Artículos de revistas: "Germans in Galicia"

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Shanes, Joshua. "Neither Germans nor Poles: Jewish Nationalism in Galicia before Herzl, 1883-1897". Austrian History Yearbook 34 (enero de 2003): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723780002049x.

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Although galician jewry constituted one of the largest Jewish communities in the world before World War I, it has attracted too little scholarship. Galician Jews sat on the frontier between East and West. Religiously and economically, they were similar to Russian and Romanian Jewry, but since their emancipation in 1867 they enjoyed wideranging civil and political rights akin to those of their Western brethren. Historians focusing either on the numerically more significant Russian Jewry, or the politically and financially more important Western Jewry, have tended to avoid Galicia, even though the region was home to almost a million Jews by the turn of the century. Most Zionist historiography has also underemphasized the importance of this community, particularly in the pre-Herzlian period, by which time Galician Zionists could already boast a considerable degree of organizational infrastructure. This neglect is partly a reflection of the general historiographical trend within modern Jewish history. It also reflects, however, the unusual nature of Galician “Zionism,” which was largely Diaspora-oriented—directed toward national cultural work in the Diaspora as well as political activities designed to secure national minority rights—long before Zionists in either Russia or the West had begun to engage in such activities.

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MASYK, Roman. "The authority‘s Policy of the Interwar Poland Concerning Economical Initiatives of the National Minorieties of the South-Eastern Provinces". Наукові зошити історичного факультету Львівського університету / Proceedings of History Faculty of Lviv University, n.º 22 (14 de julio de 2022): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fhi.2021.22.3701.

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The Ukrainians predominated in the south-eastern provinces of the interwar Poland (Eastern Galicia) while the Polish there were remarkable for their political and social influences. The majority of the Ukrainian peasants were greatly interested in the agrarian reforms because of the lack of lands. The authorities resolved this problem in the interests of the Polish and it caused the conflicts between these two nations. In the south-eastern provinces Polish cooperation was inferior to the Ukrainian. At that time the cooperation of Ukrainians was the only possibility to realize their economic initiatives. In the Eastern Galicia the Jews were mainly engaged into trade and commerce and as a rule they live in cities and towns. The Polish law limited their economical rights. The Armenians and Germans of the Eastern Galicia were influenced by the Polish economical organizations and the Armenians lost their economical identity, but the Germans organized a lot of their own cooperations different from the others of that type.

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RUDA, Oksana. "EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE UNION OF THE CHURCHES OF THE EVANGELICAL AUGSBURG AND HELVETIC CONFESSIONS IN INTER-WAR GALICIA". Contemporary era 11 (2023): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2023-11-20-38.

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The article covers the activities of the Union of the Churches of the Evangelical Augsburg and Helvetic Confessions in Inter-war Galicia in the 20s–30s of the 20th century, aimed at satisfying the cultural and educational needs of German parishioners. It shows, that in the interwar years, the Polish state pursued such a national-educational and religious policy towards the German minority of the region, the result of which was supposed to be the denationalization and assimilation of the German population, given that Protestant pastors made significant efforts both to preserve the national separateness of the Germans of the region and to support continuous spiritual connection with the German culture. It confirms that education and culture specifically served as the unifying factors that protected the German colonists of Galicia from assimilation processes and strengthened their connection with the population of Germany. Likewise, it has been established that the Protestant clergy focused their activities on the religious upbringing of children and youth of German nationality, the development of private German-language primary and secondary schools, youth religious societies, and charitable organizations, which became the stronghold of German identity in interwar Galicia. The article reveals that primary private German-language educational institutions, which were attended by about 59.1 % of all German students in the region, operated with the help of the union. Those included two gymnasiums in Lviv and Stanislaviv, as well as the German National University. The author of the article asserts that the pastors’ active participation in the development of private national schooling was partly a response to the obstacles that the Polish authorities placed on the way to the development of German-language educational institutions. It was observed that through the organization of private German-language schools, the pastors tried to raise the level of national and religious consciousness of the devotees to some extent. The author suggests that through active pastoral and educational activities of the union’s clergy, the parishioners were closely connected with the German national culture, which contributed to the preservation of their ethnic identity. Keywords Protestantism, religious communities, German population, Galicia, the Polish state, educational institutions.

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Pelczar, Roman. "Niższe szkoły realne w Galicji w latach 1842–1873". Prace Historyczne 149, n.º 1 (28 de marzo de 2022): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.22.006.14619.

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Lower Realschule schools in Galicia in 1842–1873 The aim of the article is to present the activities of lower Realschule schools, which were a type of vocational schools operating in Galicia from 1842 to (essentially) 1873. They were established in the major cities of Galicia. Most of them were organised at elementary main schools, but several operated as independent facilities. Only boys were eligible to enrol in Realschule schools. The pupils represented various nationalities (Poles, Ukrainians, Germans, Jews) and religions. The schools prepared young people for work in various professions in industry and trade. The article deals with all important issues related to the operation of lower Realschule schools. It discusses the establishment of the school network, their division into independent and dependent facilities, the teaching staff and the student community, as well as their didactic activities. The article supplements the body of knowledge on the history of education in Galicia.

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Harandzha, Vasyl. "The Greek Catholic Theological Academy in Lviv in the conditions of the persecution of the Church by the Soviet government". Scientific Yearbook "History of Religions in Ukraine", n.º 33 (2023): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33294/2523-4234-2023-33-1-117-130.

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The activities of the Greek Catholic Theological Academy in Lviv are examined. It is stated that this higher educational institution was founded by Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi in 1928. Despite the difficult relationship between the Ukrainians of Galicia and the Polish government, the Theological Academy was able to exist and quite quickly developed. The situation changed in 1939, after the partition of Poland between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Thus, Galicia came under Soviet rule. In 1941, after the beginning of the German-Soviet war, all Ukrainian lands were quickly occupied by the Germans. However, already in 1944, the Bolsheviks came to Galicia again, finally joining it to the Ukrainian SSR. As a matter of fact, this research is focused on studying the state of Greek Catholic theological education during the first Soviet occupation of Galicia in 1939–1941 and after the return of communist power in 1944. It is shown that, despite the openly anti-religious policy of the new government, the leaders of the Church tried to ensure the continuity of the development of theological science and the training of new clergy. In the conditions of the ban on the official activities of any theological educational institutions during 1939–1941, Metropolitan Sheptytskyi managed to organize illegal theological courses for his students and sought to restore the activities of a full-fledged educational institution. Instead, it is researched that after the return in 1944, the Bolsheviks became more cautious in their attitude towards Greek Catholics and did not close the Theological Academy, which resumed normal activities during the Nazi occupation. The management of the academy used this time to expand its activities, in particular to open new faculties. However, this policy of the Bolsheviks in relation to the Greek Catholics turned out to be temporary. A few months later, the persecution of this Church began. Among other measures, the work of the Theological Academy in Lviv was finally stopped. Keywords: Theological Academy, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Andrei Sheptytskyi, Josyf Slipyi, Second World War, Soviet occupation

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Łapot, Mirosław. "Development of the Education of Galician Jews at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries as Exemplified by the City of Lviv". Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 18 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.20.001.13869.

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In 19th and the beginning of 20th century Galician Jews left step by step the isolated world of traditional culture for the opened worldwide culture. At the start of this way, they knew only one path of life, based on many centuries of tradition, but, at the end, it provided many paths to self-realization. Some of them were still devoted, other secular, some of them felt Jews, others felt Poles of Mosaic faith or Germans of Mosaic faith, some were involved in the Zionist movement, others in socialism. Many of them considered Galicia to be their own little Motherland and manifested the features of local patriotism. It was possible thanks to the modernization of their lifestyle, and public education turned out to be one of the most important factor in this process.

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Martynenko, V. "German Population Local Evacuations from the USSR Occupied Regions in winter-spring 1943". Problems of World History, n.º 13 (18 de marzo de 2021): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-4.

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One of the elements of the “total war” declared by the Nazi leadership in February 1943 was the massive displacement of the civilian population of the occupied Soviet territories to the deep rear. As a rule, these movements were voluntary compulsory. Among those who were also subjected to mandatory evacuation were ethnic Germans, who, as a rule, enjoyed the special patronage of the occupation authorities. Most of them, of course, could not help fearing reprisals after the return of Soviet power and therefore preferred to retreat with the Wehrmacht. As a result, during the first few months of 1943, thousands of refugees of German nationality were quickly evacuated from several occupied regions of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the BSSR. Some of them, by decision of the SS leadership, remained on the territory of the Reichskommissariat “Ukraine”, while others left for the imperial region of Warthegau and the General Government. Despite their very modest scale, these evacuations had at least two main outcomes. First, they became, in a sense, a prototype (especially at the organizational level) of administrative relocations that unfolded in the autumn of the same year on the territory of Ukraine. Some considerations (such as the idea of the concentration of German refugees on the right bank of the Dnieper or in Galicia) would later form the basis for further plans of the Nazi leadership. Secondly, the arrival of a fairly large contingent of Soviet Germans in the Reich required several changes to the legal framework governing the procedure for their naturalization. A significant part of these innovations will determine the fate of the majority of German immigrants from the USSR practically until the end of the war. In the presented article, based on the involvement of a significant array of documents from the archival funds of Germany, the characteristic features of the evacuation of ethnic Germans from the occupied regions of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus in winter-spring 1943 are considered.

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Kelly, T. Mills. "Last Best Chance or Last Gasp? The Compromise of 1905 and Czech Politics in Moravia". Austrian History Yearbook 34 (enero de 2003): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723780002052x.

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On November 27, 1905, leading members of the Czech and German communities in Moravia agreed to a political compromise that divided power in the provincial diet between Czechs, Germans, and members of the landowning and ecclesiastical aristocracy. Over the next few years, the Moravian agreement was used as a model for political compromises in Bukovina (1910) and Galicia (1914).1 For decades historians hailed the Moravian compromise and its successors as evidence that the feuding nations of the late Habsburg monarchy could indeed find sufficient common ground to live together in peace. Although in the past decade scholars generally have taken a more cautious approach to the results of these compromises, much of this work betrays a sense of disappointment over a missed opportunity. Somehow, the Czech-German compromise in Moravia might have become a model for ethnic cooperation, proof that the monarchy's contentious national communities could work out their differences and live together, or at least a sign

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Soukupová, Blanka. "The Socio-Historical Contexts of Czech Anti-Semitism and Anti-German Sentiments Following the Establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic and their Reflection in Contemporary Caricatures". Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 67, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2019): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2019-0001.

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Abstract The Czechoslovak Republic was created as the national state of the Czechs and Slovaks. Although it was based on the ethnic principle, the new state simultaneously assured relatively extensive rights for its national and religious minorities; in the Czech lands primarily for Czech Germans and the structured Jewish minority (in the new state, Jews could claim Jewish nationality and religion, or only Jewish religion). Although the Jewish minority was ideologically and politically heterogeneous and absolutely loyal to the state, it repeatedly became, not for the first time historically, the target of largely socially and ethnically motivated attacks after the foundation of the Republic. However, their nature was escalated even more by the difficult social conditions following World War I and the generally traumatic experience of the unexpected world war. Contemporary journalism helped disseminate the image of Jews as the main culprits who had caused the world war and were responsible for the general post-war destabilisation and shortages, Jews as non-state building residents of the republic, disloyal, pro-German orientated asocial elements, intensified by the image of Jewish refugees from Galicia and Bukovina, justly or unjustly accused of operating chain businesses. Contemporary journalism also emphasised the traditional image of Czech Germans as the ancient enemy of the Czech nation, currently accused of starting World War I. The fact that most Czech Germans were truly disloyal citizens of the new state after the foundation of the republic (and again in the 1930s) was balanced by the efforts of the Czechoslovak government to “win the Germans over for the new state” and therefore controlled the suppression of anti-German sentiments which were often linked to anti-Jewish sentiments. The text questions the significance of the image of the national enemy at a time in history that saw the destabilisation of existing socio-political relations, undoubtedly represented by the dissolution of the monarchy and the rise of new national states in Central Europe and their contemporary visualisation.

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Binder, Harald. "Making and Defending a Polish Town: “Lwów” (Lemberg), 1848-1914". Austrian History Yearbook 34 (enero de 2003): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800020439.

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Many east central European towns and cities bear several names, reflecting the ethnic and religious diversity once characteristic of the region. The town chosen in 1772 by the Habsburgs as capital of their newly acquired province of Galicia serves as an example. In the second half of the nineteenth century Ruthenian national populists referred to the city as “Ľviv”; Russophiles designated the city “Ľvov.” For Poles and Polonized Jews the town was “Lwów,” and for Germans as well as German- and Yiddish-speaking Jews the city was “Lemberg.” The ethnic and linguistic reality was, in fact, much less clear than these divisions would suggest. For much of the period of Habsburg rule, language barriers remained permeable. The city's inhabitants were multilingual, often employing different languages depending on the type of communication in which they were engaged. By the

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Lagno, Anna R. "Who, what, to whom and on what language speaks? Polish-Ukrainian borderland in the 1940s: from the history of a family". Central-European Studies 2019, n.º 2 (11) (2020): 228–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0877.2019.2.10.

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Polish-Ukrainian borderland is commonly associated with Austrian Eastern Galicia. The river San marked the western border, and the river Zbruch marked the eastern one. It was multiethnic and multicultural land. At the beginning of the twentieth century Eastern Galicia acquired an exceptional symbolic meaning, becoming the place of collision of two state projects - Polish and Ukrainian. The complex relationship between Ukrainians and Poles was escalated by the Second World War. The problem of national minorities was to be solved by resettlement, that took place from 1944 to 1946. So during and after World War II, this region lost their traditional multiethnic character. Poles, Jews, and smaller numbers of Germans were replaced by Ukrainians from those territories that became part of the new Polish state. From this period Eastern Galicia became the part of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. This article centers on the question of what were the essential features that delimit the identity of Poles and Ukrainians in the mid-1940s? For answering on this question, I have chosen unpublished memoires of a man who was born in 1913 in Austrian Galicia, lived in Lviv voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic and died in Soviet Ukraine; I also use oral conversations with his children. Methodologically this paper is based on the work of Frederick Barth and Iver Neumann, who concluded that the most effective way of studying identity is to investigate the significant markers of identity that delimit the culture of this group from the culture of the «Other». Thus, it has been noted by many authors, identity is a very complex subject, that is difficult to study. The historical sources used in this article, shows that identity of the Polish-Ukrainian borderland population is ambivalent, blurred. The most significant marker of ethnic identity - language - does not «work» for the population of the Polish-Ukrainian borderland due to the widespread bilingualism. Difficulties arise with another markers - differences in denomination affiliation and the territory.

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Aftanas, Andrii. "Economic Policy of the German Occupational Authority in the Kolomyia Region (According to the “Vollia Pokuttya” Newspaper 1941 – 1944)". Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, n.º 30 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2021.30.325.

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This article examines the main aspects of the economic policy of the German administration within the Kolomyia region during 1941-1944. On the bases of „Vollia Pokuttya“ news, the directions of Germany economic governance in the agrarian and trade commercial sector were singled out. The economic policy pursued by the German occupation authorities in the Kolomyia region vividly reflected the general trend of expansionist use of industrial and human potential in the district of Galicia. This led to acts of disobedience and sabotage of grain supplies by the peasants and a harsh reaction from the authorities. Nazi officials pursued a similar policy in the cities. By allowing the resumption of business and cooperatives, the Germans hoped to gain the loyalty of local residents. However, support could not be achieved, as de facto control over the above institutions continued to be exercised by various governmental economic groups, which included all existing industrial organizations, craft associations, and consumer cooperatives. Mobilization and organization government measures concerning the departure of the population for job to the Reich were illuminated, and also described their life conditions and social-legal status. In particular, the goal of agricultural and handicraft courses, which operated in Kolomyia’s county, was analyzed. The paper highlights that the organization of professional education was suitable for pragmatic considerations of the Nazi administration, as military failures give the power a push to attract local population to spend active agricultural life. This study is the first attempt of complex assessment of economic policy of the German occupation regime in the mentioned terrains. Therefore, the results of this paper are important both for the further development of historical regionalism and in the context of studies devoted to the Second World War

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Zimmermann, Peter. "Wpływ języka polskiego na rozwój świadomości narodowej młodzieży galicyjskiej w dobie autonomicznej". Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 24, n.º 1 (10 de agosto de 2017): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2017.24.1.11.

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After the Austro-Hungarian compromise in 1867 the Galician parliament and provincial administration gained extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education. Galicia was the first crownland that had a school council, which was sanctioned already in 1867. After almost a century the ongoing process of Germanization ended as in the following years the majority of German speaking public officials were replaced by Poles and the Polish language became the main administrativ language and the main language of instruction in school. The article describes changes in the school system and shows the role of the Polish language in primary and secondary education during this so-called epoch of Galician autonomy. A comparison of historical documents and memories from schooldays from former Galician school children allows a realistic insight on the role which the Polish language played in the lives of young Galicians. The analysis shows that the Polonisation of the Galician school system effected the development of Polish national consciousness within young Galicians very slowly and not until the beginning of the 20th century.

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Petrushko, V. I. "The Uniate Church in Western Ukraine in the Period of the German Occupation During the Great Patriotic War". Orthodoxia, n.º 4 (22 de mayo de 2024): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-4-96-113.

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The Greek Catholic Church in Galicia underwent reform at the beginning of the twentieth century under the leadership of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky and emerged as one of the primary supporters of nascent Ukrainian nationalism. Indeed, the first half of the twentieth century witnessed significant involvement of the Uniate Church in advancing the Ukrainian nationalist cause. The inevitable consequence of this political alignment of the Galician Greek Catholic Church was its overt collaboration with the German Nazis who occupied Ukraine during the Great Patriotic War. The article explores the most prominent instances of such activities by Uniate hierarchs and clergy. An example of the most cynical collaboration between the Galician Uniates and the German occupiers was the assistance provided by Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky to the Nazis in organizing the export of Ukrainian youth for forced labor in Germany. The Uniate Church continued to assist the German Nazis even when there were clear signs of their imminent defeat. In 1943, the leadership of the Galician Uniates actively assisted the Nazis in creating the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) commonly referred to as the Galicia Division, comprising mainly Western Ukrainian Uniates. Such a position loyal to the German occupiers was intended to secure not only favorable conditions for the Uniate Church’s survival under the Nazi regime but also the opportunity to proselytize in the occupied eastern territories. However, the occupation authorities pursued a complex religious policy in Ukraine and were not inclined to strengthen any particular denomination. For this reason, the Galician Uniates were not permitted by the German occupiers to conduct missionary activities outside Western Ukraine.

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Vovk, O. V. "MEMOIRS OF MEMBERS OF UKRAINIAN MILITARY FORMATIONS IN THE GERMAN ARMED FORCES AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING THE DAILY LIVES OF SOLDIERS OF WORLD WAR II". Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), n.º 58 (2021): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2020.58.4.

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The article deals with how the memoirs highlight the peculiarities of everyday life of Ukrainian servicemen who were members of Ukrainian military formations in the German armed forces during the Second World War. Ukrainian combatants published a large number of memoirs, which highlighted the reasons that led them to combine their own destiny with service to a foreign country, described the social and construction conditions in which they found themselves, relations between soldiers, the attitude of Germans to Ukrainians, hopes for future Ukrainian revival. . These memoirs are an important source for studying the daily lives of soldiers during World War II. Although the issue of everyday life of Ukrainian soldiers was considered in the works of researchers, it is of secondary importance. Because of this, there is a problem of a more detailed study of the daily life of soldiers who found themselves in various formations of the German armed forces during World War II, and whose activities were not criminalized by the international community. Significant factual material on this issue provides an analysis of the memories of Ukrainian combatants. The publication provides a critical analysis of the memoirs of P. Hrytsak, M. Kalba, V. Ketsun, R. Kolisnyk, T. Krochak, R. Lazurko, K. Malyi, I. Nahaievskyi, E. Pobihushchyi and others. It was found that the memoirs cover in detail the domestic aspects of the service (military training, leisure, material support, cultural life, morale and mood of the soldiers), relations with the German personnel of the units. The authors’ memoirs contain numerous descriptions of the daily life of soldiers during military training, redeployment and participation in hostilities. Eyewitnesses described the soldiers’ equipment, the content of the instructors’ lectures and talks, the arrangement and plan of the camp, the relations between the Ukrainians and the relations with the Germans, and the peculiarities of the soldiers’ leisure. It is important to describe the transformation of the mood of the Ukrainian soldiers of the Division “Galicia”. These sentiments transformed from optimistic to a complete loss of confidence and growing dislike for German uniforms. Studies of this historical issue indicate that the authors of the memoirs describe the predominantly superior attitude of German personnel towards Ukrainians. It is investigated how the memoirs provide information about relations with the local population in the areas where the Ukrainian units were located. The publication highlights how the memoirs characterize the role of the church and priests in the life of Ukrainian units, which consisted not only in the religious and spiritual care of soldiers, but also in everyday life.

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Smyrnov, Andrii. "THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CRACOW-LEMKO REGION ORTHODOX EPARCHY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, n.º 30 (30 de noviembre de 2020): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-30-92-97.

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The article deals with the history of the Orthodox Church in German-occupied Poland (Generalgouvernement), which remained autocephalous and continued to be headed by Metropolitan Dionisii Valedynskyi. In February 1941 Palladii Vydybida-Rudenko was ordained in Warsaw as archbishop of Cracow and the Lemko region. He swore to work solely for the benefit of the Ukrainian Church and the Ukrainian people; complete obedience to Archbishop Ilarion Ohiienko; and to vote during synods exactly like Ilarion, never against. After the German invasion of the USSR and the attachment of Galicia to the GG, Palladii was subsequently also named bishop of Lviv, and was elected chancellor of the Orthodox Church in the Generalgouvernement. Newly created Cracow-Lemko region eparchy numbered approximately 40 parishes. Archbishop Palladii transferred perceived Russophile priests from the region to Warsaw and replaced them with younger, Ukrainian clerics. The Ukrainian accent or language were used during church services; what constituted a ‘legal basis’ for nationalization. However, the eparchy has limited opportunities for the development of the Ukrainian national and church movement due to the opposition of the Greek Catholic lobby in German administration, lack of patriotic priests and war time difficulties. That is why Archbishop Palladii, which constantly living in Warsaw and served in Metropolitan cathedral, met with little success in the Ukrainization of Orthodoxy in Lemko region. In 1942 the synod of bishops adopted certain internal statutes that were later acknowledged by the German authorities as well. The statutes spoke very clearly about the prevailing Ukrainian spirit in the Church. The further growth of the Orthodox Church in the Generalgouvernement was, however, impeded with the withdrawal of the Germans and subsequent chaotic developments. Both Archbishop Ohiienko and Archbishop Vydybida-Rudenko sought refuge in the West.

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Bociurkiw, Bohdan R. "The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the Contemporary USSR". Nationalities Papers 20, n.º 01 (1992): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999208408219.

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In 1944, the Soviet Army recaptured Galicia and Transcarpathia from the Germans, and the last stronghold of Ukrainian Greek Catholicism fell under Soviet control. Following the arrests of all Uniate bishops and of the “recalcitrant” clergy, the Lviv Sobor of March 1946 nullified the 1596 Union of Brest, which first established the Greek Catholic Church, and forcibly “reunified” the Uniates with the state-controlled Russian Orthodox Church. The post-World War II period saw the gradual suppression of the Uniate Church throughout Carpatho-Ukraine, Poland, and Eastern Slovakia, and marked the beginning of more than four decades of struggle for Eastern Rite Ukrainian Catholics in the USSR to maintain their banned Church against the overpowering alliance of the Soviet regime and the Russian Orthodox Church. Despite the enforced “reunification,” the Greek Catholic Church has remained the most important cultural and institutional preserve of national identity in Western Ukraine. The following is an examination of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church's attempts to assert its right to legal existence since the beginning of political and social revitalization under Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Мосора, Володимир. "THE POLICY OF TRANSPORTING THE ABLE-BODIED POPULATION OF GALICIA FOR FORCED LABOR TO GERMANY DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF THE REGION IN 1941–1944 IN THE PUBLISHED MEMOIRS OF EYEWITNESSES". КОНСЕНСУС, n.º 4 (2023): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2023-04/026-042.

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The aim of the article is to analyze, based on memories, information about the policy of the occupation authorities regarding the deportation of the able-bodied population of the Galicia district to forced labor in Germany. Particular attention is paid to the Ukrainian National Union (UNU), which operated on the territory of Germany, and information is provided about their activities in relation to Galician workers in forced labor in the Third Reich. In addition to the UNO, attention is also paid to the Ukrainian Central Committee (UCC). Information is given on the main directions of the UCC related to Galician workers in Germany and the care of their families in the territory of the Galician district. Also, attention is focused on the main methods of agitation of Galician workers and their subsequent involvement in works in Germany. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of life and daily life of Galician workers at mills, plants and factories in Germany. With the help of memoirs, the main methods of avoiding deportation by Galician workers to work in Germany are highlighted (escaping from moving and stationary trains, enlisting in the ranks of the fourteenth grenadier division of the Waffen-SS "Halychyna", bribing doctors, inflicting physical harm on one's own body, etc.). In addition, the work, based on the published memories of eyewitnesses, highlights the peculiarities and methods of transportation of Galician workers to Germany. Also, attention is paid to mass roundups of the local population (as a result of non-fulfillment of labor obligations before the Nazi authorities in certain settlements) with subsequent deportation to Germany. The work provides a thorough review of the given written memories of eyewitnesses of the period of occupation of Galicia (1941–1944), which are related to the labor mobilization of the Galician population for forced labor in Nazi Germany.

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Jakubowski, Melchior. "Ethnicity and Confession in Bukovina in the Sources from the Turn of the 18th century". Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 2, n.º 46 (20 de diciembre de 2017): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2017.46.57-66.

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In the descriptions of Bukovуna as the new Habsburg province and in the records of the Roman Catholic Church various terms for ethnicity have functioned, sophisticatedly related to the religious denominations. Either all Orthodox inhabitants were described as Moldavians, or a difference between Orthodox Moldavians and Orthodox Ruthenians was marked. For Ruthenians (Orthodox and Greek Catholic) and their language there was no common name. All Roman Catholics were sometimes considered as Germans and Hungarians. Despite that, Catholic Church in Bukovуna from its beginning was multi-ethnic and multi-language. The ambiguity of terms is shown by the problem with distinguishing Catholic Poles and Slovaks. On the other hand, there was even a case of mistaking Ruthenians for Poles. Ethnicity and confession in Bukovina were entangled with each other, but with no strict connection, like the one functioning in Galicia (Polish Roman Catholics and Ruthenian Greek Catholics). The situation was much more complicated. The mixture of ethnicities among the faithful in both Orthodox and Catholic Churches was a factor of highest importance for the development of famous Bukovуnian tolerance. Keywords: Bukovina, ethnicity, religion, terminology

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Zieliński, Konrad. "The Anti-Semitic Riots on the Territories of the Kingdom of Poland at the Beginning of Independence". Studia Żydowskie. Almanach 3, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2013): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/sz.559.

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The last year of the Great War brought the enhancement of the activities of the political parties, both the Polish and the Jewish ones, as well as deterioration of Polish-Jewish rela-tions. The attitudes reluctant to cooperate with the Poles took hold among the Jews or rather a belief that there were no actual chances for the agreeable fixing of its principles. Another reason for the mutual grievances became forcing the national and cultural autonomy by some of the Jewish parties and the attempts to search for the adherents of such demands in the West. The events in Lvov (Lviv, Lemberg) and the growing Polish-Ukrainian conflict in the Eastern Galicia became yet another inflammatory point in the Polish-Jewish relations. The rumours, which reached the Kingdom of Poland saying that the Jews sympathised with the Ukrainians in Galicia and ‘shoot the Polish soldiers at the back’ added to the traditional accusations addressed at Jews (cooperation with the Germans and Austrians, sympathising with the communists), one more element, the consequences of which are hard to ignore. At the same time, the anti-Semitic propaganda has collected all the oppositional declarations of the Jews and their critical remarks about the Polish rules and then, distorting them consciously, presented the Jewish population as an element hostile to the Polish state, which in general was not true. In autumn 1918, the Jewish population greeted the liberation of the Polish lands with fear. Those were not groundless fears: one could notice, as early as in spring that year that the hostility towards the Jews undertook the increasingly severe forms. The serious anti Semitic riots took place in the Kingdom of Poland in November 1918, and some of them, like the one in Kielce and probably in a few other towns of the Kielce Province, were in fact pogroms. The next year brought a new wave of anti-Jewish pogroms and violence.

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Mosora, Volodymyr. "LABOUR MOBILIZATION OF THE POPULATION OF GALICIA DISTRICT DURING THE YEARS OF GERMAN OCCUPATION (1941 – 1944) (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE PRINTED EDITION «VOLYA POKUTTYA»)". Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, n.º 1 (50) (2 de julio de 2024): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(50).2024.304826.

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he article analyzes information from the "Volya Pokuttya" publication, which shows the implementation of the Nazi policy regarding the labour mobilization of the population of the Halychyna district and sending them to work in Germany during 1941 – 1944. Data is provided on the activities of specific organizations that dealt with the affairs of forced labourers and operated on the territory Reich (UCC and NFP). The speeches of the heads of the German occupation administration of Galicia (L. Marenbach, G. Frank, O. Bauer, O. Vechter) and the figures of the Ukrainian Central Committee (V. Kubiyovych, K. Pankivskyi) about the elements of propaganda published on the pages of "Volya Pokuttya" publication were analyzed good life" of workers in Germany. The principal orders and announcements of the Nazi authorities and their controlled organizations to Galician workers working in Germany are given. Articles from the newspaper "Volya Pokuttya" about the auxiliary actions of the UCC and relevant organizations of material assistance to workers working at enterprises in Germany are highlighted separately. Detailed information on the structure of the German Labor Front (NFP), whose main task was to protect the workers of the Third Reich, is provided. The work examines the characteristic features of the writing of propaganda publications by the Nazi occupation authorities on the pages of the "Volya Pokuttya" publication, the purpose of which was to convince the local population of the importance and expediency of visiting Germany. Information is also provided about the publication of letters from workers, which were used by the German authorities to promote voluntary visits to the German population, in the newspaper columns. The work also analyses published articles devoted to the departure of workers from the region of Galicia, in which the number and date of trains sent to Germany are indicated. A comprehensive analysis of the publications of the "Volya Pokuttya" newspaper on topics that reflected the labour mobilization of workers was carried out.

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Baran-Szoltys, Magdalena. "Post-Galician Lessons: Why Travel to Lviv in the 21st Century". Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 48, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2024): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2024.48.1.43-56.

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The article explores Lviv and Galicia as cultural and memory landscapes, examining the narratives constructed by travelers from 2000 to just after the start of the 2014 war. It delves into the multilayered identities of Galicia, shaped by diverse national narratives. Emphasizing Galicia as an archive, the study uses memory theories and spatial concepts, illustrating the ongoing engagement with historical images during post-Galician journeys. Historical and contemporary travel reports are examined, revealing the evolving perceptions of Galicia. National narratives, including Polish, Ukrainian, German, Jewish and international perspectives, contribute to a nuanced understanding of Lviv's significance in the 21st century.

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Dabrowski, Patrice M. "Transgresyjna „europeizacja” karpackiej puszczy: rozwój uzdrowisk na Huculszczyźnie przed pierwszą wojną światową". Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (17 de julio de 2018): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.17.

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THE TRANSGRESSIVE "EUROPEIZATION" OF CARPATHIAN WILDERNESS: RESORT DEVELOPMENT IN THE HUTSUL REGIN BEFORE WORLD WAR IThe development of resorts and spas in the Hutsul region before World War I has been a blank spot in Polish and Ukrainian historiography. This chapter presents the state of current research. Development in the region began for good after 1894, the year the Stanisławów-Körösmezö railway was opened. Built by the Austrian authorities with military and strategic aims in mind, the railway nonetheless made this beautiful but wild borderland region accessible to masses of guests from the cities of Eastern Galicia who sought to breathe the fresh highland air, take baths of various kinds as well as relax and vacation. This chapter focuses on the activities of a series of entrepreneurial individuals who revolutionized the region by building villas and hotels, establishing restaurants and stores as well as supplying the high-altitude resorts with the necessary infrastructure — whatever was needed to create resorts on a “European” level. This rapid “europeanization” of the Carpathian wilderness was transgressive in that it violated the status quo and turned local norms upside down. This had implications for ethnic relations in the region, with Ukrainians and Hutsuls as well as Poles, Jews and Germans involved.

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Lada, Krzysztof y Czesław Partacz. "Working for Ukraine: Ukrainian Seasonal Labour in Germany, 1905-1914". Itinerario 37, n.º 1 (abril de 2013): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000272.

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Between 1905 and 1914, tens of thousands of Ukrainians from East Galicia worked legally as seasonal labourers in Germany each year. This channelling of labour was a reflection of both global trends and local East Galician national and socioeconomic relations. On the communal stage, this movement was a carefully organised operation led by the biggest Ukrainian political party before World War I, the National-Democratic Party (Natsionalno-Demokratychna Partiia, NDP). This article looks at the role of Ukrainian seasonal labour migration to Germany within the Ukrainian nationalist project in Austrian East Galicia. Specifically, it focuses on the information campaign run in the populist-conservative daily newspaper titled Dilo (Deed). Dilo was a primary source of advertisements offering the possibility of seasonal work in Germany. At the centre of this investigation is how this NDP daily reported on the progress of the migration and how it furnished an ideological justification for this shift of the labour force. Of particular interest are both the nationalist-moral and socioeconomic arguments used by Dilo to persuade Ukrainian peasants to go and seek seasonal jobs in Germany. It will be argued that the NDP's drive to send local Ukrainian peasants to Germany as seasonal labourers was presented to them as a way to further the Ukrainian cause, with the campaign itself being seen as a routine extension of nationalist concern and mobilisation. The article thus contributes to the analysis of Ukrainian nationalist economic agitation by drawing attention to the largely unexplored German imperial influence on the shaping of the Ukrainian identity before 1914.

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Jakubczyk-Ślęczka, Sylwia. "Reforma żydowskiej muzyki liturgicznej w Galicji na przełomie XIX i XX wieku". Studia Judaica, n.º 2 (44) (2019): 235–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24500100stj.19.011.12394.

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THE REFORM OF JEWISH LITURGICAL MUSIC IN GALICIA AT THE TURN OF THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES The article presents the issue of the reform of Jewish liturgical music in Galicia at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its main question concerns the essence of the reform, the novelty of which relied rather on the introduction of a modern way of performance of traditional music than replacing it with a new repertoire. The text discusses the role of new music performers such as cantors, choirs and organists in Galician Temples. It draws attention to the aesthetic changes of synagogue music and its ideological foundations. It also presents the attitude of progressive Galician Jews toward the repertoire of West European synagogues as well as to the music composed by local orthodox cantors, such as Baruch Schorr, Baruch Kinstler or Eliezer Goldberg. As the analysis of the historical material shows, their musical tastes and strong attachment to tradition tied them more closely to the Galician orthodoxy than to the German reform.

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Timiryaev, Denis O. "“But it’s All Clear: Most Poles and Germans Are Enemies of Russia”: Western Russian Intellectuals on the Polish Issue (Late 19th – early 20th Centuries)". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (1 de agosto de 2020): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-2-135-146.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the publicism on the Polish issue of the three West Russian intellectuals – M.O. Koyalovich, A.S. Budilovich and P.A. Kulakovsky. Publicists expressed their views on all the aspects of the Polish question: the reasons for the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the debates on the historical and cultural affiliation of the Western Province, granting of autonomy to the Kingdom of Poland, assessment of the experience of solving the Polish question by Austria-Hungary and Germany, participation of the Poles in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907. The publicists were convinced that the fall of Poland was the natural result of its historical development, and Russia was not at fault for the Polish destiny. The territories of former Old Russian principalities, incorporated into the Empire, were part of the Russian and not the Polish world. They believed that the Poles had no rights to Western Russia. At the same time, they draw the society’s attention to the existence of the Russian-Polish conflict in the region and its topicality. Publicists argued that Poland’s autonomy would only lead to another Polish rebellion. According to them, Polish autonomy in Galicia demonstrated the true attitude towards the Russian people. A similar situation would be in the Western Province if the Poles could actively pursued the polonization of the Eastern Slavs in the region. Budilovich and Kulakovsky were convinced that the revolution of 1905–1907 was only an instrument of the Poles in achieving their cherished goal – the restoration of the Commonwealth within the borders of 1772.

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Radzik, Ryszard. "Białorusini na tle procesów narodotwórczych społeczeństw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej". Sprawy Narodowościowe, n.º 41 (13 de febrero de 2022): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.019.

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Belarus Vis a Vis Nation-Building Processes in Central and East European CommunitiesThe text explores the nation-building factors that determined the intensity with which certain nations in Central and East Europe were formed in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century – with some reference to their contemporary situation, especially of today’s Belarus. In addition to Belarus, the analyses also briefly cover nation-building processes in Ukraine (Galicia and Dnieper Ukraine), Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Three categories of factors that are crucial for the processes under discussion have already been distinguished – namely civilization, culture and politics. All three types decisively benefited the Czechs, who succeeded in developing nation-building processes the soonest; the Czechs, among all the other nations in the region, thus first acquired a national awareness at the popular level. On the contrary, the above-mentioned factors did not work to the benefit of the Belarussians and Dnieper Ukrainians. The territories they inhabited were very weakly industrialized and urbanized, while their languages differed from Russian and Polish much less than was the case, on the one hand, of the Slovaks and Czechs, and on the other, of the Hungarians and Austrians (Germans). At the same time, Russian policies obviously hampered the formation of the Belarussian and Ukrainian nations. This article shows the strength with which objective conditions exerted an influence on nation-building processes in our part of the continent.

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ORLEVYCH, Iryna. "«TALERHOF TRAGEDY» IN THE INTELLECTUAL THOUGHT OF RUSSOPHILES INTHE INTERWAR PERIOD". From the history of Western Ukraine 18 (2022): 42–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/zuz.2022-18-42-68.

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One of the complex pages of the history of Galicia has been revealed – the Thalerhof tragedy, when a significant number of Ukrainians, mainly Russophiles and their sympathizers, were arrested by the Austrian authorities and sent to camps (Thalerhof, Terezin, etc.). It is shown that although among the prisoners there were Ukrainophiles and representatives of other folks such as Poles, Jews, Germans, etc., the Russophiles interpreted this tragedy exclusively as «theirs», developing the «Thalerhof» cult in the interwar period in order to restore and strengthen their political strength (it is no coincidence that the founding of the Thalerhof Committee in 1923, which had the task of collecting relevant documentary materials, and the «Russian People's Organization» coincided in time). The efforts of these figures to create a cult of the «Russian» people as a «martyr» for the «Russian» idea and the images of the enemies, the perpetrators of the tragedy - the Austrian government and Ukrainophiles, are highlighted, ignoring the fact that it was the activities of representatives of the Russophile movement on the eve of the First World War that caused the arrests of their fellow party members and party supporters. It is traced how Russophiles, whose intellectual activity usually covered various fields (history, journalism, literature, art, etc.), used their own experiences and memories of the war in their own works and how their political and ideological involvement of Russophiles did not allow them to fully focus on scientific and literary studios. It was established that thanks to the efforts of the Thalerhof committee, it was possible to accumulate documentary evidence of eyewitnesses and participants of this event (personal sources: memories, diaries, drawings, artifacts, government orders, etc.). For the first time, an analysis of the «Inquiry letters» collected by the committee was carried out, which made it possible to find out the reasons for arrests, national identification, conditions of camp life of internees. It was concluded that the peasantry never mastered the «Russian» language, which the leaders of the Russophiles hoped for, and that the prisoners of the camps were not only Galician-Ukrainians of a Russophile orientation. It has been proven that despite the indicated involvement in this issue, collected documents, artistic and journalistic works and museum exhibits are an important source for reading this page of Ukrainian history. Keywords: Russophilism, Thalerhof, The Great War, Russian People's Organization, Thalerhof committee.

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SOKIL, Bohdan. "TO THE PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONING OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN THE EASTERN GALICIA COURTS (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MEETINGS OF THE DIET OF GALICIA AND LODOMERIA)". Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 32 (2019): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2019-32-304-312.

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After the partition of Poland in 1772, Galicia was annexed to Austria as a separate administrative and territorial unit, not as an integral part of former Poland. It seemed that the Eastern Galicians would forever get rid of the problems they faced while in Poland. Galicians had grounds to hope to enjoy the same rights and freedoms as other nationalities of the monarchy, that is, to be able to develop their nationality and cherish their mother tongue. However, the political situation regarding the Eastern Galicians on their native land hardly changed. The Poles could not accept the loss of Ukrainian territory and tried every way to restore Poland's borders from sea to sea. The biggest obstacle to achieving their goal was the existence of the Ukrainian language, which they did not recognize as an independent language, but called the Polish language. The Poles tried to eliminate the usage of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of life in Eastern Galicia. The courts were no exception. The language issues in the courts in the Eastern Galicia were repeatedly raised at the meetings of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1861 a decree was passed according to which German language was removed from the courts, and the court proceedings could be conducted in Polish or Ukrainian. However, due to the request of the local Polish authorities in 1869, the Polish language was introduced as a government language in the Eastern Galicia by the Emperor's order. This decision of the Emperor provoked the opposition of the Ukrainians. Therefore, Ukrainian ambassadors tried to defend the rights of the Ukrainian language in the courts at meetings of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria. They addressed the Diet with a proposal to recognize the two regional languages, Polish and Ukrainian, as government during court hearings. The Polish ambassadors did not support the Ukrainians, calling the Ukrainian language either Polish or under-developed. Thus, they did not want to introduce Ukrainian into the court system. Keywords Ukrainian language, Polish language, German language, government language, local language, language of court hearings.

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Naumann, Stephen. "Narratives Transcending Borders: Sabrina Janesch’s "Katzenberge" as a German Response to Polish Migration Literature". Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 47, n.º 2 (10 de julio de 2020): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.475.

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The establishment of the Oder-Neisse border between Poland and Germany, as well as the westward shift of Poland’s eastern border resulted in migration for tens of millions in regions that had already been devastated by nearly a decade of forced evacuation, flight, war and genocide. In Poland, postwar authors such as Gdańsk’s own Stefan Chwin and Paweł Huelle have begun to establish a fascinating narrative connecting now-Polish spaces with what are at least in part non-Polish pasts. In Germany, meanwhile, coming to terms with a past that includes the Vertreibung, or forced migration, of millions of Germans during the mid-1940s has been limited at best, in no small part on account of its implication of Germans in the role of victim. In her 2010 debut novel Katzenberge, however, German author Sabrina Janesch employs a Polish migration story to connect with her German readers. Her narrator, like Janesch herself, is a young German who identifies with her Polish grandfather, whose death prompts her to trace the steps of his flight in 1945 from a Galician village to (then) German Silesia. This narrative, I argue, resonates with Janesch’s German audience because the expulsion experience is one with which they can identify. That it centers on Polish migration, however, not only avoids the context of guilt associated with German migration during World War II, but also creates an opportunity to better comprehend their Polish neighbors as well as the geographical spaces that connect them. Instead of allowing border narratives to be limited by the very border they attempt to define, engaging with multiple narratives of a given border provide enhanced meanings in local and national contexts and beyond.

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Masyk, Roman. "Eastern Galicia in the Polish Economic System Between the Two World Wars". Trimarium 2, n.º 2 (24 de agosto de 2023): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55159/tri.2023.0102.03.

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The article reviews the economic development of Eastern Galicia between the two World Wars. The organization and main branches of the economy are analyzed. The study method was based on the principles of historical science, logic, scientific objectivity in the evaluation of the past and a critical approach towards the available sources and historiography. As a result of the warfare in 1914–1921, Eastern Galicia suffered great destruction. After the war, it had to rebuild its economy and adapt to the needs of the new state. The region’s entrepreneurs almost lost contact with companies from other parts of the former Austria-Hungary: trade with the East decreased. The policy of the central government limited the economic opportunities of Eastern Galicia. The region’s economy was dominated by agriculture. For the majority of Ukrainian farmers who lacked land, a land reform was the most important issue. However, the unwillingness of the Polish authorities to solve the agrarian problems of Ukrainians led to conflicts. The only possible way for Galician farmers to use economic opportunities was through cooperation, which was successfully developing. However, Eastern Galicia was not only an agrarian region of the inter-war Poland. It was a hub for important branches of the country’s industry. Significant war damage and the instability of Polish finances until the mid-1920s hindered its development, though. Only in 1928 did the industry reach its prewar levels. A year later, the global economic crisis leveled the previous achievements. Before the war, the most important industries were dominated by entrepreneurs from Austria and Germany. After the revival of Poland, it was impossible to leave this state of affairs as it was. For example, in the oil industry, French capital replaced German and Austrian capital. The development of industry in eastern Galicia was also hampered by the lack of a clear state policy and the lack of a real organization of individual industries.

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Zimmermann, Peter. "Uwarunkowania historyczne roli i statusu języka polskiego w systemie edukacji w Galicji 1. połowy XIX wieku". Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 23, n.º 2 (4 de diciembre de 2016): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2016.23.2.14.

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During the partitions of Poland in 1772, 1795 and 1815 its southern part was annexed by the Habsburg Monarchy and integrated into the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Till the end of World War I the inhabitants of Galicia were citizens of the Austrian Empire and their lives were influenced by the political and social ideology of the Austrian government. One of the most significant changes were connected to the language issue. Austrian or German-speaking officials came to Galicia and so did German as it became the main administrative language. This was also the case for the Austrian education system, which mainly focused on teaching German language as they wanted to integrate the multilingual and multicultural inhabitants of the Austrian Empire under the leadership of the Austrian rulers.This article deals with the issue how the Austrian education system influenced the development and understanding of national consciousness of the Polish population in Galicia in the first half of the 19th century by analysing which role the Polish language played in the primary and secondary school system. This period is important because it shows the main intentions of the Austrian educational system and also because the first important School Laws were passed, which influenced the education system in Galicia for over half the century.This article is structured in two parts. The first part contains an analysis of the most important School Laws. The aim is to show the intentions and the ideology which guided the Austrian government in creating the education system and to analyse which role the Polish language played in it. The second part deals with the actual effects of the Austrian education policy for the young Polish generations of Galicia. This will allow a more realistic interpretation of the influence the education system in Galicia had on building or suppressing the development of a Polish national consciousness. This part includes analyses of school statistics and most importantly memories from schooldays from former Galician school children which gives an inside on the role the Polish language played in the school and in their own lives.

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CHOBIT, Dmytro. "Prerequisites and causes of destruction by the Nazis in 1944, Ghouta of Penyatska". Ukraine-Poland: Historical Heritage and Public Consciousness 12 (2019): 114–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/up.2019-12-114-150.

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During the last period of time many questions connected with destruction of Guta Penyatska achieved serious social interest, they aren’t widely investigated in many Ukrainian and Polish documents and papers. Except this, our historical science doesn’t include any basic and important scientific articles concerning this problem. In the publication on the base of many materials and reminiscences of eye-witnesses are shown the main reasons of destruction of Guta Penyatska. The author provides important facts, which vividly testify, that German-fascist unit set on fire that village, and killed a lot of people. The German occupational regime wanted to punish local underground organization for its cooperation with the Soviet guerillas and armed resistance. On the 23-rd of February 1944 German unit lost 4 (four) soldiers and 8 (eight) were badly wounded. At that time there were 500 armed participants of Resistance movement and a lot of poles, who escaped from different German military formations. This fact assured Galician occupational administration (District Galicia), that Guta Penyatska was a shelter for the Soviet querillas, security forces and criminal elements, who performed some terrorist acts in Lviv, killing vice-governor of Galicia Otto Bauer. As a result of this, an occupational power organized so-called punitive action, which took place on the 28-th of February 1944. Keywords Guta Penyatska, German Army, Soviet partisans, Ukrainian insurgent army, division «Galychyna», punitive action.

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Horbal, Vadym. "The Challenges of Professional Competence of Lviv Region Military Conductors in the First Decades of the XXth Century". Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 67, Special Issue 1 (8 de julio de 2022): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2022.spiss1.02.

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"Internal application and social functions of the orchestras of different military formations on the territory of Ukrainian lands during the first half of the XXth century had their own history, including Lviv Region. This Region as the whole Galicia had gone through the numerous political transformations and changes of political systems. Each of such transformation put forward new requirements to the military musical art, thus, to the activity of military conductors. The aim of the article is the analysis of the tasks, demands, social and cultural background of the conditions of work, potential audience, the peculiarities of performance repertoire, professional training of the membership of the orchestra companies and the conductors of the orchestra’s groups of the Regular Army during the first decades of the XXth century. Such investigation based on historical, structural and systemic methods has been made for the first time. The military subunits of Lviv region of the period of Austrian regime (infantry regiments 10, 15, 23, 30, 55, 80) involved in their units Germans, Czechs, Austrians, Hungarians and less numerously presented Russians and Poles (55 and 80 infantry regiments that had their headquarters in Lviv and dislocated partially in Stryj and Zolochiv). Each of them obligatory had their own musical groups: mainly brass or competent symphony orchestra which included numerous Czech musicians and trumpeters as a separate unit. Each orchestra performer, as a rule, played two different instruments (brass and stringed). Their work was supervised by bandmaster and warrant officer – tambour major (who supervised group’s training as a conductor of the orchestra and their preparation to the defile), they were mainly Austrians, Germans and Czechs. Besides applicable military functions the orchestras took part in the civilian ceremonies, divine services and funeral ceremonies, every week at holidays and Sundays they carried out unmounted and hoarse defile along the city with march and light music of European authors under arrangements of their conductors (namely, arrangements of folk songs and dances), performed programs of European classical music in concert halls; and in public places: in park platforms, skating rigs; they also made guest-performance tours to the recreation resorts. In 1918 with the formation of Polish State there were some transformations in musical sphere of Polish Army and the USS Army. The conductors of military orchestras of Lviv region of the first decades of the XXth century faced the vast complex of tasks: the ability to work with the variety of personnel in the open air (in the field), in the square, hoarse defile and unmounted defile) in the covered concert-theatrical, theatrical buildings; mastering, providing, creation and adaptation of the universal repertoires to the real performance, potential and concert conditions, ensuring the training conditions of the new generation to the range of professional orchestras of academic level, the creation of programs, which provide with image and representative functions of the army, as well as to satisfy the needs of social and cultural topicality. Keywords: military conductors, tambour-major, performance repertoire of military orchestras, social and cultural functions of orchestra music. "

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Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz. "Survivor Testimonies and the Coming to Terms with the Holocaust in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia: The Case of the Ukrainian Nationalists". East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, n.º 1 (16 de septiembre de 2019): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419831351.

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The question, if and to what extent the Ukrainian nationalists murdered Jews in Volhynia and eastern Galicia during the Holocaust, has haunted Jewish and Ukrainian communities in various countries of the Western world during the entire Cold War. It also puzzled German historians of Eastern Europe and Nazi Germany. Historians, although in theory responsible for investigating and clarifying such difficult aspects of the past, have for various reasons not investigated them or they investigated only other aspects of the Holocaust in Ukraine. This article briefly explains how factions of the Ukrainian diaspora invented a narrative that portrayed Ukrainian nationalists as anti-German and anti-Soviet freedom fighters who did not kill or harm any Jews during the German occupation of Ukraine. In the next step, it shows how testimonies and other sorts of documents left by survivors from Volhynia and eastern Galicia can help historians understand the role that ordinary Ukrainians and the OUN and UPA played in the Shoah in western Ukraine. Finally, it asks why it took Ukrainian, German, Polish, Russian, and other historians so many years to investigate and comprehend the anti-Jewish violence of the Ukrainian nationalists, if relevant documents were collected and made accessible as early as in the middle 1940s.

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BARAN, Zoya. "National question in Poland: according to the survey of the Warsaw periodical Kurjer Polski (1924)". Problems of slavonic studies 70 (2021): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2021.70.3736.

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Background. At the beginning of the 1920’s, after establishing the borders of the restored Polish State, its eastern territories were dominated by the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian populations, and in the western part, a significant percentage were Germans. Accordingly, the state faced the problem of developing a constructive policy towards national minorities. Purpose. The article analyzes the attitude of the Polish intellectual elite to the prob-lem of national minorities, whose opinions were partially reflected in a poll conducted in July and August 1924 by the liberal Warsaw newspaper “Kurjer Polski”. The discussion intensified, in particular, due to the expiration of the government’s commitment to give Eastern Galicia autonomy, the preparation of a government law on education (known as Lex Grabski). Results. The opening of a Ukrainian university was a part of the problem. At the request of the government, the academic community of the Jagiellonian University expressed its views in June, which generally welcomed the idea of opening a separate Ukrainian university in Lviv, Warsaw or Krakow. “Kurjer Polski” published reflections of intellectuals representing different regions of the country and political currents: socialists (A. Śliwiński – Warsaw), nationalists (S. Bukowiecki – Vilno), conservatives (Fr. Bossowsky, T. Dembowsky – Vilno; E. Hauswald – Lviv ). The basis for solving the problem at that time, most authors called the provisions of the March 1921 Constitution on the main democratic rights of citizens, unanimously called for creating opportunities for cultural and national development of national minorities, hoping for the consolidation of the state. It was emphasized the need to take into account the individual characteristics of each minority and regional specifics. In particular, E. Hauswald considered the experience of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy of the early twentieth century as an example of solving the problem (Moravian Compensation 1905 and The Bukovinian Compromise 1910). Quite controversial about the essence of Belarusian (Belarusians are not a nation that encompasses all segments of society, but only the mass of the peasantry is devoid of any political ambitions; Belarusian language is a set of dialects that makes a gradual transition from Russian to Polish; literary Belarusian lan-guage is artificially created, the population does not understand it) and Ukrainian (did not deny the existence of political ambitions, but emphasized the significant differences in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia and dependence on external support) national movements were the reflections of Fr. Bossovsky, who, however, supported the idea of granting national minorities freedom of cultural development. Lviv lawyer J. Makarewicz (representative of the Christian Democrats) called for a policy of state assimilation towards Ukrainians and Belarusians, tactics of “state indifference” towards Jews, Russians and Germans. However, despite the existence of such ideas in the Polish intellectual environment, government circles have chosen the concept of a unitary mono-national state. As early as July 1924, a law on education was passed, many articles of which were aimed at discriminating against national minorities. And further changes in the political life of the country only exacerbated the problem, which was not solved throughout the interwar period. Keywords: Fr. Bossowski, S. Bukowiecki, T. Dembowski, interwar Poland, E. Hauswald, Kurjer Polski, J. Makarewicz, national question, A. Śliwiński. A never-extinguishing volcano, 1924. Kurjer Polski, May 31, р.2. (In Polish) Announcement of the National Electoral Commission on November 24, 1930, s. 1. [online] Avialable at: http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/ WMP19302720369/ O/M19300369. pdf [Accessed 15 march 2021]. (In Polish) Baran, Z., 1998. On the question of the agrarian policy of the governments of interwar Poland towards Western Ukraine. Visnyk of the Lviv University, 33. Series History. Lviv, pp.146–153. (In Ukrainian) Baran, Z., 2011. Julian Makarevich’s socio-political views. In: Historical sights of Galicia. Proceedings of the fifth scientific conference on local history, 12 november 2010. Lviv, рр.188–198. (In Ukrainian) Bezuk, O., 2019. The reaction of the Western Ukrainian and world community to the death of Olga Levitska-Basarab. In: The modern movement of science: theses add. VII In-ternational Scientific and Practical Internet Conference, 6–7 june 2019. Dnipro, pp.75–81. (In Ukrainian) Bojarski, Р., 2015. Piłsudski’s May Coup in commentaries of “Dziennik Wileński” journalists. The Scientific Journals of the Learned Society of Ostrołęka, 29, рр.101–114. (In Polish) Bohachevsky-Chomiak, М., 1981. The Ukrainian university in Galicia. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 5(4). Published by Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, pp.497–545. (In English) Bossowski, F., 1924. Any irritating policy must be abandoned. Kurjer Polski, August 24, р.3. (In Polish) Bukowiecki, S., 1922. The policy of independent Poland. Essay of the program. War-saw: Ignis S.A. (In Polish) Bukowiecki, S., 1924. Providing cultural development for minorities unites them with the State. Kurjer Polski, July 4, р.2. (In Polish) Czekaj, К., 2011. Artur Śliwiński (1877–1953). Politician, publicist, historian. Warsaw. (In Polish) Dąbrowski, P., 2020. Belarussian and Jewish issues in the political and legal thought of polish groups in Vilnius in the first years of independence – selected issues. Studia juridica Lublinensia, 29(4). Pomeranian University in Slupsk, pp.59–70. (In English) Dembowski, T., 1924. May everyone in Poland be fine. Kurjer Polski, August 10, р.4. (In Polish) Do you know who it is?, 1938. S. Łozа, ed. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Głównej księgarni wojskowej. [online] Avialable at: https://prokuratoria.gov.pl/index.php?p=m&idg=m3,113 [Accessed 23 march 2021] (In Polish) Hauswald, Е., 1924. It is necessary to adhere to the principles of fairness and compre-hensive tolerance. Kurjer Polski, August 7, р.2. (In Polish) Hud, B., 2018. From the history of ethnosocial conflicts. Ukrainians and Poles in the Dnieper region, Volhynia and Eastern Galicia in the XIX–first half of the XX century. Harkiv: Akta. (In Ukrainian) Holzer, J. 1974. Political mosaic of the Second Polish Republic. Warsaw: Książka і Wiedza. (In Polish) Jászi, O., 1929. The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Chicago–Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. [online] Avialable at: https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/ items/in.ernet.dli.2015.151077/2015.151077.The-Dissolution-Of-The-Habsburg Monar-chy.pdf [Accessed 15 march 2021]. (In English) Kakareko, A., 2002. To restore the state myth: reception of the Jagiellonian heritage in the environment of the Club of Tramps Seniors in Vilnius in the 1930s. In: Poles and neighbors – distances and the interpenetration of cultures: a collection of studies, part 3. R. Wapiński, еd. Ostaszewo Gdańskie: Stepan design. (In Polish) Krykun, M. and Zashkilnyak, L., 2002. History of Poland. From ancient times to the present days. Lviv: Ivan Franko National University in Lviv. (in Ukrainian). Krzywobłocka, B., 1974. Christian Democrats 1918–1937. Warsaw: Książka і Wiedza. (In Polish) Kurjer Polski, 1924a. May 21. (In Polish) Kurjer Polski, 1924b. May 23. (In Polish) Kurjer Polski, 1924c. July 4. (In Polish) Makarewicz, J., 1924. Minorities. Lviv: Chrześcijańska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1924. (In Polish) Malycka, K., 1924. About Olga Levitsky Bessarabova. Dilo. February 23. (In Ukraini-an) Minutes of a conference held 11–12 july 1924, at the polish Ministry of Religions and Education, 1981. In: Bohachevsky-Chomiak, М., 1981. The Ukrainian university in Gali-cia. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 5(4). Published by Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, doc.3, pp.524–527. (In Polish) More than independence, 2001. Polish political thought 1918–1939. J. Jachymek and W. Paruch, ed. science. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. (In Polish) Mudryj, V., 1948. Ukrainian University in Lviv in 1921–1925. Nurenberg: Czas. (In Ukrainian) National-State Union, 1922. Program declaration. June 28. [online] Avialable at: https://polona.pl/item/deklaracja-programowa-inc-polska-jako-narod-ani-na-chwile-nie-przestawala-istniec,NjIxNjY2NzE/0/#info:metadata [Accessed 15 march 2021]. (In Polish) Orman, E., 1989–1991. Rosner Ignacy Juliusz (1865–1926). Polish Biographical Dictionary, Vol.32. Romiszewski Aleksander – Rudowski Jan. Wrocław: National Institute of Ossolińskich – Publishing House of the Polish Academy of Sciences, рр.106–110. [online] Avialable at: https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/ a/biografia/ignacy-juliusz-rosner [Ac-cessed 3 december 2021] (In Polish) Renner, K., 2005. State and nation (1899). In: National Cultural Autonomy and its Contemporary Critics. Ephraim Nimni, ed. London and New York: Routledge, рр.13–40. (In English) Reports of the faculties at the Jagellonian about the plans for Ukrainian university studies, 1981. In: Bohachevsky-Chomiak, М., 1981. The Ukrainian university in Galicia. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 5(4). Published by Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, doc.2, pp.521–524. (In Polish) Shabuldo, F.M., 2004. The Union of Horodło 1413. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine: Vol.2: G-D. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. [online] Avialable at: http://www.history. org.ua/?termin=Gorodelska_uniya_1413 [Accessed 15 march 2021] (In Ukrainian) Shvaguliak, M., 2013. Historical studies. Ukrainians at the crossroads and sharp turns of history (second half of the XIX – first half of the XX century). Lviv: Triada plus. (In Ukrainian) Smith, A. D., 1994. National Identity. Translate from English by P. Tarashchuk. Kyiv: Osnovy. (In Ukrainian) Stourzh, G., 2019. Equality of nationalities in the constitution and public administration of Austria (1848–1918). S. Paholkiv, ed. Lviv: Piramida. (In Ukrainian) Śliwiński, А., 1924. Nationalist chauvinism is the greatest obstacle to solving the matter. Kurjer Polski, August 19, р.4. (In Polish) The results of the census, 1910. Vom 31. In the Kingdoms and Countries represented in the Imperial Council – The summary results of the census. [online] Avialable at: https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=ost&datum =0001&page=168 [Ac-cessed 12 april 2021]. (In German) Zashkilnyak, L., 1997. Genesis and consequences of the Ukrainian-Polish normaliza-tion in 1935. In: Poland and Ukraine – the Alliance of 1920 and its aftermath. Materials from the scientific conference “Poland and Ukraine – the Alliance of 1920 and its after-math”. Toruń, on November 16–18, 1995. Toruń, рр.431–454. (In Ukrainian)

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Juśko, Edmund y Andrzej Niedojadło. "Tradycja kółek uczniowskich gimnazjów autonomicznej Galicji w Okręgu Szkolnym Krakowskim i Lwowskim II Rzeczypospolitej". Kultura - Przemiany - Edukacja 10 (2022): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/kpe.2022.10.1.

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In addition to their important didactic role, student academic and interest circles in middle schools in autonomous Galicia played an important educational role. They taught respect for national tradition and history, thus shaping patriotic attitudes. They functioned in practically all junior high schools. The number of them in particular schools varied. They enjoyed the interest of students, as evidenced by their significant attendance at classes. After regaining independence the schools of Cracow School District the Lviv continued the forms of work allowing to enrich the scope of students’ scientific knowledge and to extend the curricula of compulsory subjects with new content. After regaining independence the schools of the Cracow School District continued their forms of work allowing to enrich the scope of students’ scientific knowledge and to extend the curricula of compulsory subjects with new contents, which referred to the Galician tradition. Regardless of the model of education – national or state, they shaped in students the patriotic and civic attitudes. They built respect for national values and rich cultural heritage. Both academic and interest circles functioned in autonomous Galicia, and later in the Second Polish Republic, in practically all middle schools. These circles were thematically related to the curriculum subjects: history, theology, natural sciences, mathematics, physics, German studies, Polish studies, philosophy, as well as those arising from specific student interests, for example: abstinence, theater lovers, self-education, aesthetics, tourism, economics, photography, sightseeing, music and singing, sports, bookbinding, literary, ethics, hygiene, physical activities, art, drama, literature and others. As a rule, the tutors were subject teachers or teachers who were interested in the subject of the club. The Galician student clubs had the support of the school principals. According to them, the clubs should maintain their scientific character, their creation should be supported by teachers, and the decision to organize them should be left to youth councils. Student circles in autonomous Galician middle schools as a form of didactic and educational work were an important contribution to the development of this type of student activity. They were an important contribution to the development of this type of student activity in Polish secondary schools in the interwar years, and thus a contribution of Galician education to the Polish school system of 1918–1939.

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Schmidt, Allison. "Stowaways at Bohemia's Shores: Undocumented Emigration and People-Smuggling Networks in Interwar East Central Europe". Central European History 53, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2020): 564–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000906.

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AbstractThis article investigates interwar people-smuggling networks, based in Germany and Czechoslovakia, that transported undocumented emigrants across borders from east-central Europe to northern Europe, where the travelers planned to sail to the United States. Many of the people involved in such networks in the Saxon-Bohemian borderlands had themselves been immigrants from Galicia. They had left a homeland decimated by the First World War and subsequent violence and entered societies with limited avenues to earn a living. The “othering” of these Galician immigrants became a self-fulfilling prophecy, as those on the margins of society then sought illegal ways to supplement their income. This article concludes that the poor economic conditions and threat of ongoing violence that spurred migrant clients to seek undocumented passage had driven their smugglers, who also faced social marginalization, to emigration and the business of migrant smuggling.

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Suchowiejko, Renata. "The musical theater in Kraków and Lviv around 1900: Social functions and cultural meanings". Studia Musicologica 58, n.º 3-4 (diciembre de 2017): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/6.2017.58.3-4.6.

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At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Kraków was a flourishing city, both economically and artistically. During the period of Galician autonomy, Kraków was granted significantly greater political freedom than other Polish cities located in the Prussian or Russian partitions. For this reason it became an important center for cultivating national tradition. Lviv, as the capital of the Crownland of Galicia and Lodomeria, was one of the most important centers of scholarship, education, and culture in this region. The city was a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multilingual conglomerate of Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, and Ruthenians. Lviv’s significance as an operatic center grew from the time when the German theater was closed in 1872 and a permanent Polish stage was created. This was a decisive moment for the development of the national opera, and Lviv became the main rival to Warsaw. The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the functioning of musical theater in Kraków and in Lviv, the two musical centers of Galicia. These cities were closely linked by institutional, artistic, cultural, and social bonds. In the artistic life a crucial part was played by the directors of the two city theaters, Tadeusz Pawlikowski and Ludwik Heller. Both made important contributions to the development of the opera.

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Vyrsta, Nataliya B. "Didaktisierung der Pressetexte der Galiziendeutschen im DaF-Unterricht". Освітній вимір 54, n.º 2 (25 de junio de 2020): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/educdim.v54i2.3852.

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This paper deals with the authentic press texts of the Galician Germans from the “Deutsches Volksblatt f¨ur Galizien”, which was published in Lviv in the period between 1907–1918. A total of 240 newspaper editions were examined and 20 texts were written out of them. The article focuses on the didactization and use of historical press texts in foreign language teaching in higher education. It deals with the tasks and exercises that probably can be created from the historical press texts and also be used in German lessons at different learning levels. By applying the texts on the subject “History of Germans in Ukraine” new linguistic and cultural skills will be acquired by learners. The historical press texts fulfill an informative function and thus contribute to conveying the important historical events of the country to the learners. Working with the authentic press texts in foreign language lessons enables the expansion of intercultural competence, promotes critical thinking and focuses on expanding language skills. In choosing the historical press texts following would be considered: the texts should be information-based, contain something new and be of interest to the students; the texts should pursue an achievable goal; the texts should be suitable for the student’s level of learning. In this paper information-based, not long texts from the fields of society, science or world politics were chosen. A total of 15 texts were didactized. At least 10 tasks were worked out for each text. They are right/wrong — exercises, multiple choice exercises, search exercises, fill-in-the-blanks-exercises, reproductive exercises, chain exercises, role playing, etc. The press texts of the Galician Germans proved to be a rich source of information about the life of the Germans in the region and can also be used in German lessons in addition to the main textbook. In this way, the Ukrainian learners learn about the history of Germans from the primary sources and thus acquire intercultural and regional study skills.

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Palacios, Manuela y María Xesús Nogueira. "Otherwhereness and Gender: Mary O’Malley’s “Asylum Road” and Marga do Val’s “A cidade sen roupa ao sol”". Oceánide 13 (9 de febrero de 2020): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.46.

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This article aims to delve into the gendered nature of Mary O’Malley’s and Marga do Val’s poetry on displacement and migration, so as to assess the female subject’s questioning of notions such as home, belonging, mobility and otherness. In spite of these writers’ different national and cultural backgrounds, the common history of massive emigration from Galicia and Ireland allows us to hypothesize that their poetry and contemporary reflections on displacement are mutually relevant, as former research on Irish and Galician women’s mobility has indicated (Lorenzo-Modia 2016, Acuña 2014). As each writer is analysed, their most significant and germane propositions are identified. This allows us to conclude that there is a will to connect the theme of migration to the writers’ autobiographical experience of mobility and that O’Malley and do Val are thoroughly aware of the relation between past and present flows of emigration and immigration.

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Jandziś, Sławomir y Mariusz Migała. "Prekursorske aktivnosti liječnika iz Lavova u razvoju terapeutske gimnastike, ortopedije i rehabilitacije u Galiciji od 1847. do 1918. godine". Acta medico-historica Adriatica 22, n.º 1 (2024): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.1.2.

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The article presents the little-known pioneering activity of doctors working in Lviv, the capital of the Galicia province in the Austrian Monarchy, for the development of therapeutic gymnastics and orthopedics from 1847 to 1918. Analysis of source materials from archives, medical magazines, and daily newspapers shows that therapeutic gymnastics was introduced for the treatment of locomotor diseases in Lviv at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Initially, it was based on the German method and then replaced by the Swedish method. At the same time, orthopedics emerged from surgery, with its origins related to the habilitation of Dr Antoni Gabryszewski at the University of Lviv. The main role in this process belonged to Lviv doctors, graduates of universities in Krakow, Lviv, Prague, and Vienna. They conducted scientific research at the Medical Faculty of the University of Lviv and made numerous trips to renowned centers in other provinces of Austria, as well as in Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland. Due to their scientific work, as well as the knowledge and experience gained from foreign scientific visits, they founded and managed facilities where they applied orthopedics, healing gymnastics, mechanotherapy, physical therapy, massage, and orthopedic equipment. Most facilities were comparable in functionality to renowned foreign centers. The pioneering activities of Lviv doctors contributed to the development of orthopedics and healing gymnastics in other Galician cities and influenced the establishment of spas throughout the province. In later years, this activity furthered the establishment of orthopedics, comprehensive rehabilitation, and spa therapy in Poland and Ukraine.

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Majoroshi, Maria. "THE METROPOLITANATE GALICIA AND THE GREEK CATHOLIC EPARCHY OF MUKACHEVO: DIFFICULT RELATIONS UNDER OCCUPATION REGIMES (1939 – 1944)". Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, n.º 1 (44) (27 de junio de 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(44).2021.232448.

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The relationships between two Greek Catholic Provinces: the Metropolitanate of Galicia and the Eparchy of Mukachevo under occupation regimes, are highlighted in the article. During this difficult period in the history of both church institutions, cooperation between them was almost impossible since the Metropolitanate of Galicia was already under the Soviet regime while the Eparchy of Mukachevo became part of Hungary. Metropolitan of Galicia Andrey Sheptytsky was forced to fight attacks on the Greek Catholic Church by the "Soviets" and Bishop of Mukachevo Oleksandr Stoyka after receiving the status of "one's own right" ("Ecclesia sui juris") by the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo in 1937, was aimed at full autonomy of the eparchy. The author pays special attention to the incident with the arrest of monks from the Order of St. Basil the Great by the Hungarian authorities. The author describes the process of their release, in which bishops Oleksandr Stoyka and Miklosh Dudash, as well as archpriest Leontii Dolhii (Mariiapovchanskyi (Máriapócs) monastery), took an active part. After analyzing the letters of the mentioned bishops to various government structures of the Kingdom of Hungary, the author concluded that they made every effort to get the Basilian monks out of prison as soon as possible. After the first appeals, the arrested monks were transferred from prison to the Jesuit Church in Budapest, and later, until the moment of their liberation, they lived only in monasteries. Finally, the Basilian monks were released and returned to serve in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo in August 1942. They were also allowed to engage in missionary activities and participate in mass events. Based on the analysis of archival sources, namely correspondence between Galician priests (who found themselves in refugee camps in Hungary, Austria and Germany) and Mukachevo bishops, we learn about the fate of these pastors, as well as the fact that Bishop Teodor Romzha accepted them for service in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo. Unfortunately, after the arrival of Soviet authority, Galician priests were arrested: they were accused of anti-Soviet activities and cooperation with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and sentenced to imprisonment in correctional camps. The researcher introduced into scientific circulation a series of epistolary sources concerning the history of relations between the two ecclesiastical provinces in 1939 – 1944.

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Biedrzycka, Agnieszka. "„Notatki z wielkich czasów” i „Pamiętniki z lat 1916–1918”. Ludomił German i jego zapiski z czasów I wojny światowej". Polish Biographical Studies 10, n.º 1 (2022): 181–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/pbs.2022.08.

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The article presents the last years of the life of Ludomił German (1851–1921), a Galician teacher and school inspector, playwright, translator and politician. He was an activist of the Democratic-National Party and Polish Democratic Party, membor of the Austrian parliament in Vienna (1907–1918) and the National Parliament in Lviv (1912–1914), vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and vice-president of the Polish Circle. During the World War I, he kept a diary in which he described his activities in the Supreme National Commitee (established on August 16th, 1914), the Polish Circle and the parliament, as well as the history of the Polish Legions, the struggle for their leadership and the efforts undertaken by the leaders of Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland to unificate the Polish lands and create a more or less independent Polish state. As a supporter of the trialist option (replacing the dualistic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy with the trialistic Austro-Hungary-Poland, created as a result of the joining of the Russian Kingdom of Poland to Galicia), he saw the place of Poles at the side of the Habsburgs almost until the end of the war. He spent the end of his life in Lviv, where he also died. His diary, divided into two parts, is kept in the collections of manuscripts of the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow, Poland (number 8537 I, „Notes from great times”, original) and in the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv (Fond 5, number 6415, vol. I–III, „Memoirs of 1916–1918, copy).

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Kuzmyn, Roman. "Order of the Dominicans on the Lands of the Galicia-Volyn Principality (Russian Kingdom) (the case of Lviv 13th – 14th centuries): Between Legend and History". Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, n.º 37 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2021-37-9-16.

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The purpose of the publication is to find out the circumstances of the emergence of the Roman Catholic Dominican monastic order on the territory of the Galicia-Volyn principality (Russian Kingdom) and its efforts to consolidate in these lands. General scientific methods (comparison, analysis) are used as a research methodology. In preparation for publication, the leading methods were historical-comparative, synchronous and retrospective. The use of these scientific methods made it possible to analyze the sources and draw conclusions about the scientific problem. The scientific novelty of the study is that the researcher attempted to analyze available sources and formed historiographical narratives about the emergence of the Dominican Order in the Galicia-Volyn principality in general and in Lviv in particular. Conclusions. The emergence of the Dominican Order in the 13-th – 14-th centuries in the territory of the n kingdom was not accidental. The missions of the spiritual order served for the penetration of the Roman Catholic clergy, the establishment of missionary centers and were preparation for the establishment of a permanent church administration in the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality. The expansion of the Order's network was closely linked to the growth of the urban network and the intensification of the migration processes of the urban Roman Catholic population from German and Polish lands. The issue of religion played an important role in the diplomacy of the Galician-Volyn princes and Polish kings of this period. Balancing between the Catholic and "steppe" worlds, the princes of the Russian kingdom were forced to compromise and give permission for the establishment of Roman Catholic centers in Lviv and other cities. The Dominican Order actively led the penetration of Catholicism and the influence of the Apostolic See in Rome on the territory of Kyiv Rus.

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Rudling, Per Anders. "“An entirely different culture and an alien race:” Scandinavian Ukrainian encounters on the Canadian Prairies 1910-1940". Scandinavian-Canadian Studies 20 (1 de diciembre de 2011): 26–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/scancan61.

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ABSTRACT: While contacts between Scandinavia and Kievan Rus’ in recent history have been limited, and Scandinavian, and Scandinavian-Canadian attitudes to Ukrainians were long characterized by an aggressive hostility and racist stereotypes. The image of the “Galician” merged with stereotypes of Russians, which have a long tradition in Scandinavia and Germany. “Galicians” became synonymous with backwardness, social retardation and superstition. As a result of pressure to assimilate and competition for the same jobs, Scandinavian-Ukrainian relations in Canada became strained. These attitudes took a particularly aggressive form in the Scandinavian press in Canada. This article attempts to identify anti-Ukrainian themes in Scandinavian and Scandinavian-Canadian literature and assess their significance for the identity formation of the Scandinavians in Canada in the early 20th century.

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Kłusek, Mirosław. "Endeavours to intensity agricultural production in Austrian Galicia during World War II". UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 21, n.º 4 (2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2021.4.2.

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The most negative factors having affected the effectiveness of agricultural production in Austrian Galicia were both the unprofitable agrarian structure and the structure of use of arable land, and also the lack of modernisation of the agricultural production process. This situation contributed to the emergence of the extensive nature of the agricultural production and its low efficiency. After the German Reich had captured Western Galicia in 1939, and Eastern Galicia in 1941, the maximum intensification of agricultural production of this region was set as a primary goal. This was planned to be achieved by the mechanisation of the production process and improvement of the agricultural industry, followed by the growth of fertilisation and chemical treatment of crops, land improvement and the restructuring of arable land. In addition to this, farmers’ education and the consolidation of agricultural holdings were schemed along with the dissemination of high yielding varieties of grains and root crops, horned cattle and pig husbandry. The aim of the German actions listed above was to supply the Wehrmacht with food, and in a broader perspective to prepare the land for German colonization following the ultimate German victory.

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Ivanytska, Bozhena. "SOCIO-POLITICAL PRECONDITIONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS IN WESTERN UKRAINE". Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University: journalism 1, n.º 2 (2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2021.02.011.

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In the second half of the XIX century Western Ukrainian lands suitable for agricultural development could not provide their inhabitants with adequate well-being. Moreover, famine often prevailed in the region, and poverty raged. Ukrainians, who made up the majority of the rural population of the region, were particularly affected: almost 80% [7, p. 4]. Government statistics at the time tried to prove that all conditions were created for Western Ukrainian peasants to ensure their well-being. At the same time, for example, the following figures were used: peasants owned 62.2% of the land area, while large landowners, mostly Austrians, Poles, Germans, Jews and other peoples, only 37.8% of agricultural land. It would seem that Ukrainian peasant farms, which had the majority of arable land in their use, could prosper. However, the other side of this statistic was not mentioned: first of all, it was hidden that the best lands belonged to the owners of large farms. In addition, there were 3,734 communities in the areas used by the majority of peasants. Therefore, if we compare the size of the area of a large landowner and the average peasant economy, the peasant economy was 320 times smaller than the agricultural land of a large landowner. At the end of the 40s of the XIX century in almost all European countries the economic crisis deepened, mass strikes began. Governments became increasingly helpless, unable to control the situation. Political demands began to be put forward more and more often to the economic demands of the workers and peasants. The spirit of revolution hovered in the air. And soon it began. The revolutionary events that swept Europe in the spring of 1948 brought the peoples of Europe hope for a better future. The consequence of this revolutionary upsurge was the abolition of serfdom in the Austrian Empire, which also ruled Western Ukraine. First of all, the Ukrainian intelligentsia, which was based on priests, teachers, and lawyers, began active social and political work. However, the majority of the population still stayed away from politics: neither its general education nor their financial situation contributed to participation in the national movement. That is, the «Spring of Nations» still did not contribute to the «mass, widespread awakening of the national consciousness of the Ukrainian people of Galicia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia» [17, p. 15]. This required a lot of effort, first of all to inform the nation competently and politically about what educated people had to do [22].

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49

Rich, David Alan. "Armed Ukrainians in L’viv: Ukrainian Militia, Ukrainian Police, 1941 to 1942". Canadian-American Slavic Studies 48, n.º 3 (2014): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04803002.

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Who were the Ukrainians who participated in the exterminatory violence that swept eastern Galicia following the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941? Records show that they represented diverse political and demographic strata. Those most distant from nationalist roots, however, demonstrated the highest lethality and greatest willingness to serve as disciplined agents of Nazi genocide. The cycles of violence in German-occupied Galicia were far from uniform in character. The victims and German perpetrators alike rarely differentiated among the Ukrainians doing the violence. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) “task groups” first entered Galicia to establish Ukranian nationalist authority and in Lemberg participated in a few days of blood-letting until disbanded by the SS. A new, better controlled Ukrainian militia likewise proved unreliable except in self-actuated violence, and was disbanded. Finally, in late July 1941 a standing Ukrainian Auxiliary Police force – different in structure, membership, subordination, and motivation – came into being. It participated centrally in the rendering of Lemberg as Judenfrei, as security and civil authorities orchestrated the murder of Lemberg’s 150,000 Jews over the following two years.

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Rozenblit, Marsha L. "Creating Jewish Space: German-Jewish Schools in Moravia". Austrian History Yearbook 44 (abril de 2013): 108–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723781300009x.

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In 1911 malt factory owner Ignatz Briess of Olmütz/Olomouc wrote a memoir to explain the nature of Jewish life in small town Moravia before the Revolution of 1848 to his children and grandchildren. He related that he had attended a German-Jewish Trivialschule, a German-language elementary school run by the Jewish community for Jewish children, in his home town of Prerau/Přerov in the late 1830s and early 1840s. At the school, the children had two to three hours of German subjects every morning; and at the end of every year, the state school inspector, a local priest, examined them on their studies. At the same time, Briess learned Hebrew, Bible, and Talmud in the cheder, the traditional Jewish school, for seven more hours every day. The cheder, he remarked, was just like those in Halbasien, that is, Galicia, or Eastern Europe. Despite his reference to Karl Emil Franzos's negative evaluation of Galician Jewish life, Briess described the chaotic conditions in the cheder positively and with considerable warmth. His father, a grain dealer and manager of a noble estate who had studied at the famous Pressburg yeshiva in Hungary and who read Goethe, Schiller, Shakespeare, Spinoza, Mendelssohn, and Kant in his spare time, made sure that his son received a thorough Jewish education. The memoir, a nostalgic evocation of a vanished world, describes a Jewish community that was deeply pious, enmeshed in the world of Jewish religious tradition yet also influenced by secular, German-language culture, much of it expressed in Jewish terms. At his bar mitzvah in 1846, Briess gave a droschoh (a traditional learned discourse) for which the traditional rabbi helped him prepare, and a “German sermon,” on which he worked with his Trivialschule teacher.

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