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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Gorse"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 21 de febrero de 2023

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1

Broadfield, Nicholas y Melinda T. McHenry. "A World of Gorse: Persistence of Ulex europaeus in Managed Landscapes". Plants 8, n.º 11 (19 de noviembre de 2019): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110523.

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Gorse (Ulex europeus L.) is a woody legume and invasive woody weed that has been introduced to temperate pastoral landscapes worldwide. Despite the apparent cosmopolitan distribution of gorse across much of the temperate agroecological landscapes of the world, research and practice pertaining to the management of gorse has been largely constrained to single-treatments, regions, or timeframes. Gorse eradication has been widely attempted, with limited success. Using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) method and a quasi-metanalytical approach, we reviewed the seminal ~299 papers pertaining to gorse management. We identified (i) the ecological characteristics of the species that predispose gorse to behaving invasively, and (ii) the success of management actions (from a plant ecological life history perspective) in reducing weed vigour and impact. A broad ecological niche, high reproductive output, propagule persistence, and low vulnerability to pests allow for rapid landscape exploitation by gorse throughout much the world. Additionally, there are differences in flowering duration and season in the northern and southern hemisphere that make gorse particularly pernicious in the latter, as gorse flowers twice per year. The implications of these life history stages and resistance to environmental sieves after establishment are that activity and efficacy of control is more likely to be favourable in juvenile stages. Common approaches to gorse control, including herbicides, biological controls, and fire have not been ubiquitously successful, and may in fact target the very site resources—sward cover, soil stability, hydrological balance—that, when degraded, facilitate gorse invasion. Ongoing seedling regeneration presents difficulties if eradication is a goal, but facilitated competition may reduce costs via natural suppression. Mechanical methods of gorse removal, though highly successful, induce chronic soil erosion and land degradation and should hence be used sparingly.

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2

Shepherd, J. D. y W. G. Lee. "Satellite mapping of gorse at regional scales". New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (1 de agosto de 2002): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3926.

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The spatial distribution of gorse in the Wellington Region was mapped using Landsat satellite imagery This satellite is capable of mapping at regional scales (150 000) with a large spatial extent (180 km x 180 km) and has spectral bands in both the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum (6 bands in total) A spring Landsat image distinguished flowering gorse enabling mapping of gorse as a separate scrub type We chose a minimum patch size of 05 ha with a boundary precision of 15 m An error assessment using 1200 stratified random samples across the Wellington region compared the satellite classified result with colour aerial orthophotography and found the mapping accuracy of gorse to be 95 Gorse area by catchment was calculated using an existing GIS of catchment boundaries The area and percent cover of gorse within a catchment is a potential way to target management at regional scales

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3

Edwards, G. R., K. N. Tozer, T. M. R. Maxwell y A. J. Marshall. "Control of gorse (Ulex europaeus) in dryland pasture converted from Pinus radiata forest". New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (1 de agosto de 2007): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4672.

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The effect of crop sequence pasture species mixture and nitrogen fertiliser on gorse establishment was monitored over 23 months in land converted from pine forest to a dryland sheep pasture There were fewer gorse plants in plots sown initially into the forage crop triticale and then into grasslegume pasture than plots sown directly into grass or grasslegume pasture Once the triticale was grazed undersowing grasslegume pasture beneath rape to establish clover rich pastures suppressed gorse more than sowing grasslegume pasture directly There was no effect of nitrogen fertiliser applied at 150 kg N/ha/year on gorse plant density or cover Appropriate management tools to control gorse in forest to pasture conversions include a combination of crop sequences where forage crops are followed by pasture and the establishment of pasture legume rich herbage This type of pasture is preferred by livestock and results in high grazing intensity of gorse seedlings growing in the pasture

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4

Marteau, Audrey, Martin Fourmaux y Jean-Philippe Mevy. "The Role of Gorse (Ulex parviflorus Pourr. Scrubs) in a Mediterranean Shrubland Undergoing Climate Change: Approach by Hyperspectral Measurements". Plants 12, n.º 4 (15 de febrero de 2023): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040879.

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The goal of this study was to observe the neighbor effect of Gorse, a plant of the Fabaceae family, on three typical species of Mediterranean shrubland: kermes oak, white Cistus and rosemary. For this purpose, a hyperspectral analysis and the application of vegetation indices (VIs) were carried out. We provide the spectral signature of Gorse, which differs mainly from that of its companion species in the band between 700 and 1350 nm. This supposed Gorse effect was tested in natural conditions and in conditions of forced drought to simulate the effects of the climate change predicted for the Mediterranean Basin. Field spectrometry demonstrated the existence of such interactions between the four species. In control stands, the presence of Gorse significantly modifies the spectral responses of kermes, white Cistus and rosemary, mainly in the near-infrared region (700–1350 nm). Both tri- and tetra-specific plant assemblages also exhibited spectral changes, suggesting an indirect effect of Gorse. Under drought conditions, one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test led us to identify the features involved in plants’ coexistence with Gorse. The Cistus albidus reflectance spectrum was clearly increased in the presence of Gorse in rain-exclusion conditions. The application of several VIs allowed us to extract new information on the variation of spectral signatures. Unexpectedly, nitrogen supply by Gorse was not shown, except for Cistus, as shown by the VI NDVI (N) analysis. However, this study proved that Gorse can modify the behavior of its companion species in controls, but also in drought conditions, by increasing their photosynthesis activity (NIRvP) and water content (ratio R975/R900). Gorse therefore appears as a key species in the ecosystem of the Mediterranean shrubland, but its high vulnerability to drought leaves a vacant ecological niche in plant communities. While the spectral reflectance increases linearly with the specific richness in the lack of any disturbance, by contrast, climate aridification imposes a double reciprocal profile. This clearly means that multispecific plant communities cope better with climate change. Nevertheless, knowledge of the underlying mechanisms requires further structural, chemical, and biochemical investigation.

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5

Gonzalez, Maya, Alexis Mathieu, Laurent Augusto, Céline Gire, Mark R. Bakker y Anne Budynek. "Gorse seed bank variability in maritime pine stands". Seed Science Research 20, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2009): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258509990237.

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AbstractEuropean gorse (Ulex europaeusL.) is a spiny shrub that grows spontaneously in the understorey of forests and heathlands in western Europe. Gorse is a pioneer species and forms large seed banks that can persist for a long time while buried deeply in the soil. Although many studies have been conducted on gorse seed banks in invasive contexts and in scrubland ecosystems, few data are available on forests in a native context. The aim of the present study was thus to report on the variability of seed-bank density in ‘critical’ stages in the forest management of pine stands (five stands) in south-western France. We examined variations in the number of gorse seeds as a function of soil depth but also of the presence and abundance of adult gorse in the understorey. Seed-bank density did not show a clear decrease in seed number with pine stand age, principally because gorse also appears to be able to establish itself in mature pine stands, probably thanks to local disturbances. In the pine stands in our study, the presence and abundance of seeds in the soil appeared to depend mostly on the presence of adult gorse as seeders in the understorey. Finally, we observed that, contrary to what has generally been found in scrubland ecosystems, most gorse seeds were located in the 5–10 cm soil layer rather than in the 0–5 cm soil layer. This depletion of the first 5 cm may be linked to seed germination that was not compensated for by the production of new seeds.

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6

Harradine, AR y AL Jones. "Control of gorse regrowth by Angora goats in the Tasmanian Midlands". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, n.º 3 (1985): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850550.

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Angora wethers were evaluated for the control of gorse regrowth (Ulex europaeus) after burning. Unreplicated plots containing approximately 0.5 ha gorse and 0.5 ha perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) dominant pasture were stocked with A, 6 goats/ha; B, 10 goats/ha; C, 5 goats + 4 sheep (Polwarth wethers)/ha; or D, 5 sheep/ha in June 1981. After 2 years, percentage gorse control was estimated to be 82, 96, 92 and 56%, and percentage gorse ground cover was 36, 16, 13 and 47% for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Between spring 198 1 and spring 1982, when gorse was freely available for browsing, pasture consumption by goats averaged 15% (A) and 40% (B) of available pasture. Where goats were present, pastures contained a greater proportion of perennial ryegrass and less barley grass (Hordeurn sp.) and slender thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus) than where only sheep were grazing. Mean mohair production per goat from October 1982 to September 1983 was 3.2,2.3 and 2.4 kg for treatments A, B and C, respectively. Gross fleece values ($/ha) for the same period were $143 (A), $173 (B), $135 (C) and $92 (D).The preferential browsing of gorse and the acceptable mohair yields indicate that Angora goats could be used in a complementary grazing relationship with sheep for gorse control and product diversification in the Tasmanian Midlands.

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7

Atlan, Anne y Nathalie Udo. "The Invasive Niche, a Multidisciplinary Concept Illustrated by Gorse (Ulex Europaeus)". Diversity 11, n.º 9 (12 de septiembre de 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11090162.

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This study analyzes the natural and social factors influencing the emergence and publicization of the invasive status of a fast-growing bush, gorse (Ulex europaeus), by comparison between countries on a global scale. We used documents collected on the web in a standardized way. The results show that in all the countries studied, there are several public statuses attributed to gorse. The invasive status is the one that is most shared. The other most frequently encountered status are those of noxious weed, and those of which are economically useful. The invasive status is publicized in nearly all countries, including those where gorse is almost absent. We quantified the publicization of the invasive gorse status of gorse by an indicator with 5 levels, and then performed a multivariate analysis that combines natural and social explanatory variables. The results lead us to propose the concept of invasive niche, which is the set of natural and social parameters that allow a species to be considered invasive in a given socio-ecosystem

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8

Mustafa, Hussein Habeeb, Mohamed A. Ibrahim Elahmar, Rwoaa Tareq Hameed, Mohammed Alsultan, Layth Nesseef y Gerhard F. Swiegers. "Extraction and Identification of Effective Compounds from Natural Plants". Journal of Composites Science 6, n.º 5 (19 de mayo de 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6050149.

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Most botanical species contain various types of bioactive compounds. This study focusses on the extraction and identification of bioactive compounds from Calicotome spinosa (Gorse), including flavones, α-linolenic acid and sugar. During the investigation of gorse flowers, leaves and bark, flavones were isolated from the bark and leaves. Calicotome spinosa showed a total isoflavonoid content of 1.5% from the bark of gorse and 1.3% from the leaves. To find the best conditions for flavone extraction, samples of Calicotome spinosa were extracted with different solvents (methanol, water and acetonitrile). Methanol was found to be a suitable solvent to selectively extract flavone. An unsaturated cis fatty acid (α-linolenic acid, C18:3 ∆9, 12, 15) was identified as the principal component of the triacylglycerol fraction from the flowers. Hydrolyses process conditions were used to study Gorse wood. The results indicated that the wood of gorse is not a suitable substance for making paper. The extracted bioactive compounds were analysed using NMR, GCMS, UV, TLC and Fibre Analyser techniques. The extracted compounds offered uses as antioxidants and agricultural chemicals in addition to other benefits.

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9

Hill, R. L., H. M. Grindell, C. J. Winks, J. J. Sheat y L. M. Hayes. "Establishment of gorse spider mite as a control agent for gorse". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 44 (8 de enero de 1991): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1991.44.10798.

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10

Liu, W. Y. Y., M. Premaratne, R. Cresswell, D. Dash, D. Jack y M. Andrews. "Gorse is a 'facultative' N2 fixer". Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 78 (1 de enero de 2016): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2016.78.503.

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Many legumes reduce their atmospheric N2 fixation per unit biomass in response to increased soil N availability but there are reports that some maintain a constant rate of N2 fixation per unit biomass regardless of soil N levels. These different responses to soil N availability have been described, respectively, as 'facultative' and 'obligate' N2 fixation strategies. Views in the literature differ if gorse is a facultative or obligate N2 fixer. Here, firstly, the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) was assessed for mature gorse plants mainly in hedges bordering intensive agricultural land at different sites in the Selwyn district, Canterbury, New Zealand using the 15N natural abundance technique. Secondly, the effect of nitrate (NO3 -) supply on %Ndfa was determined for gorse seedlings under glasshouse conditions using 15NO3 -. Under field conditions, values ranged from 14.7-88.0 %Ndfa. In the glasshouse, %Ndfa values decreased from 97 when no N was supplied to 24 %Ndfa when N supply was increased to the equivalent of 200 kg N/ha. It is concluded that gorse shows a facultative N2 fixation strategy. Keywords: legume, nitrate, 15N natural abundance, nitrate reductase activity, gorse, Ulex europaeus

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11

Sixtus, C. R., G. D. Hill y R. R. Scott. "Impact of Exapion ulicis (Frster) (Coleoptera Apionidae) on gorse seed viability". New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (1 de agosto de 2003): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6092.

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As part of a study of gorse (Ulex europaeus L) biocontrol the effectiveness of the gorse seed weevil (Exapion ulicis (Frster)) in controlling the amount of viable seed was investigated Some seed attacked by gorse seed weevil still germinated with mean germination for lightly damaged seed being 18 and mean germination for heavily damaged seed being 4 Undamaged seed from damaged pods had high germination (mean 71) while undamaged seed from undamaged pods had a mean germination of 77 Many damaged seeds as well as undamaged seeds from damaged pods were infested by fungi (Fusarium spp and Cladosporium cladosporiodes) which affected the ability of the seeds to germinate There were no differences (P084) in the number of viable undamaged and damaged gorse seeds between the three sites sampled even though there were climatic differences and different soil types

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12

Beltrán, Vivian, Laura V. Martínez, Andrés López y María F. Gómez. "Kinetic analysis of Wood residues and Gorse (Ulex europaeus) pyrolysis under non-isothermal conditions: A case of study in Bogotá, Colombia". E3S Web of Conferences 103 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910302004.

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Thermal degradation and kinetic for biomass materials wood residues and Gorse (Ulex europaeus) have been evaluated under pyrolysis (N2) conditions, using a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method (TGA) from 25°C to 900°C at different heating rates of 10, 20, 30 and 40°C min-1. In DTG curves the temperature peaks at maximum weight loss rate changed with increasing heating rate. The maximum rate of weight loss (%s-1) was obtained at a heating rate of 40°C/min of 0,38 and 0,46 (%s-1) for wood residues and Gorse, respectively. Activation energy calculations were based on selected non-isothermal methods (Kissinger, FWO, KAS, and Starink). For Gorse, the energy activation was 195.41, 194.44, 214.39 and 179.42 kJmol-1 by Kissinger, FWO, KAS, and Starink methods, respectively. In the other hand, the energy activation for wood residues was 176.03, 221.75, 243.08 and 198.26 kJmol-1 by Kissinger, FWO, KAS, and Starink methods, respectively. The results showed that Gorse has a lower activation energy than wood residues, which represents a great potential to be used as a feedstock in thermochemical technologies. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) was calculated for gasification of wood residues and Gorse, which was 186 and 169 USD/MWh, respectively.

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13

Pardo-Muras, María, Carolina G. Puig, Pablo Souza-Alonso y Nuria Pedrol. "The Phytotoxic Potential of the Flowering Foliage of Gorse (Ulex europaeus) and Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius), as Pre-Emergent Weed Control in Maize in a Glasshouse Pot Experiment". Plants 9, n.º 2 (6 de febrero de 2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020203.

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In our previous studies, the phytotoxicity of Ulex europaeus (gorse) and Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) was demonstrated in vitro and argued to be caused by the release of volatile and water-soluble compounds from fresh plant foliage. In light of these positive results, there was a need to test the effects ex vitro. In this work, gorse and Scotch broom were used as soil amendments in pot experiments in a glasshouse by incorporating slashed plant material into the soil at a ratio of 1% w/w on a dry mass basis. The phytotoxic effects on the emergence and early growth of maize and five accompanying weed species were analyzed, as were the effect on soil fertility and soil community-level physiological profiles. Thirty days after incorporation, significant decreases in weed density of 32.2% and 59.5% were found for gorse and Scotch broom soil amendments, respectively. Gorse soil amendment was notably effective impairing the establishment of Amaranthus retroflexus and diminishing the plant height of Digitaria sanguinalis and Portulaca oleracea. Scotch broom soil amendment was capable of significantly inhibiting the emergence of D. sanguinalis, Convolvulus arvensis, P. oleracea, and A. retroflexus, with a notable reduction of weed biomass. No undesirable side effects on maize crop or soil quality, including microbial activity, were detected. Our results suggest that the incorporation of gorse and Scotch broom foliage is promising for pre-emergent weed control in maize; however, field trials that support and expand these glasshouse results are essential.

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14

De Luis, Martín, Manuel J. Baeza, José Raventós y José C. González-Hidalgo. "Fuel characteristics and fire behaviour in mature Mediterranean gorse shrublands". International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, n.º 1 (2004): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03005.

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Since the early 1990s, Mediterranean gorse shrublands have expanded significantly in the Mediterranean regions of Spain mainly as a result of the increase in the frequency and extension of forest fires. Mediterranean gorse (Ulex parviflorus), which has been described as a degradation stage of forest communities after fire, has also been described as a fire-prone community. Thus, its presence increases the risk that new fires might occur. In spite of this evidence, there is little information on both the composition and structural characteristics of these communities or the relationship that might exist between these vegetation characteristics and fire behaviour. In this paper we present the results of a characterization of the vegetative structure (plant density, specific composition, biomass fractions, and horizontal and vertical fuel distribution) in Mediterranean gorse. We also analyse fire behaviour using indicators obtained at different scales. Our results show mature Mediterranean gorse shrublands to be communities with high biomass values (3000–4000 g m−2) and high horizontal and vertical vegetation continuity, in which the proportion of fine dead fuel fractions with low moisture content is around 50% of the total phytomass present. Ulex parviflorus is the dominant species and its degree of dominance is a key element in the behaviour of fire. Both the fire-line intensity values and the fire severity values observed can be considered high with respect to those observed in other Mediterranean communities, thus confirming Mediterranean gorse as a high-risk community.

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15

Ledgard, N. J. "The effect of competition and use of fertiliser on the seedling emergence of introduced gorse (Ulex europaea) and Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius)". New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (1 de agosto de 2006): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4492.

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The effect of varying levels of rangeland vegetation competition as modified by application of fertiliser on the establishment of introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and gorse (Ulex europaeus) was monitored over a five year period Two growing seasons after fertiliser addition vascular plant cover in the fertilised plots was twofold greater than in the control plots After 5 years higher levels of vascular plant cover induced a highly significant (Plt;00001) threefold reduction in emergence of gorse from 37 in the control to 12 in the fertilised treatment (Plt;00001) However higher levels of vascular plant cover had no significant (Plt;064) effect on emergence of broom which was 42 in the untreated and 39 in the fertilised treatment with high vascular plant cover Implications for gorse and broom invasion and management are discussed

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16

Radcliffe, J. E. "Gorse — A resource for goats?" New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, n.º 4 (octubre de 1986): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10423056.

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17

Christina, Mathias, Fawziah Limbada y Anne Atlan. "Climatic niche shift of an invasive shrub (Ulex europaeus): a global scale comparison in native and introduced regions". Journal of Plant Ecology 13, n.º 1 (16 de agosto de 2019): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz041.

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Abstract Aims Invasive species, which recently expanded, may help understand how climatic niche can shift at the time scale of the current global change. Here, we address the climatic niche shift of an invasive shrub (common gorse, Ulex europaeus) at the world and regional scales to assess how it could contribute to increasing invasibility. Methods Based on a 28 187 occurrences database, we used a combination of 9 species distribution models (SDM) to assess regional climatic niche from both the native range (Western Europe) and the introduced range in different parts of the world (North-West America, South America, North Europe, Australia and New Zealand). Important Findings Despite being restricted to annual mean temperature between 4°C and 22°C, as well as annual precipitation higher than 300 mm/year, the range of bioclimatic conditions suitable for gorse was very large. Based on a native versus introduced SDM comparison, we highlighted a niche expansion in North-West America, South America and to a lesser degree in Australia, while a niche displacement was assessed in North Europe. These niche changes induced an increase in potential occupied areas by gorse by 49, 111, 202 and 283% in Australia, North Europe, North-West America and South America, respectively. On the contrary, we found no evidence of niche change in New Zealand, which presents similar climatic condition to the native environment (Western Europe). This study highlights how niche expansion and displacement of gorse might increase invasibility at regional scale. The change in gorse niche toward new climatic conditions may result from adaptive plasticity or genetic evolution and may explain why it has such a high level of invasibility. Taking into account the possibility of a niche shift is crucial to improve invasive plants management and control.

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18

López, Carlos López, Rocío Rosa García, Luis M. M. Ferreira, Urcesino García, Koldo Osoro y Rafael Celaya. "Impacts of horse grazing on botanical composition and diversity in different types of heathland". Rangeland Journal 39, n.º 4 (2017): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17079.

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Plant dynamics under horse grazing was studied in a three-year field experiment in heather-gorse shrublands in NW Spain. The experimental design consisted of three vegetation types with four replicates (paddocks): (1) heather (Ericaceae)-dominated (H), (2) gorse (Ulex gallii Planch.)-dominated (G), and (3) co-dominated by gorse and heath-grasses (GG). Each paddock (1.2 ha) was grazed from May to October by two crossbred mature mares (310 ± 52 kg bodyweight), one dry and one lactating (plus foal). Two other paddocks (one in H and one in GG) were excluded from grazing. Plant cover and height were sampled three times a year (spring, summer, and autumn) with a point-quadrat method. Floristic composition and diversity were annually sampled at 10 25-m2 quadrats per paddock. Data were subjected to mixed models for repeated-measures and redundancy analyses. Horse grazing resulted in overall increases (P < 0.001) in heather and herbaceous cover (from 13% to 27%, and from 16% to 23%, respectively), and decreases (P < 0.001) in gorse cover and height (from 35% to 17%; from 30 to 25 cm), with scarce differences among vegetation types. Floristic diversity (species richness and Shannon index) increased more over time in grazed than in ungrazed paddocks. Redundancy analyses revealed that grazing effects on plant species assemblages depended on vegetation type, and that plant communities evolved differently between grazing treatments for both abundance and frequency data. Some herbaceous species characteristic of heathlands were favoured by horse grazing. Horse grazing reduced gorse dominance in G and GG vegetation, controlling excessive accumulation of combustible material and reducing fire risk, and promoted the presence of species of conservation interest, so it offers a promising management tool for the restoration of heathlands and their biodiversity.

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19

Yamoah, E., E. E. Jones, D. M. Suckling, G. W. Bourd?t y A. Stewart. "Suppression of emergence and growth of gorse (Ulex europaeus) seedlings by Fusarium tumidum". New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (1 de agosto de 2006): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4495.

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The effect of Fusarium tumidum a potential mycoherbicide on gorse seedling emergence and growth was examined in three experiments In Experiment 1 F tumiduminoculated wheat grains (one two or three) were placed close to pregerminated gorse seeds at sowing Shoot and root dry weights of inoculated seedlings were lower than the control treatment at all three inoculum densities but there was no significant difference in percentage emergence In Experiments 2 and 3 two inoculated wheat grains were placed in contact with the seedlings at sowing Less than 50 of inoculated seedlings emerged compared with 97 in the control treatments from both experiments Soon after emergence about onethird of the inoculated seedlings that had emerged died from dampingoff disease caused by F tumidum Shoot and root dry weights of inoculated seedlings were significantly lower than the control treatment The results suggest that F tumidum can suppress gorse seedling emergence and growth

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20

White, John G., Robert Gubiani, Nathalie Smallman, Kelly Snell y Anne Morton. "Home range, habitat selection and diet of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in a semi-urban riparian environment". Wildlife Research 33, n.º 3 (2006): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05037.

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Between 2000 and 2002 the home range, habitat selection and diet of foxes were examined in the Dandenong Creek Valley, Melbourne, Australia. The mean home range was 44.6 ha (range 19.2–152.6 ha). A significant selection towards blackberry and gorse used as diurnal shelter was found during the day with an active avoidance of less structurally complex vegetation types. Although there was obvious selection of certain habitats, the diet of the foxes was highly general and opportunistic and thus offers little potential as a factor to manipulate in order to reduce fox abundance. Given the strong preference for blackberry and gorse as a shelter resource, a habitat-manipulation strategy is suggested whereby patches of blackberry and gorse are removed and replaced with less structurally complex vegetation. Such a strategy has the potential to influence the density of foxes in semi-urban riparian environments such as those discussed in this study.

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21

Clements, David R., David J. Peterson y Raj Prasad. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 112. Ulex europaeus L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2001): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-128.

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Gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) is a leguminous shrub native to western Europe and North Africa. During the past century it has greatly expanded its adventive range in Australia, New Zealand, Chile and Europe, and along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America. In Canada, it is found in British Columbia (Vancouver, Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands and Queen Charlotte Islands) where it is classed as a noxious weed. Gorse is also found from Virginia to Massachusetts on the east coast of North America. The shrub rapidly invades dry and disturbed areas, forming dense thickets that can suppress and inhibit native vegetation, including economically important conifer seedlings. It can occupy the same habitats as Scotch broom [Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link] but usually occurs on drier sites. Both of these legumes threaten native plant communities but U. europaeus persists longer and possesses conspicuous spines. Invasive characteristics of gorse include its evergreen habit, prolific seed production, longevity of seeds in the soil and nitrogen fixation. Human activities such as agriculture and construction of logging roads have accelerated the spread of gorse in British Columbia, but there is still an historic opportunity to restrict the population expansion that this species has exhibited in many other countries. Various methods of control (chemical, manual, biological and integrated) are evaluated. Key words: Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius, exotic plant, biological control, Exapion ulicis

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22

Fr?hlich, J., J. A. Zabkiewicz, A. F. Gianotti, J. W. Ray, A. L. Vanner, Z. Q. Liu y S. Gous. "Field evaluation of Fusarium tumidum as a bioherbicide against gorse and broom". New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (1 de agosto de 2000): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3650.

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Fusarium tumidum spores formulated in water and three invert emulsions were tested under field conditions as a potential bioherbicide against gorse (Ulex europaeus) and broom (Cytisus scoparius) Inundation with F tumidum spores failed to induce severe disease epidemics The invert emulsion formulants demonstrated some phytotoxicity towards gorse and Pinus radiata Plant species and age spore concentration and application rate all influenced the performance of the bioherbicide formulations It will be necessary to develop further formulations that will better enhance the activity of F tumidum in the field

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23

Hill, R. L., A. H. Gourlay y P. J. Wigley. "The introduction of gorse spider mite, Tetranychus lintearius, for biological control of gorse". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 42 (8 de enero de 1989): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1989.42.10973.

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24

Howe, J. C., T. N. Barry y A. I. Popay. "Voluntary intake and digestion of gorse (Ulex europaeus) by goats and sheep". Journal of Agricultural Science 111, n.º 1 (agosto de 1988): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082885.

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SummaryGorse (Ulex europaeus) was harvested in late spring, summer, autumn and winter and fed to six goats kept individually in metabolism cages for 21-day periods. The same gorse was also fed to sheep during the first two periods, but not in autumn and winter, as the hardness and sharpness of the needles caused total rejection by the sheep at these times. Measurements of voluntary intake and apparent digestibility were made over the last 7 days of each period. To minimize effect of diet selection the animals were fed at hourly intervals. Dietary lignin concentration was very high, ranging from 170 to 200g/kg D.M. Voluntary metabolizable energy (ME) intake for goats was respectively 1·60, 0·82, 0·72 and 0·41 times maintenance for the four harvesting times, late spring, summer, autumn and winter. Corresponding values for sheep were 0·90 and 0·33 for gorse harvested in late spring and summer. Thus, in late spring and summer, voluntary ME intake by goats was respectively 1·8 and 2·5 times that of sheep. The reduction in ME intake with time was attributed to increases in the contents of D.M. and of lignin + hemicellulose in depressing voluntary D.M. intake and apparent digestibility respectively. Voluntary intake of both supplementary water and total water per unit D.M. intake were consistently less for goats than sheep. From a comparison with published values, it was concluded that the superiority of. goats over temperate breeds of sheep in digestible dry matter intake (DDMI)/kg W0·75per day increased as the lignin content of the diet exceeded 120 g/kg D.M., indicating that goats must possess some superior mechanism for breaking down highly lignified diets such as gorse and willow. It is proposed that cashmere fibre production from goats grazing gorse for a 7-month period of each year should be evaluated as an alternative to regulating gorse with chemicals.

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25

Popay, A. I., M. P. Rolston y D. K. Edmonds. "'Non hormone' herbicides for gorse control". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (8 de enero de 1985): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9458.

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26

Hill, R. L. y R. A. Sandrey. "The costs and benefits of gorse". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 39 (8 de enero de 1986): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1986.39.9428.

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27

Thomsen, Dietrick E. "Commentary: 'Ptarmigans Wheeling over the Gorse'". Science News 128, n.º 8 (24 de agosto de 1985): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3969997.

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28

Russell, Graeme B., Hasnah Md Sirat y Oliver R. W. Sutherland. "Isoflavones from root bark of gorse". Phytochemistry 29, n.º 4 (enero de 1990): 1287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85444-k.

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29

Hoddle, M. S. "Gorse pod susceptibility and oviposition preference to the gorse seed weevil,Apion ulicis(Forster) (Coleoptera: Apionidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 18, n.º 1 (enero de 1991): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1991.10757945.

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30

Lam, Wendy, Quentin Paynter y Zhi-Qiang Zhang. "Predation, prey preference and reproduction of predatory mites Amblydromalus limonicus (Garman), Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant) and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) on immature Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a biocontrol agent of gorse". Systematic and Applied Acarology 24, n.º 3 (30 de marzo de 2019): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.3.14.

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Gorse, Ulex europaeus, is an invasive weed that has serious agricultural, economic and ecological impacts. Although various biological control agents have been released in New Zealand, these have showed no noticeable impact on gorse populations. One such agent, Sericothrips staphylinus, was introduced to New Zealand in 1990 and although laboratory impact studies indicated it was a highly promising gorse biological control agent, it has not been as effective as was hoped. We hypothesized this was due to predation by natural enemies. This study investigated the predation and oviposition rates of three phytoseiid mites (Amblydromalus limonicus, Amblyseius herbicolus, and Neoseiulus cucumeris) that have been found on gorse plants in New Zealand on three S. staphylinus stages (1st instar larvae, 2nd instar larvae, and prepupa) in both choice and non-choice conditions. In non-choice conditions, A. limonicus had the highest predation and oviposition rate across all three immature stages, and N. cucumeris had the lowest. Amblydromalus limonicus, A. herbicolus, and N. cucumeris all had their highest predation rate when consuming 1st instar larvae, and their lowest predation rate when consuming prepupa. In the choice experiment, all three predatory mite species consumed their highest proportion of 1st instar larvae, and their lowest proportion of prepupae. The oviposition rate of all three mite species in the choice experiment was similar to the oviposition rate when presented with 1st instar larvae only. The results from this study confirm that A. limonicus, A. herbicolus, and N. cucumeris can predate and reproduce on S. staphylinus 1st instar larvae, 2nd instar larvae, and prepupa. This indicates that predation may be the reason why S. staphylinus is an ineffective biocontrol agent in New Zealand.

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31

Davies, Jamie T., John E. Ireson y Geoff R. Allen. "The phenology and impact of the gorse seed weevil, Exapion ulicis, on gorse, Ulex europaeus, in Tasmania". Biological Control 45, n.º 1 (abril de 2008): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.009.

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32

Dent, Jennifer, Hannah Buckley, Audrey Lustig y Timothy Curran. "Flame Temperatures Saturate with Increasing Dead Material in Ulex europaeus, but Flame Duration, Fuel Consumption and Overall Flammability Continue to Increase". Fire 2, n.º 1 (29 de enero de 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2010006.

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A key determinant of wildfire behaviour is the flammability of constituent plants. One plant trait that influences flammability is the retention of dead biomass, as the low moisture content of dead material means less energy is required to achieve combustion. However, the effect of the dead-to-live ratio of fuel on plant flammability has rarely been experimentally quantified. Here we examine the nature of the relationship between dead fuel accumulation and flammability in Ulex europaeus (common gorse). Shoots with varying proportions of dead material were ignited in a purpose-built plant-burner. Three components of flammability were measured: sustainability (flame duration), consumability (proportion burnt biomass) and combustibility (maximum temperature). While flame duration and proportion burnt biomass had a positive linear relationship with the proportion of dead material, the response of maximum temperature was positive but non-linear. All three flammability components were reduced to a single variable using principal components analysis; this had a non-linear relationship with the proportion of dead material. The response of maximum temperature to dead material plateaued at 39%. These findings have implications for the management of habitats invaded by gorse; to mitigate fire hazard associated with gorse, stands should be kept at a relatively young age when dead fuel is less prevalent.

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33

Hayes, A. J., A. H. Gourlay y R. L. Hill. "Temperature-dependent phenology of gorse spider mite". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 47 (8 de enero de 1994): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1994.47.11090.

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34

Harris, A. "Gorse in the East Riding of Yorkshire". Folk Life 30, n.º 1 (enero de 1991): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/043087791798238923.

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35

Longworth, J. F. "Biological control of gorse: a case study". New Zealand Entomologist 10, n.º 1 (enero de 1987): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.1987.9722505.

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36

Davies, Jamie T., John E. Ireson y Geoff R. Allen. "The impact of gorse thrips, ryegrass competition, and simulated grazing on gorse seedling performance in a controlled environment". Biological Control 32, n.º 2 (febrero de 2005): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.10.007.

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37

Davies, Jamie T., John E. Ireson y Geoff R. Allen. "The impact of the gorse spider mite, Tetranychus lintearius, on the growth and development of gorse, Ulex europaeus". Biological Control 41, n.º 1 (abril de 2007): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.12.014.

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38

Iyer, Ajay, Lisa Guerrier, Salomé Leveque, Charles S. Bestwick, Sylvia H. Duncan y Wendy R. Russell. "High throughput method development and optimised production of leaf protein concentrates with potential to support the agri-industry". Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 16, n.º 1 (20 de noviembre de 2021): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11694-021-01136-w.

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AbstractInvasive plants offer an interesting and unconventional source of protein and the considerable investment made towards their eradication can potentially be salvaged through their revalorisation. To identify viable sources, effective and high-throughput screening methods are required, as well as efficient procedures to isolate these components. Rigorous assessment of low-cost, high-throughput screening assays for total sugar, phenolics and protein was performed, and ninhydrin, Lever and Fast Blue assays were found to be most suitable owing to high reliability scores and false positive errors less than 1%. These assays were used to characterise invasive Scottish plants such as Gorse (Ulex europeans), Broom (Cystisus scoparius) and Fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium). Protein extraction (alkali-, heat- and enzyme assisted) were tested on these plants, and further purification (acid and ethanol precipitation, as well as ultrafiltration) procedures were tested on Gorse, based on protein recovery values. Cellulase treatment and ethanol precipitation gave the highest protein recovery (64.0 ± 0.5%) and purity (96.8 ± 0.1%) with Gorse. The amino acid profile of the purified protein revealed high levels of essential amino acids (34.8 ± 0.0%). Comparison of results with preceding literature revealed a strong association between amino acid profiles and overall protein recovery with the extraction method employed. The final purity of the protein concentrates was closely associated to the protein content of the initial plant mass. Leaf protein extraction technology can effectively raise crop harvest indices, revalorise underutilised plants and waste streams.

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39

Bell, Nicholle G. A. y A. Ruth Godfrey. "Highlights from Faraday Discussion: Meeting Challenges in the Analysis of Complex Natural Mixtures, Edinburgh, UK". Chemical Communications 55, n.º 70 (2019): 10335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc90334h.

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Against a backdrop of the golden gorse covered volcano (extinct) illuminated with strong sunshine, 98 delegates from around the world gathered in the John McIntyre Conference Centre, The University of Edinburgh, to discuss the most challenging of analytical problems: complex mixtures.

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40

Balneaves, J. M. y B. J. Fredric. "Silwet M improves performance of glyphosate on gorse". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (8 de enero de 1988): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9881.

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41

Ledgard, N. y D. Rossiter. "Spread of gorse and broom seed by animals". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 50 (1 de agosto de 1997): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11380.

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42

Yamoah, Emmanuel, E. Eirian Jones, Graeme W. Bourdôt, David M. Suckling, Richard J. Weld y Alison Stewart. "Factors influencing pathogenicity ofFusarium tumidumon gorse (Ulex europaeus)". Biocontrol Science and Technology 18, n.º 8 (octubre de 2008): 779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150802340298.

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43

De Luis, Martin, José Raventós y José Carlos González-Hidalgo. "Post-fire vegetation succession in Mediterranean gorse shrublands". Acta Oecologica 30, n.º 1 (julio de 2006): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2006.01.005.

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44

Sullivan, N. J., L. M. Manning y K. C. Park. "Behavioural responses of Cydia succedana to plant volatiles". New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (8 de enero de 2013): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5682.

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The gorse pod moth Cydia succedana was released in New Zealand from Europe in 1992 as a biological control for gorse (Ulex europaeus) In this study the behavioural responses of the moth to lures containing different blends of plant volatiles identified from their host plants and through singlesensillum recordings were tested in a field trial at Chaneys Forest Canterbury Volatiles were placed on cotton wicks with or without the female sex pheromone of C succedana on rubber septa in delta traps Two different blends elicited behavioural responses indicated by trap catches Cydia succedana catches with the fourcomponent Blend 6pheromone lure were lower than with the pheromone alone The 10component Blend 4 lure caught more C succedana than any other blend when tested without the pheromone These results indicate the behavioural significance of host and nonhost plant volatiles and the relationship between the behaviourally active compounds and the profile of olfactory receptor neurons in C succedana

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45

González-Hidalgo, José Carlos, Martín De Luís, Josep Raventós, Jordi Cortina y Juán Rafael Sánchez. "Hydrological response of Mediterranean gorse shrubland under extreme rainfall simulation event". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 48, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2004): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/48/2004/293.

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46

Anderson, Stuart A. J. y Wendy R. Anderson. "Ignition and fire spread thresholds in gorse (Ulex europaeus)". International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, n.º 5 (2010): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09008.

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Field experiments were carried out in stands of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) in New Zealand to determine the conditions under which fires would both ignite and spread. Research and operational experience in shrub fuels suggest that there is a clear difference between conditions that support ignition only (fuel ignites but does not spread beyond a single bush or clump) and conditions that are conducive to fire spread (fuel ignites and develops into a spreading fire). It is important for fire management agencies to be equipped with knowledge of these thresholds, because the different conditions require different levels of preparedness and response. Results indicate that the major variable influencing both fire ignition and fire spread development in gorse is the moisture content of the elevated dead fine fuel layer. Fires were observed to spread successfully in this elevated fuel layer only, independently of the surface fuels and the near-surface fuels. Elevated dead fuels failed to ignite at a moisture content of greater than 36%, and ignition only resulted in a spreading fire at moisture contents below 19%. The results correlate well with field observations and fire practitioners’ experience in these fuels, and provide reliable guidelines for fire management planning.

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47

Balneaves, J. M. "Effect of herbicides on gorse in a dry year". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (8 de enero de 1985): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9457.

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48

Vanner, A. L. y J. W. Ray. "Effect of water volume on metsulfuron applied to gorse". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (8 de enero de 1988): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9887.

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49

Popay, A. I. "Emergence of gorse seedlings from a root-raked area". Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 43 (8 de enero de 1990): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1990.43.10893.

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50

Bourdôt, Graeme W., Jane Barton, Geoff A. Hurrell, Alison F. Gianotti y David J. Saville. "Chondrostereum purpureumandFusarium tumidumindependently reduce regrowth in gorse (Ulex europaeus)". Biocontrol Science and Technology 16, n.º 3 (febrero de 2006): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150500532014.

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