Tesis sobre el tema "Gestion des biens communs"
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Carre, Laurence. "Les communaux du marais poitevin : un cas de figure pour une réflexion sur la gestion des biens communs et la recherche du bien commun". Paris 10, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA100088.
Texto completoColéno, François. "Gestion des entreprises agricoles. Entre terroirs et filières". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812576.
Texto completoLabatut, Julie. "Gérer des biens communs : processus de conception et régimes de coopération dans la gestion des ressources génétiques animales". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005220.
Texto completoBédard, Marc-Olivier. "Conditions pour une gestion en commun des ressources forestières : entre les communautés, l'État et les marchés, construire de nouveaux communs". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6614.
Texto completoZaleski, Laetitia. "Assistant de décision et de négociation par analyse de viabilité - Application à la gestion participative d’espaces protégés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS432.
Texto completoGood management of shared spaces requires taking into account the multiplicity of stakeholders who each have their own values and objectives. It is subject to two recurring problems. The first is the lack of consensus, the second is a consensus on an ineffective solution in its response to the problems raised. Combining the participatory aspect with technical assistance makes it possible to address both aspects. It is possible both to help the actors in the decision-making process, while at the same time directing their reasoning towards a coherent result. In order to provide technical assistance, we choose to use the theory of viability, which proposes to users to define a set of constraints grouping the interests and objectives of each. This method has two advantages. On the one hand, it is no longer necessary to aggregate or prioritise the criteria. On the other hand, viability allows an infinite time horizon to be taken into account, implying respect for intergenerational equity. Moreover, we draw inspiration from the techniques used for the design of serious games in order to give an educational and awareness-raising aspect to our tool for participatory management. This thesis work focuses on the design, development and impact study of a tool for participatory management based on viability theory. We have implemented a prototype of an IT assistant that gives concrete form to the ideas proposed in the thesis. Then we conducted a first experimentation of its use in order to analyse its interest and the benefits brought to decision making and negotiation. This evaluation allowed us to assess the influence of this tool from the point of view of decision support, negotiation support and awareness of the issues raised by resource sharing. An application inspired by the case of Brazilian extractive reservation allowed us to illustrate this approach
Sarr, Serigne Momar. "Usages et conservation des communs en contexte de changement climatique dans le delta du Saloum au Sénégal". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAG028.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis explores the management and use of commons in relation to the collective benefits derived from their exploitation in the context of climate change in the Saloum Delta, in central-western Senegal. The research is based on a theoretical framework built on the theory of the governance of the commons, to which we combined approaches of psychosociology of social representations, socio-anthropology of development, and sociology of social transaction. The research was conducted in the Saloum Delta, which is formed by an interlacing of islands rich in biodiversity but vulnerable to climate change. In addition, social dynamics show the drive with which women, youth and development projects produce the everyday. Building on an epistemological posture based on the ‘paradigm’ of complex thought and the perspective of a ‘subjectal knowledge,’ the research methodology is primarily qualitative with an ethnographic approach. Based on a case study, the use of a set of tools (documentary review, observation, individual and group interviews) produced a diversity of discursive and factual data. The analysis of the data collected in the field was conducted with a focus on the following dimensions: organisational settings, action and interaction relations in collective action, intentionality and uncertainty of social practices, historicity, space, and forecasting. Research findings show that commons (fishery and forestry), despite a constraining context of climate change and the existence of differential social representations resulting from the presence of a multiplicity of actors in the Saloum Delta, are successfully managed by community organisations and groups of actors working together, including social, state and non-state actors. This is done through social transactions for the conservation of natural resources through a ‘negotiated order’ of sustainability on the one hand, and the uses of collective benefits derived from their exploitation to carry out community projects on the other hand. In fact, collective action of various social and institutional actors – which has been referred to as ‘socio-institutional connection’ – is a condition for the successful management of commons. It is also an adaption strategy to climate change by the social construct of space based on the historicity of the Niominka community – the main group in this region. Furthermore, relations among various actors and with environmental objects such as natural resources and space require the object of sociology to be extended and an interest in facts of nature after the psychosociological approach gains acceptance. For now, this is only possible with inter- and transdisciplinarity in environmental science starting from the concept of vulnerability
Dutilly, Diané Céline. "Action collective et coopération partielle dans la gestion des ressources communes : le cas des Ejidos mexicains". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF10228.
Texto completoSuccessful collective action in local communities is crucial for rural development. This is particularly true in Mexico, since the Second Agrarian Reforms of 1992, with the increased responsibility of the social sector for resources management and public infrastructures provision. We observe an important heterogeneity in ejidos’s ability to cooperate on some activities (CPR appropriation) – with a continuum of situations between the total failure and the optimal management. In a first phase, this dissertation tries to explore several theoretical alternatives to explain a partial exploitation level of CPR with coexistence of cooperators and cheaters. A second observation coming from the field is that some communities globally perform better than others. On the basis of the literature defining the factors for collective action success or failure, we propose to synthesize these determinants into a general index of cooperation to explain governance and the provision of public goods in 206 Mexican ejidos. We then show that if some determinants (community size) are decisive to explain all kind of collective action, some others (migration, heterogeneity, community period of creation) are specific to some activities, but are all complementary to explain general level of participation in the community
Lebreton, Clotilde. "Gouvernance(s) sur un volcan. Controverses, arrangements et reconfigurations autour des instruments participatifs d'une aire naturelle protégée mexicaine (le Nevado de Toluca)". Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1066/document.
Texto completoUnder the international context of supporting participation for the co-management of natural resources, new governance arrangements have emerged, inviting new actors in the management of natural protected areas and reshaping conservation policies. Mexico has not been exempted from this process with the new strategic directions for protected natural areas having focused on "governance". New community support programs have been developed to encourage local forest communities to participate in the management of their natural resources. To bypass the restrictions related to the status of a National Park, twenty Mexican natural protected areas have changed or are going to change of status by 2018. The Nevado de Toluca National Park is one of the first protected areas to have been declassified to the status of Wildlife and Flora Area Protection, to allow the 54 agrarian communities established in the territory to implement productive projects and ultimately participate in the conservation of the protected area.Combining public action, local management models and ecological dynamics, the Nevado de Toluca constitutes a laboratory for understanding how the concepts of environmental governance and participation, promoted in government programs, are being applied on the field. This empirical laboratory allows for the evaluation of how participatory management instruments, such as community forest management and payment for environmental services, have modified local management practices and, ultimately, forest ecosystems. Moreover, the analysis of participatory processes, a key part in the process of change in the protection category of the protected natural area, allows us to better understand the appropriation of international premises into effective participation by mechanisms held by the Mexican government. These mechanisms will, in turn, potentially have an effect on the governance of the protected natural area. Payments for environmental services, generally presented as a more efficient conservation strategy than integrated conservation and development projects, seem to be on the Nevado de Toluca, less socially and environmentally efficient than community forest management. However, these two participatory management instruments have reproduced the social injustices of the Mexican agrarian system. Besides, despite limited participatory processes, the reclassification resulted in controversies, alliances and socio-technical innovations that are reshaping the governance of the territory. As a response to the non-transfer of decision-making power by the government, informal arrangements are appearing as a new governance configuration and as a form of countervailing-power. The institutionalization of participation has not led to the eradication of conflict or to a consensus. Instead, it highlights the agonistic dimension of conservation policies
Amoussou-Guenou, Yackolley. "Gouvernance des biens communs dans les blockchains". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS043.
Texto completoBlockchains are one of the most appealing technologies over the last years, both for scientists and for the general public. Blockchains are distributed ledgers that aim to offer transparency, integrity and many more advantages over their centralised counterparts. Blockchains were “revealed” and became popular thanks to the creation and rise of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Over the years, blockchain technologies become more and more popular with an exceptional peak in 2017. Blockchains are becoming mainstream technologies, as there is an observatory for blockchains established by the European Commission, blockchain forums in many countries, blockchain start-ups are flourishing, scientific conferences are discussing the topic, and even some scientific conferences are now specifically dedicated to the technology, etc. The blockchain technology promises, thanks to its integrity and transparency properties to be useful and interesting in various domains, and not only for financial systems. However, many questions and doubts float around it. Is it environmentally viable? Is the technology even ensuring its promises? Can they be used in real-life settings, etc. In this thesis, using the lens of distributed systems, we study and define the properties of committee-based blockchains and their fairness; that definition allows formalising and helping correct one of the most used blockchain of that class. Furthermore, adding lenses from game theory, we propose a methodology to analyse the rational behaviours of participants in a blockchains system. Using that methodology, we show, under different mechanisms of rewards, the necessary conditions needed to ensure the blockchain properties
Hayat, Flora. "Production des biens communs numériques et usages cartographiques". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7135.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the commercial cartographic use of the OpenStreetMap (OSM) free database. The use of a database produced by anonymous contributors, possibly not experts in geographical information (GI) and not bound by any quality commitment, raises questions. This new situation reveals major public interest issues such as the access to GIs. Each contributor strives to follow the same methods, developed collectively, to describe permanent objects in the public space while collecting information that is of interest in their practice. We point out that the database presents strong heterogeneity in data quality and density according to the types of territory. From this observation we explain that the production of maps, taking as source OSM, is possible when the entire technical and social system of the OSM community is taken into account in the creation process. Therefore we are therefore studying the ecosystem that supports this production and the dissemination’s methods of the database. Our analyses allow us to foresee either a future that respects the project or, on the contrary, its alienation. Our research was conducted as part of a corporate contract, so we were led to question the paradigm shift related to cartographic design and the realization of a contributory database, free (in its modeling and production) and distributed under an open license, while respecting the tacit agreement between the map reader and its producer that editorial selection is not dictated by an information deficit
Meersman, Jimmy. "Contribution à une théorie juridique des biens communs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0042.
Texto completoThere are few areas - environmental, cultural, social, or even economic - that are not examined through the prism of the commons. This new interest in the commons can be explained by the significant evolution of the 21st century society, which questions the right of ownership. However, the analysis shows that, whatever the period, the modern model of property rights - public or private - is always characterized by the exclusive control of the property by its owner. In the current context of social change, this model has its limits and appears inadequate for certain needs.At the same time, the debate on the commons has gained momentum. For some academics, the commons appear to be able to provide a response to the inadequacy of the right of ownership, within the framework of a necessary legal evolution. The commons are the subject of debate in academic circles, but are still ignored by French law and are not subject to any legal definition. However, they are addressed by the law of certain foreign states. They are also addressed by many disciplines, first and foremost economics. The thinking of Elinor Ostrom, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics for her work on the subject, is fundamental. Because of these particularities, a specific research methodology has been set up, combining conceptualism and empiricism.A legal theory of the commons was thus proposed. What characterizes the commons is their allocation - to the production, preservation, and distribution of collective utilities - within the framework of collective governance. This allocation conditions the appliable law, of a new kind, and confers rights and obligations other than the traditional ones. In this respect, the commons constitute a new legal category
Sporch, Da Costa Igor. "La fonction sociale de la propriété publique urbaine et les nouvelles conceptions de l'intérêt public : à la recherche d'une gestion des biens publics urbains adéquate au droit à la ville". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D092.
Texto completoThe research analyzed the current legal basis of urban public property in Brazil and its impacts on the management of urban public goods. In order to be successful, the deductive-interprative method was adopted, which was supported by bibliographical and legislative research in Brazilian sources and in the western Latin European states - Portugal, Spain, Italy and France. This indicates that the research in comparative law was one of the main methods employed. These elements allowed to construct a conceptual and exegetical scheme. Through it the semantic and normative contents of the categories "public interest", "right to the city", "social function" and "social function of urban public property" were defined and the interrelations between, them were demonstrated. Thus, the new theorizing about the public interest identifies it to the realization of fundamental rights, which allows to recognize urban publicproperty as a social function. After all, this proprietary species is justified by the participation of public goods in the realization of the right to the city, which indicates the impacts of the social function of urban public property. It complies with the prerogatives of public owners, non-owners and beneficiaries of little of private use of urban public goods. It determines the exercise of these prerogatives, the possibilities of affectation of these goods and justifies the democratization of the decision-making process about their destiny. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the results obtained with the research provide elements that allow to reconstruct the theory of urban public goods / urban public property and to establish paramaters for the proper management of these goods
Gaume, Bernard. "La Gestion des fonds communs de placement". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376053201.
Texto completoAbella, Rubio José María. "La división de la cosa común en el código civil /". Madrid : Editorial Dykinson, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401077635.
Texto completoLipinski, Pascal. "La liquidation dans le régime de la séparation de biens /". Paris : LGDJ, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38847430d.
Texto completoCharpentier, Pierre-Yves. "L'autonomie professionnelle des époux communs en biens : étude comparative, historique et critique". Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020003.
Texto completoKan-Balivet, Béatrice. "Les techniques de gestion des biens d'autrui". Lyon 3, 2004. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2004_out_balivet_b.pdf.
Texto completoIn answer to the needs of persons who, for certain reasons, do not want or must not manage their own property, the law provides a large range of legal instruments. Though these institutions are almost always ruled by specific dispositions (but not comprehensive), no general theory can be found in the civil Code. Neither do Academics deal with the subject in a comprehensive manner, even though they seem to agree with a single tool of other's property management, based on the concepts of power, the représentation. The author intends to defend a multilevel approach to other's property management, which is a necessary preliminary to every wide reflection in this field, founded on tradition and positive law. Indeed, the fragmentation of other's property management tools will be highlighted. The bases of the above-mentioned fragmentation are notional and functional. The different tools which allow to manage other's property can not all be linked to the notion of factual control without altering this notion. In fact, it refers only to two situations, direct or indirect representation, depending on whether the person whose property is managed is directly or indirectly legally bound by the acts of the manager. It must be noted however that the powers of the manager are different in their nature if the relationship is a trust or an usufruct for example, due to the fact that the management is no longer based on a power in the narrow meaning, but on a right of ownership (when speaking of ownership) or on a factual control (when the manager is a detentor). The notional fragmentation leads to a functional fragmentation. Each tool produces a specific result in the light of the equilibrium between the two requirements of the management : dynamism and protection of everyone's interests. Even though some common rules can be found, the ownership institution remains, in its exemplary dimension, the potentially most efficient but also the most dangerous because of it is lacking a comprehensive organisation
Balivet, Béatrice Mallet-Bricout Blandine. "Les techniques de gestion des biens d'autrui". Lyon : Université Lyon 3, 2005. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/2004/balivet_b.
Texto completoCastillo, Brieva Daniel. "Arrangements institutionnels et modèles mentaux dans la gestion des ressources en bien commun". Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100022.
Texto completoBollon, Nicolas. "Étude critique de la notion de patrimoine en droit des régimes matrimoniaux et des successions". Lyon 3, 2008. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2008_in_bollon_n.pdf.
Texto completoThe study of the law of the matrimonial systems and the successions questions the rule of the unity of the heritage. The analysis of the substantive law reveals numerous breaches in this rule, breaches which lead all to autonomous patrimonial masses. The questioning of the rule of the unity is not new. The necessary renovation of the theory of the heritage passes by a redefining of the thesis of the "patrimoine d'affectation". It is not a question of rejecting the person outside the field of the patrimonial construction, but of restoring to her a just place and of basing the patrimonial autonomy on the affectation of the possessions. The association of the asset and the liabilities cannot constitute that the consequence of the affectation and not the criterion of the heritage. However, the affectation remains a purely subjective notion which it is necessary to move closer to the right of property. So, all the times as the affectation finds a support in the right objective of property, it is the source of an autonomous patrimonial mass. However this new approach of the theory of the heritage does not agree when we have to deal with a heritage on which several persons can claim to exercise the same privileges; what is the case of the common possessions under the legal system or the undivided possessions of a succession. It is the reason for which this theory of the affectation patrimonies also crosses by a redefining of the notion of collective property which arnounts to a pure competition of identical rights on the same good
Kauffmann, Antoine. "La contribution des biens communs à la performation des méta-organisations : le cas des corridors logistico-portuaires". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH26/document.
Texto completoAs hybrids between markets and hierachy, network structures have spread a lot due to globalization and de centralization. Among the varions types of networks, territory-anchored meta-organizations appear both as les studied and specific kinds of networks. A meta-organization is defined as an organization which is composed by organizations without having a real hierarchical power on its members, such as employment or property. This thesis enriches mate-organization theory by mobilizing both the theory of commons and actor-network theory in the case of gateway corridors. Gateway corridors are groupings created between seaports and inland ports from a sanie geographical axis. Within that scope, this thesis shows that the mets-organizations of gateway corridors are performed through the mobilization of différent kinds of common goods ant that differences in the perception of their action brakes the process of organizational performation
Ciccozzi, Elena. "La tortue, le requin et le jaguar. : L'aménagement du territoire et la gouvernance des ressources naturelles dans les aires protégées, par les instruments de politique. Les cas des Galápagos et du Yasuní en Equateur". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA172/document.
Texto completoArchetypes of the complex interactions between humans and ecosystems in protected areas rich in Common Pool Resources (CPR), the Galapagos Islands and the Yasuní in Ecuador share a history of environment degradation, socio-environmental conflicts and chaotic land development. The abundance of CPR, source of a lucrative rent from biodiversity and crude (in the Yasuní case) have attracted the interests of oil and tourism businesses over the last fifty years. These industries have consistently steered public decisions over the creation, spatial organisation and administration of these natural reserves, additionally affecting their governance, a reality which has hindered the implementation of land-use planning policies for these areas which are two UNESCO MAB Reserves. The Galapagos and Yasuní protected areas are also a powerful example of the peculiar way whereby Ecuador governments over the last five decades have “instrumented” policy making, preferring the use of policy tools to public policies to decide on the two areas’ fate. This thesis shows how a structural problem such as the absence of a land use planning policy, has thrust the practice of policy tools adoption, instead of policy making, to manage the two protected areas. The “revolución ciudadana” led by president Correa succeeded in re-founding State institutions and launching a new development paradigm (Sumak Kawsay or Buen Vivir) however, it did not advance on land-use management related issues particularly regarding the two areas. Correa has placed national planning at the heart of public policy making it the state policy – backed by a powerful bureaucratic structure – but in this process, land use planning is considered as an instrument in support of national planning. This research, carried out under an interdisciplinary perspective, using policy tools as analytical key, wishes to contribute new insights and methods of analysis on public land use planning and management, as well as governance of common pool resources in protected areas
Malafosse, Maxime. "La blockchain en support aux communs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0455.
Texto completoBlockchain and the commons are two concepts that are attracting more and more interest. Through different perspectives, these two notions raise a lot of hopes to transform our society and to answer the current challenges of social and ecological transition. However, there is little research linking them. Especially since the work that brings blockchain and the commons together remains essentially theoretical. Our work aims to better understand how blockchain can support the commons in real life situations. We explored several fields that embodied, in different ways, the role of a technology as a tool in the service of a collective purpose. We began by observing the key role of the blockchain in a commons that aims to produce and self-manage monetary creation (essay 1). To invest this first research field, we conducted a case study. In the following essay, we aimed to shed light on the role of blockchain as a tool integrated in a larger device for experimenting the data commons at the scale of a city (essay 2). This second case study was matured by the realization of a two-year expertise mission in a third place and finally focused on the European project DECODE. Finally, our last essay builds on the results of the first essay and explores how blockchain could economically support the commons as it disrupts the prospects of money through democratizing its alternative forms, facilitating its creation, and increasing the complexity of its design (essay 3)
Gambardella, Massimiliano. "Are telecommunication and media converging ? : the change in the production and distribution model of audio-video contents". Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100009/document.
Texto completoRecently Creative Commons (CC ) licenses emerged. CC are a set of licenses which derive from the free/open source software world. The aim of CC licenses is to share the artistic works (videos , music, etc.) among users . This thesis is devoted to the study of videos under these licenses. In particular, the thesis focuses on three aspects of video production under CC licenses: the successful choice of the degree of openness of the license , the strategy to fund and conduct innovation and the way that determine the success of the projects. First, to investigate the appropriate choice among different degrees of openness in the CC licenses, we conducted an econometric analysis (quantitative approach) on video under CC licenses stored on the Internet Archive . The results suggest that in order to attract contributions of users, producers use different opening licenses based on their organizational status degrees. Then, to study the strategy to fund and manage the innovation generated by users, we conducted a case study (qualitative approach ) of a video under CC license, Big Buck Bunny. The results suggest that users can be used as a source of funding for the production and as partners to innovate. Finally, to study the path and the characteristics of projects that succeed, we created an agent-based model that is able to reproduce the stylized facts of the production of videos under CC license stored on an on-line platform
Dulong, de Rosnay Melanie. "La mise à disposition des œuvres et des informations sur les réseaux : régulation juridique et régulation technique". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Assas - Paris II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00666307.
Texto completoBendelac, Esther. "Le transfert de bien au décès autrement que par succession en droit international privé". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020069.
Texto completoEstate Planning institutions, from english and american laws, allow an individual to transfer property at death to a beneficiary previously designated by him, other than by succession. It became necessary to analyse these mechanisms in their original context so as to implement the teleological-functional qualification. This one failed to assimilate anglo-american and french laws institutions. Therefore, they are exorbitant institutions. Following this demonstration, we had to identify the law that is applicable to them. This is the reason why the contemporary doctrinal propositions were tested. Due to the specificities of the Estate Planning institutions –the right of survivorship, the life interest, and bypass the probate process, the implementation of the current rules of conflict of laws is irrelevant. The only way that could be further explored to accommodate these institutions with the french legal system was the international private law empowered the domestic law. In order to verify the relevance of the development of an autonomous category and its connecting factor, it was necessary to consider the mandatory rules and the content of the international public order. None of these methods, neither alternative nor corrective, constitute an obstacle for our proposed specific rule on conflict of laws to the Estate Planning institutions
Haritchabalet, Carole. "Incertitude sur la qualité des biens : gestion des risques et apprentissage". Toulouse 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU10007.
Texto completoThis dissertation studies the consequences of quality uncertainty on production and consumption. In the first chapter, we consider goods which quality is uncertain for firms only. When a frim must determine the quantity of goods to produce before knowing which goods will be defective, its revenue is uncertain. The production in excess of demand (by producing reserve goods) appears as an instrumentin the management of these risks, this strategy being a generalisation of self protection. It is shown that this strategy is a complement to an insurance strategy. The second and third chapters of this dissertation deal with goods which quality is uncertain for firms and consumers. In this setting, a learning problem on the quality of these goods arises. In these two chapters, we are interested in the study of a particular strategic behavior of consumers which is a waiting behavior to learn information from other agent's consumptions. The objective of the second chapter is to analyse how this strategic behavior affects the pricing policy of two competitive firms. We show that this waiting behavior favours firms in the sense that they are able to extract all the informational surplus without waiting for this information. The use of options appears to be an efficient instrument to induce a waiting behavior. The third chapter analyses the decision of a durable goods monopolist to introduce a new technology. In addition to prices, the monopolist uses production as mean to convey information about the quality of its product. The monopolist can ration the demand to induce information revelation, flood the market when learning about its product quality is sufficient or give up production when the quality of the product is too low
Deher, Cocket Odile. "Politiques de produits et production de l'entreprise exportatrice de biens de consommation". Paris 9, 1985. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1985PA090038.
Texto completoGarcia, Marie-Amélie. "L' importance des référents culturels communs dans les interactions dialogiques au travail : le cas Corse-Continent". Corte, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CORT1045.
Texto completoThis research deals with communication and intercultural management. It aims at defining cultural referents that said to be necessary to mutual understanding through exploration of the concepts of communication, culture, interaction, dialogical and communicational matter, and the communication failure consequences on organizations (I). When two different cultural groups meet, what are the involved referents and risks for organization ? Which is the rule of adaptation of people in intercultural context, still named acculturation ? How to turn the risks of cultural diversity into richness ? Thus which could be solutions for organizations ? We try to answer these questions by building a methodological framework (III) for counselling in organisations (IV)
Baby, Wilfried. "Les effets patrimoniaux du pacte civil de solidarité : l'invention d'une nouvelle forme de conjugalité". Toulouse 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU10017.
Texto completoTaillefait, Antony. "L'évolution du droit et de la gestion des biens des collectivités locales". Paris 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA020002.
Texto completoFor the last few years, the legal status of council-owned properties has undergone a series of deep changes affecting its principles as well as its field of application. Thanks to decentralisation which has changed the distribution of competences, council-owned properties have become more numerous, but the relationships between public institutions have also gained in complexity. In an attempt to give value to personal estate and real estate, the legislator is led to alter the rules of "domanialité", making more and more exceptions to the basic principles founding the public domain. The justification of the distinction between the public and private domains of the local authorities now solely rests on the public use to which the properties are put, the general interest being the defining criteria. The process of diversification of properties, which is now speeding up, obeys this principle of unification. This new legal system applying to properties will no longer be an obstacle to the valorisation of the properties owned by local authorities and will ensure that these are protected, being essential to the exercise of freedom, according to the demands of local democracy nowadays. The origin of these changes in administrative law concerning local properties is to be found in the handling of property that local public management has proposed and sometimes implemented. On the one hand, the techniques and modalities used to administrate local properties are subject to criticisms and transformations which have brought a new life to property management. On the other hand, the troubles that local public service have met tend to introduce new criteria in the management of local property. Profit, productivity and competition are increasingly becoming essential elements in the valorisation of council-owned properties
Andorno, Alain. "Les techniques de gestion des biens, en droits privé et public comparés". Toulouse 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU10006.
Texto completoApproaching the question of the management of the goods (properties), means studying the discipline in its dynamic aspect which oscillates between two opposite poles although perfectly complementary. On one hand, the management is rooted in the protection of the goods and, through them, of the interests, the vector of which they are. On the other hand, the goods having authority to circulate, the management aims their valuation, at the value being here the economic translation of the interest. However, the crossed treatment of the subject, which suggests comparing internal private law and public law, allows to reveal the narrow relations of interdependence which maintain these two branches of the right put in prospect through the management of the goods, considered in a balance between preservation and valuation. The study indeed shows that the private law of the goods is inspired by purposes of public law, while the public law of the goods seems to be inspired by private law's methods
Freyd, Clotilde. "Bi-activité professionnelle des époux et communauté de biens : Pour une autre communauté légale". Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA4010.
Texto completoThe community of property is inadequate for couples where each spouse has a professional activity, as they represent today most of married couples. Spouses who have community of property face various difficulties. Some arise from imperfections that can be corrected without affecting the system’s coherence. Others are, by contrast, caused by the legal regime’s fundamental flaw, the article 1413 of the civil Code. This article has a key role in the rules of liability and has close links with the other provisions of the regime, making important changes necessary for who wants to adapt the legal regime to professionally bi-active couples. Follows a forward-looking approach that aims to elaborate solutions made to give both spouses the possibility to keep the assets purchased thanks to their work and to have an independent professional activity. Despite its shortcomings, the present legal regime has undeniable qualities. A first series of proposals tends to improve the spouses’ situation, especially those who have an independent professional activity, by limiting the scope of the principle formulated in the article 1413 of the civil Code without eliminating the principle of concurrent management which is its corollary. However, an overall redrafting of the legal regime would be more likely to meet the needs of the professionally bi-active spouses. Given the French people’s commitment to the principle of community of property, the proposed new legal regime would keep this nature, but it would nevertheless allow the reinforcement of the spouses’ independence and autonomy
Hajjar, Mohyedine. "Les fonds communs de placement islamiques en droit libanais". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D081.
Texto completoAny attempt to introduce lslamic finance in civil law requires an analytical approach comparing Islamic law and civil law. Islamic management services rely on types of contracts, which do not exist in civil law: namely the mudâraba and the wakâla. These agency agreements differ from the general scheme of mutual funds as the exhibit a marked difference with the civil Iaw mandate contract. In order to allow these contracts, the current regime of mutual fonds must be amended by creating a representation committee of subscribers. Classification of the mutual funds by the Lebanese and French legislators as joint ownership sound well to Islamic doctrine. Even a detailed analysis of the ownership and joint ownership regimes proves there is no fundamental difference between civil Jaw and Islamic law in this matter. However, the fund’s ownership regime is close to what is called "special-purpose assets" in the civil law doctrine. This classification is unacceptable in Islamic law, which has a persona! theory of patrimony. Our conceptualization of the regime of a legal concept of Islamic law called Jiha make it possible to acknowledge the notions of special purpose assets and legal personality in Islamic law. Islamic management services put strong requirements on the governance of the funds and additional duties for the agent. Islamic management services require the presence of specialized entities monitoring compliance of management to Islamic law: such specific entity does not exist in practice. Islamic management services then leads to a "screening" of securities. Le1rnl analysis of Islamic screening el a borates the legal basis of this screening
Pillet, Blandine. "La gestion concertée de l'eau en France : enseignements pour la gestion des communs : application à la gestion concertée de l'ouverture des sites hydroélectriques à l'approvisionnement en eau potable". Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10069.
Texto completoLamoureux-Bélair, Guillaume. "L’incidence du rendement sur la gestion du risque au sein de l’industrie des fonds communs de placement". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5452.
Texto completoRizal, Jufrina. "La Place de la femme Minangkabau dans le droit : propriété et gestion des biens". Paris, EHESS, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EHES0075.
Texto completoCastello, Michèle. "L'abus de gestion et le Droit pénal". Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE0015.
Texto completoBettio, Nathalie. "La circulation des biens entre personnes publiques". Toulouse 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU10005.
Texto completoThe circulation of property between public legal entities is a relatively recent phenomenon that has developed since the end of the nineteen eighties, a period characterized by the reinforcement of territorial decentraization and an alteration of traditional public economic law under the influence of neoliberalism. Until then, patrimony relationships between public legal entities were marginalized, since because of their object, the afore mentioned focused more on the exercise of public strength than on juridical business. The circulation of property, independently from their estate regime, is the dawn of communication between public legal ;entities which moves closer to the private law code and market values. This process, consecrated by the "Code général de la propriété des personnes publiques" which was officially sanctioned in 2006, revealed a drastic change in administration. Indeed, the consequence has been the transformation of public legal entities through a functional reconfiguration of administrative patrimony and territory, restructured by a new deal in public politics and a trivialization of business between public entities. A deepening of the decentralization and a return to liberalism with the function of regulating property policies followed. Its imperium prevails over its dominium. The interference of economic rationality by the circulation of properties between public legal entities finalizes the transition from an essentialist to a functionalist conception of public property ans territory
Mtalai, Itre. "Modélisation de la dépendance à l'aide des mélanges communs et applications en actuariat". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32983.
Texto completoLa modélisation de la dépendance entre les risques pour un portefeuille d’une assurance ou d’une entité financière est devenue de plus en plus importante pour la solvabilité des institutions financières et l’examen de solvabilité dynamique et l’analyse financière dynamique des compagnies d’assurance. L’hypothèse d’indépendance entre les risques est parfois réaliste et facilite l’évaluation, l’agrégation et l’allocation des risques. Cependant, dans la majorité des cas, les risques individuels sont influencés par un ou plusieurs facteurs communs, tels que l’environnement économique, les régions géographiques ou les conditions climatiques et il est donc moins réaliste, voire dangereux, de supposer l’indépendance entre les risques d’un même portefeuille. Dans la littérature, un tel cas peut être modélisé par des modèles avec mélange commun. Ces modèles ont de nombreuses applications en assurance et en finance. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc d’explorer les modèles de dépendance construits à l’aide des mélanges communs et de faire sortir, à l’aide de plusieurs applications, la dangerosité de considérer l’indépendance entre les risques au sein d’un portefeuille. En particulier, la focalisation est mise sur un modèle souvent considéré pour modéliser le montant de sinistres, notamment la loi exponentielle mélange. Cette thèse considère les modèles de risque basés sur la loi exponentielle mélange. Le premier chapitre constitue une introduction générale aux modèles avec mélanges communs et introduit les notions qui seront utilisées dans les autres chapitres. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous considérons un portefeuille de risques représentés par un vecteur de variables aléatoires dont la fonction de répartition conjointe est définie par une copule Archimédienne ou une copule Archimédienne imbriquée. Nous examinons le calcul de la fonction de répartition de la somme ou une variété de fonctions de ces variables aléatoires. En nous basant sur la méthodologie computationnelle présentée dans ce chapitre, nous examinons plusieurs problèmes reliés à différents modèles de risque en actuariat, tels que l’agrégation et l’allocation du capital. De plus, en utilisant une telle structure de dépendance avec des marginales spécifiques, nous obtenons des expressions explicites pour plusieurs quantités relatives au risque agrégé telles que sa fonction de masse de probabilité, sa fonction de répartition, sa TVaR, etc. L’échangeabilité des copules Archimédiennes implique que toutes les marginales sont égales. Afin de généraliser les copules Archimédiennes pour permettre les asymétries, plusieurs chercheurs utilisent une structure hiérarchique obtenue en imbriquant plusieurs copules Archimédiennes. Toutefois, il est difficile de valider la condition d’imbrication permettant d’assurer que la structure résultante est une copule, lorsque les copules impliquées appartiennent à des familles Archimédiennes différentes. Afin de remédier à ce problème, nous présentons, au troisième chapitre, une nouvelle méthode d’imbrication basée sur la construction des lois composées multivariées exponentielles mélange. En introduisant plusieurs paramètres, un large spectre de structures de dépendance peut être couvert par cette nouvelle construction, ce qui semble être très intéressant pour des applications pratiques. Des algorithmes efficients de simulation et d’agrégation sont également présentés. En nous inspirant à la fois des chapitres 2 et 3, nous proposons et examinons en détail au quatrième chapitre une nouvelle extension au modèle collectif de risque en supposant une certaine dépendance entre la fréquence et la sévérité des sinistres. Nous considérons des modèles collectifs de risque avec différentes structures de dépendance telles que des modèles impliquant des lois mélanges d’Erlang multivariées ou, dans un cadre plus général, des modèles basés sur des copules bivariées ou multivariées. Nous utilisons également les copules Archimédiennes et Archimédiennes hiérarchiques afin de modéliser la dépendance entre les composantes de la somme aléatoire représentant le montant de sinistre global. En nous basant encore une fois sur la représentation de notre modèle sous forme d’un mélange commun, nous adaptons la méthodologie computationnelle présentée au chapitre 2 pour calculer la fonction de masse de probabilité d’une somme aléatoire incorporant une dépendance hiérarchique. Finalement, dans le cinquième chapitre, nous soulignons l’utilité des modèles avec mélange commun et nous étudions plus en détail les lois exponentielles mélange dans leurs versions univariée et multivariée et nous expliquons leur lien étroit avec les copules Archimédiennes et Archimédiennes hiérarchiques. Nous proposons également plusieurs nouvelles distributions et nous établissons leurs liens avec des distributions connues.
Risk dependence modelling has become an increasingly important task for the solvency of financial institutions and insurance companies. The independence assumption between risks is sometimes realistic and facilitates risk assessment, aggregation and allocation. However, in most cases individual risks are influenced by at least one common factor, such as the economic environment, geographical regions or climatic conditions, and it is therefore less realistic or even dangerous to assume independence between risks. In the literature, such a case can be modelled by common mixture models. These models have many applications in insurance and finance. The aim of this thesis is to explore the dependence models constructed using common mixtures and to bring out, with the use of several applications, the riskiness of considering the independence between risks within an insurance company or a financial institution. In particular, the focus is on the exponential mixture. Exponential mixture distributions are on the basis of this thesis. The first chapter is a general introduction to models with common mixtures and introduces the concepts that will be used in the other chapters. In the second chapter, we consider a portfolio of risks represented by a vector of random variables whose joint distribution function is defined by an Archimedean copula or a nested Archimedean copula. We examine the computation of the distribution of the sum function or a variety of functions of these random variables. Based on the computational methodology presented in this chapter, we examine risk models regarding aggregation, capital allocation and ruin problems. Moreover, by using such a dependency structure with specific marginals, we obtain explicit expressions for several aggregated risk quantities such as its probability mass function, its distribution function, and its TVaR. The exchangeability of the Archimedean copulas implies that all margins are equal. To generalize Archimedean copulas to allow asymmetries, several researchers use a hierarchical structure obtained by nesting several Archimedean copulas. However, it is difficult to validate the nesting condition when the copulas involved belong to different Archimedean families. To solve this problem, we present, in the third chapter, a new imbrication method via the construction of the multivariate compound distributions. By introducing several parameters, a large spectrum of dependency structures can be achieved by this new construction, which seems very interesting for practical applications. Efficient sampling and aggregation algorithms are also presented. Based on both Chapters 2 and 3, we propose and examine in detail, in the fourth chapter, a new extension to the collective risk model assuming a certain dependence between the frequency and the severity of the claims. We consider collective risk models with different dependence structures such as models based on multivariate mixed Erlang distributions, models involving bivariate or multivariate copulas, or in a more general setting, Archimedean and hierarchical Archimedean copulas. Once again, based on the common mixture representation, we adapt the computational methodology presented in Chapter 2 to compute the probability mass function of a random sum incorporating a hierarchical Archimedean dependency. Finally, in the last chapter, we study, in more details, the exponential mixture distributions in their univariate and multivariate versions and we explain their close relationship to Archimedean and hierarchical Archimedean copulas. We also derive several new distributions, and we establish their links with pre-existent distributions. Keywords : Common mixture models, Exponential mixture, Bernoulli mixture, Archimedean copulas, Nested Archimedean copulas, Compounding, Marshall-Olkin, Hierarchical dependence structures.
Jongh, Maurits de. "The primacy of public goods". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0007.
Texto completoThis dissertation takes up the concept of public goods as a hermeneutical thread with which to explore the theory and history of political economy. Situated at the intersection between political philosophy and the history of modern economic thought, this dissertation examines the following main research question: what is the role and potential of public goods to foster rather than disable individual and collective agency in politics and social life? In response to this question, the dissertation articulates the primacy of public goods in two senses: first, since plural public goods constitute the indispensable infrastructure of social life and human relationships, they have primacy over both private and common modes of providing and enjoying goods. Second, since they rely on governmental coordination and compulsion in inescapable and ineluctable relationships of political authority, public goods also have primacy over the common good in its monist conception
Laurent, Anne. "La gestion en bien commun des eaux souterraines : La nappe des sables astiens de Valras-Agde (Hérault), une opération pilote en Languedoc-Roussillon". Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20256.
Texto completoMarei, Ahmed. "L'abus de gestion en droit pénal des affaires". Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT4027.
Texto completoIn the beginning of this century, a policy of penalisation has been triggered, following the financial scandals of the third Republic, committed by the indelicate administrators of certain commercial companies. In order to repress directly this disloyal management others funds, the legislator decreed some specific incriminations, those that belong today to what one calls, the penal law of companies. The misuse of corporate assests is the "core hard" of this penal law of companies, considered as the beacon branch of the penal law of business. The institutions of this offense is justifies by the insufficiency of the common inscriminations to punish the dishonesty committed against the social interest. Recently, the repression of the misuse of management by this specific incrimination has known, on behalf of the jurisprudence, some leeways. Indeed, this offence became a "offense pretext" having the tendency to engage a moralizing politics of the business life and to punish other fraudulent acts, notably the corruptionn, the traffic of influence and the occult financing of political parties, when the main qualification didn't succeed. The realization of this goal pushed the jurisprudence to interpret extensively the constituent elements of the offense, that became thus unclassifiable, and to create some derogatory rules in its repressive regime. This objective of the jurisprudence is laudable, but the method is critcizable : it is not necessary that judges play the legislator's role. In the name of the legality, that is the key of arch of the penal law, a reforme therefore imposes, to tighten the incrimination of this "scarecrow" and to adopt the solutions dedicated by the jurisprudence, notably those that concern the prescription of the misuse of management and its application in the matters of holding. The scandals of the fifth Republic are multiplied, and the public waits the political courage to realize the indispensable reform
Cayemitte, Jean-Marie. "Accumulation des biens, croissance et monnaie". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020001/document.
Texto completoThis thesis constructs a theoretical model that renews the traditional approach of the market equilibrium. By introducing into the neoclassical paradigm the principle of preference for quantity, it optimally generates inventories within a competitive market. The results are very important since they explain both the emergence of unsold goods and the existence of economic cycles. In addition, it studies the optimal behavior of a monopolist whose the market power depends not only on the quantity of displayed goods but also that of goods that the main consumer is willing to buy. Contrary to the traditional assumption that the monopolist chooses price or quantity that maximizes its profit, through a generalized Lerner index (GLI) it attracts customers’ demand by both the price and the quantity of displayed goods. Whatever the market structure, the phenomenon of inventory accumulation appears in the economy. Furthermore, it has the advantage of explicitly explaining impulse purchases untreated by economics. To check the robustness of the results,the theoretical model is fitted to U.S. data. Due to its nonlinearity, the Gauss-Newtonmethod is appropriate to highlight the impact of consumers’ preference for quantity on production and accumulation of goods and consequently GDP forecast. Finally, this thesis builds a two-country overlapping generations (OLG) model which extends the dynamic OLG equilibrium to a frictionless dynamic OLG gamma-equilibrium. Based on the cash-inadvance constraint, it highlights the conditions of over-accumulation of capital and welfare implications of capital mobility in a context of accumulation of stock of unsold goods
Cadalen, Pierre-Yves. "Gouverner les communs environnementaux : l'Amazonie en Equateur et en Bolivie : conflictualité socio-écologique, échelles de pouvoir et espace global à l'heure de l'Anthropocène". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0036.
Texto completoThis work is about power relations around environmental commons in Bolivia and Ecuador at the beginning of our century. The chronological limits are from the early 2000’s to 2014-2015. It consists in studying the interactions between socio-ecological conflictuality of Amazonian spaces in both countries with the international projections led by Rafael Correa’s government in Ecuador, and Evo Morales’ one in Bolivia. Indeed, the ecological issue has become central to the diplomatic narratives of those governments and has become crucial to their international influence strategies. The two first parts of the PhD. are dedicated to the modalities of the international projections, and to the way their acquired political autonomy was caught up. This phenomenon is inscribed in what I call Ecological Power Relations. The conclusions I drew from this phenomenon invite us to think about a general framework of analysis of those relations, whose strength must be tested later on. That is the heart of the third part. I introduce the concept of Eco-power, which would determine, given the structuring reality of the Anthropocene, new power configurations and dynamics. The tensions around the indigenous autonomy, the Peripheral States’ national sovereignty, and climate justice, are observed through this prism. Eco-power is defined as the polycentric power of life and death over the specie, whose instauration and inertia strength depend on the imposition of unique time and space representation
Berthet, Elsa. "Contribution à une théorie de la conception des agro-écosystèmes : Fonds écologique et inconnu commun". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874630.
Texto completoAntonini-Cochin, Laetitia. "La situation du conjoint d'un débiteur soumis à une procédure collective". Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE0038.
Texto completoThibault, Agnès. "Analyse d'un élement déterminant de la gestion de patrimoine physique : l'entretien rénovation. Application économétrique au logement". Paris 9, 1998. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1998PA090075.
Texto completoMohamed, Ashour. "Gestion du bien indivis en droit français : étude comparée". Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32005.
Texto completoA compared study is of unquestionable interest. This is why I treated the management of the undivided property in French right and Egyptian right. Under the light of the French law of December 31 1976 more exactly article 815 and the Egyptian law of June 16, 1948 more precisely article 825, this question is divided into two parts : operation of the legal mode of the joint possession and operation of the conventional mode of the joint possession. The first part includes/understands three chapters the conservation of the undivided property (I) the rule of the unanimity (II) and the corrective measures with the rule of the unanimity (III). The second part is divided into two chapters : of manager of the joint possession (article 1873-5 of the French civil code). The final chapter is the provisional division as a means to manage the undivided mass according to the Egyptian law of 1948 in particular article 846 of the civil code
Koszewska, Joanna. "Dobro wspólne w przestrzeni miasta : analiza porównawcza w Polsce i we Francji na przykładach wybranych dzielnic Warszawy i Paryża". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL054.pdf.
Texto completoThis work addresses the management of urban space as a question of common good. In Poland, the common good is inscribed in the legal system as the philosophical basis of law. A parallel analysis of urban transformations with similar morphological and historical characteristics was carried out: in Warsaw (Powiśle) and in Paris (Paris Rive Gauche Concerted Development Zone). The analysis of institutional planning was supplemented by a description of socially managed initiatives in Warsaw Jazdów and Paris Grands Voisins. The French system gives the State and local authorities a strong position and tools for operational urban planning and efficient management of space in the interest of common good. Sometimes these tools limit the freedom of private, social and institutional entities as well as certain civil rights, such as property rights, in favour of a public interest (pre-emptive rights, subdivision and ZAC). The ZAC specifies the framework for the participation of a social entity (citizens' association).In Poland, the urban system has more characteristics of freedom, giving the public entity less tools of administrative constraint. With a strong position of private entities (developers, NGOs), it is difficult to restore a spatial order, which sometimes leads to chaos, to the detriment of the public good. Administrative procedures differ in both countries, but social management initiatives are similar. The analysis of French urban planning case studies makes it possible to formulate the recommendations for the Polish system
W pracy podejmuję temat teoretycznych przesłanek do gospodarowania przestrzenią miejską oraz jego współczesnych przejawów prawnych i praktycznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii dobra wspólnego. Dobro wspólne jest przedmiotem debaty akademickiej, a w przypadku Polski jest także wpisane w krajowy system prawny jako podstawa filozoficzna kształtowania regulacji prawnych. Do zbadania tego obszaru pojęciowego wykorzystano badania literaturowe, uzupełnione o obserwację toczącej się międzynarodowej dyskusji. Badania rozszerzono o studia przypadków głównych i uzupełniających oraz porównanie otrzymanych wyników. Punktem wyjścia badań jest analiza uwarunkowań podejmowania decyzji w zakresie zagospodarowania przestrzennego - urbanistycznego w Polsce, a dokładniej w Warszawie, w której przekształcenia terenów w ostatnich dekadach stały się szczególnie intensywne. Po przeglądzie uwarunkowań warszawskich, dotyczących obszaru Powiśla, poszerzono analizę o badania literaturowe i terenowe, dotyczące uwarunkowań francuskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wybranego obszaru Paryża: Zone d’Aménagement Concerté Paris Rive Gauche, podlegającego współcześnie zmianom w zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym. Tereny dzielnic o znacznej powierzchni, stanowiące studium przypadku, wybrano z uwagi na zbliżone uwarunkowania morfologiczne i historyczne w miastach o odmiennej historii i ekonomii. Przypadki terenów, podlegających administracyjnemu zarządowi instytucjonalnemu i publicznemu, uzupełniono o opis przypadków, w których wybrane przestrzenie zarządzane są w sposób społecznościowy. W Warszawie przeanalizowano pod tym względem Jazdów, a w Paryżu Grands Voisins. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy stwierdzono, że francuski system prawny w zakresie planowania przestrzennego daje państwu i samorządom terytorialnym bardzo mocną pozycję i silne narzędzia urbanistyki operacyjnej, pozwalające skutecznie zarządzać przestrzenią w interesie dobra wspólnego. Niekiedy narzędzia te znacząco ograniczają swobodę działania pozostałych uczestników procesu: aktorów prywatnych, społecznych i instytucjonalnych. Niektóre z tych narzędzi ograniczają również wybrane prawa obywatelskie, jak np. prawo własności, dając w zamian możliwość realizacji interesu ogółu. Do takich narzędzi należą: prawo pierwokupu nieruchomości przez gminę, konieczność uzgadniania ewentualnych podziałów gruntu (lotissement) i ZAC (Zone d’Aménagement Concerté). 12 W ramach urbanistyki operacyjnej, a dokładnie operacji ZAC, szczegółowo określone są ramy, w których może uczestniczyć podmiot społeczny, jak np. stowarzyszenie obywateli. W Polsce system urbanistyczny wykazuje więcej cech wolnościowych, dając podmiotowi publicznemu mniej narzędzi przymusu administracyjnego. Dzisiaj, przy bardzo silnej pozycji podmiotów prywatnych (np. deweloperów, jak również rosnącej roli organizacji pozarządowych) utrudnia to zaprowadzenie ładu przestrzennego i prowadzi niekiedy do chaosu ze szkodą dla dobra ogółu. O ile oficjalne procedury administracyjne różnią się znacznie w obu krajach, o tyle inicjatywy oddolne, związane ze współzarządzaniem, wykazują wiele wspólnych cech w kwestii samoorganizacji. Analiza uwarunkowań francuskich pozwala na sformułowanie propozycji uwzględnienia