Tesis sobre el tema "Gestion des crédits carbone"
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Laaraj, Marroi. "Blockchain et écosystèmes d'affaires durables : la création de valeur à travers l'Intégrité Inter-organisationnelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UMOND018.
Texto completoBlockchain technology has garnered increasing attention, being identified by organizations and institutions as a potentially transformative technology for addressing environmental challenges, including carbon credit management. This technology, which enables secure and transparent transactions through a distributed and immutable ledger, could contribute to the development of more sustainable business ecosystems. While blockchain has been studied in various organizational contexts, its role in strengthening inter-organizational integrity within sustainable business ecosystems remains relatively unexplored. Meanwhile, research on sustainable business ecosystems and their digital transformation continues to grow, particularly in light of the climate emergency highlighted by the IPCC.This doctoral dissertation, comprising 5 chapters, is situated at the intersection of information systems, strategic management, and sustainable development. The primary objective is to examine how blockchain can contribute to the development of sustainable business ecosystems through the following research question: How can the diffusion and adoption of blockchain platforms contribute to the development of sustainable business ecosystems?To address this research question, we first studied the role of consulting firms in blockchain diffusion through 14 semi-structured interviews. Subsequently, we conducted a systematic literature review (83 articles) to map blockchain applications in business ecosystems. Finally, we carried out an explanatory case study of Carbonable, a blockchain platform dedicated to carbon credit management, through 17 interviews.This thesis aims to contribute to stakeholder theory by exploring how blockchain can facilitate new forms of engagement in sustainability contexts. It offers insights into the conceptualization of inter-organizational integrity in blockchain ecosystems and suggests analytical elements regarding the articulation between instrumental and normative approaches to stakeholder management. From a practical perspective, it presents recommendations for blockchain implementation, considering both technical and organizational aspects
Rigobert, Marie-Josèphe. "La Gestion des crédits clients : un moyen de prévenir les défaillances des entreprises". Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010048.
Texto completoSmondel, Aymen. "Comment les banques octroient les crédits aux PME ?" Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/8003.
Texto completoThe recommendations of Basel II impose to banks the use of the "hard" information in the decision making process of SMEs loans. These banks must choose between replacing the "soft" information, already used, by the "hard" information and combining the two forms of information. This thesis explores the various elements that can influence this choice and tries to get the effect of this choice on the bank performance. Since, the cost of information is a fundamental element to adopt this choice; we tried to represent a measure to this cost of information. This cost is based on the time required for the collection and processing of the information. It turns out that the use of "hard" information decreases the flexibility of banks to grant loans to SMEs, for this purpose we tried to examine the different elements that influence the decision-making. We tried to integrate the nature of information among the elements studied. The results show a positive relationship between credit availability and the use of "soft" information. Information asymmetry is a major handicap for banks to distinguish between different types of borrower so the decision of rationing can penalize the good borrowers. Banks, which fear the loss of their customers, are looking to find a solution to this situation: they adopt new activities in search to make profits from riskier loans. The latest study of our thesis tries to show the effect of such services on the volume of loans granted and the net interest margin. Keywords: "soft" information, "hard" information, bank-SME relationship, information asymmetries, credit rationing, new services, non-interest income
Pasqual, Janaina Camile. "Projetos de bioenergia e créditos de carbono". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/95604.
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A preocupação com as questões ambientais está incitando o desenvolvimento das empresas com bases sustentáveis, promovendo a busca por um novo modelo de crescimento econômico que alie seus resultados à preservação do meio ambiente. A suinocultura é uma atividade econômica importante e representativa no estado de Santa Catarina. Apesar de seu potencial poluidor, a atividade pode, por meio de uma gestão ambiental bem conduzida, diminuir seus impactos ao meio ambiente e, com esta ação, gerar lucros aos produtores, com a geração de bioenergia e comercialização de créditos de carbono. Neste contexto, apresentar-se-á um modelo de gestão ambiental realizado em uma unidade produtora de leitões, localizada em Videira, oeste de Santa Catarina, que desenvolve sua atividade de forma diferenciada na suinocultura, sendo considerada referência nacional no desenvolvimento da suinocultura com bases sustentáveis. Por meio de levantamento de dados na propriedade, constatou-se que uma gestão ambiental eficaz reduziu significativamente o passivo ambiental do empreendimento e transformou os dejetos dos animais em energia elétrica, por meio de geração distribuída de energia (projeto piloto no estado), e terá mais uma receita com os créditos de carbono advindos do seu projeto de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo. Com os resultados obtidos na propriedade é possível afirmar que a produção de suínos pode ser desenvolvida com bases sustentáveis, ou seja, de forma economicamente viável, socialmente justa e ambientalmente correta, ainda mais se houver um Cadastro Técnico Multifinalitário consistente para facilitar a tomada de decisão. Este modelo de gestão pode ser replicado em outros setores empresariais.
The concern about environmental issues has prompted companies# development in sustainable bases, promoting a new model of economic growth that aligns good production results with environment preservation. The swine production is a large and representative economic activity in the state of Santa Catarina - Brazil. Despite its polluter potential, the activity can, through an efficient land management, reduce its impacts on the environment and generate profits for producers, through bioenergy generation and carbon credits sale. In this context, this study will present an environmental management model performed in a swine production located in the western state of Santa Catarina, which develops its activity in a different way, being considered a national reference in swine production with sustainable bases. Through a data collection on the property, it was concluded that an effective environmental management reduced significantly the environmental liabilities and transformed the animal wastes into distributed power generation and carbon credits, which are generated from its Clean Development Mechanism project. With the results obtained on the property, it is possible to affirm that the swine production can be developed on a sustainable basis, ie, economically viable, socially responsible and environmentally sound, especially if there is a consistent Multipurpose Technical Cadastre to facilitate decision making. This management model can be replicated to other business sectors.
KAJJI, ABDELLAH. "Gestion du carbone chez le jeune noyer". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF21353.
Texto completoGeoffroy, François. "La place de l'informel dans une organisation bancaire : application à l'octroi de crédits aux entreprises". Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30053.
Texto completoFew studies have been interested in the role of the informal in banking organizations specialized in the Firms market. However they are just like any other organization with human and informal aspect. The aim of this thesis is to detect and identify the informal elements that influence the decision-making process of bankers in matters of credit. First we present surveys about the informal in management sciences and then those dealing with informal, irrational and hypocritical behaviours in organizations and show that they can and must be integrated into the banking system. After this we present two studies: a participant-observation in a French bank and a content analysis of semi-structured and structured interviews of bankers. Research findings show that the bankers do not only base their decision-making on hard and financial information (i. E. Balance sheets and financial rates) but that they especially use informal elements such as the confidence and credibility of company director, the banking history, the management of the company-customer and the honour one’s commitments, etc. We conclude that banks must be aware of the importance of managing this informal dimension in order to serve the banking organization and the relationship between banks and firms
Fonseca, Filho Luiz Alberto Façanha. "Modelo de gestão econômico-ambiental por remuneração de serviços ambientais por créditos de carbono, no município de Presidente Figueiredo/AM, com simulação de SAFS". Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2012. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2534.
Texto completoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Carbon Credits are an important instrument of payment for environmental services. Although sustainable activities generally focus on carbon sequestration, they produce numerous other environmental services, such as rainfall cycle, biodiversity, soil fertility, etc. A model of economic-environmental management is proposed in this dissertation to give economic incentives to local producers and investors, in order to promote the production of environmental services. The tool for the generation of these services will be the SAF (Agroforestry System), although this model can be applied to other sustainable activities that aim both to the preservation of native forests, or the recovery of degraded areas. The simulation of the model considers the city of Presidente Figueiredo, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Two investment funds, managed by an finance institution, will be created. The Investment Fund for Families aims to pay the local farmers, for the environmental services provided, during the first years of production of SAF, while local producers do not receive any income from perennial crops. The Buyer s Security Fund aims to ensure the return of the investment paid by the buyers of environmental services. The exercise performed, simulating a SAF of an hectare with 370 trees, 16 quarterly payments of R$ 78.05 per hectare, or R$ 0.2109 per tree, can be made. From the 5th year on, no other payments for environmental services will be made, while local farmers will have only the income from their SAF. From the 7th year on, the local farmers will be able to pay for new trees, in new areas. The model will have a cycle of 18 years. At the end of the cycle the buyers, of environmental services, will receive the amount of R$6.84, from the Buyer s Security Fund; and the amount from the sale of the carbon credits, after the mentioned 18 years.
Créditos de carbono representam um importante instrumento de pagamentos por serviços ambientais. Embora foquem no seqüestro de carbono, as atividades sustentáveis que recebem investimentos por créditos de carbono produzem inúmeros outros serviços ambientais, tais como: ciclo de chuvas, biodiversidade, fertilidade do solo, etc. Propõe-se a criação de um modelo de gestão econômico-ambiental que dê incentivos econômicos a pequenos produtores locais e a investidores, com o intuito de fomentar a produção de serviços ambientais. A ferramenta para a geração destes serviços será o SAF (Sistema Agroflorestal), embora este modelo possa ser aplicado em outras atividades sustentáveis que objetivem tanto à preservação de áreas nativas, quanto à recuperação de áreas degradadas. São analisadas as condicionantes de risco de investimentos e geração de serviços ambientais. A simulação do modelo será aplicada no município de Presidente Figueiredo, no interior do Estado brasileiro do Amazonas. Serão criados dois fundos de investimentos, gerenciados por um agente de custódia. O Fundo de Investimentos às Famílias visa a pagar aos produtores locais, valores pertinentes ao serviço ambiental prestado, durante os primeiros anos de produção do SAF, enquanto os produtores locais não auferem renda alguma das culturas perenes. O Fundo de Segurança do Comprador visa a assegurar o retorno do investimento aplicado pelo comprador de serviços ambientais. Pelo exercício realizado, simulando um SAF de um hectare com 370 árvores (e/ou touceiras), é possível realizar 16 pagamentos trimestrais de R$78,05, por hectare, ou R$0,2109 por árvore. A partir do 5º ano, o pagamento por serviços ambientais é interrompido, dando lugar, somente, à renda auferida com a comercialização dos produtos do SAF. A partir do 7º ano, os agricultores poderão pagar pelo plantio de novas árvores em outros hectares. O modelo terá um ciclo de 18 anos. Ao final do ciclo será pago, ao comprador de serviços ambientais, ao valor presente, R$6,84 oriundos do Fundo de Segurança do Comprador; mais o valor que fora investido inicialmente, oriundo da comercialização dos créditos de carbono, admitindo-se a variação dos preços dos créditos de carbono, no tempo.
Kala, Kamdjoug Jean Robert. "Aide à la décision pour la gestion des micro-crédits en Afrique : application à la sélection des CVECA au refinancement". Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0110.
Texto completoThe evaluation of microfinance institutions and the decision-making in the management of "microcrédits" are the motivations af these works. To bring solutions to these problems, we have developped a multicriteria decision aid methodology. This methodology aimed to perform "selection/elimination" tasks on objects in a multiactor context, where several points of view can be expressed. The methodology is composed of three stages. Initially, we determine the individual decision strategies of each expert. They are represented by "if then" rules. The second stages consists of computing a set rules, which takes into account the various decision strategies. Then we have a kind of "epistemic decision maker". This operation structures the decision space into three ordered zones : one for elimination, one for selection and the last one for doubt when the decision makers do not converge sufficiently. The third stage of our method provides a recommendationdecision makers when a new action is presented. Therefore, the classification of a new action is made easily for the first two zones. We propose a new decision aid method to perform recommendations for actions located in the doubt zone. This methodology is applied in Cameroon for the microfinance institutions selection process for refinancing in the PCRD (Projet Crédit Rural décentralisé), a decentralized rural credit project. It can be extended to other contexts and problems where several decision makers cooperate to make tasks of judgement on actions described by several ordinal qualitative criteria
Gonçalves, José Júlio Valente da Silva. "Carbon markets efficiency : an empirical study on the key price determinants of the EU ETS from 2009 to 2016". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18043.
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This work project is an empirical study on the key price driven factors of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. The research examines the prices on the secondary market, from 2009 until 2016, comprehending the second and third phases of the program, performed with an Ordinary Least Squares regression. The independent variables under the scope of this project are not only energy based, but also structured spreads, economic growth proxies and a temperature dispersion indices.First, the results are due to respect of the whole period to present a global picture of the main determinants on the carbon price changes then, the sample is divided according with institutional measures to avoid over allocation and price instability. Evidence suggests the impact of energy-related variables such as Brent, Coal and the Power Price in Germany and in the U.K. on the price of European Union Allowances, especially during the 3rd phase of the scheme. Moreover, fluctuations in the coefficients and in the explanatory variables are highly related with institutional changes on the European program.
Este projeto é um estudo empírico sobre os principais fatores que afetam o preço do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da União Europeia. A pesquisa examina os preços no mercado secundário, de 2009 até 2016, compreendendo a segunda e terceira fases do programa, através do método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários. As variáveis independentes no âmbito deste projeto não são apenas baseadas na energia, mas também spreads estruturados, aproximações do crescimento económico e índices de dispersão de temperatura. Inicialmente, é analisado todo o período de forma a apresentar uma imagem global dos principais determinantes sobre as mudanças de preços de carbono e, em seguida, a amostra é dividida de acordo com medidas institucionais para evitar a alocação e instabilidade de preços. Os resultados sugerem o impacto das variáveis energéticas, como o preço indicativo dos contractos futuros de Brent, carvão e de energia na Alemanha e no Reino Unido, sobre o preço dos subsídios da União Europeia, especialmente durante a 3ª fase do regime. Posteriormente, as flutuações nos coeficientes e nas variáveis explicativas aparentam estar altamente relacionadas com as mudanças institucionais no programa europeu.
Le, Breton Morgane. "Performativité de la comptabilité carbone : de la construction des règles aux dispositifs de management du carbone". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM055/document.
Texto completoSince sustainable development has spread, management tools have been developed in companies in order to tackle this problem. For climate change, the goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To do that, carbon markets, carbon taxation and limits of emissions are traditional policy tools. Less known, carbon accounting has been developed in order to assess greenhouse gas emissions, make it visible and therefore to make it possible to reduce them. However carbon accounting’s effects remain mostly unknown. In this thesis, I address collective action problem around this tool in a managerial perspective. Therefore I tackle carbon accounting's performativity by analyzing hidden model which is embedded in it and by studying its managerial effects. My methodology rests upon a qualitative research by using case studies specifically. I explain first that there are different logics behind the common term “carbon accounting”: an engineering and a financial one. Managerial effects are also varied: a strategy oriented toward the emission reduction is sometimes settled but mostly other effects are created (claim for more and more transparency, etc.). Finally I propose theoretical contributions (performativity), empirical ones (ADEME and companies’ reflections) and methodological ones (performativity analysis through managerial tools)
Bellassen, Valentin. "Gestion forestière et cycle du carbone : apports de la modélisation à large échelle et de la télédétection". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066361.
Texto completoEyrignoux, Bouloux Angélique. "Le principe de bonne gestion financière dans le droit de l'Union européenne". Toulouse 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU10033.
Texto completoIntroduced in the treaties of Rome to answer the expressed concerns of the founder states to see their financial contributions correctly used, the principle of sound financial management has quickly appeared as a principle to be defined. Although developed from the concept of profitability well known in German law, the principle of sound financial management continue to be a special concept of European law and which can not be compared to any law of the founder States. Initially neither defined nor limited the sound and efficient management has been expressed for a long time before to be established by the European Union treaty. This evolution is concomitant to the European financial one, consequence of reforms enforcement. In this context, the interinstitutional agreements in financial matters have played an important role. Their content and their application have served to develop some measures enhancing the principle and amongst, the budget discipline. From its establishment and its development in the law of the European Union, the principle of sound financial management has reinforced the setting of the institutional reforms. The first has been initiated in 1995 and known as the acronym SEM 2000 bears witness to that. Handed over by the administrative reform initiated by the Commission in 2000, the financial management reform has taken part in a broader movement, the remodelling of the European governance
Leconte, Arnaud. "Combler l'écart entre la gestion de l'information et du risque social : : le marché européen du carbone, un modèle pour un marché global du carbone?" Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0012.
Texto completoThe development of a new emerging market of carbon emission rights, the EU ETS (European Trading Scheme), since 2005 represents the first empirical attempt to capture new information (the carbon price) in climate risk management. A future global and efficent carbon price set by the market system assumes the existence of financial and technological transfer mechanisms to developing countries under the equity principle. The fair distribution of resources and risks is critical in the carbon market, and issues of equity are central to securing a global action programme to deal with climate change. Most economic studies consider that the carbon market is superior to other instruments (such as the carbon tax) in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. Formal modelisation in economics focuses on neo-classical models where perfect information is assumed. However, even a small amount of information imperfection has a profound effect on the nature of the equilibrium. The loss of confidence in the market mechanism observed in the current crisis leads to propose a new way of analysing financial markets. Under a framework of interactions between imperfect information and speculative flows, the new model developed in the present thesis, called PRISME, identifies and addresses the six key functions of financial markets: Price, Risk, Incentives, Social, Multiplier and Effectiveness. .
Rogeon, Hervé. "Influence de la gestion des sols sur la structure et la dynamique du carbone organique". Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Rogeon-Herve/2010-Rogeon-Herve-These.pdf.
Texto completoCarbon dioxide sequestration in plant and carbon storage in soil and biomass could be considered as a complementary solution against the increase in concentration of gases responsible for climate change. The aim of this work is to understand the mechanisms of organic matter stabilization in the deepest horizons of soils. The influence of landuse, minerals and amendment with organic matter (compost) on the carbon dynamic has been studied. Four soils representing different landuses (grassland, forest and arable soil) were characterized. The organic matter decreases in amount with depth and becomes more refractory. The relatively high amount of organic matter in deep horizons is probably related to the strong presence of clays and to the low biological activity. The different vegetations seem to influence strongly the quantity of soil organic carbon while affecting slightly its quality. Indeed, the structural study of organic matter shows weak differences whereas the amount of carbon and lipids are more important in arable soil. The study of organomineral associations revealed that the bacterial contribution is more important in fine fractions. Amendment with organic matter of an arable soil affects the biological activity and improves its structural stability. The distribution of the different forms of organic matter has been modified and the presence of molecules originating from the compost in lipids and humic substances show an incorporation of exogenous carbon
Heraut-Bron, Vinciane. "Qualité de la lumière (rapport RC:RS) : gestion du carbone et morphogenèse chez le trèfle blanc". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL063N.
Texto completoWasilewski, Mélanie. "Contribution à la connaissance du carbone pour la gestion de portefeuille : implication pour le coût des capitaux propres". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025BORD0001.
Texto completoFrom a financial point of view, the carbon metric is complex to define and measure. Nevertheless, carbon plays a major role in investors' analysis and decision-making strategies, as it has a direct influence on the valuation of companies. The literature shows that the cost of carbon has a significant influence on the cost of equity. This link allows us to set out three major hypotheses based on risk modulation, the search for legitimacy and investor preference. We were able to identify various types of carbon indicator. Our work then consists of associating these hypotheses with the indicators in order to identify different portfolio management strategies. Such strategies are guided by investors' intentions, which vary according to their personal commitment, their level of constraint and their environment. Investors then legitimate their portfolio mix on the basis of different assessments of this data. We show that carbon data modifies the cost of equity capital for European companies listed on the STOXX 600 index. We use the Fama and French model extended to carbon in order to identify the differences between brown and green stocks. In addition, we found that carbon performance is assessed differently depending on the business sector. This finding encourages investors to identify and choose companies that are committed to reducing their carbon emissions, thereby reducing their cost of capital
Martineau, Yann. "Modélisation des successions post-culturales : application à la gestion durable des agro-écosystèmes des hautes Andes tropicales". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112120.
Texto completoThe traditional cropping system of the high tropical Andes alternates short cropping periods and long fallows. Demographic growth induced an intensification with hazardous consequences (loss of fertility and biodiversity). The European project TROPANDES studied the agro-ecological processes that control soil fertility to give a basis for a sustainable alternative. The natural vegetation colonizing fallow plots is incorporated to the ground at crop start. Therefore we built a biogeochemical model of plant succession to account for the accumulation of biomass during fallow. FAPROM (Fallow Production Model) describes a multi-layer mixture of six species in competition for light and mineral nitrogen. It simulates various processes: photosynthesis at a hourly time step; assimilates allocation, respiration, tissue mortality, nitrogen absorption and nitrogen fixation at a daily time-step; and reproduction at a yearly time step. The model was applied to two particular sites: the wet paramo (Venezuela) and the semi-arid puna (Bolivia). Simulations show the importance of matter turnover (respiration, senescence) to estimate plant growth, vegetation dynamics and ecosystem primary production. Vegetation dynamics and ecosystem functioning depend on initial conditions (seed bank) and on resources (water and nitrogen). The model helps quantifying the relative importance of the processes that control the nitrogen balance under several scenarios (with or without legumes)
Gavard, Claire. "Analyse Economique des Mécanismes Possibles de Couplage du Marché Carbone Européen avec les Pays Emergents". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01057084.
Texto completoHerfurth, Damien. "Impact des pratiques de gestion sur le stockage du Carbone dans le sol des écosystèmes prairiaux". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22589/document.
Texto completoThe fast increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, due to human activities is consider as the main cause of actual climate change. Terrestrial ecosystem are considered as a huge "sink" of C and may contribute to decrease greenhouse gases. Permanent grasslands cover 40% of land and their soil may contribute to sequester C (GIEC 2001). However, the processes involved and their regulations remain to be specified. The aim of the thesis was to analyze the effect of grazing management on soil C storage. This analysis was made from data acquired on two long term permanent grassland sites (SOERE ACBB) and by studying C fluxes between the different agroecosystem compartments under different grazing intensities for i) estimating our capacity to measure soil C storage after 10 years of grazing treatments by comparing two methods (soil inventories vs net carbon storage measurements), ii) to provide knowledge on the mechanisms and regulations affecting the dynamics of soil C sequestration. Comparing results of both methods, measurements indicated a net C sequestration in soil, with an average sequestration rate of 2.21 t C ha-1 yr-1 and 2.29 t C ha-1 year-1 and no significant difference between treatment but a tendency to a higher sequestration with more intensive management. Each method provides access to different information. The approach with flux towers allows a better understanding of the role and interactions between climate and practices on C fluxes in grasslands. Soil inventories showed carbon is store in deeper soil layers. While plant communities have evolved as a result of differentiated grazing treatments, measurements show no changes in total C stocks and particulate organic matter. Analysis of C fluxes after 7 years of differentiate grazing treatments, showed that treatments with low or zero grazing intensity led to a reduction of carbon fluxes between the compartments of the continuum of degradation, while carbon stocks in roots and POM were not affected by treatments. A complementary study conducted to estimate root production indicates that the response of roots (stocks and production) and stocks of particulate organic matter may be partly decoupled from the response of the aerial vegetation compartment. This study indicates that a more integrative approach on ecosystem functioning is necessary to increase our ability to predict the impact of management practices on C storage in grassland
Ribeiro, Lauro André. "Gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos com geração de energia : o Projeto Ecoparque de Porto Alegre". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13833.
Texto completoThe final destination of municipal solid waste has become a problem to be solved. Many projects of municipal solid waste energetic valorization have been implemented with success in many countries. Seeking to develop a similar experience in Porto Alegre, Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras S.A. (ELETROBRÁS), CGTEE and The Porto Alegre City Hall (represented by DMLU – Municipal Urban Solid Waste Department) carried a study, finished in November 2004, that showed technical, economical, social and environmental viability of building a plant to treat municipal solid waste through anaerobic digestion named Ecoparque Project. Since then the project is halted. If the concieved project for Porto Alegre presented viability, had institutions ready to put the project into practice, it would soothe the final destination of waste problem, why it was not implemented? To clarify this question, it was made a literature revision followed by interviews with the main actors involed with the development of the project and with the decision makers, to verify possible obstacles of this project. Nine people were interviewed in this research because they worked on this Ecoparque Project or because they have knowledge about municipal solid waste management. Results shown that political reasons and lack of public information had an important role in halting this project.
Kohler, Caroline. "Fonctionnement des communautés végétales et stocks de carbone en prairies bas-normandes". Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2073.
Texto completoGrasslands are recognized for their high potential to mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations through carbon (C) storage in soils. At the interface between the soil and the atmosphere, plant communities constitute a key component driving C inputs and C outputs in the ecosystem. This work aims to determine the impact of the functional composition of plant communities on C stocks and C distribution in grasslands, and to assess the underlying mechanisms. We studied in situ the C stocks in the plant-soil system of seven grasslands in an experimental farm in Normandy, and characterized the functional composition of the plant communities. This study shows that the functioning of plant communities affects soil C stocks. The LDMC (leaf dry matter content) community-weighted mean trait, proved to be the best indicator of soil C stocks. Overall, the results highlight the importance of the grassland age: the oldest and least productive grasslands have a higher soil C stock than the most recent and productive ones. The oldest grasslands are also characterized by a high root C amount, which is positively correlated with the soil organic C stock. The positive correlation between the stubble carbohydrate contents and the soluble soil C contents in spring suggests an impact of root carbohydrate exudation on the quality of soil organic matter and soil microbes C. Overall, our results highlight the need for a compromise between forage production and soil C storage
Gonçalves, José Júlio Valente da Silva. "Carbon markets efficiency an empirical study on the key price determinants of the EU ETS from 2009 to 2016". Master's thesis, reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/26208.
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This work project is an empirical study on the key price driven factors of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. The research examines the prices on the secondary market, from 2009 until 2016, comprehending the second and third phases of the program, performed with an Ordinary Least Squares regression. The independent variables under the scope of this project are not only energy based, but also structured spreads, economic growth proxies and a temperature dispersion indices.First, the results are due to respect of the whole period to present a global picture of the main determinants on the carbon price changes then, the sample is divided according with institutional measures to avoid over allocation and price instability. Evidence suggests the impact of energy-related variables such as Brent, Coal and the Power Price in Germany and in the U.K. on the price of European Union Allowances, especially during the 3rd phase of the scheme. Moreover, fluctuations in the coefficients and in the explanatory variables are highly related with institutional changes on the European program.
Este projeto é um estudo empírico sobre os principais fatores que afetam o preço do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da União Europeia. A pesquisa examina os preços no mercado secundário, de 2009 até 2016, compreendendo a segunda e terceira fases do programa, através do método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários. As variáveis independentes no âmbito deste projeto não são apenas baseadas na energia, mas também spreads estruturados, aproximações do crescimento económico e índices de dispersão de temperatura. Inicialmente, é analisado todo o período de forma a apresentar uma imagem global dos principais determinantes sobre as mudanças de preços de carbono e, em seguida, a amostra é dividida de acordo com medidas institucionais para evitar a alocação e instabilidade de preços. Os resultados sugerem o impacto das variáveis energéticas, como o preço indicativo dos contractos futuros de Brent, carvão e de energia na Alemanha e no Reino Unido, sobre o preço dos subsídios da União Europeia, especialmente durante a 3ª fase do regime. Posteriormente, as flutuações nos coeficientes e nas variáveis explicativas aparentam estar altamente relacionadas com as mudanças institucionais no programa europeu.
Neves, Mosquini Lucas. "Une méthodologie d'aide à la décision basée sur l'ACV dynamique pour la gestion du budget carbone des bâtiments". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT062.
Texto completoAddressing the global challenge of environmental sustainability in the building sector, this thesis focuses on advancing methodologies for greenhouse gas (GHG) budget compliance in building post-occupancy stages. It emphasizes the need for dynamic assessment in the decision-making processes to enhance the process of ensuring carbon budget compliance.The research employs a multifaceted approach, beginning with an exploration of current methodologies for building GHG budget compliance. This includes a thorough examination of carbon budgets, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment (DLCA). The study then progresses to refine the DLCA methodology, focusing on reducing simulation times and optimizing the number of dynamic parameters. Techniques such as linear interpolation, surrogate modelling, feature selection, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis are tested for these tasks. Then, through a case-study, the importance of decarbonization of the industrial, waste and energy sectors in dynamic GWP calculations are highlighted.Furthermore, the enhanced DLCA methodology is applied in the context of retrofit decision-making, showcasing its utility in adapting to carbon budget deviations throughout a building’s life cycle. This application is exemplified through the same case-study of a single-family home in the Paris region, demonstrating the methodology’s effectiveness in guiding retrofit decisions in alignment with carbon budgets and broader environmental objectives. However, the findings also reveal the scenario-dependent nature of these decisions, indicating that budget-compliant buildings can exhibit diverse characteristics based on different DLCA assumptions.Overall, this research emphasizes the critical role of integrating dynamic parameters in retrofit decision-making processes. Simultaneously, it also challenges and assesses the applicability of these methods within the framework of carbon budget compliance, providing a detailed evaluation of their impact on sustainable building practices
Girard, Léo. "Étangs piscicoles et services écosystémiques : Relations entre pratiques de gestion, maintien de la biodiversité et stockage de carbone". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AGPT0008.
Texto completoEurope is home to a large number of “pond landscapes”, many with origins dating back to the Middle Ages and a historic vocation for fish farming. Despite their man-made nature, these environments are known for their capacity to harbor significant biodiversity, with rare, even endemic or endangered species. With the abandonment of fish farming, combined with other threats such as climate change, a significant number of these ponds have disappeared in recent decades. Until recently, and despite the important role they can play, these small water bodies have been neglected in research, but also in public policies.In this PhD thesis work, we looked at the effects of different fish farming management practices on ecosystem services provided by fish ponds. First, we analyzed the practice of drying-out ponds and its impact on both biodiversity and fish yields. Secondly, we explored the impacts of different fish density management on macrophyte community characteristics. And finally, we studied fish ponds as potential carbon sinks or sources, and the effects of management practices on these carbon balances.To contribute to the scientific knowledge on these topics, we capitalized on historical data collected in the Dombes region (Ain, France) since 2007, but also on data collected as part of the European PONDERFUL project, between 2021 and 2022, in Dombes and Midden-Limburg (Belgium). We analyzed data on water and sediment physico-chemistry, as well as biodiversity (macrophytes, phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates), carbon storage and emissions, and fish farming management practices (time since the last dry year, fish stocking, fertilization).Our results show that drying-out is a major agroecological practice for extensive pond fish farming. This voluntary draining facilitates the recolonization of macrophytes and their diversity when the pond is re-watered. The second year in water is characterized by an "unstable state" of equilibrium between the two primary producers. This state appears to be favorable to biodiversity, production and carbon storage. Intensification of production, through increased fish densities, nevertheless has negative effects on macrophyte species richness. It also impacts community structure. Ponds used for fish farming have subsets of species that nest in the richer communities of ponds managed without fish. We were also able to show a very high degree of variability in the carbon balances of 20 fish ponds. On average, monitored ponds appear to be carbon sinks, with around 4 tonnes of CO2 equivalent stored per hectare over 6 months. The dry year, on the other hand, is characterized by high greenhouse gas emissions.All these elements confirm that fish ponds, combined with extensive practices, can provide numerous ecosystem services. Fish production is not incompatible with biodiversity conservation. The sustainability of these environments in European landscapes, and of the ecosystem services they provide, depends on the maintenance of these management practices. Even if it seems possible to reconcile provisioning and support services, in the future it will be necessary to establish a hierarchy of desired services, particularly in view of the inverse effects that certain management practices may have
Trotignon, Raphaël. "In search of the carbon price : The european CO2 emission trading scheme : from ex ante and ex post analysis to the protection in 2020". Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090052.
Texto completoThis thesis is an evaluation of the first two phases of the EU ETS. It is articulated around the progressive construction of a simulation model, ZEPHYR-Flex, which aims at being able to replicate the observed price and emissions trajectories between 2005 and 2012, and to project them until 2020 under different sets of assumptions. The ex post analysis of the first eight years of the system reveals that to understand its development, it is necessary to study in details the role played by three flexibility mechanisms: trading, spatial flexibility (offsets), and time flexibility (banking/borrowing). In a first stage, we build a technical-economic framework for the core trading mechanism of the model. The role of offsets is then scrutinized and a scenario for their use up to 2020 is calculated on this basis. Next, the time flexibility and the related banking and borrowing behavior are introduced into the model which can then replicate the past price and emission trajectory. The model and the lessons from the first two phases are then used in different prospective scenarios to 2020. Among the scenarios tested, only a strengthening of the cap in line with the 2050 European reduction target is able to restore confidence and anticipations, two factors needed for the efficiency of the EU ETS in the long term. The issue of correctly articulating the EU ETS with other climate-energy policies is also underlined
Marachlian, Jacques. "Modélisation et gestion de la thermique globale d’un véhicule en vue de réduire les émissions de CO2". Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10110.
Texto completoSantin, Maria Fernanda Cavaliéri de Lima. "Os impactos da demanda por crédito de carbono sobre o mercado de certificações de reduções de emissões no Brasil, no âmbito do protocolo de Quioto". Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/2618.
Texto completoThe main objective of this study is to estimate the size of the potential market of Certified Emission Reductions, CERs, as defined by Kyoto Protocol, for the period of 2008 to 2012. Based on this estimate, the effects caused by the increase of the demand of the CREs in possible scenes are evaluated. The methodology used, called Kaya Identity, consists of the emission calculation derived from factors such as the evolution of per capita income, the population growth, the energy intensity, and the intensity of carbon dioxide in scenes that try to get the adoption of less potential polluting technologies. The paper is also concerned, first, with discussing the causes and the effects of the global warming in the world economy; second, with Kyoto Protocol and the necessary methodology for the implantation of a project of Clean Development Mechanism, CDM; and third, with the identification of promising activities in Brazil. These subjects are organized in order to answer the central question of the study, that is: which will be the impacts of the increase of the global demand for CERs in the Brazilian economy? The main conclusion is that there is a possibility of significant financial profits, allied to the environment conservation. It was evident the importance of having public politics that stimulates the investment in CDM so that the Country can fully participate in the worldwide market as a supplier of Certified Emission Reductions and also implement a climatic change policy.
O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o tamanho do mercado potencial de Certificados de Reduções de Emissões, CREs, no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto, para o período de 2008 a 2012. A partir desta estimativa, avaliam-se os efeitos causados pelo aumento da demanda dos CREs em possíveis cenários, no que refere à receita proveniente da comercialização dos CREs e dos investimentos afins. A metodologia utilizada, denominada Identidade Kaya, consiste no cálculo das emissões derivadas de fatores tais como a evolução da renda per capita, o crescimento populacional, a intensidade energética e a intensidade de dióxido de carbono, em cenários que tentam captar a adoção de tecnologias de menor potencial poluidor. O trabalho ainda se ocupa, primeiramente, em discutir as causas e os efeitos do aquecimento terrestre sobre a economia mundial. Em segundo, do Protocolo de Quioto e da metodologia necessária para a implantação de um projeto de Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo, MDL. Terceiro, da identificação das atividades promissoras no Brasil. Estes temas são organizados de maneira a responder a questão central do estudo, que é: quais serão os impactos do aumento da demanda mundial por reduções certificadas de carbono sobre o mercado de créditos de carbono brasileiro? A conclusão principal é que existe uma possibilidade de ganhos financeiros significativos, aliado à conservação ambiental. Ficou evidente a importância de haver políticas públicas que estimulem o investimento em MDL para que o País possa participar plenamente do mercado mundial como ofertante de certificados de reduções de emissões e também implementar uma política de mudança climática.
Dubois, Jacques. "Notre-Dame d'Alençon à la fin du Moyen âge : financement et reconstruction". Rennes 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN20023.
Texto completoThe parish church of Notre-Dame of Alencon, rebuilt in the late middle ages, is an admired Norman building, but few studies have been devoted to. The written works of authors, who have taken interest in it, often suggest different chronologies of the building site. However if the sources are far from being numerous for the fabric, compared with the archaeological research about the building, they compensate this difficulty. The considerable notarial funds of this time (xvie s. ) Makes possible a better knowledge of the treasory (fabric) staff with the study about the management of the church incomes. It notably gives cause to define the client and the relationships he had with the foreman of Notre-Dame and the workmen of the site, as well as the part played by every one in the project and realization of such an edifice. The informations collected in the "tabellionnage" and the accounts registers bring the significance of the budget to light and its consequences upon the good supervision of the works, the architectural quality and the presence of efficient men. Widened to the other sites of the city, this prospect suggests to observe the repercussions of the training and the local recruting of workers on different supports of artistic supports, as well as the client
Crème, Alexandra. "Impacts de la gestion des prairies sur le stockage du carbone et la nature biogéochimique des matières organiques du sol". Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2275/document.
Texto completoSoil C sequestration reduces the effects of climate change, improves soil quality and food security. Soil organic matter (SOM) could be enhanced by introduction of ley grassland into the cropping cycle. The objective of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the effect of management practices of ley grassland on the quantity, composition and stabilization processes of SOM and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). My data showed legacy effects of duration and fertilization of the temporary grassland phase on SOM after 3 years of cropping. The duration of grassland phase influenced the quantity and composition of the microbial biomass as well as the nature of SOM. N fertilization during the grassland phase is necessary for soil C sequestration in soil without increasing GHG emissions.To replace mineral N fertilization, legumes may be used in forage production systems. Consequently, I was interested in the effect of introduction of lucerne on C, N and P forms in soils under lucerne-grass mixtures. My results indicate similar soil C stocks under mixtures and grass monocultures, despite the high productivity of lucerne. Molecular biomarkers indicated that the introduction of lucerne in grassland influenced the degradation of the SOM more than its stabilization. Moreover, the presence of lucerne influenced P forms in soils under mixtures.In conclusion, the introduction of ley grasslands into cropping cycles requires careful evaluation of the management practices in order to optimize C storage, GHG emissions and N fertilizer use
Asgari, Erfan. "Optimisation des stratégies des détaillants sur un marché sensible aux prix et aux émissions de carbone". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI001.
Texto completoThis work studies the retailer's profit maximization problem and investigates his/her optimal strategies in a price- and greenness- sensitive market. This work starts with a benchmark model where a retailer offers one kind of product to customers. The products are produced by a supplier and sent to the retailer. The retailer keeps the products in a warehouse near the customers to serve them as soon as one arrives. The demand for the products is random and follows the Poisson distribution. The customers' arrival mean rate is sensitive to retail price and carbon emission level of the product. The refilling time of the retailer's warehouse is also random and follows Exponential distribution. The problem consists of deciding the product's price, carbon emission level, and order size. We solve the problem by an analytical approach and provide the closed-form expressions of the optimal solutions.The benchmark model is extended in the way that retailer offers two substitutable products to customers. The demand for each product depends on its price and carbon emission level (decreasing) and depends on the other product's price and carbon emission level (increasing). The retailer's profit maximization problem is formulated in a stochastic environment under different settings (decision variables) and is solved by an analytical approach. According to the results, the market is distinguished into three categories: 1- Greenness-Driven Switchovers market, 2- Price-Driven Switchovers market, and 3- Neutral market. Different market structures provide useful insights.Dynamic competition between two retailers, which each of them has its supplier, is considered. Retailers offer two substitutable products that each of them offers one kind of product. Two symmetric mathematical models decide the products' prices, carbon emission levels, and order sizes. Each retailer's decision affects the other retailer's decision. The general problems are solved by an analytical approach and determined the Nash equilibrium. However, in practice, there are many situations where an existing retailer is already operating in the market, and a new retailer enters the market. Two situations are considered and solved: 1- Competition without reaction and 2- Competition with partial reaction. The close-form expressions of the optimal solutions are presented for all scenarios.This work ends its studies by introducing a non-linear demand function. In the literature, all studies consider a linear demand function (to the best of our knowledge). However, our partners in project ANR CONCLuDE found out that the linear function is not sufficient. Thus, a new non-linear demand function is considered concerning carbon emission improvement. Our partners' studies also reveal that improving greenness leads to increasing the demand for a certain amount of market potential, and after that, it is constant. The second demand function is called cap. The benchmark model is re-formulated with different demand functions and solved. Then, closed-form expressions of optimal solutions are presented. A numerical example is conducted to compare profits with different demand functions. The non-linear cap is considered as a reference and compared to others. The results reveal that when the maximum attracted costumers are low (below 20%), the linear cap model performs better than others do. When it is high, the non-linear model performs better
Mediene, Safia. "Intéractions entre les processus de gestion du carbone et de l'azote lors du développement végetatif du pêcher (Prunus persica (L. ) Batsch)". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30077.
Texto completoEfficient fertiliser use is a particular issue for sustainable agriculture. A mechanistic assesment of N requirements during tree development is skill lacking in order to improve N fertilisation of orchards. This relies on an enhanced understanding of the main interactions occuring between carbon and nitrogen acquisition, distribution and utilisation during tree development. In this context, our objective was to study the influence of carbon and nitrogen availability on tree functioning. Therefore, we worked at the whole tree level and we used a particular experimental set-up in which nitrate uptake and photosynthesis of young peach trees were measured concurrently. First , we characterised the influence of nitrogen availability on the growth components. Subsequently, we evaluated the effects of pruning on carbon and nitrogen acquisition, distribution and utilisation for tree development
Alaoui-Sosse, Badr. "Croissance rythmique et modelé de gestion du carbone chez les jeunes plants de chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L. ) : influence d'un stress salin". Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10006.
Texto completoPlazzotta, Maxime. "Impacts de la gestion du rayonnement solaire sur le système Terre et rôle des boucles de rétroaction liées au cycle du carbone". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24034/1/Plazzotta_1.pdf.
Texto completoAbreu, Caroline. "Conception et optimisation de piles enzymatiques glucose-O2 pour la gestion de puissance". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC052/document.
Texto completoThis work is devoted to the optimization of the enzymatic connection for the oxidation of glucose and the reduction of dioxygen in a matrix of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the form of compression in glucose biofuel cells, and the assembly of biofuel cells in a flow system.First, mediated electron transfer of glucose oxidase (GOx) and FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) is optimized in a nanostructured CNTs matrix containing different redox mediators. These bioanodes could be combined with similar biocathodes with copper enzyme bases, laccase (Lac) and bilirubin oxidase (BOD). The GOx-NQ/Lac biofuel cell has a power of the order of 150 μW under 150 mmol L-1 of glucose and the biofuel cell GOx-NQ/BOD oriented by the PP IX, order of 0.5 mW under 5 mmol L-1 of glucose. This biofuel cell presents a very good alternative to the implantable or to the supply of an electronic device with low energy demand.The next part concerns the development of a biofuel cell design with flux optimizing the diffusion of the substrate inside the bioelectrode. As a result, several GOx-NQ/BOD flow systems have been studied. The flow-through configuration made it possible to obtain a power of the order of 1 mW under 5 mmol L-1 of glucose and dissolved oxygen. The possibility of using this battery in continuous discharge or in charge/discharge cycle has been studied. This biofuel cell system with a glucose flow has also made it possible to associate several biofuel cells in series or in parallel. Thus, the power supply of a timer and an ovulation test could be realised using associated biofuel cells in series. The use of an energy management circuit made it possible to supply a temperature sensor by storing the energy produced by two biofuel cells connected in series.Moreover, this part is about another biofuel cell based on the association of HRP with the cathode and the GOx-NQ at the anode. This system is very interesting because, thanks to the control of the flow direction of our substrate, the hydrogen peroxide formed by the anode can then be consumed by the cathode. This stack was perfectly operational in physiological condition and led to the achievement of powers of the order of 0.8 mW
Bortoluzzi, Edson Campanhola. "Nature des constituants, propriétés chimiques et physiques des sols : modélisation des charges superficielles dans des sols sableux au Sud du Brésil". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0003.
Texto completoP, Laberge Xavier. "Une mesure basée sur le marché comme mécanisme mondial de gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l'aviation civile internationale". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6843.
Texto completoPodor, Myriam. "Effets de la sécheresse et de l'ozone sur le statut hydrique et la gestion du carbone chez le pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill. )". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL040N.
Texto completoYemadje, Pierrot Lionel. "Influence des cycles humectation-dessiccation sur la minéralisation du carbone : cas de la zone cotonnière du Nord Cameroun". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS209/document.
Texto completoSoil as a major storage component for terrestrial ecosystem’s organic carbon plays an important role in regulating climate and agricultural production. Any variation of carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial ecosystem can have a significant impact on the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere but also the decrease in soil organic matter and thus accelarate soil fertility degradation. In northern Cameroon, the transition period between long dry periods with a wet season is characterized by very irregular rainfall that can last several weeks. These wetting-drying cycles can accentuate the mineralization of soil organic carbon and nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of wet-dry cycles on carbon mineralization in a sudano-sahelian context. From methodological stand field measurements require to study the soil respiration variation over 24 hours after a wet period. This methodological test has shown that soil respiration has a quadratic curve during the day, becoming almost linear during the night. The temperature and soil moisture have explained together the variation over 24 hours (at least 73% ; p< 0.001). These observations have been used to propose a method for estimating the mean daytime and nighttime soil respiration after wetting the soil. Indeed the method proposed in this study has the advantage of being based on a small number of measurements and is, therefore, easier to implement to monitor 24-h soil respiration after the first rains following a long dry period. A first experiment has shown that the wetting of the soil and mulching increased soil carbon mineralization. However, wetting-drying cycles on soil did not increase the cumulative mineralization of soil carbon more than keeping the soil continuously moist. Indeed, in northern Cameroon, the rapid mineralization of crop residues makes it difficult to increase soil carbon stocks by mulching. In a second laboratory experiment, the wetting-drying cycles did not increase organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization from soils added with straw. However, carbon dioxide emissions increased on straw amended soils compared to soils without straw. This addition of the labeled straw increased mineralization of soil organic matter (priming effect). The mineralization of the straw also decreased with the wetting-drying cycles, thus the amount of straw remaining on soils was 102 µg C g-1 soil on re-wetted soils compared to 48 µg C g-1 soil for those with constant moisture. The lack of response for C and N mineralization during wetting-drying cycles may be linked to a decrease of microbial activity during dry periods and the lack of a steady increase in the carbon mineralization rate with subsequent wetting-drying cycles
Kang, Seung-Jin. "L'analyse des effets économiques de politiques d'environnement par un modèle d'équilibre général appliqué : le cas de la Corée du Sud". Grenoble 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE21025.
Texto completoRueff, Henri. "Optimizing dryland afforestation : prospects and limitations : minimum carbon payment for non-annex I dryland countries on an aridity gradient with stochastic weather and prices". Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32045.
Texto completoRecent findings demonstrate that dryland trees are efficient carbon sinks. The price of carbon at which a farmer would be indifferent between his customary activity and the plantation of trees for the trade of carbon credits remains however unknown. Carbon yields were simulated by means of the CO2FIX v3. 1 model for Pinus halepensis. Wheat yields and pasture yields were predicted on somewhat similar nitrogen-based quadratic models, using 30 years of weather data for the simulation of moisture stress. Both models were developed for dryland conditions, while calibration and validation were done with data collected in Israel on 8 stations (from 200mm to 900mm of annual precipitation). No-till wheat and pasture yield values were then fitted to a gamma probability distribution function, to enable iterative stochastic production simulation. Input and output prices were, however, fitted to a normal distribution. Stochastic production, input and output prices were afterwards simulated on a Monte Carlo matrix with 10,000 iterations on a 30 years cash flow. Results show that, despite the high levels of carbon uptake by dryland trees, carbon trading by afforesting is unprofitable anywhere along the aridity gradient. Indeed, the price of carbon will have to raise unrealistically high, and the certification costs will have to drop significantly, to make afforestation under the clean development mechanism a worthwhile activity for non annex I dryland countries
Pajot, Guillaume. "Approche économique de la fonction de séquestration du carbone par les forêts : application au massif des Landes de Gascogne". Bordeaux 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR40032.
Texto completoIn the context of climate change mitigation, an economic value on the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions has been created. But forest potential in terms of climate change mitigation has been recognized too. Actually, forest management is an option that sequesters carbon from the atmosphere and could reduce constraints imposed on other economic sectors. An important question that rises is about carbon sequestration costs. An economic approach is proposed here and is illustrated by a case study involving the "Landes de gascogne" forest. Considering two options of forest management, we estimate opportunity costs of carbon sequestration. On one hand, this cost is considered from the point of view of forest owners that would manage forests considering carbon sequestration production ; on the other hand, from the point of view of the society that would search how to value carbon sequestration production. The economic approach should answer partly to concerns regarding costs of strategies based on carbon sequestration by forests
Valenzuela, Nunez Luis Manuel. "Comparaison interspécifique de la dynamique saisonnière de composés azotés et carbonés chez le chêne sessile (Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl. ), le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L. ) et le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L. ) aux stades juvéniles et adultes : effet de la défoliation et de la lumière sur la gestion des réserves". Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0177_VALENZUELA-NUNEZ.pdf.
Texto completoThis research allows us to compare the biomass composition in nitrogenous and carbon compounds in three forest tree species. C contents (g / kg biomass) are stable whatever the species and age. N contents (g / kg biomass) are 10 times more in young trees, whatever the species. It has important links between N content and age. The C/N ratio is almost 10 times less in young trees, due to their content of total nitrogen. Stocks for a given age are comparable between species. Starch contributes to total carbon in a more important fraction in young trees: 50 % against 8 % in adult trees. Starch concentration in Quercus robur is more elevated in comparison with Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica. This comparison of species, in both youth and adult ages, allowed the evidence of different physiological mechanisms, linked to phenology. This research concerned the characterization of carbon and nitrogenous reserves by difference of present quantities at tree level in two dates corresponding to important phenologic stages. We used the 15N labelling, which allowed partitioning of nitrogen neo-assimilated to nitrogen coming from reserves remobilisation, in young trees defoliated and in different light conditions. Carbon and nitrogen remobilisation of reserves seems to be not synchronous and differed among species: oak renew only 10% of its nitrogen while beech renew 20%. We have characterized a 25kDa polypeptide in the trunk sapwood of Quercus robur, this polypeptide presents all characteristics of a Vegetative Storage Protein (VSP). Limits and uncertainties of methods used during this research are discussed
Haddar, Marwa. "Essays on firm-level political risk and corporate finance". Thesis, Paris Est, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PESC0011.
Texto completoThe world is now changing with lightening speed. The greatest of those changes are occurring in the political and technological spheres. Geopolitical shifts have brought politics and business closer together. Political upheavals are incessantly reshaping the circumstances in which individuals, societies, and companies operate, which doesn't make markets in total isolation from politics. Politics molds and constrains markets through its rules, norms, and institutions. Trade regimes, sanctions, and national laws, for instance, shape businesses' environment. Tumultuous reverses, such as wars and revolutions, and other minor events, such as social activism and cyber threats, still take firms by surprise. Therefore, firms are forced to plan and act beyond their immediate environment. The meaning of political risk has changed. A few decades ago, political risk could be summarized in governmental actions, such as industry-related regulations or assets seizing in dictatorships. Today, however, governments are no longer the only arbiter. The twenty-first-century political risk has a broader and more complicated meaning. A civil war in Syria results in a refugee crisis in Europe. An anti-Chinese protest in Vietnam fuels stock-outs in the clothing industry in America. Rice and Zegart (2018) define the twenty-first-century political risk as “the probability that a political action could affect a company in significant ways.” Put in the most elemental terms, political actions emphasize the growing impact of risk generators outside army barracks and party headquarters. In today's competitive markets, firms need to consider all risks engendered by the widening array of global political actors, journalists, social activists, documentary filmmakers, etc. Historically, revolutions, nationalization, seizure of assets were the political risk chorus. However, for the modern-day global firms consider this risk on much more and more aspects. Thus, companies, and particularly international firms see the market as a global place and they plan their strategies accordingly. SeaWorld story, among many others, points out that firms can be dramatically blindsided by political actions of small groups of people and the power of individuals charged by connective technologies. The twenty-first-century political environment is an important external factor of uncertainty for firms. It can, therefore, constrain or foster their growth opportunities and survival. This thesis addresses the relationship between the modern-day politics and corporate financial decisions. So far, prior research studies have only focused on country-level and sector-level measures of political risk in the absence of direct ones. This dissertation, instead, traces through the ways in which political risk can affect U.S. firms' behaviour, using a new firm-level proxy to measure the risk. My dissertation is a three-paper compilation of studies related to political risk and corporate finance. In my first paper, I examine the effect of firm-level political risk on corporate cash holdings and cash management. The second paper investigates whether firm-level political risk affects trade credit provision. Finally, the third paper tackles the issues in measurement of political risk and examines the effect of the novel political risk measure on corporate investment and financing decisions
Lam, Quoc Dat. "L'efficacité énergétique et carbone des différentes formes de distribution au Viêt-Nam et une comparaison en France". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0058/document.
Texto completoAnthropic Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG), when concentrating in the atmosphere, cause climate change. The increase in greenhouse gases, including CO2 emissions in transport activity in general and freight transport in particular of contribute to global warming. Transportation is responsible for an increasing part of these emissions, mainly road transport and within transport; the share of goods (about one third) is increasing. Currently, a large and growing share of freight transport is organized by a few large retailers seeking to control logistics flows even further upstream and to organize theses flows for their own benefit.The main aim of the thesis is a contribution to a better understanding of energy consumption and carbon (CO2) emissions in the transportation of goods. For this, the thesis analyzes the energy and carbon efficiencies of various forms of supply chains implemented by major retailers in Vietnam and compares them with the corresponding supply chains in France. Hanoi is a very fast developing city since the opening of the economy in 1986. The economic development has drawn increasing population in the dense major urban areas, the motorization of transport and dramatic changes in the distribution and in the supply chains organization.The starting point of the thesis is a research result on quantifying energy and GHG emissions from supply chains in France and in Europe. We conducted surveys on the corresponding supply chains of Vietnamese distributions to obtain comparable data and quantify the energy consumption and emissions of CO2 by applying the quantification method used in France. This allows us to compare the energy and carbon efficiency of different forms of retail outlets in the cases studied of yoghurt and blue jeans between Vietnam and France.A survey was conducted face to face with the operators (producers, transporters, distributors) and a Web survey with consumers (in shopping trips) in Vietnam have bought these products in these retail outlets. Using the information collected in Hanoi, we describe the supply chains of yoghurt and jeans in Vietnam from the raw material up to the consumer's home. The differences between types of distribution or supply chains, relate in particular to the type of retail outlets: a shop can belong to the producer in Vietnam, a retailer in France or an independent shop and the supermarket and hypermarket to major distributors.Through these analyzes, we answer the following questions: What are the most efficient logistic organizations for energy and CO2 emissions of retail outlets? Energy consumptions in this analysis are diesel, gasoline, electricity and sometimes gas. For these different energies, we use the emission factors of the ‘CO2 in transport services Information Guide’ (ADEME 2012) and for electricity in Vietnam, the emission factor published by the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment of Vietnam (2010)
Cartel, Mélodie. "La fabrique de l'innovation institutionnelle : les marchés du carbone comme champs d'expérimentations managériales". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00931528.
Texto completoMaiziere, Pierre Alexandre. "Les paiements pour services environnementaux et la lutte contre la pauvreté dans les pays du Sud : exemple d'un puits de carbone au Congo (RD)". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS027S.
Texto completoClimate change is a reality that can hardly be ignored. To fight against this phenomenon, a set of national and international instruments, regulations and voluntary and coercive incentives had set in place. Among the cohort of mechanisms, one seems to be increasingly preferred: Payments for Environmental Services (PES). This thesis aims to identify the reasons for such a popularization from various international and national but also public and private actors. It seems that the PSE should be considered by all of them as being able to combine environmental protection and the development of local populations. However, is the reduction of poverty generated sustainable? The words are then illustrated through a case study present in Congo. To do this, an institutional analysis of the rise of the project, and an analysis of the impact of the latter on the local population and their vulnerability are made
Vizoso, Séraphine. "Effets combinés de l'augmentation de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2 et du niveau de fertilisation azotée sur la gestion du carbone et de l'azote chez le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur) et le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica)". Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10180.
Texto completoThis work addresses the impacts of elevated atmospheric [CO2] on forest productivity. We considered the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and N fertilization level on both C and N metabolism. Our results underline the importance of N availability in controlling the response of Quercus robur to elevated [CO2], and in particular during spring growth by the way of its major effect on C storage compounds, and primarily on N storage compounds. In response to elevated [CO2], we found that wood density was increased for Quercus robur but not for Fagus sylvatica. We also found an opposite time course of the growth responses in these two species
Rauzier, Jean. "Finances et gestion d'une principauté au XIVème siècle : le duché de Bourgogne de Philippe le Hardi, 1364-1384". Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040228.
Texto completoDuring the period 1364-1384,when Philipp the Bold is only duke of Burgundy,we've gathered together in a sole and centralized accounting the accounts of the Recette générale de Bourgogne,of the Chambre aux deniers,of five bailiwicks,of fourty castellanies,of the gruerie,and some various particular accounts. .
Alaux, Christophe. "L'impact des instruments des politiques publiques environnementales sur les processus de décision du consommateur: l'achat de voitures à faibles émissions de carbone". Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690205.
Texto completoChevallier, Julien. "Les règles de fonctionnement du marché européen du carbone (2005-2007) : le rôle du stockage et de l'emprunt de quotas, les fondamentaux du prix et les stratégies de gestion des risques". Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344336.
Texto completoUn premier Chapitre détaille les effets économiques et environnementaux attendus des mécanismes de stockage et d'emprunt de quotas sur un marché de permis d'émissions négociables. Plus spécifiquement, vis-à-vis des provisions adoptées dans l'EU ETS, nous étudions les effets de la restriction du transfert de quotas stockés ou empruntés entre les Phases I et II sur les changements de prix du CO2. Nous montrons statistiquement que les bas niveaux de prix du CO2 enregistrés jusqu'à la fin de la Phase I sont expliqués par la restriction du transfert de quotas inter-périodes, au-delà des principales explications proposées par les observateurs de marché.
Un deuxième Chapitre développe une étude originale des fondamentaux du prix du carbone, introduit depuis le 1er Janvier 2005 en Europe. Nous soulignons le role central joué par l'évènement annuel de conformité 2005 imposé par la Commission Européenne, qui sert de révélateur des positions nettes courtes/longues des installations en quotas par rapport à leurs émissions vérifiées. Le résultat principal de cette étude met en évidence le fait que les fondamentaux du prix du CO2 liés aux marchés des énergies et aux évènements climatiques non-anticipés varient en fonction des évènements institutionnels. Par ailleurs, nous montrons l'influence de la variation de la production industrielle dans trois secteurs couverts par l'EU ETS sur les changements de prix du CO2 en menant une analyse par décomposition, étendue par pays.
Un troisième Chapitre s'intéresse aux stratégies de gestion des risques liés à la détention de quotas de CO2. Nous proposons une méthode utilisée sur les marchés d'action pour recouvrer les changements dans l'aversion au risque moyenne des investisseurs. Cette étude indique que, sur la période considérée, l'aversion au risque est plus élevée sur le marché du carbone que sur les marchés d'action, et que le risque est lié à une structure de prix strictements croissants après l'évènement de conformité 2006. En lien avec le Chapitre 1, nous évaluons enfin comment le stockage de quotas peut être utilisé comme un outil de gestion des risques, pour faire face à l'incertitude politique sur un marché de quotas. Nous détaillons une règle optimale de partage des risques, et discutons du principe de mutualisation du risque lié à l'échange de quotas quotas entre agents.
Nos travaux témoignent des difficultés rencontrées suite à la création du marché européen du carbone pour atteindre un signal prix cohérent avec des réductions d'émissions effectives par les industriels. Cependant, dans un contexte institutionnel mouvant, ces inefficiences ne semblent pas avoir été reportées vers la période 2008-2012.