Tesis sobre el tema "Germany 17th century"

In the years around 1600, a change was noted in architecture towards a return to Gothic elements in Europe. The Gothic, in contrast to the Classical or Ancient, became a "new manner", a modern style. The residence churches at Wolfenbuttel and Buckeburg, which were erected around 1600 by Lower Saxon territorial princes, are Late Renaissance constructions that were made to look partly Gothic. This was neither a lingering on of Late Gothic design nor a misunderstanding of Renaissance architecture: it was rather a conscious evocation of the past and its merger with contemporary architecture. The forms of the churches recreated thus the sociopolitical reality of both Roman antiquity and the Middle Ages. This architecture was also emblematic in that it used the concrete objects of the churches as a means to convey an abstract content. Indeed, the aim was to provide a powerful political message, the confirmation of princely rule. In the rising absolutism of the beginnings of the 17th century, the builders of the Wolfenbuttel Marienkirche and the Buckeburg Stadtkirche used court architecture to construct their princely image and house mythology.

The representation of a Stuttgart court festival in a fascinating book of prints has received no art historical attention. The cultural production of German lands in a complex and obscure time described by one historian as being particularly bereft of "textbook facts", has not elicited much scholarly interest. In the seventeenth century before confessional disputes within the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation turned into armed conflict, small German territorial courts modelled themselves on and assumed the courtly style of the larger European courts. The Stuttgart baptism of 1616 presents an interesting case study of the use of a courtly spectacle by a secondary court at a time of great instability. The baptism festival served as a stage to display an alliance of some German Protestant princes that held a promise of international support for the Protestant cause. The Wurttemberg court commissioned lengthy texts and a large number of engravings to represent the event. This study will address the contributions made by printed images to the festival program. The key documents for this study are the texts which complement and at times diverge from the visual representation. The differences between the visual and textual material will serve to locate the function of the visual representation of a festival held at a time of impending conflict. The triumphal procession format of the engravings discloses a strategy of disenfranchisement of a powerful parliament while it serves to assert the rank of the court within and outside the German empire. The complex amalgams of imagery that are interspersed in the paper procession allude, I suggest, to the problems presented to the Wurttemberg court by an uneasy alliance of Protestant courts within the empire. The engravings served to encode references to problematic issues such as the survival of the Holy Roman Empire, the rights of Protestant territorial princes to form an alliance and the hopes for outside help for the Protestant cause.
Arts, Faculty of
Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of
Graduate

In the late 20th century, historical research on the 1632 Battle of Lützen, a major engagement of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), came to a dead end after 150 years of mostly unfruitful discussions. This thesis examines the battle’s military material culture, including historical accounts and physical evidence in the form of archaeological finds from the battlefield to provide new insight into the battle’s events, but also to develop a methodology which allows a comparison between two very different sources: the eyewitness account and the ‘lead bullet.’ To achieve this aim, the development of 17th century firearms is highlighted through an assessment of historical sources and existing weapons and by an evaluation of various collections of ‘lead bullets’ from Lützen and other archaeological sites, thus providing a working baseline for interpreting bullet distribution patterns on the battlefield. The validity of bullet distribution patterns is also dependant on the deposit process during the battle and metal detector survey methodologies, which also provides vital information for battlefield surveys in general. In an overarching methodology, statements from battle eyewitnesses are evaluated and compared to bullet distribution patterns, in conjunction with the historic landscape, equipment and tactics. Together, these ultimately lead to a better understanding of the battle and its historic narrative, by asking why reported events actually did not happen at Lützen. This last element is also important for understand the reliability of early modern battle accounts in general. Overall, a more general aim of this case study has been to provide a better insight into the wider potentials of early modern battle research in Europe.

For over four hundred years historians and theologians have been unable to come to a consensus as to where Johann Arndt (1555-1621) fits on the spectrum of orthodoxy in the Lutheran church, what age he best represented, and how he should be understood. Arndt has been credited with reviving medieval mysticism, as being a subversive innovator within the Lutheran church, and as being the father of Pietism. All of this confusion seems to come from the variegated nature of his work. Arndt was willing and able to borrow from a variety of traditions as he sought to revive the church of the Reformation on the eve of the Thirty Years’ War. This work is an investigation into the private world of Arndt through his correspondence as he wrote to individuals with varying theological temperaments. In a sense this thesis follows the pioneering work of Friedrich Arndt, who attempted in 1838 to investigate Arndt’s self-understanding on the basis of his correspondence; his work, however, was severely limited by the fact that only ten letters were known at the time. The Verzeichnis der gedruckten Briefe deutscher Autoren des 17. Jahrhunderts published in 2002 listed twenty-three known letters of Arndt. For my research and using the footnotes and appendices of secondary literature on Arndt and with help from the Forschungsbibliothek in Gotha, I have collected fifty-two letters written by Arndt. This work is the first to treat the letters exhaustively and proposes to present a fuller biographical picture of Arndt and to explore his self-understanding as a prophet of spiritual renewal in the Lutheran church.

O presente trabalho, intitulado Procedimentos e tendências da tradução na Alemanha no século XVII, demonstra, sobretudo através da análise da tradução da obra Los siete libros de la Diana, de Jorge de Montemayor, escrita originalmente em 1559 e traduzida sob o título de Die sieben Bücher der schönen Diana, por Johann Ludwig von Kuefstein, em 1619, e através de considerações das discussões sobre tradução em cinco Poéticas alemãs escritas no século XVII, que houve uma intensa discussão sobre o tema tradução na Alemanha no século XVII. A discussão sobre tradução está contida em obras (Poéticas) que se dedicam a um programa político e cultural no século XVII: o cultivo da língua, cujo principal intuito era a fundação de um instrumento comum de identificação cultural entre os povos de língua alemã. A necessidade política da fundação de um instrumento comum de identificação cultural na Alemanha no século XVII relaciona-se ao contexto histórico e social deste país, em que se sentiam os prejuízos da Guerra dos Trinta Anos (1618-1648) e da peste, assim como os dissabores do relativo \"atraso\" literário em comparação com outros países da Europa Ocidental. O ideal político-cultural de uma língua e literatura alemã de alcance nacional propiciou aos intelectuais alemães, reunidos em sociedades lingüísticas, que utilizassem a tradução como principal meio de recuperação de obras da Antigüidade e da Renascença. Os procedimentos mais freqüentemente utilizados na tradução e as considerações sobre os mesmos são mostrados nos capítulos III e IV deste trabalho. A tendência da tradução, de que se fala na conclusão deste trabalho, leva em consideração algumas poucas peculiaridades dos séculos XV (Nyklas von Wyle) e XVI (Martinho Lutero e Philipp Melanchton) e breves considerações sobre a concepção de tradução de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (início do século XIX), pois apenas a partir da análise de tendências anteriores e posteriores é que poderíamos definir mais precisamente a tendência da tradução no século XVII. O demonstrado atinge seu objetivo primeiro: refutar a tese de Friedmar APEL (1983), de que entre Lutero e o Iluminismo teria havido estagnação nas reflexões sobre tradução na Alemanha.
This research - Translation procedures and tendencies in 17th century Germany - demonstrates that there was an intensive discussion about translation in Germany in 17th century. This fact can be demonstrated by the analysis of the translation from Montemayor´s Los siete libros de la Diana, originally written in 1559 in Spanish and translated into German in 1619 by Johann Ludwig von Kuefstein as Die sieben Bücher der schönen Diana, and by the discussions on translation in the Poetics written in 17th century Germany. The Poetics written in Germany in 17th century that contain discussions on translation are part of a political and cultural program: language policy. Its main intention was the foundation of an instrument that would serve as common cultural identification among people who spoke German as mother tongue. The political requirement of establishing a common instrument that should serve as cultural identification in 17th century Germany has reference to the historical and social context of this country, in that one felt the damages of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) and of the pest, as well as of the displeasures due to the relative literary \"delay\", if compared to other lands in Western Europe. The political and cultural ideal of a German language and literature that could expand over all German frontiers allowed the German intellectuals - congregated in linguistic societies - to use translation as the principal mean of re-acquiring Antiquity and Renaissance works. The most frequent procedures in Kuefstein´s translation and their considerations are showed in chapters 3 and 4 of this work. The tendency of translation - about what it is told in the conclusion of this work - takes into account some few peculiarities of the 15th and 16th centuries (Nyklas von Wyle, Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchton) and brief considerations from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe´s conception of translation (beginning of 19th century), because just from the analyses of earlier and later tendencies, it would be possible to describe precisely the tendency of translation in 17th century German. The demonstrated in this research reaches its objective: to refute the thesis of Friedmar APEL (1983), that there has been a stagnation process in the discussions about translation in Germany during the period who comprehends from Martin Luther to the Enciclopedism.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Richard Schade. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 12, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: Early Modern Germany; Paul Gerhardt; Apocalypticism; Protestant Hymns; Revelations; 17th Century; Thirty Years' War; Poetry; Protestantism. Includes bibliographical references.

Early modern Lutherans, as is well known, worshipped in decorated churches. They adopted a path of reform that neither disposed of all ornament nor retained all the material trappings of the Catholic church. This thesis studies the fortunes of ecclesiastical art in the Duchy of Württemberg after its Reformation in 1534 and the place images found for themselves in the devotional lives of Lutherans up to c. 1700. The territory was shaped not just by Lutheranism, but initially by Zwinglianism too. The early years of reform thus saw moments of iconoclasm. The Zwinglian influence was responsible for a simple liturgy that distinguished Württemberg Lutheranism from its confessional allies in the north. This study considers the variety of uses to which Lutheran art was put in this context. It addresses the different ways in which Lutherans used the visual setting of the church to define their relationships with their God, their church, and each other. The Dukes of Württemberg used their stance on images to communicate their political and confessional allegiances; pastors used images to define the parameters of worship and of the church space itself; parishioners used images, funerary monuments, and church adornment to express their Lutheran identity and establish their position within social hierarchies. As Lutheranism developed in the seventeenth century, so too did Lutheran art, becoming more suited to fostering contemplative devotion. While diverse in their aims, many Lutherans appreciated the importance of regular investment in the visual. Ducal pronouncements, archives held centrally and locally, surviving artefacts and decoration in churches, and printed sources enable the distinctive visual character of Lutheranism in Württemberg to be identified here.

This study seeks to disprove the reasons offered by previous scholars for the emergence of the first German grammar for the English, the High Dutch Minerva (1680), by considering biographical material on the author of this grammar, Martin Aedler (1643 - 1724), and placing the author and his work in their German and English social context. It operates on the hypothesis that Aedler, a native of Saxony, published his grammar in England for the use of the English intellectual  lite, but did so essentially to satisfy the patriotic imperatives of the German intelligentsia; namely, members of the language societies of pre—national Germany. Previous scholars have hypothesised about the emergence of the grammar based on English requirement for such a work, but have not drawn biographical material into their argument, and thus unwittingly ignored evidence suggesting influence by the language societies, and the desire to legitimate the German language for a new audience. This line of argument is conducted by means of the provision of a chapter considering the general attitudes to language learning and requirement for skills in German in England, then the interest of German intellectuals in England during the same period. This leads into a biography of Aedler in his milieu both in England and Germany. He is shown to have patriotic concerns, a high level of skill in languages and, above all, is invested in matters which he believes are for the "public good". Aedler's motive for writing the grammar are next considered: it is established here that while there is a great deal of evidence supporting an intended English readership, there is also evidence to suggest that Aedler wrote his work to be able to propagate German abroad, and to demonstrate it to be an economical and rational language, acceptable to the English. The following chapter demonstrates how Aedler conducted his defence of the language in terms of his selection of grammatical theory. The final chapter considers the reception of the High Dutch Minerva in England and Germany. This hypothesis is supported by previously unpublished manuscript correspondence and other documents, archival records, and the High Dutch Minerva itself.

Tandis que la « civilisation de l’anatomie » qui définit la Première Modernité fait émerger un nouveau régime d’images artistiques et poétiques du corps en Europe, la bouche s’impose comme l’une des parties du corps les plus fréquemment représentées dans la littérature allemande du XVIIe siècle. Organe de la parole mais aussi de la sensualité par excellence, elle est considérée par certains comme ce qu’il y a de plus prodigieux chez l’homme après son entendement, au point de s’illustrer dans les textes poétiques comme un topos dense et prolifique. Erigée en organe noble dès qu’elle obéit à une rectitude morale, la bouche peut tout aussi bien s’avérer « ig-noble » dès qu’elle pervertit le langage et le corps en commettant des actes impies. La présente étude analyse ce qui prend la forme, à l’intérieur de cette topique, d’une dialectique entre logos et eros, qui s’ancre dans des présupposés théologiques et anthropologiques – conséquence de la confessionnalisation des cultures et des crispations religieuses qui en découlent. Or par la lorgnette de cette dialectique, l’étude donne à voir les rouages de la constitution tardive, poétique et esthétique, d’une littérature artistique de langue allemande. En proposant un parcours représentatif à travers des auteurs qui en sont des jalons majeurs et des types divers d’œuvres littéraires, dramatiques et poétiques – d’Opitz à Hoffmannswaldau –, la thèse montre in fine comment, sur fond de changements progressifs de repères et de paradigmes littéraires, s’instaure un nouveau système de représentation poétique qui va de pair avec une revalorisation ambiguë du logos
While in Europe the culture of anatomy that characterizes the Early Modern Age has brought about a new kind of artistic and poetical images of the body, the mouth imposes itself as one of the most frequently represented parts of the body in the German literature in the 17th century. As the medium of speech but also of sensuality par excellence, it is considered by some as what is most prodigious in man beside his understanding, so much so that it has emerged in poetical works as a bounteous and fruitful topos. Presented as a noble instrument as soon as it respects moral rectitude, the mouth may also be featured as “ig-noble” as soon as it corrupts the language and the body through ungodly acts. The present study focuses on what comes to be – within this topos – the logos-eros dialectics, rooted in former theological and anthropological assumptions, ensuing the denominalization of cultures that triggered religious tensions. And through the close analysis of this dialectics, the research work unveils the workings of the build up of a German artistic literature. By relying on the exemplary career of its major writers – from Opitz to Hoffmannswaldau – and different kinds of literary works (drama and poetry), the thesis finally enhances how a new system of poetical representations going along with an ambivalent primacy of the logos is set up, with as a backcloth some gradual changes in literary landmarks and paradigms

Cette étude examine, dans une première partie, l’œuvre de Bernard Salomon, peintre de la Renaissance lyonnaise, se fondant sur la relecture des pièces d’archives et de la documentation existante, et à la lumière de dessins, d’enluminures et de gravures nouvellement attribués. Dans une deuxième partie, elle s'attache à l'analyse de l’influence de ses modèles sur deux artistes exerçant principalement à Nuremberg, les peintres et graveurs Virgil Solis et Jost Amman, et plus largement, sur la production artistique allemande des XVIe et XVIIe siècles, dans une troisième partie
This study examines the work of Bernard Salomon, painter of the Renaissance of Lyon, based on the re-reading of archival documents and related documentation, and in the light of newly attributed drawings, illuminations and engravings. It integrates the analysis of the influence of its models on two artists working mainly in Nuremberg, painters and engravers Virgil Solis and Jost Amman, and more widely, on German artistic production of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

This dissertation focuses on the emergence of self-awareness in women of the early 17th century as exemplified by Sibylle Schwarz (1621-1638), a native of Greifswald in North Germany. It analyses the feminist components of her work. Her poetic production, preserved in the anthology Deutsche Poetische Gedichte (1650), consists of 105 poems, four prose introductions and three letters. It is the output of a writer whose short life of 17 years plays itself out against the backdrop of a century shattered by the Thirty Years' War, religious strife, the plague, oppression and social unrest. Topics such as friendship, love, female self-awareness, or the contrasting realities of women and men are the themes through which she explores an androcentric society and establishes herself as an advocate for the acceptance of women as full members of society. With her motto Du solst mich doch nicht unterdrucken ("You shall not suppress me") she insists on her equality as a woman and a writer. The defiance of her "natural" role as a woman expresses itself ambivalently, through observing social conventions while at the same time striving to undermine them. Sibylle Schwarz, unlike any other German bourgeois woman author between 1550 and 1650, has written poetry engaging in social criticism that corroborates and at the same time transcends the inferior status of women within a patriarchal structure. This unique nature of her writings makes them an important milestone in the emergence of female intellectual autonomy. The first two of six major sections state the goals of my research, a survey of the materials used and the methodology to be followed. Part III sets the context of a society in which women were limited to a narrow range of roles. In Part IV the conditions in which women lived, worked, and were brought up, from the institutionalised lack of educational opportunity to social, conventional and legal barriers to their full participation in society are being explored. Part V gives an extensive analysis of Sibylle Schwarz's work, relating it to her personal situation and to the themes already developed, with an accounting of her thoughts and ideas about her culture, her society and her gender. Part VI summarises the work and states its conclusions.

Defence date: 12 October 1998
Examining board: Prof. Dr. Daniel Roche (Paris I - supervisor) ; Prof. Dr. Laurence Fontaine (IUE) ; Prof. Dr. Geroges D. Benrekassa (Paris VII) ; Dr. Gianfranco Bonola (Bologna)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 14 November 2008
Examining Board: Prof. Martin Van Gelderen (EUI) - supervisor Prof. Thomas Kaufmann (University of Göttingen) Prof. Giulia Calvi (EUI) Prof. Sebastian Olden-Jørgensen (University of Copenhagen)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The growing interest in ways of coping with past wars has led researchers to reexamine the role of religion. Focus has shifted away from religious enmities to a set of less-explored issues. Which of the messages propagated in homilies did laymen adopt and adapt or reject? Did believers focus on consolation and protection or emphasise punishments and sin? These questions are addressed by studying the Thirty Years War at a local level. The study compares how pastors and lay chroniclers described divine interventions. Erfurt in Central Germany is well-suited for such a case-study. The Lutheran town, with a Catholic minority, hosted a Swedish garrison in 1631-1635 and 1637-1650. The historical works of twenty-six local authors who lived during the war are described in the appendix. The analysis proceeds in three steps. The first examines the many prodigies that never made it to print; the second section inspects debates amongst Lutheran pastors; the third analyses lay war-time piety. Erfurt is examined in order to take a closer look at general developments. Hence, local debates are connected to broader theological discussion. The contextualisation shows that the war strengthened the Lutheran reform movement and proved detrimental to millenarian policy-making. The potential for change was restrained in other fields. During the war, lay commitment to the call for repentance was lowered by practical considerations and alternative ways of apportioning blame. These challenges diminished after war. Authors highlighted prodigies and exempla in harmony with the penitential baseline. The theory of cognitive dissonance is used to explain the selection and gradual stabilisation of religious beliefs. The findings thus refine existing hypotheses, outlining a range of long-term cultural changes in the wake of the war. More casestudies are needed to test how representative Erfurt findings are. Sources on the Catholic minority only sufficed to profile some denominational peculiarities.

This diploma thesis deals with the diachronic analysis of the Town Law Book of Rokytnice situated in the Eagle Mountains. The work is divided into two parts. The first part is focused on the general introduction to the history of the city, the history of the municipal administration and urban books and the problem of the office language. The second part describes the analysed source, followed by its editorial and lexical analysis. Editorial analysis is focused on the records of purchase and payment in order to determine whether the types of text were written in a standard format. Lexical analysis is aimed at the legal terms. It was found that the unified pattern of the purchase record existed only within an individual scribe, not for the entire Town Law Book. Pattern of payment records varies even within the same scribe. From the editorial point of view it was found out that the legal terms in the law book were mainly described within the municipal administration and business terminology. On the other hand, Latin expressions were used only very rarely. KEYWORDS German Language, Historical Linguistics, Bohemia, 17th Century