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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Glace de mer – Arctique – Mesure"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Glace de mer – Arctique – Mesure"
Eegeesiak, Okalik. "L’océan Arctique et la glace de mer sont notre Nuna". Chronique ONU 54, n.º 2 (28 de julio de 2017): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/aae2d19a-fr.
Texto completoMsadek, Rym, Gilles Garric, Sara Fleury, Florent Garnier, Lauriane Batté y Mitchell Bushuk. "Prévoir les variations saisonnières de la glace de mer arctique et leurs impacts sur le climat". La Météorologie, n.º 111 (2020): 024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0089.
Texto completoBotteron, Germain, Claude Gilbert, Clément Locat y James T. Gray. "Observations préliminaires sur la répartition du pergélisol dans le bassin de la grande rivière de la Baleine, Nouveau-Québec". Géographie physique et Quaternaire 33, n.º 3-4 (25 de enero de 2011): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000365ar.
Texto completoHétu, Bernard y James T. Gray. "Le modelé glaciaire du centre de la Gaspésie septentrionale, Québec". Géographie physique et Quaternaire 39, n.º 1 (29 de noviembre de 2007): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032584ar.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Glace de mer – Arctique – Mesure"
Gani, Sarah. "Analyse des processus physiques régissant les évolutions récentes de la banquise Arctique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS377.
Texto completoIn the Arctic, the consequences of global warming are stronger than anywhere else on the planet : the increase in air temperature over the last two decades is more than twice the average increase, according to the latest IPCC report. The evolution of the ice pack is a prime example of these changes. We observe a significant decrease in sea ice cover, associated with a loss of volume in all seasons. The sea ice becomes younger, more breakable, and more mobile. These changes in sea ice have brought the Arctic into a new state where air/snow/ice/ocean interactions are altered and difficult to apprehend. More observations and efficient numerical models are required to better understand and predict these changes and to correctly simulate the interactions between sea ice and the other components that control the Arctic climate. In this climate change context, the objective of this thesis is to analyze observations mainly collected in winter by IAOOS -Ice Atmosphere Arctic Ocean Observing System- drifting buoys (equipped with SIMBAs -SAMS Ice Mass Balance for the Arctic-), to understand which processes determine the recent Arctic sea ice evolution. We confront these analyses with numerical simulations made from the one-dimensional ice and snow model LIM1D (Louvain-la-Neuve sea Ice Model)
Soriot, Clément. "Caractérisation de la banquise Arctique à partir d'observations micro-ondes multi-satellites". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS451.
Texto completoSea ice plays a major role in ocean circulation as well as in the climate and weather system. In the context of global warming, the extent of the Arctic sea ice has been decreasing steadily over the last 40 years and monitoring of the Arctic is essential. Microwave instruments on board satellites allow the study of this region of the Earth under all weather conditions, and regardless of the day/night cycle. Particularly suited over polar regions with high cloud cover and a six-month polar night, microwave satellite provide key observations for estimating geophysical parameters of the sea ice. Nevertheless, the understanding of the physics underlying the observed microwave signatures is still partial. This thesis aims at improving our understanding of the microwave signals of the sea ice and is part of the preparation of two upcoming Earth observation missions led by the European Space Agency: the Copernicus Imager Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) and the Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography ALtimeter (CRISTAL). In a first part, the covariabilities of passive microwave signals, highlighted by an unsupervised classification technique, will be analyzed and interpreted jointly with active microwave signals, using a microwave radiative transfer model. The results showed that it is possible to identify specific behaviors of sea ice concentration and thickness, and snow structure. The importance of metamorphism within the snowpack for the interpretation of passive microwave signals was highlighted. In a second part, an algorithm for estimating sea ice thickness from passive microwave observations was developed using an artificial intelligence technique. The results were compared to in situ sea ice thickness measurements and also showed good performance compared to other satellite-based sea ice thickness products. By applying the algorithm to a long collection of intercalibrated satellite data, a time series of Arctic sea ice thickness was constructed between 1992 and 2020, making it the longest to date. A final section deals with microwave altimetry techniques for measuring geophysical parameters of the sea ice. The sensitivity of microwave altimetry waveforms to the thickness of the snow cover of the Arctic sea ice is analyzed
Randall, Kevin. "La glace de mer arctique : Source ou puits d'oxyde nitreux?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27428/27428.pdf.
Texto completoNitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas which also plays a role in stratospheric ozone depletion. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the presence of N2O in Arctic sea ice, and to quantify the impact of this potential source to the atmosphere. Bulk concentrations of N2O in the bottom 10 cm of the sea ice and in the underlying surface waters were measured in the Beaufort Sea from March to April 2008. Our sea ice measurements revealed low N2O bulk concentrations with N2O being consistently undersaturated with respect to the underlying surface water (ca. 40% saturation) and the atmosphere (ca. 30% saturation). The most plausible mechanism to explain the low N2O sea ice concentrations is a loss of N2O via brine rejection during sea ice formation in autumn and winter. Sea ice could thus act as a source of N2O via brine rejection during sea ice formation in autumn and winter.
Chevallier, Matthieu y Matthieu Chevallier. "Prévisibilité saisonnière de la glace de mer de l'océan Arctique". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00806125.
Texto completoChevallier, Matthieu. "Prévisibilité saisonnière de la glace de mer de l'océan Arctique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1117/document.
Texto completoSea ice experiences some major changes in the early 21st century. The recent decline of the summer Arctic sea ice extent, reaching an all-time record low in September 2012, has woken renewed interest in this remote marine area. Sea ice seasonal forecasting is a challenge of operational oceanography that could benefit to several stakeholders : fishing, energy, research, tourism. Moreover, sea ice is a boundary condition of the atmosphere. As such, as tropical sea surface temperature, it may drive some atmosphere seasonal predictability. The goal of this PhD work was to set up a dedicated Arctic sea ice seasonal forecasting system, using CNRM-CM5.1 coupled climate model. We address the initialization strategy, the creation and the evaluation of the hindcasts (or re-forecasts). In contrast to sea ice concentration, very few thickness data are available over the whole Arctic ocean. In order to initialize sea ice and the ocean dynamically and thermodynamically, we used the ocean-sea ice component of CNRM-CM5.1, named NEMO-GELATO, in forced mode. The initialization run is a forced simulation driven by ERA-Interim forcing over the period 1990-2010. Corrections based on satellite data and in-situ measurements leads to skilful simulation of the ocean and sea ice mean state and interannual variability. Sea ice thickness seems overall underestimated, based on the most recent estimates. Some characteristics of sea ice inherent predictability are then addressed. A diagnostic potential predictability study allowed us to identify two regimes of predictability using sea ice volume and the ice thickness distribution. The first one is the 'persistence regime', for winter sea ice area. March sea ice area is potentially predictable up to 3 months in advance using simple persistence, and surface covered by thin ice to a lesser extent. The second one is the 'memory regime', for summer sea ice area. September sea ice area is potentially predictable up to 6 months in advance using volume and to a greater extent the area covered by relatively thick ice. These results suggest that a comprehensive winter volume and thickness initialization could improve the summer forecasts. Summer and winter seasonal hindcasts shows very encouraging skills, in terms of raw and detrended anomalies. These skills suggest a predicatibility from initial conditions besides predictability due to the trend. Summer forecasts analysis shows that the volume and the ice thickess distribution explains a high fraction of the variance of predicted sea ice extent, which confirms the existence of the 'memory regime'. Winter forecasts also suggest the 'persistence regime'. A regional investigation of the winter hindcast helps precising the role of the ocean in the forecasts, and shows to what extent our system predictions could be used operationally, especially in the Barents Sea
Cusset, Fanny. "Importance de la glace de mer pour les oiseaux marins arctiques". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36971.
Texto completoIn the Arctic, sea ice sets the clock for marine productivity. This includes two consecutive pulses of primary producers, sea-ice algae and phytoplankton, that constitute the basis of marine food webs and provide the energy transferred to higher trophic levels. As such, any change affecting Arctic sea-ice will have strong implications on the phenology of primary producers, and cascading effects on all other trophic levels. Previous studies demonstrated the potential of Highly Branched Isoprenoid biomarkers (HBIs) to quantify the relative contributions of the two pools of primary producers to higher trophic levels. Here, we combined HBIs with stable isotopesto (i) evaluate if and how much arctic seabird rely on sea ice, and (ii) determine if changes in sea ice affect their feeding ecology and reproductive performance. We focused on two Arctic species exhibiting contrasting ecologies: the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). For each species, 60 eggs were collected on Prince Leopold Island (Canadian Arctic) during years of highly contrasting ice conditions (2010-2013). Eggs were analysed for HBI distributions, isotopic (carbon and nitrogen) and energetic compositions. Results showed that murres were closely linked to sea ice and heavily relied on ice-associated prey. Sea ice presence was beneficial for murres’ reproductive performance, with larger and more energetic eggs laid during icier years. In contrast, fulmars did not exhibit a clear association with sympagic communities. Even large changes in sea ice did not seem to affect their feeding ecology or their reproductive performance. Murres therefore appear more vulnerable to changes and may become the losers of future climate shifts in the Arctic, while more resilient species such as fulmars might make the most of the situation. Overall, our study emphasises the importance of combining different biomarkers to better understand the importance of sympagic resources for top predators within changing Arctic marine ecosystems
Guerreiro, Kévin. "Amélioration des estimations d'épaisseur de glace de mer arctique par altimétrie spatiale". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30277.
Texto completoSatellite observations have shown that the arctic sea ice extent has strongly decreased during the last 40 years, with a clear increase of the shrinking since the 90's. While the mechanisms responsible for this accelerated shrinking are relatively well known, sea ice models do not clearly reproduce the observed extent variations. This inaccurate representation is generally attributed to a misunderstanding of the arctic system climate feedbacks. Among these feedbacks, we seek to study one of them in particular: the sea ice thinning. Sea ice thinning is generally associated with an earlier seasonal melt as well as an increase in sea ice export; both tend to accelerate the sea ice retreat. A good representation of sea ice thickness is therefore necessary to improve our understanding of the arctic sea ice extent variations observed during the last decades. Unlike sea ice extent data, there are currently no pan-Arctic sea ice thickness observations covering a large period (> 20 years). However, several studies have demonstrated the potential of satellite altimetry to retrieve sea ice thickness at a basin scale. To measure sea ice thickness from radar altimetry, the "freeboard" technique is generally employed. This methodology consists of estimating the thickness of the emerged sea ice (freeboard) from radar altimetry and then converting this measurement to sea ice thickness, using an equation for the hydrostatic equilibrium that exists between the snow covered sea ice and the ocean. The freeboard methodology has been applied to diverse altimetric missions (ERS-2, Envisat and CryoSat-2) since 1995 and should allow the retrieval of more than 20 years of pan-Arctic ice thickness. However, the previous estimates of sea ice thickness are data shorter than 6 years in duration. This absence of a long ice thickness time series is mostly due to the difficulty in providing continuity between the different altimetric missions (conventional altimetry/SAR altimetry) as well as to the uncertainties related to the freeboard-to-thickness conversion. In this context, this thesis makes an analysis of the freeboard inter-mission biases and improves the freeboard-to-thickness conversion in order to produce long term ice thickness estimates. To achieve these goals, a thorough analysis of the interaction between the radar signal and the sea ice parameters (snow, roughness, etc) is performed. The analysis of the radar signal physics over sea ice allows to derive the longest time series of arctic sea ice thickness ever established to this day (2002-2016). The analysis of this time series shows that sea ice has thinned from 0.013(± 0.09) m/year in average during the 2002-2016 period. The ice thinning is mainly attributed to the loss of perennial sea ice that occurred during the same period while the high uncertainty associated with this trend is associated to the important inter-annual variability of arctic sea ice thickness
Côté, Jean-Sébastien. "Flux biologiques d'azote dans la glace de mer de l'archipel Arctique canadien". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26544.
Texto completoL'objectif principal de cette étude était de quantifier, à la base de la glace de mer de première année dans l’archipel Arctique canadien, la variabilité spatiale des principales réactions biologiques du cycle de l'azote, soit l'assimilation du nitrate et de l'ammonium, la nitrification, l'ammonification et la fixation de N₂ afin d’en comparer les taux et de les relier à la variabilité des conditions environnementales du milieu. Les flux d'azote quantifiés ont démontré une grande variabilité selon les conditions biologiques, physiques et chimiques de la glace. La productivité du milieu, estimée par la concentration en biomasse, modulait un grand nombre de ces flux, dont l’intensité relative était généralement semblable pour l'ensemble des sites échantillonnés malgré la variabilité des conditions environnementales. L’ammonification s’est avérée particulièrement importante, favorisant une assimilation conséquente de l’ammonium et une production essentiellement régénérée. Les résultats de cette étude approfondissent la compréhension des mécanismes régulant les flux biologiques d’azote dans la glace de mer et pourront servir à l’élaboration de scénarios futurs en resserrant la paramétrisation des modèles biogéochimiques.
Germe, Agathe. "Variabilité de la glace de mer en mer du Groenland : liens avec les forçages atmosphériques et océaniques à l'échelle interannuelle". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066629.
Texto completoMaksimovich, Elena. "L' impact des conditions météorologiques sur la variabilité de démarrage de la fonte sur la glace de mer en Arctique centrale". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066033.
Texto completoTiming of spring Snow Melt Onset (SMO) on Arctic sea ice strongly affects the heat accumulation in snow and ice during the short melt season. This summertime heat uptake is quasi-linearly and inversely proportional to the remnant ice volume by the end of the melt season. On top of sea ice SMO timing, as well as its interannual and regional variations are controlled by surface heat fluxes. Anomalously early (delayed) SMO is due to large and early (weak and retarded) heat accumulation within the snowpack. Satellite passive microwave (SSM/I) observations show that the \textit{apparent} Melt Onset (MO) varies by 20-30 days interannually and over 25-50 km distance. These apparent MO records appear to be a complex blend of SMO on sea ice and sea ice opening due to divergent ice drift. We extracted SMO out of the apparent MO record using sea ice concentration data. Applying 20-year ERA Interim reanalysis of radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes we examined how well the heat fluxes reflect the variations in SMO. Anomalies of heat fluxes in the pre-melt period explained a significant portion of the interannual and spatial variations in SMO within the central Arctic. The main term was the downward longwave radiation locally accounting for up to 90\% of the temporal SMO variations. The role of the latent and sensible heat fluxes in earlier/later SMO was not to bring more/less heat to the surface but to reduce/enhance the surface heat loss. Solar radiation alone was not an important factor for SMO timing. Anomalies in surface fluxes were examined also in relation to meteorological conditions. 20-year MO and SMO trends are towards earlier spring melt in the central Arctic Ocean
Libros sobre el tema "Glace de mer – Arctique – Mesure"
Sophie, Bobbé, ed. Banquises: Les Inuit et l'infini arctique. Paris: Editions Autrement, 1999.
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