lowering the social return on new public capital, and (iii) intensifying political spending pressures resulting from the accumulation of surpluses. The main policy implication for oil-exporting countries is that it is imperative to use strict fiscal rules, backed by the appropriate political incentives, to insulate public spending from oil cycles. Investing the surplus (in sovereign wealth funds) or retiring public debt amid oil windfalls would alleviate competitive rent-seeking pressures and enhance the social gains from revenue booms.
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Kopańska, Agnieszka. "Partial Fiscal Decentralization and Local Government Spending Policy". e-Finanse 14, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2018): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2018-0017.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyze how limits in revenue and spending autonomy of sub-sovereign governments influence their decisions. Revenue and spending autonomy indicators for Polish towns were established and used in analysis on school education expenditures during 2003–2016. The influence of limits on revenue autonomy on municipal spending has been extensively addressed in both theoretical and empirical literature. However, studies related to spending autonomy are rare. The analysis presented in this paper suggests that when limits exist in spending autonomy, more decentralized tasks are crowded out by regulated obligations. That is why the spending autonomy analysis is important to evaluate the equity between local units and the adequacy of local revenues to decentralized expenditures.The basic principle of local finance is that there should be an adequate relationship between the financial resources available to a local authority and the tasks it performs. However, in practice, the assessment of whether this has been achieved is very difficult. Often, only problems with the solvency of local governments indicate that we are dealing with a poorly constructed system of local finances. The expenditure autonomy indicator proposed in this article is a tool that provides a way to indicate problems with the adequacy of revenues before such anextreme situation occurs.
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Afrizal, Raden Muhammad y Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik. "Examining Flypaper Effect in Indonesia: Evidence After Transferring Urban-Rural Land and Building Tax to Locals Government". Jurnal Bina Praja 14, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2022): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21787/jbp.14.2022.465-478.
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In order to increase the tax power of local governments, the central government implemented a major reform in 2010 by transferring the Urban-Country Land and Buildings Tax (PBB-P2) to local governments. Although the tax contributes a significant portion of local government revenues, the spending behavior of local governments is questionable, and it is unclear whether public spending has been increased. This study examines the effect of strengthening PBB-P2 policy on increasing local revenue (PAD) and its impact on regional spending patterns, specifically whether there are still flypapers after policy reform. Applying a fixed-effects panel data method to Indonesian local governments from 2005 to 2020, we found that strengthening PBB-P2 policy had a significant positive impact on PAD. The positive effect was found to be significant one year (year +1) after policy implementation in each region, including for the province, district, and city, with the issuance of regional ordinances related to PBB-P2. Interestingly, the significant increase in PAD impacted regional spending patterns. Thus, the flypaper effect phenomenon did not exist from 2005 to 2020. This implies that the central government can selectively empower local governments to levy appropriate local taxes and user fees. This can be done by providing new local tax sources, restructuring tax types, simplifying usage fee types, and harmonizing regional government regulations with the central government.
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Attia Mohamed Omran, Emad y Yuriy Bilan. "The impact of fiscal policy on female labor force participation in Egypt". Problems and Perspectives in Management 21, n.º 4 (14 de noviembre de 2023): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(4).2023.28.
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There is no doubt that women play a vital role in all aspects of economic activities around the globe. However, despite the great efforts that governments have made over the past three decades to increase women’s integration into the labor market, their participation is still relatively low compared to men. On the other hand, economic literature argues that the government can use fiscal policy tools such as tax revenue and spending to decrease gender inequality in the labor market. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of government spending and tax revenue shocks on the female labor force participation rate (the share of women in the total labor force) in Egypt. Annual time-series data were collected from the Central Bank of Egypt and the World Bank from 1990 to 2021, where the vector autoregressive (VAR) model and impulse response functions have been used. The results suggest that government spending and tax revenue shocks increase gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, female labor force participation, and inflation. Results validated the research hypotheses and showed that a one standard deviation shock to either government spending or tax revenue has a positive impact on female labor force participation. Therefore, the study recommends that using an expansionary fiscal policy may increase the accessibility of Egyptian women to the labor market.
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Habib Ahmed, Habib Ahmed. "Fiscal Policy and Deficit Financing: Islamic Perspectives". journal of king Abdulaziz University Islamic Economics 32, n.º 1 (6 de enero de 2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/islec.32-1.5.
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Using deficit financing by increasing borrowing at lower interest rates has the potential to increase debt to levels that are not sustainable and can create further economic problems in the longer term. To understand the Islamic perspective on deficit financing, two features of government spending need to be recognized. First, government spending can be distinguished as current and capital expenditures. Second, the objectives of fiscal policy and government spending can be viewed as redistribution of income, expenditures to provide government services, provision of public goods that markets fail to provide, and providing infrastructure that enhance the productive capacities in the economies. While current spending should be covered by zakāh (distributive role) and taxes (providing government services and public goods), capital expenditures on infrastructure can be funded by issuing ṣukūk. During recessions, the government can use counter-cyclical spending of zakāh and tax revenues to increase current spending and issue ṣukūk to raise funds for investments to enlarge capital expenditures in infrastructure projects. This approach of moving the economy out of recession puts a limit on excessive debt by linking the funds raised with the real economy and helps increase the productive capacity in the longer term by filling the infrastructure gaps.
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Clark, C. "Government Spending, Policy Outputs, and Policy Outcomes: Health Policy in Yugoslavia". Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 8, n.º 2 (junio de 1990): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c080123.
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Surjaningsih, Ndari, G. A. Diah Utari y Budi Trisnanto. "THE IMPACT OF FISCAL POLICY ON THE OUTPUT AND INFLATION". Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 14, n.º 4 (29 de junio de 2012): 367–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v14i4.409.
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This study examines the impact of fiscal policy on output and inflation, along with a look at discretionary fiscal policy and how it impacts the volatility of output and inflation. Model Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied over quarterly data, covering the period 1990 to 2009. Empirical results showed that there is a cointegration relationship between government spending and taxes with respect to output in the long-run.Unlike government spending, in the long-term, taxation has a positive effect on economic growth. Short-term adjustment suggests that anincrease in government spending has a positive effect on output, while a tax increase has a negative effect. There is a greater influence of government spending on output in the short term compared to taxation policies. Therefore, government spending is more effective to stimulate economic growth especially in times of recession, compared to taxation policies. While the increase in government spending causes a decrease in inflation, tax increases lead to higher inflation. This study also indicates the absence of discretionary fiscal policy made by the government of Indonesia. Keywords : Inflation, output, fiscal policy, tax, discretionary, VECM.JEL Classification: E31, E62
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King, Gary, Michael Laver, Richard I. Hofferbert, Ian Budge y Michael D. McDonald. "Party Platforms, Mandates, and Government Spending". American Political Science Review 87, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1993): 744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2938748.
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In their 1990 Review article, Ian Budge and Richard Hofferbert analyzed the relationship between party platform emphases, control of the White House, and national government spending priorities, reporting strong evidence of a “party mandate” connection between them. Gary King and Michael Laver successfully replicate the original analysis, critique the interpretation of the causal effects, and present a reanalysis showing that platforms have small or nonexistent effects on spending. In response, Budge, Hofferbert, and Michael McDonald agree that their language was somewhat inconsistent on both interactions and causality but defend their conceptualization of “mandates” as involving only an association, not necessarily a causal connection, between party commitments and government policy. Hence, while the causes of government policy are of interest, noncausal associations are sufficient as evidence of party mandates in American politics.
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Daniel, Betty C. y Si Gao. "Implications of productive government spending for fiscal policy". Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 55 (junio de 2015): 148–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2015.04.004.
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HEALY, ANDREW y NEIL MALHOTRA. "Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy". American Political Science Review 103, n.º 3 (agosto de 2009): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055409990104.
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Do voters effectively hold elected officials accountable for policy decisions? Using data on natural disasters, government spending, and election returns, we show that voters reward the incumbent presidential party for delivering disaster relief spending, but not for investing in disaster preparedness spending. These inconsistencies distort the incentives of public officials, leading the government to underinvest in disaster preparedness, thereby causing substantial public welfare losses. We estimate that $1 spent on preparedness is worth about $15 in terms of the future damage it mitigates. By estimating both the determinants of policy decisions and the consequences of those policies, we provide more complete evidence about citizen competence and government accountability.
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Kohli, Kedar N. "The Role of Fiscal Policy in Asian Economic Development". Asian Development Review 09, n.º 01 (enero de 1991): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110591000039.
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In developed countries, fiscal policy refers to the measures taken by governments to stabilize their economies at high levels of employment and output through taxation and government expenditures. In discussing fiscal policy, a distinction is therefore made between measures that affect government spending and those that bear on government revenues. When economic activity is at a low level, the expansionary effect can be achieved through increased expenditure on construction of infrastructure such as roads, buildings and irrigation systems. A similar effect could also be achieved through the revenue side of the budget by reducing taxes on income and consumption or by providing fiscal incentives for increasing investment in the private sector. The process could be reversed, however, when the economic activity is at a high level by reducing government spending and/or increasing taxes…
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Karamagioli, Evika, Eleni-Revekka Staiou y Dimitris Gouscos. "Government Spending Transparency on the Internet". International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 1, n.º 1 (enero de 2014): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2014010103.
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The objective of this article is to present four civil society initiatives that attempt to scrutinize government spending using open data from the Greek government OpenGov initiative Diavgeia project (“diavgeia”, in Greek, standing for lucidity). In a period of strong economic recession, Greece is facing one of the most intense social and political crisis of its history, with citizens characterized by substantial disenchantment with politics and a cynical stance about their government and representatives. The Diavgeia project was launched in 2010 by the Greek government with the objective to bring back transparency and trust in the political process, enabling online insights into government spending. By reviewing current bottom-up initiatives in Greece that are using data from Diavgeia in an effort to serve the principles of transparency, openness, and offering public data in a manner easy to understand, evaluate and re-use, we discuss the role of open government mechanisms in introducing a new relation between citizens and policy-makers, tackling contemporary political challenges of democratic societies and reconnecting ordinary people with politics and policy-making.
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Adolph, Christopher, Christian Breunig y Chris Koski. "The political economy of budget trade-offs". Journal of Public Policy 40, n.º 1 (19 de octubre de 2018): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x18000326.
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AbstractBecause the American states operate under balanced budget requirements, increases in spending in one area typically entail equal and opposite budget cuts in other programs. The literature analysing the correlates of government spending by policy area has mostly ignored these trade-offs inherent to policymaking, failing to address one of the most politically interesting and important dimensions of fiscal policy. Borrowing from the statistical literature on compositional data, we present more appropriate and efficient methods that explicitly incorporate the budget constraint into models of spending by budget category. We apply these methods to eight categories of spending from the American states over the years 1984–2009 to reveal winners and losers in the scramble for government spending. Our findings show that partisan governments finance their distinct priorities by raiding spending items that the opposition prefers, while different political institutions, economic conditions and state demographics impose different trade-offs across the budget.
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Cicuéndez Santamaría, Ruth. "Public Opinion and Public Policy: Citizen Sensitivity and Government Responsiveness in Spain". Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia, n.º 80 (1 de mayo de 2021): 109–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.69733/clad.ryd.n80.a260.
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The congruence between social preferences and government policies has become an essential aspect of the representative democracies and the State-society relations. Based on this premise, this article explores the interaction between public opinion and public policy in Spain during the last two decades, through the empirical analysis of the relationship between citizens’ preferences public spending and spending policies. Specifically, it is studied the effect of public opinion on government decisions about the allocation of public spending in eight key policies, as well as the influence of these decisions on social demands. The article aims to answer two questions: 1) Are governments responsive to society’s preferences and are citizens sensitive to government decisions? 2) Is the level of responsiveness different depending on the public policy? The results indicate that the political decisions on spending are moderately affected by social preferences, while government actions have a limited influence on citizen demands. Moreover, the analysis shows that prior to the Great Recession of 2008, a significant level of consistency between public opinion and policy had been achieved, which was considerably reduced during the crisis. Finally, it was found that the degree of responsiveness varies significantly from one policy to another and that it is higher in welfare policies, except for the unemployment protection program.
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Shalihah, Haya Farras y Ratu Eva Febriani. "DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNMENT SPENDING : IS THERE A LINK?" Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA) 7, n.º 3 (7 de noviembre de 2023): 949–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31955/mea.v7i3.3463.
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Government spending is included in the fiscal policy component, namely the steps taken by the government to control economic development by determining the amount of government income and spending each year. This research aims to assess the influence of Democracy, PAD, Balancing Funds and GRDP on government spending in Indonesia in 2017-2021. The data type used is secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency and the Indonesian Ministry of Finance. The analytical method used in this research is panel data regression analysis with Eviews 12 software. The results of this research find that Democracy has no impact on the allocation of government spending. In contrast, PAD, Balancing Funds and GRDP positively and significantly affect government spending in Indonesia.
Government spending is included in the fiscal policy component, namely the steps taken by the government to control economic development by determining the amount of government income and spending each year. This research aims to assess the influence of Democracy, PAD, Balancing Funds and GRDP on government spending in Indonesia in 2017-2021. The data type used is secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency and the Indonesian Ministry of Finance. The analytical method used in this research is panel data regression analysis with Eviews 12 software. The results of this research find that Democracy has no impact on the allocation of government spending. In contrast, PAD, Balancing Funds and GRDP positively and significantly affect government spending in Indonesia.
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Zaini, Muhammad y Basel Balila. "Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, and Growth: The Impact of Unemployment and Inflation on Growth in Saudi Arabia". International Journal for Scientific Research 3, n.º 1 (30 de enero de 2024): 216–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.2024.v3n1p9.
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This paper uses time-series regression analysis to investigate the long-run effect of fiscal and monetary policies on economic growth in Saudi Arabia from 1999 to 2022. Regarding fiscal policy, we focus on government spending and exclude taxes because the latter had not been used in the Kingdom as a fiscal tool during most of the study period. For monetary policy, we focus on money supply (i.e., open market operations) and exclude interest rate, because by following a fixed-exchange-rate policy to the US dollar, the Saudi Central Bank has lost some of its monetary independence to the Federal Reserve when it comes to setting interest rates. Our results show a statistically significant positive impact of government spending on economic growth and a statistically significant negative impact of unemployment on economic growth in the long run. Also, we find the effect of money supply and inflation on economic growth in the long run to be statistically insignificant. These results are consistent with economic theory and empirical research which show countries that follow a fixed-exchange-rate policy usually lose the effectiveness of their monetary policy. Finally, we recommend taking extra care not to overuse government spending as the only tool for growth: on one hand, government spending boosts growth and lowers unemployment, but on the other, it fuels inflation and increases the national debt if it happens to be deficit spending. Therefore, it is important for Saudi Arabia to be less dependent on government spending by diversifying its income resources, creating jobs in the private sector, and creating a stable and attractive business environment for domestic and foreign investments.
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Nabila Aqila Ghania, Farhan Farhan, Hanifah Rahmadhani, Meta Eriska, Jenifer, A. Rahman y Sandes Pratama. "GOVERNMENT'S STRATEGY TO OVERCOME THE IMPACT OF FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICY ON THE INDONESIAN ECONOMY". Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences (IJoMS) 2, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2023): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.59066/ijoms.v2i2.352.
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The government's strategy was previously under pressure to improve the economy, one of which is the implementation of fiscal policy. This is because the Covid-19 pandemic in previous years had an impact on all sectors, especially the financial sector. Now with its fiscal policy adjusting between government revenue and spending. Part of the government's fiscal policy during the pandemic, namely the tax relief program aimed at easing the burden on taxpayers and reorienting the 2020 State Budget to increase government spending. Through in-depth research and analysis of the government's strategy for overcoming the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on the economy, it is hoped that a better understanding of government actions in encouraging inclusive and sustainable economic growth in the Indonesian economy will be provided.
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Nuru, Naser Yenus. "Government spending multipliers over business cycle". African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, n.º 1 (4 de octubre de 2019): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-05-2019-0187.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show the asymmetric effects of government spending shocks for South Africa over the period 1960Q1–2014Q2. Design/methodology/approach A threshold vector autoregressive model that allows parameters to switch according to whether a threshold variable crosses an estimated threshold is employed to address the objective of this paper. The threshold value is determined endogenously using Hansen (1996) test. Generalized impulse responses introduced by Koop et al. (1996) are used to study the effects of government spending shocks on growth depending on their size, sign and timing with respect to the economic cycle. The author also uses a Cholesky decomposition identification scheme in order to identify discretionary government spending shocks in the non-linear model. Findings The empirical findings support the state-dependent effects of fiscal policy. In particular, the effects of 1 or 2 standard deviations expansionary or contractionary government spending shock on output are very small both on impact and in the long run; and a bit larger in downturns but has only a very limited effect or no effect in times of expansion. This result gives support to the evidence in the recent literature that fiscal policy in developing countries is overwhelmingly procyclical. Originality/value It adds to the scarce empirical fiscal literature of the South African economy in particular and developing economies in general by allowing non-linearities to estimate the effect of government spending shocks over economic cycle.
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AKPAN, James Essien y Uduak Brown AKPANABAH. "GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN NIGERIA". International Journal of Education and Social Science Research 05, n.º 04 (2022): 325–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37500/ijessr.2022.5425.
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This work studied government expenditure on agriculture and agricultural output in Nigeria. It examined the effect of government spending on agricultural output in Nigeria from 1980-2018.The needed data were sourced from the CBN statistical Bulletins. The main analytical tools used are the Augmented Dickey-fuller test and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. The ADF unit root test result reveals stationarity among the variables at zero and one. This satisfies the requirement to employ the ARDL bound testing approach. The ARDL Bound test showed the existence of long run relationship among the variables. The findings revealed that government expenditure on Agriculture both capital and recurrent had significant relationship with agricultural output for the period under study. Whereas Commercial Bank loan to Agriculture and Agricultural Credit Guarantee scheme fund both are not significant in the determination of Agricultural output in Nigeria for the period under study. It further reveals that the most important variables that affect agricultural output in Nigeria in ascending order of importance are government recurrent expenditure on agriculture and government capital expenditure on agriculture. These findings imply that Policies that promote increase in government recurrent and capital expenditures on agriculture will increase agricultural output. The result of the study or policy attention also have important implications for policy attention, showing the preference order in policy attention.
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Afonso, Oscar, Paulo Alves y Natércia Fortuna. "The impact of fiscal policy on the economic growth of OECD members between 1985 and 2015". Panoeconomicus, n.º 00 (2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan210423014a.
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We aim to evaluate the impact of fiscal policy on the OECD countries' economies between 1985 and 2015. We estimate the impact of fiscal policy using econometric estimation based on panel data. We conclude that government spending on primary expenses and government spending on military are fiscal policies that negatively impact economic growth. In turn, government spending on education and tax revenue have a positive effect on economic growth.
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Febriani, Ratu Eva y Roosemarina Anggraini Rambe. "Measurement Efficiency of Local Government Spending on Poverty Alleviation in Sumatra: Output Oriented Approach With Data Envelopment Analysis". Wahana: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi 26, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2023): 348–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35591/wahana.v26i2.842.
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This research aims to measure efficiency of local government spending in poverty alleviation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sumatra, Indonesia. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied as a measurement efficiency method with output-oriented based on variable returns to scale approach.The type of data used in this study is secondary data and implements explanatory analysis. The object of our observation in this study involves total local governments in Sumatra (154 regencies/cities). It used government education spending per capita, health spending per capita, economic spending per capita, and social security spending per capita as input. The Output that we used is the poverty rate. The results show that poverty alleviation through government spending efficiency policy only can achieve by eight local governments, i.e.Deli Serdang, Simalungun, Medan, Sawah Lunto, Pekan Baru, Lampung Tengah, Bangka Barat, and Batam. Pekan Baru is the relatively most efficient regency, while Meranti has the lowest efficiency. 146 inefficient local governments should benchmark to their peer to improve their efficiency score. In addition, differences in the level of efficiency between local governments within one province also need to be inspected.
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Corsetti, Giancarlo, André Meier y Gernot J. Müller. "What determines government spending multipliers?" Economic Policy 27, n.º 72 (octubre de 2012): 521–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2012.00295.x.
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Hadiwibowo, Yuniarto y Akhmad Priharjanto. "The Impacts of Government Spending and Monetary Policy Rate in Indonesia". European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, n.º 6 (16 de diciembre de 2021): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.6.1176.
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This study reviews the impacts of government policies on the economy. The period of analysis starts from early banking sector reform until the current Covid-19 pandemic crisis. We apply Vector Error Correction Model based on the theory of money demand and inflation to analyze the relationships among income, inflation, money balance, government spending, and policy interest rate. The impacts of money balance and policy interest rate on income are as predicted by money demand. Financial sector growth and different expectation on inflation affect the efficacy of monetary policy. On the other hand, government spending might not be fully growth-enhancing. The need emerges to classify and distinguish the classes of government spending which increase growth.
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Bachmann, Rüdiger, Benjamin Born, Olga Goldfayn-Frank, Georgi Kocharkov, Ralph Luetticke y Michael Weber. "Unconventional Fiscal Policy at Work". AEA Papers and Proceedings 113 (1 de mayo de 2023): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231036.
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In an effort to stabilize the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic, the German government reduced value-added taxes (VAT) by 3 percentage points for a period of six months in the latter half of 2020. This measure resulted in a boost in aggregate consumer spending on both durable and semidurable goods during the six-month period, with spending decreasing once the VAT reduction was reversed. The effect of the temporary VAT cut on durable spending was stronger than on semidurable spending. Additionally, the temporary VAT cut also stabilized, and even slightly increased, inflation expectations in the second half of 2020.
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Bouakez, Hafedh y Aurélien Eyquem. "Government spending, monetary policy, and the real exchange rate". Journal of International Money and Finance 56 (septiembre de 2015): 178–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2014.09.010.
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Watanabe, Shingo. "CONTRACTIONARY EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND WARTIME BRITAIN". Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, n.º 4 (3 de marzo de 2015): 857–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100514000637.
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In dynamic general equilibrium models, private output is increased by government spending for goods and services, but decreased by government spending for employment. This paper presents the first evidence for the latter effect by studying the pre-WWII British wartime economy. Britain participated in numerous wars, increasing military employment greatly. British tax-smoothing policy and rare wartime governmental interventions reduce the difficulty of studying the effects of wartime government spending. This paper finds wartime decreases in industrial production, which can be explained by wartime government spending for military employment.
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Zhang, Qu, Zhang, Li y Miao. "Effects of FDI on the Efficiency of Government Expenditure on Environmental Protection Under Fiscal Decentralization: A Spatial Econometric Analysis for China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 14 (12 de julio de 2019): 2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142496.
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Most governments strive for an ecological civilization so the efficiency of government expenditure on environmental protection (EPEE) is an important issue. While it is recognized that foreign direct investment (FDI) enhances environmental protection, this investigation focuses on the effects of FDI on the efficiency of government expenditure on environmental protection under fiscal decentralization. Analysis is conducted using an output-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) scale return model to calculate the efficiency of environmental protection spending in China. Then, a spatial model is built to test the linkages among FDI, fiscal decentralization and the efficiency of government expenditure. The results reveal that, firstly, the efficiency of government spending has been enhanced over the last 10 years. Secondly, FDI is positively correlated with the efficiency of government environmental expenditure in terms of both quantity and quality of spending and it has a positive spillover effect. Thirdly, financial decentralization is negatively correlated with the efficiency of environmental spending, but it improves the effect of FDI. Accordingly, policy proposals are that the government should improve the supervision system for environmental spending and local governments should pursue FDI, improve the structure of FDI and use its spillover effect to enhance the efficiency of environmental expenditure.
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Kalbiyev, Yashar y Javid Seyfullali. "Fiscal policy and economic growth in resource-rich country: Empirical evidence from Azerbaijan". Public and Municipal Finance 13, n.º 1 (20 de mayo de 2024): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.13(1).2024.07.
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The relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth is one of the longest-lived economic discourses. In this context, countries with emerging institutions and resource-based economies are of particular interest. Therefore, the Azerbaijani economy was chosen as the object of study. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth in Azerbaijan and analyze the possible existence of the BARS curve relationship in Azerbaijan. The study covers quarterly data for 2005Q1–2023Q2. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test is used to evaluate the relationship between fiscal variables and economic growth (both general and non-oil), as well as the BARS curve relationship. The analysis revealed a positive association between government spending and both overall and non-oil economic growth over the long term. On average, a 1% rise in government spending corresponds to a 0.6% increase in economic growth. Conversely, in the short term, a negative relationship is observed between government spending and economic growth, encompassing both the general and non-oil economy. Notably, no statistical evidence supporting the presence of the BARS curve relationship in Azerbaijan was identified. Amid the circumstances of decreasing oil production in Azerbaijan, these results put more emphasis on the importance of increasing the productivity of government spending.
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Radzuan, Mohd Azrin Shameen Mohd. "Government Allocation and Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence from States in Malaysia". International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities 1, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56225/ijassh.v1i1.35.
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Academic researchers are still interested in government fiscal management and its economic consequences. The impact of federal government fiscal policy on the economy has gotten a lot of attention. Nonetheless, little is known about state-level fiscal management. The main goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between state government fiscal and economic growth across Malaysia's states. We also investigate the economic impact of the federal government's contribution on each state's budget allocation. We identified disparities in federal funding. We use a panel dataset that spans 13 Malaysian states and ten years, from 2008 to 2017. We found that government spending drives growth in domestic products for most state governments using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The Granger causality test reveals that state government spending and federal allocation to states significantly impact Malaysian state economic growth. In general, our empirical evidence backs up Wagner's theory.
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Schniewind, Aline, Markus Freitag y Adrian Vatter. "Big Cabinets, Big Governments? Grand Coalitions and Public Policy in the German Laender". Journal of Public Policy 29, n.º 3 (22 de octubre de 2009): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x09990092.
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AbstractThe inauguration of Germany's grand coalition of Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) and the Social Democrats (SPD) raises questions about the public policy performance of a coalition of ideological opposite. This paper turns attention to influence of coalition governments on the size of government in the German Laender from 1992 to 2005. We investigate whether grand coalitions at the sub-national level in Germany systematically affect government spending for education (including cultural affairs) and internal security. The article argues that the effects of grand coalitions on the size of the public sector are moderated by partisan politics but sometimes in unexpected ways. For example, government spending in the field of education is reduced when leftist parties are powerful in the Laender.
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Galinato, Gregmar I. y Asif Islam. "The challenge of addressing consumption pollutants with fiscal policy". Environment and Development Economics 22, n.º 5 (11 de julio de 2017): 624–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x17000237.
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AbstractThe authors develop a theoretical model that elucidates the relationship between the quality of governance, the composition of government spending and pollution as a by-product of the consumption process. In particular, they determine the impact of government spending that alleviates market failure such as subsidies to the poor which reduce credit market failure and environmental regulations to correct for pollution externality. It is found that a shift in government spending towards goods that alleviate market failure has countervailing effects – consumption pollution rises due to increases in income, but consumption pollution also falls due to increasing environmental regulations. Conditional on the government adopting a democratic regime, the effect through environmental regulations outweighs the effect through income leading to lower consumption pollution. The authors estimate an empirical model and find that the results support their theoretical predictions.
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Triansyah, Fadli agus, Ashari Gunawan y Resti Ramadhaniyati. "The Impact Of Fiscal And Monetary Policy On Economic Performance". Jurnal Ekonomika Dan Bisnis (JEBS) 2, n.º 3 (20 de diciembre de 2022): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47233/jebs.v2i3.350.
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This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of: (1) government spending on economic growth in Indonesia, (2) taxes on growth in Indonesia, (3) money supply on economic growth in Indonesia and (4) interest rates on economic growth . This study used the Ordinary Least Squared (OLS) analysis tool method. The dependent variable in this study is economic growth. While the independent variables in this study are government spending, taxes, money supply and interest rates. The results of the study conclude that (1) government spending has a significant and positive effect on economic growth in Indonesia. (2) taxes have a significant and positive effect on economic growth in Indonesia. (3) the money supply also has no positive effect on economic growth in Indonesia. (4) interest rates have no effect on economic growth in Indonesia and are negative. Based on these results, the policy that can be suggested by the Government of Indonesia is the need for local government efforts or policy makers to increase government spending (Fiscal Expansion Policy). The government is expected to be able to regulate the appropriate tax allocation so as not to undermine consumers' purchasing power. Central Government and Bank Indonesia in order to maintain liquidity or availability of money in the economy in Indonesia. The government together with the banking sector, especially Bank Indonesia, should maintain a healthy interest rate so that it does not have an impact on reducing investor interest in investing.
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Alesina, Alberto, Silvia Ardagna, Roberto Perotti y Fabio Schiantarelli. "Fiscal Policy, Profits, and Investment". American Economic Review 92, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2002): 571–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/00028280260136255.
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This paper evaluates the effects of fiscal policy on investment using a panel of OECD countries. We find a sizeable negative effect of public spending—and in particular of its wage component— on profits and on business investment. This result is consistent with different theoretical models in which government employment creates wage pressure for the private sector. Various types of taxes also have negative effects on profits, but, interestingly, the effects of government spending on investment are larger than those of taxes. Our results can explain the so-called “non-Keynesian” (i.e., expansionary) effects of fiscal adjustments.
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Gogas, Periklis y Ioannis Pragidis. "Are there asymmetries in fiscal policy shocks?" Journal of Economic Studies 42, n.º 2 (11 de mayo de 2015): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2013-0059.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the effects of unanticipated fiscal policy shocks on the growth rate and the cyclical component of real private output and reveal different types of asymmetries in fiscal policy implementation. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use two alternative vector autoregressive systems in order to construct the fiscal policy shocks: one with the simple sum monetary aggregate MZM and one with the alternative CFS Divisia MZM aggregate. From each one of these systems we extracted four types of shocks: a negative and a positive government spending shock and a negative and a positive government revenue shock. These eight different types of unanticipated fiscal shocks were used next to empirically examine their effects on the growth rate and cyclical component of real private GNP in two sets of regressions: one that assumes only contemporaneous effects of the shocks on output and one that is augmented with four lags of each fiscal shock. Findings – The authors come up with three key findings: first, all fiscal multipliers are below unity but with signs as predicted by Keynesian theory. Second, government expenditures have a larger impact as compared to the tax policy and finally, positive government spending shocks are more significant than negative spending shocks. All these results are in line with previous studies and are robust through many tests using structural identification proposed by Blanchard and Perotti (2002). Practical implications – The empirical findings in this manuscript can be used for conducting a more efficient fiscal policy. The importance of government spending shocks is empirically verified along with the asymmetries related to price stickiness predicted by Keynesian theory. According to the results an efficient fiscal policy would: in terms of an expansionary policy, use government spending as a means to stimulate the economy instead of tax cuts and in the case of a contractionary policy use government revenue (higher taxes) so that the costs of this policy in terms of output lost are lower. Originality/value – In this study the authors introduce three main innovations: first, to the best of our knowledge the Divisia monetary aggregates have not yet been used to previous research pertaining to fiscal policy. Second, following Cover’s (1992) procedure of identifying monetary policy shocks we extract the unanticipated fiscal policy shocks on government spending and revenue. Finally, the authors explicitly test for the asymmetric effects on the growth rate and the cyclical component of real private GNP of a contractionary and expansionary fiscal policy.
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Suyanto, Denpharanto Agung Krisprimandoyo y Pontjo Bambang Mahargiono. "The Influence of Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Indonesia". ENDLESS: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUTURE STUDIES 6, n.º 2 (26 de mayo de 2023): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v6i2.163.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes in fiscal policy and monetary policy have impacted economic expansion in Indonesia. Spending by the government, tax rates, the rate at which banks open new accounts, and the total amount of money in circulation are the variables that were investigated in this study. This study takes a quantitative approach, and the analytical method that is employed is multiple linear regression using secondary data on economic growth from 2013-2022. The data for this study was collected from the United States Department of Commerce. The study's conclusions indicate that taxes and the amount of money in circulation impact Indonesia's economic growth, but neither government spending nor interest rates on BI deposits do. Additionally, how government expenditure, taxes, interest rates, and the amount of money in circulation affect economic growth. It is 99.66%. As a result, while making future decisions about the economy, the government will need to take into account both kinds of policies in a comprehensive manner.
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Moldogaziev, Tima T., James E. Monogan y Christopher Witko. "Income inequality and the growth of redistributive spending in the United States (US) states: is there a link?" Journal of Public Policy 38, n.º 2 (29 de agosto de 2017): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x17000125.
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AbstractProminent public policy models have hypothesised that rising income inequality will lead to more redistributive spending. Subsequent theoretical advancements and empirical research often failed to find a positive relationship between inequality and redistributive spending, however. Over the last few decades both income inequality and redistributive spending have been growing in the United States states. In this work, we consider whether temporal variation in inequality can explain variation in redistributive spending, while controlling for a number of factors that covary with redistributive spending in the states. In an analysis of data for 1976–2008, we find that higher levels of inequality are associated with greater redistributive spending, offering empirical evidence that fiscal policy at the state level responds to growing levels of income inequality. Considering the growing role of state governments in welfare provision during the past several decades, this finding is relevant for policy researchers and practitioners at all levels of government.
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Murdie, Amanda y Alexander Hicks. "Can International Nongovernmental Organizations Boost Government Services? The Case of Health". International Organization 67, n.º 3 (julio de 2013): 541–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818313000143.
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AbstractDo international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) lessen the need for states to provide their own services? In the case of health, many assume that INGOs limit health spending by governments. Against the conventional wisdom, we argue that these organizations create increased demand for governmental health spending through three mechanisms: (1) indirectly affecting the policy-making climate (“climatic conditioning”), (2) aiding domestic NGO and health activists in their efforts, and (3) directly pressuring governments for increased health spending themselves. Given these mechanisms, health INGOs, although typically supplying health services of their own within a country, should augment pressure for public service provision by the state and, it follows, lead to increased state health spending. We test our argument using a new data set on health INGOs, together with a well-established model of health spending, and find ample support for our arguments. Increases in health INGOs' activities do lead to increased governmental health spending, mainly by indirectly affecting the policy-making climate and, most especially, advancing the effective efforts of domestic activists.
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Hayes, Bernadette C. y Audrey VandenHeuvel. "Government Spending on Health Care:". Journal of Health & Social Policy 7, n.º 4 (20 de septiembre de 1996): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j045v07n04_05.
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Ali, Adeel, Syed Faizan Iftikhar, Ambreen Fatima y Lubna Naz. "Income Inequality, Redistribution of Income and Trade Openness". Pakistan Development Review 54, n.º 4I-II (1 de diciembre de 2015): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.865-874.
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Literature on nexus between trade openness and government spending is impressive [Atif, et al. (2012), Rudra (2004), Dani (1997) and McGuire (1999)]. The literature is growing rapidly. Analysts have documented the positive effects of government social spending [see for example Mesa-Lago (1994); Huber (1996); Weyland (1996); McGuire (1999)]. Unfortunately, Pakistan lacks empirical evidences on the impact of government social spending. Although Government of Pakistan has taken number of initiatives to have some form of redistribution policies, however, inequality in Pakistan is higher as compared to other Least Developed Countries that are open to trade. This situation is alarming. This paper therefore tries to identify the nexus between trade openness and social spending for the period 1975–2012. International evidence suggests that government social spending influences poverty and distribution of income. Pakistan‘s low level achievement in terms of reducing inequality, given the likely adverse economic impact of trade openness, point towards the fact that government has to design the policy in such a way that it affects the distribution of income. Thus, exploring the effect of social spending on income inequality is necessary for the concerned policy makers.
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Futagami, Koichi, Tatsuro Iwaisako y Ryoji Ohdoi. "DEBT POLICY RULE, PRODUCTIVE GOVERNMENT SPENDING, AND MULTIPLE GROWTH PATHS". Macroeconomic Dynamics 12, n.º 4 (septiembre de 2008): 445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100508070235.
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This paper constructs an endogenous growth model with productive government spending. In this model, the government can finance its costs through income tax and government debt and has a target level of government debt relative to the size of the economy. We show that there are two steady states. One is associated with high growth and the other with low growth. It is also shown that whether the government uses income taxes or government bonds makes the results differ significantly. In particular, an increase in government bonds reduces the growth rate in the high-growth steady state and raises the growth rate in the low-growth steady state. Conversely, an increase in the income tax rate reduces the growth rate in the low-growth steady state and there exists some tax rate that maximizes the growth rate in the high-growth steady state. Finally, the level of welfare in the low-growth steady state is lower than that in the high-growth steady state.
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Russo, Federico y Luca Verzichelli. "Government ideology and party priorities: the determinants of public spending changes in Italy". Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 46, n.º 3 (21 de marzo de 2016): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2016.3.
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The literature developed by scholars dealing with policy agendas suggests that it is more important to look at changes in governments’ priorities rather than in their ideology, and criticizes the partisan theory as inadequate. However, hypotheses based on conventional wisdom and normative theories, holding that the identity of the governing parties matters for the allocation of public expenditures, are still recurrent in the debate. And many empirical studies found mixed evidence on the importance of party ideology. Focussing on Italy (1948–2009), this article empirically tests whether shifts in governments’ ideology and policy priorities are related to public spending changes in four policy sectors. The results indicate that shifts in governments’ priorities are related with public spending changes in welfare and defence, while they are not relevant to explain changes in public order and education spending. Government ideology is relevant only when it comes to defence spending, but this influence can be hindered by veto players. We argue that these findings do not disprove the importance of partisan politics but warn us against relying too much on the distinction between left and right parties. At the same time, more research is needed to understand under which conditions partisan preferences translate into changing public policies.
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حسون عباس, ا. د. صبحي. "دور أدوات السياسة المالية في ردم فجوة الناتج دراسة تحليلية في عينة من الدول للمدة 2000-2020". Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences 2022, n.º 72 (1 de marzo de 2022): 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.3.
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The importance of the research and its distinction from the previous research lies not in dealing with the ability of fiscal policy tools, i.e., government spending and taxes, to bridge the output gap, but also in it calculating the required amount of spending and taxes to close the output gap, as long as there is some amount of spending and taxes more or less than that. The required limit may cause damage to the economy, i.e., the outbreak of inflation or recession. Consequently, this research is considered as a guide for policy makers to know the required change in government spending and taxes accurately to avoid economic problems and achieve economic stability. The output gap, whether positive or negative, is a non-positive case, as long as it generates damage to the economy, represented by inflation or recession. Fiscal policy, with its various tools, may be unable to close the output gap due to the deficiency in the performance of these tools, which requires monetary policy assistance. The research problem is also indicated that when there is a recession, an expansionary fiscal policy (increasing government spending and reducing taxes) is necessary. But when there is inflation, a contractionary policy should be followed (reducing spending and raising taxes). However, the problem is that if the exact amount of government spending and taxes changes is not determined, severe damages are generated, such as an inaccurate drug dose. This is not to mention the slowdowns or lags in the transmission of the impact of fiscal policy measures to the targeted variables. The research chose a time frame that extended from 2000 to 2020. As for the spatial aspect, it was represented in a sample from different continents in order to make a successful comparison between them. These countries are the United States, Germany, Japan and Iraq. The research found that in all countries of the research sample, the government spending gap was positive, which means that it is at a level higher than the level required to bridge the output gap, perhaps because there are other items for spending on it other than closing the output gap, as is the case for the tax gap, which exceeded the required limit to eliminate Output gap, excluding Iraq.
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Tarschys, Daniel. "Curbing Public Expenditure: Current Trends". Journal of Public Policy 5, n.º 1 (febrero de 1985): 23–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00002877.
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ABSTRACTNearly every OECD country has faced a scissors crisis in public finance since the worldwide depression of the mid-1970s; in slow growth economies public spending has been rising faster than tax revenues. In response, a great variety of methods have been employed to control public spending. Governments have sought to: impose global ceilings on spending; modify indexation rules; decentralize decremental decisions among government agencies; improve cash flow management; devise balanced packages; introduce new constitutional rules; provide incentives for retrenchment; and privatize public sector activities. Efforts to impose cuts in spending have been directed at the bureaucracy; transfer payments; subsidies; local and regional government; and quangos. The conclusion emphasizes that retrenchment policy presupposes a shift in the balance of power between guardians and spenders.
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Chatterjee, Santanu y Azer Mursagulov. "FISCAL POLICY AND THE REAL EXCHANGE RATE". Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, n.º 7 (11 de mayo de 2016): 1742–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000048.
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This paper examines the mechanisms through which government spending affects the dynamics of the real exchange rate. Using a two-sector dependent open economy model with intersectoral mobility costs for private capital, we show that public investment generates (i) a nonmonotonic U-shaped adjustment path for the real exchange rate with sharp intertemporal trade-offs and (ii) a crowding-in of private consumption, consistent with stylized facts. The effects of public consumption, however, are in sharp contrast to those of public investment. The effect of government spending on the real exchange rate depends critically on (i) the sectoral composition of public spending, (ii) the underlying financing policy, (iii) the sectoral intensity of private capital in production, (iv) the relative sectoral productivity of public infrastructure, (v) the elasticity of substitution in production, and (vi) intersectoral mobility costs for capital. In deriving these results, we identify conditions under which the predictions of the neoclassical open economy model can be reconciled with empirical regularities. Our results underscore the importance of decoupling the effects of government investment from those of government consumption in understanding the relationship between fiscal policy and the real exchange rate.
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QIAN, Jiwei. "Increasing Government Social Expenditure and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in China". East Asian Policy 09, n.º 04 (octubre de 2017): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930517000393.
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In 2016, the Chinese government spent about 37% of total government expenditure on social policy areas. With demographic changes and new government initiatives, this spending is likely to increase further. Local fiscal capacity is insufficient to fulfil this responsibility. To remedy, two recent policy initiatives have been introduced including reallocating expenditure responsibility between central and local governments and encouraging the entry of the private sector to share some outlays of the social programmes.