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Sholia, I. St. "THE EFFECT OF EXTRALINGUAL FACTORS ON THE CHOICE OF PERSONAL NAMES IN UZHHOROD IN THE 20TH CENTURY". Rusin, n.º 60 (2020): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/60/14.
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The article studies the extralingual factors that influenced the choice of female and male names of Uzhhorod citizens during the 20th century. The research draws on the Uzhhorod civil registry books stored in the Transcarpathian State Regional Archive. It has been found out that dynamic historical events (the region’s becoming a part of various states with their language policy), economic, political, cultural and educational changes in Transcarpathia over the centuries influenced the cultural and linguistic situation and manifested in the changes of personal names. The choice of male and female personal names was also influenced by the changes in the population ethnic composition as well as people’s national and confessional identity. The coexistence of more than 70 nationalities and nations, including Ukrainians, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, Belarussians, Bulgarians, Poles, Romanians, Moldovans, Roma, Swabians, Jews, Germans, Azerbaijanis, Gagauz, Armenians, Uzbeks, etc., certainly influenced the Uzhhorod name repertoire, since it was different cultures, ethnic naming traditions, and various names. Although the religion and ethnicity affected the anthroponymic repertoire and matter for choosing names for newborns, they were not so much significant as to affect the general system of personal names of Uzhhorod residents in the 20th century.
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Radchenko, O. "JEWS AND JEWISH CULTURE OF GALICIA AND GREAT UKRAINE IN GERMAN TRAVEL GUIDES (late 19th – first half of the 20th centuries)". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, n.º 143 (2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.143.6.
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The article deals with travel guides in German language about current territory of Ukraine at the end of 19th – first half of 20th centuries. It is noted that they represent quite a small group of literary sources. Major part of their content is reference information about geography, history, specific features of daily life and household traditions of one region or another, but major function is imposing of normative perception of foreign, alien culture. The most well-known are those, which were issued by publishing house “Baedeker”, as well as those, published in the times of Austrian-Hungarian monarchy. The author analyses image of Jews as ethnic community in the regions of Eastern Galicia and so-called Great Ukraine before the First World War, in the interwar period and during the Second World War. It is emphasized that thorough consideration of image of the Jews through prism of travel guides during dramatic and tragic events of the end of XIX – the first half of XX centuries may open to the readers of the XXI century new perspectives in understanding of such socio-political phenomena, as a state policy towards ethnic minorities; collective auto- and hetero-stereotypes; dynamics of antisemitism from common level of everyday life to discrimination and extermination of Jews. Moreover, travel guides contain various materials for analysis of issues, related to cultural transfer, models of journeys, attractiveness of certain destinations and objects of cultural and historical heritage at the territory of regions, which for centuries were known by coexistence of various ethnic groups and frequent changes of borders. Necessity of usage of interdisciplinary approach was an additional stimulus for research on the subject under consideration. The author stressed that the book of Franz Obermeyer “Ukraine. Land der schwarzen Erde”, as well as the travel guide by Baedeker, 1943, and the travel guide for Kyiv, 1942, were instruments of the criminal Nazi-Propaganda, contrary to publications during Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, which to certain measure can be considered as a source of knowledge about inter-cultural communications and tolerance. But in both cases the character of these books depended on a political and ideological conjuncture. While in the books, published before the WWI, the image of a Jew was presented mainly from the ethnographic perspective, but in Nazi publications during WWII it was transformed into the image of an enemy. But the authors avoided usage of formulations like “judo-bolshevism” or “worldwide Jewish conspiracy”. Most likely, the traditional format of a travel guide as an instrument of inter-cultural communication limited its actual transformation into a primitive racial or anti-Semitic propaganda. Certain attention in the article is given to the soviet travel guides, edited by Alexander Rado and published by All-Union Society of Cultural Relations in the 1920-ies, which were and are still little known.
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Raudsepp, Anu. "Vaimse vastupanu püüded okupatsioonivõimudele Hugo Raudsepa 1940. aastate komöödiates". Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 172, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2020.2.02.
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In the 1940s, the totalitarian occupying regimes of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union implemented the strictest control and ideological guidance of intellectual and spiritual life of all time in Estonia. Essentially, the mechanisms and results of control are known. Cultural life was subjected to strict pre-censorship and post-publication censorship, and in the Soviet era also to thematic dictation.
The intellectual and spiritual resistance of Estonians in those years, in other words their refusal to accept the ruling ideology, has been studied very little. The most widespread way of putting up intellectual and spiritual resistance was to remain silent, in other words to avoid creating works that were agreeable to the authorities. Selective silence, that is the selection of one’s points of emphasis, and splitting, in other words writing for oneself works that one keeps in one’s drawer while at the same time writing for publication in print, are also placed in this category. Recording actual history in diaries through the eyes of contemporaries of events, reading intellectually and spiritually enjoyable literature, and other such actions were ways of putting up intellectual and spiritual resistance.
The main objective of this study is to ascertain in historical context the attempts to put up intellectual and spiritual resistance in the comedies from the 1940s by Hugo Raudsepp (1883–1952), one of the most outstanding Estonian playwrights of the 20th century. Ideologically speaking, dramatic literature was clearly one of the most vulnerable branches of literature. It was created for public presentation in theatres, after all, for which reason authors had to be particularly careful in their wording. On the other hand, plays provided both authors and directors with opportunities to conceal messages between the lines. For this reason, theatre became exceedingly popular in Estonia by the final decades of the Soviet era. The ridicule and mocking of the Soviet regime were especially enjoyed.
The subjugation of Estonian intellectual and spiritual life to the ideological requirements of the occupying regime was launched at the time of pre-war Stalinism (1940–1941). Its aim was to rear Soviet-minded people who would help to justify, fortify and enhance the Soviet regime. The systematic control of the activities of creative persons and the working out of dictates and regulations were nevertheless not yet completed during the first year of Soviet rule. Many outstanding cultural figures remained silent or earned a living by translating texts. At that time, Hugo Raudsepp wrote the non-political novel Viimne eurooplane [The Last European], which is noteworthy to this day, while his plays from the period of independent Estonian statehood were not staged in theatres.
Starting with the German occupation (1941–1944), the point of departure for Hugo Raudsepp was writing between the lines in his comedies in order to get both readers and theatregoers to think and to give them strength of soul. In 1943, he wrote the comedy Vaheliku vapustused [Interspatial Jolts], which has later been styled as a masterpiece. He concealed numerous signs between the lines of this play referring to the fate of a small people, in other words Estonia, between its great neighbouring powers the Soviet Union and Germany. Performances of this play were soon banned. Performances in theatres of all other plays by Hugo Raudsepp were similarly banned, with one exception.
During post-war Stalinism in 1944–51, the sovietisation of Estonian cultural life resumed. Hugo Raudsepp did not initially write on topical Soviet themes, rather he sought subject matter from earlier times. His first play from that period entitled Rotid [Rats] (1946) was about the German occupation during the Second World War and it ridiculed the occupying Germans. Raudsepp also skilfully wove messages supporting Estonian cultural identity into the play. The play was staged in the Estonia Theatre but was soon banned.
Raudsepp’s second play from that period, Tagatipu Tiisenoosen (1946), earned first prize at the state comedy competition in that same year. The action in the play was set in the period of Estonian National Awakening at the end of the 19th century. It ridiculed Baltic Germans and the behaviour of parvenu Estonians. Similarly to his previous play, he demonstrated nationalist mentality in this comedy by way of nationalist songs. It is noteworthy that by the summer of 1947, Tagatipu Tiisenoosen had also reached expatriate Estonians and it was staged with an altered title as the only Stalinist- era play from Soviet Estonia in Canada (1952), Australia (1954) and Sweden (1956).
The thematic precepts imposed on Estonian writers and the mechanism for ensuring that those precepts were followed became even stricter starting in 1947. Raudsepp wrote his next 7 plays on required Soviet subject matter: post-war land reform (Tillereinu peremehed [The Owners of Tillereinu], 1947), monetary reform (Noorsulane Ilmar [Ilmar the Young Farmhand], 1948), kolkhozes (Küpsuseksam [Matriculation Exam] and Lasteaed [Kindergarten], 1949, Mineviku köidikuis [In the Fetters of the Past] (1950) and his so-called Viimane näidend [Last Play], 1950 or 1951), and the beginning of the Soviet regime in Estonia in 1940 (Pööripäevad Kikerpillis [Solstices in Kikerpill], 1949). Hugo Raudsepp skilfully wove words of wisdom for Estonians on surviving under foreign rule through the mouths of his characters, or discreetly laughed about Soviet reality in a way that the censors did not grasp.
Post-war cultural policy culminated with the 8th Plenum of the Estonian Communist (Bolshevist) Party (EC(B)P) Central Committee on 21–26 March 1950, where among other things, the EC(B)P Central Committee Bureau was accused of allowing the exaltation of the superiority of Western European science and culture. Cultural figures were branded bourgeois nationalists and they faced serious ordeals. The fate of the great figure of Estonian dramatic literature was very harsh. Hugo Raudsepp was depicted as a ‘fascist henchman’ in 1950. He was expelled from the Estonian Writers’ Union and was deprived of his personal pension. He was arrested on 11 May 1951. Opposition to the Soviet regime was stressed in the charges presented to him. His play Vaheliku vapustused, which the German occupying regime had banned, and his only play that was allowed at that time, Lipud tormis [Flags in the Storm], were named as the primary evidence supporting the charges. Hugo Raudsepp was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in the autumn of 1951. He hoped to the last possible moment that he would be allowed to serve his sentence in Estonia. Unfortunately, on 18 February 1952 he was sent by train from Tallinn to Narva and on 19 February on to Leningrad. From there his journey took him to Vjatka, Kirov and finally Irkutsk oblast. This great man’s health was poor, and he soon died on 15 September 1952.
Very few new literary works appeared in the 1940s. The historical nadir is altogether seen in post-war book production in the era of Stalinism. Estonian theatre was similarly in a most difficult situation due to censorship, shortage of repertoire, scarcity of funding, and layoffs and sackings of theatre personnel. Nowadays the survival of theatre at the time, regardless of difficult times, is appreciated, and actors are recognised for preserving Estonian identity and uniting the people.
Hugo Raudsepp’s role as a playwright in supporting intellectual and spiritual resistance to foreign authorities has to be recognised on the basis of his occupation-era comedies. Hugo Raudsepp was one of the most productive authors of his day, writing a total of 11 plays in 1943–51. According to the assessment of scholars of literature, he never once rose with these works to the leading-edge level of his previous works. It was impossible to create masterpieces that would become classics in that time of strict ideological precepts and the monitoring of their observance. Taking into consideration the extremely restricted creative conditions, his works were still masterpieces of their time. As Hugo Raudsepp’s oeuvre demonstrates, spirit still managed to cleverly trump power regardless of censorship and official precepts. The denunciation of Stalin’s personality cult in 1956 once again opened the door to the theatre for Hugo Raudsepp’s best comedies from Estonia’s era of independent statehood. The witticism and laughter of Hugo Raudsepp’s comedies gave people renewed strength of soul.
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Eigler, Friederike. "Writing in the New Germany: Cultural Memory and Family Narratives". German Politics and Society 23, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2005): 16–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780979967.
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This article discusses the genre of family narratives in contemporary German literature against the backdrop of cultural memory in postunification Germany.1 Family narratives lend themselves to a critical study of memory as they enact the transmission and transformation of memories from one generation to the next. Thus, these texts serve a pivotal role as both archives for and reflections on individual and collective memories of 20th century Germany history. Since the late 1990s, i.e., almost a decade after the collapse
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Gosewinkel, Dieter. "Einbürgern und Ausschließen. Staatsangehörigkeit und Bürgerrecht in Deutschland während des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 137, n.º 1 (25 de agosto de 2020): 364–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2020-0006.
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AbstractNaturalizing and excluding. Nationality and citizenship law in 19th and 20th century Germany. Nationality law in Germany came up as a legal institution of German federal states at the beginning of 19th century and underwent a process of nationalization. The principle of descent (Abstammungsprinzip), which was – before a legal reform in 2000 – hegemonic, was used to define German nationality primarily as a community of ethno-cultural descent. This restrictive use of German nationality law did not establish, however, a direct line of conceptual and political continuity between ‘ethno-cultural’ and ‘racial’ criteria, and it was primarily based on a politico-social constellation of political, demographic and national instability, not on a specific German national discourse.
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Dju, Orlindo, Johnatan Da Costa Santos, Darinka Brosovich Flores y Jorge Marko Calderon Verduga. "African direction in the foreign policy of Brazil". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, n.º 11-1 (1 de noviembre de 2020): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi06.
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The article considers political, economic, social and cultural aspects of Brazilian-African cooperation at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. At the present stage, after two decades of active development, Brazilian policy towards Africa has been losing momentum. Nowadays the cooperation between Brazil and African countries requires developing a new strategy.
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Krzoska, Markus, Kolja Lichy y Konstantin Rometsch. "Jenseits von Ostmitteleuropa? Zur Aporie einer deutschen Nischenforschung". Journal of Modern European History 16, n.º 1 (febrero de 2018): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-1-40.
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Ostmitteleuropaforschung - Beyond East Central Europe? The Aporiae of a Niche Research Interest in Germany The article discusses some crucial problems of area studies drawing on the example of East Central European studies in Germany today. Against the backdrop of persistent methodological imperatives stemming from the 19th and early 20th century, we argue that general definitions of space, time or structure are of little use even in relation to a constructed region. Instead, we call for a praxeological approach that takes into consideration specific situational entanglements and their actors. In the context of global, European, imperial or transnational turns in historical cultural studies, a non-hierarchical, spatial and temporal perspective becomes essential. This article seeks to encourage discussion about the chances and risks that current developments in historical area studies in Germany entail, while also providing an impulse to think about possible future ramifications.
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De Ville, Kennethe. "Medical Malpractice in Twentieth Century United States: The Interaction of Technology, Law, and Culture". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 14, n.º 2 (1998): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012198.
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AbstractAlthough medical malpractice litigation in the United States has generated extensive professional and scholarly attention, few analyses of the issue have explored its underlying causes. This essay develops and employs an historical framework to explain the late 20th century phenomenon and concludes that widespread medical malpractice suits are the result of a combination of short-term topical causes and long-term cultural changes that are ignored or left untouched by most reform efforts. Most importantly, however, the development and proliferation of new and improved medical technologies has played a pivotal role throughout the entire history of the litigation, an effect that has become most prominent and important in the last third of the 20th century.
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Gajic, Aleksandar. "Тhe impact of Werner Sombart`s Merchants and Heroes on the conception of geopolitical dualism of tellurocracy and thalassocracy". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n.º 171 (2019): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1971423g.
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This paper examines the connection between the war pamphlet ?Merchants and Heroes? (1915) of Werner Sombart, one of the greatest European sociologists of the 20th century, and geopolitical theories about the conflict between land and sea powers. Although Sombart?s pamphlet emphasizes the spiritual-moral and cultural-sociological dualism between Germany and England in the First World War, where the first represents the characteristics of heroes and idealists and the other of merchants and opportunists, the paper shows that this conflict was primarily a war for the territories - a geopolitical conflict, and, only secondary, a cultural-normative conflict. Historical anal?ysis shows that German geostrategic actions before the Great War (in their colonial policy) and during the Great War were not in opposition, but very similar to Great Britain`s policies. Therefore, it can be assumed that the war between Germany and Great Britain 435 broke out because of the rivalries based on their similarities, both in actions and pretensions. Moreover, Wilhelmine Germany was almost copying Britain?s colonial expansion, so it became the greatest threat to Great Britain`s geostrategic interest. Further, the research established the links between the views of Sombart and Karl Schmitt and, later, with the oversized opposition between land and sea powers as ?the second law of geopolitics? in the views of some geopolitical thinkers during the 20th century. The paper shows that the sources of both views are the same and that they lie in the German romantic-idealistic youth subculture movements at the turn of the 20th century adopted in academic circles before the Great War, primarily in the philosophy of Kurt Hiller and sociology of George Simmel, from which they were accepted by Werner Sombart.
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Avrutina, Apollinaria S. "Muslim communities within and out of St. Petersburg cultural context in the 20th century". Minbar. Islamic Studies 11, n.º 2 (21 de septiembre de 2018): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2018-11-2-261-267.
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The article offers an insight into the history of the Muslim communities in the Russian capital city of St. Petersburg in the 18th –20th cent. The author identifies the problems, which gradually arose in course of implementation of the state national policy in various periods of the Russian history. Equally she outlines the problems, which may be an obstacle in the interfaith dialogue.
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Shmelev, Dmitry. "Muslim Immigration to France in the 20th Century: Causes, Cycles, Problems". ISTORIYA 12, n.º 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015636-8.
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The article devoted to the problem of Muslim immigration in France in the 20th century. The focus is on the causes of Muslim immigration, its cycles, specificity and consequences for modern French society. Based on a comparison of various statistical data, it stated that Muslim immigration is an integral part of three large waves of immigration flows that took place from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries. The article notes the correlation of the number of Muslim immigrants in France with the global numbers of immigrant arrivals to the country. However, if in the first two waves their number depended on the economic needs of the French economy (Muslims came to earn money), then during the third wave other factors came into play — the creation of stable communities, family reunification, going on stage second and third generations of immigrants, social problems of their arrangement and adaptation to French legal norms and customs. The article notes the specificity of the geographical concentration of the Muslim population, which takes place either near large industrial centers and cities (which makes it easier to find work and social protection), or in places of proximity to their native countries (southern France). Special attention paid to the problem of the evolution of state policy in the admission and integration of immigrants, when various methods tired from assimilation, the adoption of quotas to the policy of flexible regulation of immigration and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the country. The article analyzes the position of the Muslim community in France, the role of Muslim associations in its life, the impact on the socio-cultural life of the French. It can stated that Islam has become the second religion in France, which determines its position — a stable presence in socio-economic life (employment, the spread of the social protection system to immigrants), political (the right to vote, the possibility of creating associations, manifestations), religious (the possibility of worship), cultural (the formation of a specific immigrant subculture).
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Maxwell, Alexander. "Tobacco as Cultural Signifier: A Cultural History of Masculinity and Nationality in Habsburg Hungary". Hungarian Cultural Studies 5 (1 de enero de 2012): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2012.68.
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Since tobacco smoking acquired important patriotic symbolism in nineteenth century, the history of tobacco sheds light on Hungarian nationalism. Hungarian tobacco growers found the Austrian tobacco tariff policy harmful to their interests, particularly when war disrupted the supply of American tobacco in potential export markets. Pushing for a different tariff, Hungarian patriots turned smoking into a marker of Hungarian patriotism. Tobacco symbolism was prominent during Hungary’s 1848 Revolution, not least because tobacco acquired revolutionary symbolism in Italy and Germany as well. The culture of patriotic tobacco corresponded to revolutionary national ideas in that it mostly transcended class barriers but excluded women.
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Kiba, D. V. "Humanitarian Cooperation of Japan and the USSR in the Second Half of the 20th Century". Modern History of Russia 11, n.º 1 (2021): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.113.
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The article provides a periodization of humanitarian cooperation between Japan and the USSR. The first stage was activity of the Press Office of the Soviet Union Council for Japan and the Soviet Information Office in the Land of the Rising Sun in 1946–1957. The second stage was the period of active policy of the USSR Embassy, together with the State Committee for Cultural Relations under the USSR Council of Ministers in 1957–1967. The third stage was defined by the activity of Soviet Embassy and Regional Authorities of Japan and the USSR in establishing cultural relations in 1967–1985. The fourth stage was humanitarian cooperation of both countries carried out under terms of the Soviet-Japan cultural agreement signed in 1986. The fourth stage covers the period from 1986 to 1991. The article identifies the main forms of humanitarian cooperation between two countries. The author believes that connections in the sphere of art were dominant. The Japanese public was an active subject of bilateral relations. The author considers the membership of the Soviet-Japan Friendship Movement and its participants (public organizations, Piece Movement, choral and musical collectives, private companies of Japan) and reveals the reasons for the Japanese public’s interest in Soviet culture based on archival documents and materials of the Japanese and Soviet periodicals. The author points out that the regional cooperation between two countries developed significantly and emphasizes the special role of the USSR Far East as a contact region with Japan.
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Novikova, Irina. "J. K. Paasikivi and the Formation of Finland’s Independence". ISTORIYA 12, n.º 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016483-0.
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J. K. Paasikivi belongs to the most famous Finnish political figures, the prime minister and the seventh president of Finland, the architect of its foreign policy in the post-war period. His influence on the political, economic and foreign policy spheres of Finland has been extremely noticeable for more than half a century. This article examines the least studied period of his political activity — the formation of Paasikivi as a politician, diplomat and statesman from the beginning of the 20th century until the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920 between the RSFSR and the Republic of Finland. In the first twenty years of the 20th century, Paasikivi traveled a difficult, dramatic path from a staunch supporter of cooperation with the Russian Empire to an adherent of the idea of independence, then cooperation with imperial Germany, and again, recognizing the important fact that the best way to ensure Finland's national interests is to compromise with Russia in matters of its strategic needs. However, the sharp turns in Paasikivi's political fate were by no means a tribute to the fashion or the conjuncture. He was and remained a realist and pragmatist who always took into account a complex of factors: geographical, historical, strategic, foreign policy, economic in the decision-making process. Paasikivi's political heritage in modern Finland are realism in foreign policy, maintaining good relations with neighboring countries, first of all, with Russia, foreign policy aimed at the future, its predictability and long-term, in domestic policy, the desire to awaken interest in foreign policy issues.
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Frolova, I. V. y A. I. Urazova. "Memory Policy and Historical Science: Scientific Results of the Year Dedicated to the Centenary of the Republic of Bashkortostan". Modern History of Russia 10, n.º 4 (2020): 1019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2020.413.
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The article explores the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the context of the politics of memory and historical science. The major scientific events dedicated to the anniversary are analyzed. The authors turn to an analysis of the ideology and content of the International Scientific Forum “Unity. Citizenship. Patriotism”, which was held on March 22–23, 2019 in Ufa. Within its framework several topics were discussed: features of the legal status of the Bashkir people in historical retrospective; the Soviet project as an experience of nation-state building; the role of industrial modernization for the fate of the peoples of the USSR; spiritual and cultural development of the peoples of Russia in the 20th century; Bashkortostan in Russian military history in the 20th century; socio-economic realities and development prospects of Bashkortostan at the turn of the millennium; and national policy as a tool to strengthen common identity in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Next, the concept of the Russian nationwide Scientific and Practical Conference “Republic of Bashkortostan: History and Present”, held on October 9–10, 2019, is considered. The aim of the conference was to comprehend the issues of the historical development of Bashkortostan, to study the centuries-old experience of its development as a republic, and to analyze the modern development of our region.
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Suslov, Mikhail. "The Russian Orthodox Church in Search of the Cultural Canon". Transcultural Studies 12, n.º 1 (22 de noviembre de 2016): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23751606-01201003.
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This paper documents and analyzes the building blocks of the Orthodox cultural canon and cultural policy. The author argues that in spite of the Church’s attempts to renegotiate its status in (post-) secular society, the Orthodox cultural products have restricted access to the nation-wide market, partially due to the lack of theoretical reflection on culture, and partially because of the Church’s unsettled accounts with Russian history of the 20th century. This produces an effect of increased reliance on the state’s restrictive measures in the cultural sphere.
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Oancea, Claudiu. "Mirroring Post-1989 Historiography in Romania: Revista de Istorie Socială (The Review of Social History)". East Central Europe 34-35, n.º 1-2 (2008): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-0340350102022.
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Social history is a relatively new field in Romanian historiography. In this context, Revista de Istorie Socială has attempted, since 1996, to contribute to the development of this field of studies and to bridge the gap between various historical schools and generations, opening new fields of research and reinterpreting old ones. This review essay provides an overview of the Review’s editorial policy, its publications, structure and content, in order to evaluate its impact on the development of social history in post-communist Romania. It is argued that the Review exhibits various historiographical influences, ranging from 19th century historicism to 20th century national schools of social history, most importantly the French Annales.
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Aydın, Abdurrahim y Tuncay Zorlu. "Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War". Belleten 79, n.º 285 (1 de agosto de 2015): 739–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739.
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Supply of military weapons, equipment, spare parts and ammunition had always been of a crucial importance for the Ottoman Empire. This issue came to be a part of an international diplomacy from 19th century onwards when the Ottoman governments were forced into a position to choose allies from European Powers who were in rivalry in providing military materials. Many companies from France, England and Germany competed with each other in order to have the greatest share from the military supplies market in the Ottoman Empire. Such German companies as Krupp, and Rheinische Metallwaren und Maschinefabrik in Düsseldorf; French company Sxneider/Le Creusot; and British Armstrong/Vickers Company were among them. However, German weapon companies stood out in meeting the needs of the Ottoman military. In the reign of Abdulhamid II, the German company of Krupp came forward in selling artillery weapons in particular after the 1880's, and turned out to be the dominant power in the end of the century, while the other German companies dealt in the various other military materials such as rifles, ammunitions, spare parts, wagons, factory workbenches. Levazımat-ı Umumiye Dairesi (General Supplies Department) which functioned as attached to the Harbiye Nezareti (Ministry of War) during the early years of the 20th century was in charge of the supply and distribution of primary materials which were necessary for the provisioning of the army. This department was not only involved in the provisioning and equipment of the army during the WWI, but played an important role in procuring the technical equipment for the setting up and development of military factories as well as establishing connections and cooperation with Germany to this end, through its branches. It is possible to reach many correspondences about these cases in ATESE Archives which is attached to the General Staff. This study aims to provide some examples concerning the activities of the above-mentioned department and military factories and procuring the wartime equipment in particular, based on the primary sources.
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Zhitko, Anatolij. "Discriminative Economic Policy of the Russian Government Towards the Catholic Nobility of Belarus (Second Half of the 19th Century – the Beginning of the 20th Century)". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 4 (agosto de 2021): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.8.
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Introduction. The upper class of Belarus within the Russian Empire attracted the attention of researchers. However, the restrictive economic policy of the Russian government towards the nobility of the Roman Catholic faith has not been the subject of special study. The aim of the article is to identify the main aspects of the discriminative policy of the autocracy against the Catholic nobility of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Methodology. The study is based on the fundamental principles of historical knowledge – historicism, objectivity, value-based approach, and traditional general scientific and concrete historical methods were used to implement the research tasks. Results. In 1858 in the Belarusian provinces the hereditary nobility made up one third of the upper class of the European part of Russia. The implementation of the “parsing the shliahta” policy led to a sharp reduction in the Catholic nobility by 1865. The government sought to economically undermine the economic activities of the Catholic nobility and equalize Russian and Catholic land ownership in the Belarusian region. This was reflected in the preferential sale of sequestered and confiscated estates, the prohibition of land purchases by Catholics, all kinds of fines and especially through contribution fee and a tax to support the Orthodox clergy. Conclusion. The government’s discriminative policy towards Catholic nobility was aimed at curbing the economic activity of “the Poles” in Belarus. The main elements of its implementation were the sequestration and confiscation of the estates of Catholics who directly or indirectly participated in the uprising of 1863–1864, various fines, the prohibition of the purchase of land holdings, contribution fee, taxes on maintaining the Orthodox Church, etc. At the same time, this policy did not lead to the expected results. At the beginning of the 20th century the Catholic nobility outnumbered the Russian nobility in land ownership.
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Barysheva, Ekaterina A. "The Formation of the Library System of India (19th - 20th centuries)". Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 1, n.º 2 (28 de abril de 2016): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2016-1-2-197-204.
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This article is devoted to the formation and development of system of public libraries in India and their place in the educational, social, cultural and informational space of the country. The formation of the library system in India occurred during the complex colonial and post-colonial periods of its history. It took place in the conditions of underdevelopment, the uneven social, political and cultural development of the regions, ethnolinguistic disunity, and mass illiteracy of the population, dominating in the society of caste, religious and gender prejudices. The article demonstrates that public libraries in India, beginning with their appearance in the first half of the 19th century, had a special mission. They were considered not only as repositories of books, but, first of all, as centers of education, aimed to spread the knowledge, fight with ignorance by introducing to the reading, to raise the cultural and intellectual level of Indian society, thereby contributing to its prosperity. The article describes the main stages and directions of state policy of India in the field of librarianship from the early nineteenth to the late twentieth century, recounts the history of the founding of the National library, emphasized the role of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation. In separate section there is considered the contribution to the library and information science of S.R. Ranganathan, the outstanding leader of Indian culture.
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Vella Gregory, Isabelle. "Ordering the land beyond the Sixth Cataract: Imperial policy, archaeology and the role of Henry Wellcome". Libyan Studies 51 (16 de abril de 2020): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2020.3.
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AbstractThe Sudan occupies a fairly complex place in archaeological enquiry. This is not a result of the archaeological record, rather it is due to a particular perception of the Sudan, its archaeology and history. The first excavators were archaeologists and anatomists who either worked in Egypt or in the Mediterranean, while the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium encouraged white-only scholars to both conduct research and to be active members of the newly formed political service in order to ‘know the natives’. In other words, archaeology from the outset was intimately connected to a particular political narrative and aim. This paper traces the historical context from the early 20th century to the development of archaeology south of beyond the Sixth Cataract south of the present-day capital of Khartoum, showing how it was created by Henry Wellcome. In particular, it focuses on the vast mortuary and habitation site of Jebel Moya, south-central Sudan, where new fieldwork is yielding fruitful results. Henry Wellcome's contribution to archaeology remains under-acknowledged. This long-overdue critical assessment traces and contextualizes the historical trajectories at play and situates them within the broader historical archaeology context.
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KRUTIKOV, Anton. "Concepts of Belarusian History. I. From West-Russianism to National Myths and Post-Soviet Pragmatism". Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, n.º 4-2020/1-2021 (2021): 36–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-1-36-65.
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Among the alternative versions of the past there are several main models represented in the academic space and directly influencing public consciousness, public policy and internal political processes in the Republic of Belarus. Apart from the Soviet school of Belarusian history, these include West-Russianism, which views Belarus as an organic, yet distinctive, part of the Russian cultural and historical space, "Litvinism", and the Belarusian national school. The complex and dramatic nature of the formation of Belarusian statehood in the 20th century still determines the dominance of ambiguous, polar and sometimes mutually exclusive approaches to the study of national history.
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VARLAMOV, ALEXANDER N. "THE HISTORY OF THE COEXISTENCE OF RELIGIONS AND THE PROSPECTS FOR WORLDVIEW TRADITIONS IN EVENKI SOCIETY". Study of Religion, n.º 2 (2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2072-8662.2021.2.17-27.
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The publication deals with the interaction of religions in the Evenki society since the 17th century. The author considers the process of Christianization of various Evenki groups, among whom the spread of the influence of the new religion was significantly different. The reasons for the formal status of the Christian religion among the majority of Evenk groups are outlined. Information about the history of the penetration of Buddhism into the environment of the Evenks of Transbaikalia is given, which is associated with the acquisition of ethnographic traditions of cattle breeding in close cultural relationships with Mongolian groups and clans. The reasons for the loss of the traditions of Evenk shamanism, associated with the repressive state policy in the 1930-40s, are indicated and the degradation of the cultural traditions of the ethnos in the second half of the 20th century. The article presents a picture of worldview and religious preferences in modern Evenk society, characterized by the coexistence of atheistic, Christian, Buddhist, and pagan (shamanic) views...
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Labisch, Alfons. "The Role of the Hospital in the Health Policy of the German Social Democratic Movement before World War I". International Journal of Health Services 17, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/326a-bepd-0fp8-hluc.
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In this article, the author aims to contrast the traditional architecture-oriented history of hospitals with an empirical sociohistorical approach. The main topic discussed is the hospital's role in health policy as seen by German Social Democrats in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Social democratic hospital policy developed as a compromise between two extreme positions: the party theoretician's abstract ideals on the one side and the rank and file's pragmatic view on the other. Thus, the social history of the hospital can illustrate how, around the turn of the century, the political labor movement in Germany shifted from radical revolutionary aims to pragmatic social reform in everyday political practice. At the same time, the hospital underwent a fundamental social change from a charity institution to a municipal center of modern medical care. This implies that any static or one-sided interpretation of the hospital's history and sociology is inadequate: its social role constantly changes according to broader social change and different interests of social groups and organizations. As for the social history of medicine in general, modern medicine's development can not be adequately understood from the narrow perspective of medical institutions themselves. It has to be seen in the broader context of socioeconomic and sociocultural development.
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Bértola, Luis y Gabriel Porcile. "Convergence, trade and industrial policy: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the international economy, 1900–1980". Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 24, n.º 1 (2006): 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261090000046x.
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AbstractThis paper discusses the economic performance of three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) from a comparative perspective, using as a benchmark a group of four developed countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). The focus is on the relative performance within the region and between the Latin American countries and the developed countries in the period 1900–1980. The paper argues that Argentina and Uruguay benefited from a privileged position in international markets at the beginning of the 20th century and this allowed them to converge. However, they failed to adjust to the major long-run change in the pattern of world trade brought about by World War I and the Great Depression, which implied a persistent decline of their export markets. On the other hand, Brazil, after having been much less successful until 1930, grew at higher rates thereafter based on rapid structural change and the building up of competitive advantages in new industrial sectors. The more vigorous Brazilian policy for industrialization and export diversification may explain why Brazil succeeded in changing its pattern of specialization, while Argentina and Uruguay were locked in to the old pattern. A typology of convergence regimes is suggested based on the growth experience of these countries.
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Toghrul Allahmanli. "HISTORICAL AND DYNAMIC REVIEW OF POLISH AND AZERBAIJANI RELATIONS (FROM CULTURAL RELATIONS TO ECONOMIC RELATIONS)". International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, n.º 7(27) (30 de diciembre de 2019): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/30122019/6849.
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Cultural ties are primarily based on economic relations between Poland and Azerbaijan. These links, which date back to the fifteenth century, have always been in the ascending direction. The visits of Azerbaijani intellectuals to Poland in the 19th century, as well as the interest of Polish Orientalists to Azerbaijani literature and culture are indicative of this. The great epic “Koroglu”, created by the Azerbaijani people, was first published by Polish Orientalists and published as a book. In addition, at the beginning of the 20th century, the most magnificent architectural monuments in Baku were created by Polish architects. After Russia's occupation of Azerbaijan, a significant number of prominent intellectuals fled to Poland. The policy pursued by Azerbaijan in the cultural, economic and political spheres since the 1990s is a new milestone in the history of both Poland and Azerbaijan. All of this makes it clear that historical links are on the rise.
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Gavrilov, Artem Vyacheslavovich. "Historiography of agricultural modernization problem of Russia from the second part of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century". Samara Journal of Science 6, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2017): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201762220.
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The Russian history from the second part of 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century is a very significant period for the development of the country. One can say that at that time peasant community faced globalization challenge. Agricultural problem was a key issue, which penetrated the whole period bringing up political controversies, ideological strives, success in economical development, starvation in 1891, reforms and revolutions 80-90th of the 19th century were critical for the whole epoch as unsolved peasant issue at that moment was one of the reasons of revolutionary upheavals of the 20th century. For the last twenty-five years the study of different sides of peasant community life has progressed really far and has broken new ground. It is necessary to single out that this progress has been done due to extensive capabilities, which started in the soviet time as well as to the prerevolutionary study of this question. We single out following areas of focus in modern researches which form the problem of modernization of the agricultural sphere from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Firstly, it is the policy to peasant community and race because of the governmental deal. Then it is a huge amount of works dedicated to social-economical village development - peasant autonomy, farming and landed property, land market development, productivity of land, condition of labor force, cooperation problem and development of peasant industry, financial issue of the peasant community. Traditionally social-cultural development of the village is in the great demand including popular education, common law for peasants and the evolution of the peasant family.
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Shevchenko, Kirill V. "The History and Culture of Galician Rus’ as Viewed by Galician-Russian Enlighteners and National Activists in the 20th Century". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (1 de agosto de 2020): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-2-349-358.
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The article analyzes the views of the leading Galician-Russian socio-public and cultural activists of the 19th century on the history and culture of Galician Rus. Most Galician-Russian intelligentsia of the 19th century shared the idea of Galician Rusyns being an inseparable and organic part of the triune Russian people consisting of Great Russians, Little Russians and White Russians. Galician Rusyns were considered by Galician-Russian intelligentsia as a kinship branch of Little Russian people. Galician-Russian cultural figures stressed the primordial tradition of cultural and historical unity of all Russian lands as well as the important role of Galicia in common Russian history. Thus, they considered the native of Galicia Metropolitan Peter to be one of the major figures in mutual Russian history as he supported the policy of Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita and played the crucial role in turning Moscow into the church capital of Russian lands in early 14thcentury. Moreover, the Galicians and Little Russians by birth played very important role in developing Russian culture, education and public thought in the period of the 17th –19th centuries. Traditional orientation of Galician-Russian intelligentsia on Russian culture and Russian literary language in the 19th century was strongly opposed by the representatives of the Ukrainian movement, which supported the idea of Galician Rusyns being a part of the Ukrainians, not belonging to Russian nationality. Due to political reasons, Ukrainian movement was widely supported by Austrian and Polish authorities, who used the First World War as a suitable pretext for mass repressions against the representatives of Galician-Russian movement in Galician region.
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Murphy, Rachel. "A County of Culture: Twentieth Century China Seen from the Village Schools of Zouping, Shandong. By Stig ThØgersen. [Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. 310 pp. £37.50. ISBN 0-472-11283-X.]". China Quarterly 175 (septiembre de 2003): 831–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003250475.
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This empirically rich and analytically engaging book draws on archives and oral history in Zouping county, Shandong province, and devotes each chapter to a distinctive period in the building of China's modern educational institutions. The study reveals how macro-level historical shifts interact with educational reforms to impact on the lives of rural individuals, and how their responses shape community-level policy formulation and implementation. Educational reforms therefore form the basis for a wider study of cultural, socio-economic and political processes in 20th-century China.
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heinzelmann, ursula. "Rumohr's Falscher Rehschlegel: The Significance of Venison in German Cuisine". Gastronomica 6, n.º 4 (2006): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2006.6.4.53.
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Carl Friedrich von Rumohr's Falscher Rehschlegel: at first glance the recipe in his Geist der Kochkunst, Spirit of Cookery of 1822 seems to belong to the category of mockfood - but does that make sense from the pen of a highly rational, reality-obsessed empiricist? Similar instructions for how to prepare meat, notably mutton, as game can be found in a row of popular German cookery books of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, whereas other examples for mockfood in German culinary history are rare and restricted to periods of shortage. So the story behind Rumohr's surprising recipe really is the story of hunting and venison in Germany. The article looks at both and explores their socio-cultural symbolism through the centuries in a gastronomic context.
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Raimkulova, A. "KAZAKH MUSIC CULTURE ON THE GLOBALIZATION CROSSROADS: ETHNIC TRADITIONS VERSUS COMPOSER SCHOOL IN INTERCULTURAL INTERACTION". BULLETIN 384, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 2020): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.58.
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At the present stage, Kazakh musical culture is heterogeneous. It represents traditions coexisting at the same time and interacting with each other: Kazakh ethnic and newly established composer school (tradition). Examining changes in cultural landscapes of the 20th century I reveal the peculiarities of interaction and dialogue between two kinds of culture: ethnic and global (endogenous and exogenous). The procedures include the complex study of the history of Kazakh culture in the 20th century, stylistic analysis of traditional and composer’s music, semiotic approach to intercultural interaction, as far as a comparative analysis of oral and written music of 19th and 20th centuries. On one hand, dramatic changes in the structure of music culture were caused by external objective reasons: new industrial and postindustrial civilization phases (urbanization and information technologies); intensification of interaction with western (mainly Russian) cultures, etc. On the other hand, some changes were inspired by inner factors: diverse development of local song and kui (dombyra piece) traditions; Soviet cultural policy. As a result new type (or layer) of national culture – Kazakh composers’ music – appeared. It was connected with the formation of a national style based on transcriptions and borrowing. Traditional music was influenced by new social institutions (philharmonic halls, theatres, radio, conservatoire) that caused changes in the creative process (decrease of oral transmission, lack of traditional social context) as well as in the style (virtuoso performance, new genres of songs).
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Crespi, Paola. "Rhythmanalysis in Gymnastics and Dance: Rudolf Bode and Rudolf Laban". Body & Society 20, n.º 3-4 (septiembre de 2014): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x14547523.
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The translation of Rudolf Bode’s Rhythm and its Importance for Education and Rudolf Laban’s ‘Eurhythmy and kakorhythmy in art and education’ aims at unearthing rhythm-related discourses in the Germany of the 1920s. If for most of the English-speaking world the translation of Henri Lefebvre’s Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life marks the moment in which rhythm descends into the theoretical arena, these texts, seen in their connection with other sources, express, instead, the degree to which rhythm was omnipresent in philosophical, artistic, socio-economical and psychological discourses at the turn of the 20th century. Some commentators, such as Lubkoll, have recently highlighted the centrality of rhythm in Modernity, lamenting a lack of scholarship focusing on this phenomenon. This is arguably due to a lack of access to sources accentuated by the language barrier; if, indeed, the ‘rhythmanalysis’ of the turn of the century is not an exclusively Teutonic phenomenon, it is also true that a copious amount of material on rhythm of this period is written in German and remains untranslated. In this sense, then, this translation aims at contributing to the project of a cultural history of rhythm.
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Mikhailov, Vadim y Konstantin Losev. "Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, n.º 10-4 (1 de octubre de 2020): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi90.
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The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.
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Rizaieva, Ganna. "100th Anniversary of the Salzburg Festival: Historical and Cultural Phenomenon of the 20th and Early 21st Centuries". Scientific herald of Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, n.º 130 (18 de marzo de 2021): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31318/2522-4190.2021.130.231228.
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Relevance of the study. The evolution and the very phenomenon of the Salzburg Festival go hand in hand with the history of music and theatre, the philosophy of art, and the global musical infrastructure of the 20th and early 21st centuries. On the one hand, it is their fair reflection; while on the other hand, it is an integral part of their development. That is why studying and understanding the role and place of the Salzburg Festival is essential for understanding contemporary musical culture in a current historical perspective.Relevance of the study is attributable to the fact that, for the first time in Ukrainian historical musicology, the development and implementation of the idea of holding the Salzburg Festival are considered, indirect relations between the festival ideologists and the Ukrainian cultural space at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are discovered, and the century-old history of the main European music and theatre forum is systematized.Main objective of the study is to introduce the phenomenon of the Salzburg Festival as a historical and cultural integrity in the space of the Ukrainian musicological discourse, as well as to outline and systematize a one hundred-year path of the main music and theatre forum in Europe.Methodology of the study includes the use of historical, culturological, and systemic approaches.Results and conclusions. The study revealed that at the stage of shaping the idea of the festival in Salzburg at the beginning of the twentieth century, there were two fundamental visions of its implementation, namely, “Mozart-oriented” and “general theatrical”. They both entered the gene code of the Salzburg Music and Theatre Forum with varying interpretations of its concept and repertoire policy at each phase of its existence. The change of priorities in its fundamental triad, that is, drama — opera — concert, during forum varying periods is also traced.The hundred-year journey of the Salzburg Festival may be divided into three main stages: 1) the development and search of self-identity (1920–1954); 2) “stabilization” and formation of international prestige (1955–1990); and 3) “modernization” and expansion of cultural horizons (from 1991 until today). Each of them is well integrated into history of Western European music and culture of the 20th and early 21st centuries.
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Kljaić, Stipe. "An overview of historiographical editions published by Matica Hrvatska (1918-1996)". Review of Croatian history 15, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2019): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v15i1.9746.
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This article focuses on the historiographical editions published by Matica Hrvatska from 1918 to the first half of the 1990s, which influenced the formation of Croatia’s intellectual and cultural identity over a period of almost a century. Historiographical editions have been chronologically divided into three significant periods of their publication, which correspond to important historical and political epochs: the first period being from the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the entry of the Croatian people into the first Yugoslav state in 1918 to the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia in 1945; the second from the establishment of the second Yugoslavia until its disintegration, from 1945 to 1989; and the third from the beginning of the democratic changes in 1990 and the creation of the present Croatian state. The article shows that the works published by Matica mirrored in many ways the political aspirations of each epoch, as has been amply documented in this article. The historiographical editions published by Matica Hrvatska during the 20th century undoubtedly reflect various political and social changes that influenced the publishing policy of this oldest Croatian cultural institution. Its publishing activity experienced a particular boom during the presidency of Filip Lukas between 1928 and 1945, which is certainly one of the most productive periods in the history of Matica in terms of publishing and of cultural promotion. Unlike the socialist period, when national themes were suppressed and avoided in a certain way, and there were almost no publications on local history, in the said period Matica not only focused on national history, but also printed numerous editions dealing with the local histories of individual Croatian cities and regions. The most serious crisis in Matica’s history came after World War II, when its publishing activities were suppressed, primarily because of its previous role in promoting Croatian nationalism. Its membership had given strong support to the establishment of the Croatian state in 1941, which in no way coincided with the overall direction of the cultural policy of the post-war communist regime. In this regard, the pinnacle was the eventual ban on Matica’s work, which came in 1972 because of its prominent role in the Croatian Spring during the 1960s, until the dismissal of the Croatian communist leadership in Karađorđevo in 1971. In such circumstances, Matica’s publishing activity barely managed to survive in the framework of Matica Hrvatska’s Publishing House. This institute pursued particularly extensive publishing activity in the years when the Yugoslav communist system began to disintegrate, in 1989-1990, when it also published the works of the former dissident and future Croatian President, Franjo Tuđman. In the aftermath of the establishment of a democratic Croatian state and with the renewal of Matica’s work, its publishing activity experienced a resurgence towards the end of the 20th century, when topics from national and local history were again in its focus, as well as the previously banned books of the emigration, now published in new, Croatian editions.
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Małek, Agnieszka. "<i>There is no Kashubia without Kashubians</i> – maps as sources in historical research of folk culture". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15 de julio de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-236-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The old maps are a cultural heritage of great historical importance. Maps’ great value is also a set of data documenting socio-economic changes.</p><p>Kashubia is a cultural region in northern Poland. In written sources, the name Kashubia appears in the XIII century. The range and boundaries of historical lands that were part of Kashubia are the subject of disputes between historians. Generally, it was referred to the territories of the Duchy of Pomerania, and in modern times - the area between Łeba River and Parsęta River. Over time, this name appeared widely to describe the areas of the Gdańsk Pomerania.</p><p>In the 20th century, Kashubia as a community underwent huge changes in the political, socio-economic and cultural spheres. At the beginning of the 20th century Kashubians lived in a Prussian state, repressive towards this community, as well as all Poles. In the interwar period they were divided into three parts &ndash; the largest lived within the borders of the Second Polish Republic, the second in the Free City of Gdańsk, the third remained within Germany. During World War II, the elite of this community was almost completely murdered. After the war, the authorities of the Polish People's Republic were very distrustful towards the Kashubians; the renaissance of Kashubian cultural activity took place after the political breakthrough of 1989.</p><p>The twentieth century also brought a great social revolution: intensive urbanization, industrialization, educational revolution and migration movements.</p><p>Kashubian culture can not be limited to a variety of local culture, created by a small community and its needs. It was for a very long period of time, but from the moment when the Kashubian regional movement (XIX century) appeared, a single, nation-wide culture began to take shape. The separateness and specificity of the material and spiritual heritage of Kashubia is determined by the communal awareness of history, the community of tradition, language and religion, which at the same time does not exclude the internal identity diversity of Kashubians.</p><p>The aim of the presentation is to show the territorial changes of Kashubia as a reason for shaping the cultural specificity of the region. Historical and contemporary maps of Kashubia constitute the subject of analysis.</p>
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Cassano, Graham y Terressa A. Benz. "Introduction: Flint and the Racialized Geography of Indifference". Critical Sociology 45, n.º 1 (12 de marzo de 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920517753697.
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In this introduction to the Critical Sociology symposium, “The Flint Water Crisis and the Failure of Neoliberal Governance,” the authors outline the social and cultural conditions for the racialized underdevelopment of Flint and Detroit in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. We begin with an examination of the racially coded rhetoric of Oakland County manager, L. Brooks Patterson, and the manner in which those racial codes reveal the deep roots of white suburban anxiety and racism in the history of economic and spatial apartheid in Michigan. Turning to Flint itself, we draw upon Andrew Highsmith’s recent history of the city, Demolition Means Progress (2015), and examine 20th century red-lining, school segregation, and neoliberal policy decisions as they interacted, effectively rendering Flint’s African American population invisible and, finally, through emergency management, nearly powerless. We close with a survey of the articles within the symposium. Each contribution to the symposium finds that even within the structural and political limitations imposed by neoliberalism, residents and activists continue to find productive spaces for resistance.
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Reichart, Elisabeth, Noelle Chesley y Phyllis Moen. "The end of the career mystique? Policy and cultural frameworks that structure the workfamily interface in the United States and Germany". Journal of Family Research 19, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2007): 337–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-286.
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Both Germany and the United States endorse the culture of the “career mystique,” the belief that a lifetime of continuous hard work is the path to occupational and personal success. The career mystique was the mirror image of the feminine mystique in the 1950s, and both cultural templates together reified a gendered work-family divide epitomized in the breadwinner-homemaker family norm in the middle of the 20th century. Today men and women increasingly see continuous full-time paid work as “given,” with policies in Germany and the US reifying this pattern. However, very few employees – men or women – now have the luxury of a full-time homemaker available to support the commitment necessary to sustain this lock-step career mystique path. Most notably, as workers become parents, the contradictions inherent in fulfilling the career mystique (absent reliable back-up on the domestic front) become obvious and problematic. Since couples frequently reconfigure both work and family roles with the arrival of children, we illustrate the significance of policy, institutional and cultural contexts in shaping the work/family choices these couples make. We highlight three case examples (the US, West and East Germany) to demonstrate how policy regimes and cultural schema combine to produce distinctive and gendered work patterns, thereby serving to reinforce and reproduce both gender and class disparities.
Zusammenfassung
In den USA und in Deutschland prägt ein falscher Karriereglaube die Vorstellung des Normallebenslaufs; der Glaube nämlich, dass lebenslange, kontinuierliche und aufstiegsorientierte Erwerbsarbeit der Schlüssel zu einem beruflich und privat erfolgreichen Leben sei. Dieser „Karrierewahn“ ist die Kehrseite des „Weiblichkeitswahns“ (Friedan 1963) der 1950er Jahre; beide kulturelle Leitbilder versinnbildlichten die Trennung der Sphären von Beruf und Familie nach Geschlecht und fanden ihren Ausdruck im Ernährermodell als Norm des Familienlebens. Im Arbeitsmarkt und im Modus der sozialen Absicherung ist die Erwartung lebenslanger Erwerbsarbeit reifiziert, und Männer und Frauen streben heute eine kontinuierliche Vollzeittätigkeit an. So haben immer weniger Beschäftigte eine „Hausfrau“, die sie in ihrer Karriere unterstützt. Erst recht wenn Arbeitnehmer(innen) Eltern werden, brechen die Konflikte zwischen den Anforderungen der Erwerbsarbeit und der erhöhten Sorge- und Hausarbeit voll auf. Bei der Geburt von Kindern werden Berufs- und Familienrollen in der Paarbeziehung neu konfiguriert; die Vereinbarkeitsmodelle, die Paare dann wählen, sind mit geprägt durch Gelegenheitsstrukturen des jeweiligen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen, institutionellen und kulturellen Kontexts. In diesem Beitrag richten wir den Fokus auf drei Fallbeispiele (die USA, West- und Ostdeutschland), um darzustellen, wie wohlfahrtsstaatliche Politik und kulturelle Schemata zusammenspielen, und dabei bestimmte, geschlechtertypisierende Erwerbsmuster bei Elternpaaren und damit soziale Ungleichheiten hervorbringen und verstärken.
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Khomenko, Oleksandr y Bohdan Skopnenko. "“Kiev Citizen” Movie by T. Levchuk: Ukrainian Revolution of 1917—1921 in the Ukrainian Soviet Cinematography". Ukrainian Studies, n.º 2(79) (3 de agosto de 2021): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(79).2021.234515.
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Cinematography is one of those unique cultural phenomena, whose history has always attracted historians’ interest. In the 20th century, this phenomenon did not only determine the direction of cultural transformations development but also impacted the formation of ideologies and political regimes. Today this topic is especially relevant considering the fact that the propaganda methods, intrinsic of dictatorship systems, namely the Soviet totalitarian regime, are actively used by the antidemocratic Russian power for achieving its political goals. The special interest in the context of the “hybrid warfare” which is currently going on between Russia and Ukraine, causes the construction in the Soviet period cinematography of the image of a “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist” as the instrumental technologies of ideological manipulations used in such movies proved their effectiveness for shaping the outlook of a “new Russian citizen”. Such phenomenon, especially in the 20th century, determined not only the direction of aesthetic transformations of cultural development but also had an impact on the formation of ideologies and strengthening of political regimes. This topic is relevant because the methods of propaganda that were actively used by totalitarian regimes (including the Soviet totalitarian one) are now actively applied by the undemocratic Russian regime to achieve political goals. The construction of the image of the "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist" in the Soviet cinema constitutes special interest in the context of today’s Russia’s "hybrid warfare" against Ukraine. The instrumental technologies of ideological manipulation used in the creation of films have shown their effectiveness in shaping the worldview of the “new Soviet man.” Forms of this type of consciousness still continue to influence the political choices of many citizens of our state. The film “Kiev Citizen”, studied in the article, was created in 1958 by Ukrainian Soviet film director T. Levchuk at Kyiv O. Dovzhenko Studio. This film is a classic example of ideologically biased film production. Using this movie, we can observe technological principles and constructive models of falsification of the 20th–century history of Ukraine by the Soviet regime, in particular the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. In the film “Kiev Citizen”, the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 were falsified in order to illustrate the audience the Soviet version of the history of Ukraine and the events connected with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Soviet propaganda tried to form in this way the audience loyal to the “Soviet empire” type of psychological perception of reality. In particular, the facts related to the Bolsheviks’ attempt to seize power in Kyiv in October 1917, the battles for the Arsenal plant in January 1918, and the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People’s Republic and Germany were falsified.
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Buehler, Ralph, Denis Teoman y Brian Shelton. "Promoting Bicycling in Car-Oriented Cities: Lessons from Washington, DC and Frankfurt Am Main, Germany". Urban Science 5, n.º 3 (11 de agosto de 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5030058.
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This paper compares bicycling in Washington, DC and Frankfurt am Main, Germany, two car-oriented cities that had adapted their urban transport system to car travel during the 20th century. Our comparative case study shows that both cities have been successful in increasing the percentage of trips made by bicycle between the late 1990s and 2018: Washington, DC from 1% to 5% and Frankfurt from 6% to 20% of trips. Both cities had detailed bike plans and specific mode share goals for bicycling. However, those plans were only used as guideposts for a step-by-step approach to bicycle promotion that focused on integrating bicycling into everyday decision making in transport, traffic engineering, and urban development. This step-by-step approach successfully garnered political, public, and administrative support over time. The downside of this incrementalist approach is that bike route networks in both cities still have many gaps because bikeway infrastructure was built when individual opportunities arose and not as part of an integrated network. Bicycle promotion in both cities used a combination of bikeway infrastructure and soft policy, including marketing measures. In both cities, the quality of newly installed bikeway infrastructure increased over time from simple bike lanes to protected bike lanes separating cyclists from traffic. In contrast to Washington, DC, Frankfurt has a longer history of car-restrictive policies and overall has been more strict in limiting car use.
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Novikova, Marina V. "THE PROBLEM OF NATIONAL TRAUMA IN THE COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF GERMANS IN THE UNITED GERMANY". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, n.º 2 (2021): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-2-117-126.
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The article attempts to characterize the state of historical con- sciousness of the Germans at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21 st century. The article examines what factors influenced the formation of the “sacrificial narrative” in the collective memory of the Germans of the united Germany. The research is based on the publications in the German, Polish and Russian press, autobiographical works, interviews, diaries and memoirs of Gunther Grass, Gerhard Schroeder, etc., analyzes the works of art and filmography released at that time. Memories of the suffering of the German civilian population during the Second World War usually belonged to the individual memory or remained part of the German family history. True, the traumatic past was often used for political purposes, especially in the FRG in the matters related to the theme of exile. In the first decade of the new millennium, thanks to the changes in the cultural agenda – the release of a number of books and feature films, the plot of which was based on the suffering of the Germans, the traumatic past is at the center of public debate. However, the rethinking of the theme of the suffering of the German civilian population was met with a rather wary response in the global context, primarily from Poland and the victor countries.
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HAMILTON, REBECCA y DAN PENNY. "Ecological history of Lachlan Nature Reserve, Centennial Park, Sydney, Australia: a palaeoecological approach to conservation". Environmental Conservation 42, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2014): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000083.
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SUMMARYReconstructing the environmental history of protected areas permits an empirically-based assessment of the conservation values ascribed to these sites. Ideally, this long-term view can contribute to evidence-based management policy that is both ecologically ‘realistic’ and pragmatically feasible. Lachlan Nature Reserve, a protected wetland in Centennial Park, Sydney, is claimed to be the final remnant of early and pre-European swamplands that were once extensive in the area, and the site is thus considered to have indigenous cultural and natural conservation significance. This study uses palynological techniques to reconstruct vegetation communities at the Reserve from the late Holocene to the present in order to assess whether these values adequately reflect the history, character and development of the site. The findings indicate that the modern site flora is a modified Melaleuca quinquenervia low forest assemblage formed in response to aggregated anthropogenic disturbance since colonial settlement. This assemblage replaces an Epacris-dominated heath-swampland community that was extirpated in the mid-20th century. These results emphasize the value of long-term studies in contributing to a realistic management policy that explicitly reflects the normative basis of conservation, and values the influence of past land-uses on contemporary protected ecosystems.
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van Balen, Frank y Marcia C. Inhorn. "Son Preference, Sex Selection, and the “New” New Reproductive Technologies". International Journal of Health Services 33, n.º 2 (abril de 2003): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pp5x-v039-3qgk-yqjb.
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Throughout recorded history, humans have tried to influence the sex of their offspring, through pregnancy injunctions, infanticide, and infant/child neglect. Reproductive technologies developed in the late 20th century allow determination of the sex of the offspring during pregnancy, making “sex selection” through abortion possible. Especially in parts of East and South Asia, sex selection against female fetuses has had dramatic consequences for male/female sex ratios. However, “newer” new reproductive technologies, such as prenatal genetic diagnosis and DNA-weighted semen selection, can now be applied for sex selection; eventually, the latter technology may become easily accessible as a noninvasive method. The prospects of these new technologies for sex selection must be considered in the light of cultural values surrounding son preference / daughter discrimination in many parts of the world, most notably Asia, as well as preferences for a “gender-balanced” family in much of the West. The ethical issues surrounding these technologies, such as the right to life and the equal treatment of female children, are potentially profound, but legislating the appropriate use of these “newest” new reproductive technologies will be difficult.
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Scridon, Alin Cristian. "The Religious life of Romanians in 18th-20th century Hungary, reflected in the works of researchers in the Hungarian space". Journal of Education Culture and Society 11, n.º 2 (11 de septiembre de 2020): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2020.2.422.428.
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Aim. We tend to believe that the religious life of Romanians in the diaspora – living in the proximity of the Romanian borders (we do not take into account the groups that left towards Spain, Italy, Germany, and so on at the beginning of the third millennium) - is a taboo subject. The Orthodox (Romanian) clerical elite focused less on the assiduous study of the religious life of their Romanian brothers outside the borders; in this case, in Hungary. Therefore, we have the scientific duty—but more importantly, the moral duty—to bring to light the truths that are either not known or are known in a distorted form. The road of Voniga (Giula-Giroc) that we followed during the PhD research period was a blessing from the point of view of a scientific void/niche.
Methods. In our study, we have applied two “simple” components: the archive and the specialised bibliography.
Results. The archive was largely preserved only by Elena Csobai and Emilia Martin. The respectable ladies professionally structured the archive (Romanian Orthodox Church in Hungary) and saved hundreds of research sources from the depth of history.
Conclusion. As Moisa noted (2011), the puzzling ethnographic, linguistic, cultural, and historical bulk material is without a doubt focused on the Church. The church is inextricably linked to the lives of Romanians in Hungary. Going through the tens of thousands from the mentioned fields, even superficially, there is an undeniable truth: the spirituality is present, more or less, in the writings of most of the select researchers who have worked in the scientific field for the past three decades.
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Salata, Oksana. "INFORMATION CONFRONTATION OF NAZI GERMANY AND THE USSR IN HISTORIOGRAPHY". Kyiv Historical Studies, n.º 1 (2018): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.1.5262.
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The second world and its constituent German-Soviet wars became the key events of the 20th century. Currently, the study of domestic and foreign historiography in the context of the disclosure of the information policy of the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, the information confrontation of the Nazi and Soviet systems of information and psychological infl uence on the enemy population is relevant. Thanks to the work of domestic and foreign scholars, the attraction of new archival materials and documents, the world saw scientifi c works devoted to various aspects of the propaganda activities of Nazi Germany, including in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Among them are the works of Ukrainian historians: A. Podolsky, Y. Nikolaytsya, P. Rekotov, O. Lysenko, V. Shaikan, M. Mikhailyuk, V. Grinevich; Russian historians M. I. Semiaryagi, E. Makarevich, V. I. Tsymbal and G. F. Voronenkova. An analysis of scientifi c literature published in Germany, England and the United States showed that the eff ectiveness and negative eff ects of German information policy are revealed in the works of German historians and publicists O. Hadamovsky, N. Muller, P. Longerich, R. Coel, et al. Along with the works devoted to armed confrontation, one can single out a study in which the authors try to show the information technologies and methods of psychological action that were used by the governments of both countries to infl uence the consciousness and the moral and psychological state of their own population and the enemy’s population, on the results of the Second World War. Most active in the study of Nazi propaganda and information policy of the Third Reich, in general, were the German historians, in particular E. Hadamovskie , G. Fjorsterch and G. Schnitter, and others. The value of their work is to highlight the process of the creation in 1933–1945 of the National Socialist Party in Germany of an unprecedented system of mass manipulation in the world’s history, fully controlled by the Nazi leadership of the information space. Thus, an analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scholars shows that the information confrontation between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was extremely powerful, since both warring parties possessed the most up-to-date information and ideological weapon. Unfortunately, today there is no comprehensive study of this problem that could reveal all aspects of the information confrontation in the modern information world.
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Kuljic, Todor. ""Problem of generations": Origins, content and continuing relevance of Karl Mannheim’s article". Sociologija 49, n.º 3 (2007): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0703223k.
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The article presents a brief history of the concept of generations. It focuses on Karl Mannheim?s article "Problems of Generations" (1928), its social origins and theoretical content. Mannheim?s role was crucial in 20th century development of the (new) concept of generation. In order to understand the problem of social (historical) generations and evaluate Mannheim?s position within the concept?s development, several points are discussed in more detail: the history of the concept of "generations", the relationship between class and generation, and how ideas about the formation of generations help us to understand social dynamics over time. In doing so we assume that the origin of Mannheim?s lecture lies in the generational experience of Hungarian intellectuals during the collapse of the old order of the Dual Monarchy and the Revolution of 1918-19. The Budapest intellectual life in the 1910s was important for Mannheim?s "Problems of generations", as well as A. Weber?s cultural sociology. Finally, the article analyzes the migration of the generations concept from one culture (Germany) to another (the United States), and from one discipline (sociology) to another (memory culture).
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Dvorkin, Ihor. "DESPITE IMPERIAL POLICY: THE UKRAINIAN STUDIES IN THE MUSEUMS OF DNIPER UKRAINE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – IN EARLY 20th CENTURY". Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, n.º 24 (2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.24.10.
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The article deals with the development of Ukrainian studies in museums of Naddnipprianska Ukraine during the imperial period. At the time, a rather wide museum network worked here. Museums were created and operated at various organizations - universities and other educational institutions; scientific institutions; self-government bodies, etc. The lack of the central imperial power’s museum policy was typical. This led to the fact, that museum institutions were often operated under conditions of insufficient funding and enough government support. Russia's imperial policy towards the Ukrainian national movement in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was aimed at its restriction and prohibition. Any manifestation of official Ukrainophile activity should be controlled and restricted. At the same time, intelligentsia, the Ukrainian national movement activists, took an active part in the creation and follow-up of museum institutions. On the other hand, the Ukrainian national movement activists found an opportunity to actively use their work in cultural and educational institutions, including museums, as well as to cooperate with them for the purpose of research in the field of Ukrainian studies. In addition, collections of museum facilities could be used in research in the relevant field. Accumulation of Ukrainian studies was an important factor in national processes, the implementation of the "Ukrainian project". The article highlights Ukrainian studies conducted in some museums in Kyiv, Kharkiv and Chernihiv. These museums contained collections, dedicated to Ukrainian ethnography, archeology and history. These museums, thanks to the position of their employees, collected and systematized collections on the history and culture of Ukraine, published scientific products on the basis of their collections.
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Zessin-Jurek, Lidia. "The ebbs and flows of the Holocaust and the Gulag memory in EU-rope. Memory dynamics in national and transnational contexts". Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, n.º 3 (28 de diciembre de 2018): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.3.8.
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THE EBBS AND FLOWS OF THE HOLOCAUST AND THE GULAG MEMORY IN EU-ROPE. MEMORY DYNAMICS IN THE NATIONAL AND TRANSNATIONAL CONTEXTSIn spring 2017 the long-awaited House of European History in Brussels was opened. Its exhibition tries to tackle not only the tumultuous history of 20th-century Europe, but also the diverse cultures of memory that surround this topic. The article touches upon the problem of co-existence and mutual relationship of the two important, if not the most crucial, topics on the European mnemonic map: that of the Holocaust and that of the Gulag. The uneven and changeable development of these memory cultures has been presented in the historical perspective and analysed through the way they have functioned at the national with Poland and Germany as examples and transnational EU levels. The concluding statement encapsulates the thesis that the EU-ropean memory confl ict in its original phase, centred around Brussels, achieved its climax some years ago. Nowadays the problems of history and memory are administered mostly within the regional and, even more, national public spheres. As the focal point of European dispute, on the other hand, new — seemingly beyond historical — topics emerged. Among them is the cultural problem sparked by the mass infl ux of immigrants to Europe.
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Tyumentsev, Igor y Alexander Kleitman. "Military-Technical Cooperation of the USSR and the ChSR in the 30s of the 20th Century (According to the Memoirs of Chief Designer of Artillery Weapons of the Kirov Plant I.A. Makhanov)". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, n.º 1 (marzo de 2021): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.18.
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Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the military-technical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow reconstructing the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Results. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” plants were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanov confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.
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Rohozha, M. М. "MODI OF THE IDEA OF RESPONSIBILITY IN SOCIO-CULTURAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE MID OF THE 20TH – THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 ST CENTURIES. PART I". UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, n.º 2 (3) (2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2018.2(3).09.
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The paper deals with socio-cultural factors, terminological collisions and modi of the idea of responsibility in the West European socio-cultural space. Main attention is paid to shaping of the idea of responsibility in socio-cultural circumstances of the mid of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st centuries. The first part of the paper outlines the preliminary history of the modern concept of responsibility, peculiarities of the problem in Aristotle’s "The Nicomachean Ethics" are observed as well as the idea of accountability (imputatio) in ethics of P. Abelard in modi of moral guilt and offense. It is mentioned that in Pre-modern culture idea of responsibility is developed in the context of the freedom of human action, one’s capability to keep an answer for one’s actions and to admit guilt. It is specified that in philosophy of Modernity the notion imputatio is represented in I. Kant’s philosophy. Although Kant did not put the problem of accountability as the cornstone of his philosophy, he had defined conditions for possibility of agent’s accountability in such a way that his ideas are at the background of the main conceptions of responsibility of the 20th century. Further in the paper development of the problem around the term Verantwortung (responsibility) is observed. In particular, M. Weber’s ethics of responsibility (in comparison to ethics of conviction) is analyzed. The paper pays attention to the of H. Arendt’s conception of lost generations, and grounds of the problem of responsibility actualization in the sense of life search of these generations are analyzed. The first part of the paper is finished by the analysis of the conception of guilt and responsibility by K. Jaspers who applied to the problem in the context of comprehension of the axiological space of postwar Germany.