Artículos de revistas: "German nuclear literature"

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Philipp Windhab, Philipp Windhab y Jaechun Kim. "Germany as a Nuclear Power?: How Nuclear Taboo Shaped the Discourse on West German Nuclearization". East and West Studies 36, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2024): 155–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29274/ews.2024.36.2.155.

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A disinformation campaign by the Adenauer administration in the 1950s has led the public to believe that West Germany has never had any intentions on gaining nuclear capabilities. This interpretation is not accurate, as modern research shows and opens a new area of research to be explored. Modern literature on the topic however has mostly been dealing with the problem of German nuclearization from an historical background. While there has been some research on the topic from an international relations perspective, such research has been conducted mostly from a realist perspective. Although the realist perspective has some merits, it is lacking in explanatory power when it comes to the words and behavior of German policy makers and politicians. Constructivist theory of the ‘nuclear taboo’ offers a good supplementary explanation for inner political dynamics during the 1950s and early 1960s. This research examines debates in the Bundestag related to the nuclearization of West Germany during those periods and takes a closer look at what and how congresspeople discussed West Germany going nuclear. It proves that nuclear taboo embraced by the congresspeople discouraged West Germany’s nuclearization.

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Kath, Ruth R. "Nuclear Education in Contemporary German Children's Literature". Lion and the Unicorn 10, n.º 1 (1986): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/uni.0.0234.

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Hébert, Philippe y Paul Létourneau. "Du haut de l'Olympe : perspectives américaines sur l'arme nucléaire allemande". Études internationales 27, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2005): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703558ar.

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Few issues have created more tensions and uneasiness in international affairs than the idea of a nuclear armed Germany. The militarist and expansionist tradition of Germany has induced in its neighbors an underlying fear of a possible revival of her past hehavior. The apparition of nuclear weapons in the international System after 1945, and the subsequent accession of Great Britain and France to the status of nuclear powers, has added a further dimension to the German problem. During the Cold War, the issue of German nuclear weapons was rarely discussed favorably, particularly in Europe. The case was different in the United States where Germany's role in the nuclear strategy of NATO was approached with a detachment seldom found in British or Trench political literature. The demise of the East-West confrontation and the unification of Germany have encouraged many American scholars, often associated with the neorealist school, to push for the end of Germany's singularisation in the nuclear field. For them, a nuclear armed Germany, if not inevitable, could well become a source of military stability in the region. Although most of them base their arguments on the merits of selective nuclear proliferation, they adopt similarly an olympian perspective towards Germany which is markedly different from what is found in European literature. Their position of course does not reflect Washington's official view on the proliferation of nuclear weapons. This paper tries to circumscribe their line of thought and argues that it closely parallels, to a certain degree, the broader American attitude towards Germany seen as an equal and reliable ally in the evolving European security context.

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Schmitz-Feuerhake, Inge, Rainer Frentzel-Beyme y Roland Wolff. "Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and ionizing radiation: case report and review of the literature". Annals of Hematology 101, n.º 2 (8 de diciembre de 2021): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00277-021-04729-z.

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AbstractNon-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) increased continuously since the last century in developed countries. While they are considered as disease in elder ages, a remarkable increasing incidence is also observed in German children and juveniles. The higher rates are interpreted by the changes in classification because diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were also identified as NHL. Considerable rates of NHL were found in nuclear workers and liquidators of Chernobyl, i.e. in cases of low-dose chronical exposures. In Germany, we noticed three workers who developed NHL after decontamination of nuclear facilities. The bone marrow is generally considered as target organ for ionizing radiation, but NHL is obviously induced in the whole pool of lymphocytes. Therefore, the dosimetry in cases of typical occupational external and internal exposure must be revised. A high radiation sensitivity for NHL is a possible suspect and likely reason which may partly explain the continuous rise of the diseases in populations underlying the current increases of medical diagnostic exposure. NHL is also induced in children and juveniles with a history of diagnostic X-rays.

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Feldkamp, Joachim, F. Grünwald, Markus Luster, Kerstin Lorenz, Christian Vorländer y Dagmar Führer. "Non-Surgical and Non-Radioiodine Techniques for Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules: Consensus Statement and Recommendation". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 128, n.º 10 (7 de enero de 2020): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1075-2025.

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AbstractThyroid nodules and cysts are frequently diagnosed in Germany with a prevalence of about 20% in young adults reaching up to 70% in older adults. Surgery is the standard treatment of symptomatic nodules, nodules with suspicion of malignancy and thyroid cancer. Radioiodine treatment is applied for autonomously functioning nodules. During the last years new non-surgical and non-radioiodine techniques have been introduced to treat thyroid nodules. These techniques include ethanol/polidocanol treatment, radiofrequency, microwave, and laser ablation, and high frequency ultrasound ablation. A significant reduction in nodule size could be documented for these techniques in several studies, but long-term outcome data are missing. Until now, there is no general consensus regarding the appropriate indications for these methods. For this reason, the Thyroid Section (German Society for Endocrinology), the Thyroid Working Committee (German Society for Nuclear Medicine), and the German Association of Endocrine Surgeons (CAEK) for the German Society of General and Visceral Surgery (DGAV) reviewed the respective literature, discussed the pro and cons and developed a consensus statement and recommendation to help physicians and patients in their decision making.

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Froese, Annika, Zoe Felder y Steffen Drees. "The importance of social science research in nuclear waste management shown by three projects on public participation". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 2 (6 de septiembre de 2023): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-245-2023.

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Abstract. The disposal of nuclear waste is not only a technical challenge but also a sensitive socio-political issue. Especially in Germany, the search for a final repository for highly radioactive waste is complicated by past and present societal conflicts surrounding the use of nuclear energy. Hence, safe nuclear waste management requires social science research that examines the nuclear waste problem in its social context. We illustrate this claim by presenting the results of three contract research projects dealing with public participation, commissioned by Germany's Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management (BASE). Public participation is central to the safety of nuclear waste management. First, the safety of disposal practices is often improved by the general public's critical input. Second, public participation may increase the acceptability of nuclear waste disposal in a particular region, which is important to ensure the successful implementation of waste management strategies. Third, public participation serves to preserve knowledge and maintain competence, since it keeps the topic of nuclear waste present in people's minds. Therefore, social science research that improves public participation measures makes a significant contribution to the safety of nuclear waste management. This contribution presents three projects that illustrate how social science can improve public participation. The first project surveyed the German population regarding the search for a final repository for highly radioactive waste. The second examined the utility of digital participation tools. The third project dealt with the legal, political, and cultural challenges of cross-border public participation. The first project surveyed a representative sample of the German population. Survey participants answered questions pertaining to the structure and current state of Germany's search for a final repository, their main concerns in relation to this search, and their desire to participate in the search. Results show that Germans are most concerned about safety issues and currently have little desire to actively participate in the search, but instead demand to be well informed. The results of this project allow BASE to adapt its public participation strategy to the German population's needs, thereby increasing its effectiveness. The second project examined the utility of digital participation tools in the context of the search for a final repository. Past events implemented by BASE were marked by the underrepresentation of young people, women, and also people with lower educational attainment and migrant backgrounds. First, the project team carried out a literature review that showed that the use of digital tools does not solve issues of underrepresentation. The team then used focus groups to demonstrate the importance of schools, appealing designs, and gamification when addressing young people. The project ended with a workshop wherein experts discussed the project's results and developed prototypes of digital tools to support BASE's efforts to engage young people. Reaching young people is crucial to preserving knowledge and increasing the acceptability of nuclear waste disposal, since today's younger generations will be affected by and responsible for the final repository. The third project dealt with the legal, political, and cultural challenges of implementing public participation across borders. BASE will have to facilitate public participation in multiple countries if the proposed site for the final repository is in close proximity to Germany's border. The project team first conducted a literature review to analyze the challenges of cross-border public participation. The second part consisted of in-depth case studies of three different planning procedures, conducted in Switzerland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Finally, researchers conducted five regional case studies, covering regions in Denmark, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Poland, Austria, and France. The project resulted in a sketch of a model cross-border participation process, ensuring that BASE will be able to successfully implement such a process. These projects show that social science research can improve the quality of public participation measures. Since public participation is crucial to the safety of nuclear waste management, so are the social sciences.

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Fisher, Jaimey. "Coming to Terms with the Nuclear Past: Transnational Paranoia and Chernobyl in Recent German Cinema". Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory 86, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00168890.2011.541751.

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Born, Markus, Frauke Schwier, Brigitte Stoever, Hans-Joachim Mentzel y Jürgen Freiberg. "The German Evidence-Based Child Protection Guideline – Imaging in Suspected Child Abuse". RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 192, n.º 04 (20 de noviembre de 2019): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1019-8018.

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Aim Development of a fully evidence-based guideline including all aspects of child abuse. Methods In a case-based procedure, 144 primary PICO questions were generated from 476 presented cases of child abuse. Literature research was performed in 5 databases (Pubmed, CINHAL, Embase, PsycInfo, Eric) and in the Cochrane Library. The literature was evaluated according to SIGN and AGREE II. Results 137 recommendations were developed. Those related to imaging procedures are presented and discussed in this article. Conclusion The first fully evidence-based German guideline concerning all aspects of child abuse has been established. For imaging, several relevant new approaches have been proposed. Key Points: Citation Format

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Schütte, Silvia y Johannes Franke. "Participation of the foreign public in the site selection procedure: prerequisites and the question of informal participation". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (10 de noviembre de 2021): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-225-2021.

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Abstract. Public participation in the German site selection procedure is not only novel compared to previous sectoral legal regulations, but also significantly more complex. In addition to the usual participation in commenting procedures and discussion meetings (Section 7 of the German Repository Site Selection Act, Standortauswahlgesetz, StandAG), there are new formats for formal participation, such as regional conferences (Section 10 para. 2 sentence 2 StandAG). Informal participation (see Section 5 (3) StandAG) is also planned. In view of the numerous countries neighbouring Germany, the article concentrates on the question of the extent to which the non-German public is also to be involved in this process. The legal regulations are open to interpretation, and their requirements with regard to the non-German public are also largely unresolved in the literature. However, clarification is needed since these are mandatory formats and the German Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management (Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung, BASE) is responsible for ensuring compliance with these formats; moreover, complaints can be filed for non-compliance with the mandatory requirements. With regard to participation in commenting procedures and discussion meetings, the relationship between Section 7 StandAG and the requirements for cross-border participation in Sections 54 ff., 61 f. UVPG need to be clarified. This is due to the fact that Section 7 StandAG makes no provision for any restriction on the “public” to be involved, whereas under the German Environmental Impacts Assessment Act (Gesetz über die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung, UVPG), participation is in part made dependent on “being affected”. The solution here is to seek that all people (in the world) are allowed in principle to participate. However, the facilitations specifically provided for only in the UVPG (e.g. translations) can be limited to certain states (or languages). For the regional conferences, provision is explicitly made in Section 10 para. 2 sentence 2 StandAG for the participation of the non-German public (“shall be given equal consideration”): If the siting region is in a border area, non-German citizens are to participate in the plenary meeting and are given equal consideration to those of the German regional authorities (bordering the siting region). However, the regional section, the concrete administrative entity, is not defined. Here, according to the researchers, the criterion of equivalence can be taken into account by selecting a geographical section that corresponds in its maximum extent to the largest German territorial community that borders on the siting region. The law also does not specify any further prerequisites for the appointment of the deputizing body and its important tasks. Here again, the requirement of “equal consideration” can be taken into account. The procedural rules must at least allow for the eligibility of non-German citizens for election (if necessary by means of proportional representation). Also of great relevance is the inclusion of non-German citizens in informal forms of participation. Complementary forms of participation are planned in order to further develop “the procedure of public participation”. The principles of public participation do not differentiate between the German and non-German citizens to be involved. Moreover, if the legislature establishes the obligation to involve the non-German public in the case of siting regions in a border area, this must, according to the researchers, also apply to the complementary, informal forms: the principle of equivalence produces a “ripple effect” here. Otherwise, a “gap” in information and participation could arise in a siting region in a border area: “complementarily” integrated citizens, political decision-makers and environmental associations on the German side, as well as their non-German counterparts on the other side, that do not have the same degree of information and integration. The contents of the presentation were developed as part of the research project “Herausforderungen und Erfolgsfaktoren bei grenzüberschreitender Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Standortauswahlverfahren – HErüber” (challenges and success factors in cross-border public participation in the site selection procedure) on behalf of the BASE.

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Kruk, Jerzy, Michael Ristow y Iwona Jedrzejczyk. "Scolochloa marchica Düvel, Ristow & H. Scholz – a German-Polish endemic species of the lowlands and the distribution of S. festucacea (Willd.) Lk. in Poland". Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 74 (30 de junio de 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/biorc.2024.74.4.

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In the current study, an extensive worldwide herbarium search, including over 1500 herbarium sheets of Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Lk., was performed to find specimens of S. marchica Düvel, Ristow & H. Scholz. The latter is a recently described new species, whose primary distribution was found to be limited to the Brandenburg region in Germany and the Wolin Island in Poland. As a result of the query, S. marchica was not identified in any regions other than those previously known. This indicates that it is a German-Polish endemic species, with a limited distribution range. Taking advantage of flow cytometry, we analysed for the first time the nuclear DNA content of both Scolochloa species and the obtained 2C values correlated exactly with their chromosome numbers. These data allowed us to put forward a hypothesis of evolution of S. marchica from S. festucacea. The new results, together with those previously published, confirmed that we deal with a distinct species. Taking into account recent records of this endemic species, it is currently known from 9 extant and 6 historical localities in Germany. Field search for the species in its only historical locality in Poland, on the Wolin Island, was unsuccessful. The critical revision of herbarium and literature records of S. festucacea from the territory of Poland allowed us to generate an updated distribution map of this declining species, which deserves special protection.

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Reiche, Sönke, Reinhard Fink y Nils-Peter Nilius. "Geoscientific Characterization and Interpretation (Geosynthesis) within the Preliminary Safety Assessment in the German Site-Selection Procedure for a High-level Nuclear Waste Repository". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (10 de noviembre de 2021): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-45-2021.

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Abstract. After implementation of the Repository Site Selection Act (StandAG) in 2017, the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE), as the German waste management organization, started the site selection procedure for a nuclear repository for high-level radioactive waste in Germany. On the way towards the repository site with the best possible safety, the site selection procedure is required to be a participatory, transparent, learning and self-questioning process based on scientific expertise. With the Subareas Interim Report published in 2020, first results were presented outlining subareas with favourable geological conditions in preparation for defining the siting regions for surface exploration. Currently, one of the main tasks in the site selection procedure is to establish a detailed geoscientific synthesis (Geosynthesis) for each subarea. The Geosynthesis contains all geological information for the characterization of each subarea and hence serves as the foundation for the subsequent analysis within the representative preliminary safety assessments (rvSU) and the geoscientific consideration criteria. Based on this information, all areas within the subareas will be evaluated to find the siting regions for surface exploration. The Geosynthesis includes a description of the regional geology focusing on the host rock, the overburden and relevant geological processes that may affect the potential nuclear waste repository in the next 1 million years. The data for the Geosynthesis are mostly compiled from state authorities and include 3-D geologic models, regional maps and cross-sections, bore hole data (e.g. geophysical logs) and seismic data. Furthermore, it is necessary to digitize, process, interpret and evaluate the aforementioned data using the available knowledge from the scientific literature in the context of the site selection procedure.

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Timralieva, Ju G. "Zeugma as a Method of Pragmatic Focusing in a Literary Text (Based on the Material of the German Language)". Discourse 7, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2021-7-2-118-126.

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Introduction.The article analyses the specifics of the functioning of the zeugma in artistic speech. Despite the popularity of this rhetorical figure since ancient times and its use in various spheres of communication, there is still no complete clarity about the essence of this linguistic phenomenon.Methodology and sources.The article considers various interpretations of the zeugma, determines its place in the circle of other rhetorical figures, conducts a structural analysis of zeugmatic constructions, identifies its syntactic and morphological variations, analyzes the stylistic potential. As an empirical material, lyrical and prose texts of German-language literature of the XIX–XX centuries are used, including works by H. Heine, A. Döblin, G. Trakl, G. Benn, K. Edschmid, H. Böll and other authors.Results and discussion.As a rhetorical figure, zeugma is built on the conflict of syntax and semantics, representing several syntactically homogeneous, but semantically heterogeneous elements. Zeugma, as a rule, has a nuclear word in its composition, in which, in conjunction with various actants, different meanings/shades of meanings are actualized, although “non-nuclear” zeugmas are also found. The role of the reference element is most often a verb-predicate, less often the core of the construction becomes an adjective, participle, adverb, noun. The elements of the paratactic series are usually nouns (homogeneous subjects, additions, circumstances), but the analysis also reveals cases of illogical combinations represented by other parts of speech, as well as examples with heterogeneous morphological forms within the same zeugmatic construction. The functional analysis of the zeugma demonstrates the rich stylistic potential of this rhetorical figure, which acts as a means of humor and satire in literary texts, serving to convey emotional states, semantic saturation of the utterance, and the increment of new meanings.Conclusion. Zeugma acts as a significant method of pragmatic focusing in a literary text, being especially widely represented in modernist literature, characterized by semantic multilayering and intensity of artistic expression.

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Illies, Till, Bernd Eckert y Uwe Kehler. "What Radiologists Should Know About Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus". RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 193, n.º 10 (16 de septiembre de 2021): 1197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1425-8065.

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Background Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a disease in elderly patients and one of the most common causes of treatable dementia. It occurs frequently with microangiopathy and Alzheimer’s disease, so that differential diagnosis plays an important role. This is crucially determined by imaging findings. Therapy consists of cerebrospinal fluid drainage through a shunt, which should be performed as early as possible to improve the chances of success. Method This report is based on a summary of the relevant literature that has been reviewed in PubMed with reference to epidemiology, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostics, and therapy. The results were supplemented by the joint guidelines of the German Society of Neurology and the German Society of Neurosurgery. Results and Conclusion The understanding of the pathophysiologic changes leading to normal pressure hydrocephalus has expanded significantly in recent years to include concepts explaining relevant comorbidities. Diagnosis is based on radiological and clinical indicators, although accurate differentiation with respect to comorbidities is not always possible. A high response rate to treatment can be achieved by good patient selection. Positive prognostic markers for therapeutic success include Disproportionately Enlarged Subarachnoid Space Hydrocephalus (DESH), short disease duration, predominant gait disturbance, and few comorbidities. Key Points: Citation Format

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Baum, R. P., C. M. Kirsch y D. Hellwig. "FDG-PET, PET/CT and conventional nuclear medicine procedures in the evaluation of lung cancer". Nuklearmedizin 48, n.º 02 (2009): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0217.

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Summary Aim: Currently, the German and Austrian S3 guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of lung cancer are about to be published whereas the American Colleague of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines were already presented in 2007. An important part of the diagnostic workup of lung cancer will be the evaluation of indeterminate lung lesions and the mediastinal and extrathoracic staging using FDG-PET or PET/CT. The results from the literature on FDG-PET and PET/ CT as well as on conventional nuclear medicine staging procedures and the clinical implications are presented. Methods: The literature data was amassed in analogy to the metaanalyses drawn for the current ACCP guidelines. In addition, relevant more recent publications were also considered. To answer the important question for the extent of pathological confirmation needed, the residual risk of mediastinal metastases was calculated for certain constellations of FDG-PET and CT findings. Suggested recommendations were characterized with the level of evidence. Results: FDG-PET (PET/CT) allows the differentiation of indeterminate lung lesions with high accuracy. FDG-PET (PET/ CT) is the most accurate non-invasive procedure to assess the mediastinal nodal stage, for non-small cell as well as for small cell lung cancer. It is justified to omit invasive evaluation of enlarged but FDG-PET negative lymph nodes under certain circumstances. Unexpected extrathoracic metastases detected by FDG-PET imply important changes in therapeutic management. Conclusion: The upcoming S3 guideline on lung cancer will recommend FDG-PET in several indications due to its clinical efficacy well proven by data from literature (high level of evidence). The selected use of conventional nuclear medicine procedures remains beyond doubt. FDG-PET (PET/CT) belongs to the standard of care in lung cancer.

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Bandorski, Dirk, Martin Keuchel, Martin Brück, Reinhard Hoeltgen, Marcus Wieczorek y Ralf Jakobs. "Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Cardiac Pacemakers, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators, and Left Heart Devices: A Review of the Current Literature". Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 2011 (27 de abril de 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/376053.

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Background and Study Aims. Capsule endoscopy is an established tool for investigation of the small intestine. Because of limited clinical experience in patients with cardiac devices, the Food and Drug Administration and the manufacturer recommended not to use capsule endoscopy in these patients. The vast majority of investigations did not reveal any interference between capsule endoscopy and cardiac devices. Methods. Studies investigating interference between CE and cardiac devices were analysed. For the review we considered studies published in English or German and indexed in Medline, as well as highly relevant abstracts. Results. In vitro and in vivo studies mainly revealed no interference between capsule endoscopy and cardiac devices. Technical data of capsule endoscopy (Given Imaging) reveal that interference with cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillator is impossible. Telemetry can interfere with CE video. Conclusion. The clinical use of capsule endoscopy (Given Imaging) is unproblematic in patients with cardiac pacemakers.

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KASSEM, HADI SHAKEEB. "The Sixties in Berlin and in Hollywood: City with a Wall in Its Center—The Attempt to Erase the German Past". Advances in Politics and Economics 4, n.º 3 (2 de septiembre de 2021): p49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n3p49.

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Berlin was the location in which most of the intelligence operations in Europe have taken place in the first twenty years of the conquest and the Cold War. In November 27, 1958, Khrushchev issued a formal letter to the Allies, demanding that the western Allies evacuate Berlin and enable the establishment of an independent political unit, a free city. He threatened that if the West would not comply with this, the soviets would hand over to the East Germany’s government the control over the roads to Berlin. In the coming months Moscow conducted a war of nerves as the last date of the end of the ultimatum, May 27, 1959, came close. Finally the Soviets retreated as a result of the determination of the West. This event reconfirmed the claims of the West that “the US, Britain and France have legal rights to stay in Berlin.” According to Halle: “These rights derive from the fact that Germany surrendered as a result of our common struggle against Nazi Germany.” (Note 2) The Russians have done many attempts to change Berlin’s status. In 1961 Berlin Wall was constructed, almost without response on the part of the West, and by so doing, the Soviets perpetuated the status quo that had been since 1948. In July 25, 1961 Kennedy addressed the Americans on television, saying that “West Berlin is not as it had ever been, the location of the biggest test of the courage and the will power of the West.” (Note 3) On June 26, 1963, Kennedy went out to Berlin, which was divided by the wall, torn between east and west, in order to announce his message. In his speech outside the city council of West Berlin, Kennedy won the hearts of the Berliners as well as those of the world when he said: “Ich bin ein Berliner”, I’m a Berliner. The sixties were years of heating of the conflict with the Soviet Block. In 1961 the Berlin Wall was constructed. Then Kennedy came into power, there was the movement for human rights and the political tension between whites and blacks in America. The conflict increase as the Korean War started, and afterwards when America intervened in Vietnam. There was also the crisis in the Bay of Pigs in Cuba, which almost pushed the whole world into a nuclear war and catastrophe. During the 28 years of the Berlin Wall, 13.8.61-9.11.89, this was notorious as an example of a political border that marked the seclusion and freezing more than freedom of movement, communication and change. At the same time there was the most obvious sign of the division of Germany after WWII and the division of Europe to East and West by the Iron Curtain. The wall was the background of stories by writers from east and west. The writers of espionage thrillers were fascinated by the global conflict between east and west and the Cold War with Berlin as the setting of the divided city. Berlin presented a permanent conflict that was perceived as endless, or as Mews defined it: “Berlin is perfect, a romantic past, tragic present, secluded in the heart of East Germany.” (Note 4) The city presented the writers with a situation that demanded a reassessment of the genres and the ideological and aesthetic perceptions of this type of writing. This was the reason that the genre of espionage books blossomed in the sixties, mainly those with the wall. The wall was not just a symbol of a political failure, as East Germany could not stop the flow of people escaping from it. The city was ugly, dirty, and full of wires and lit by a yellow light, like a concentration camp. A West German policeman says: “If the Allies were not here, there would not have been a wall. He expressed the acknowledgment that the Western powers had also an interest in the wall as a tool for preventing the unification of Germany. But his colleague answers: If they were not here, the wall would not have been, but the same applies for Berlin. (Note 5) Berlin was the world capital of the Cold War. The wall threatened and created risks and was known as one of the big justifications for the mentality of the Cold War. The construction of the wall in August 1961 strengthened Berlin’s status as the frontline of the Cold War and as a political microcosmos, which reflected topographical as well as the ideological global struggle between east and west. It made Berlin a focus of interest, and this focus in turn caused an incentive for the espionage literature with the rise of neorealism with the anti-hero, as it also ended the era of romanticism. (Note 6) The works of le Carré and Deighton are the best examples of this change in literature. Both of them use the wall as the arena of events and a symbol in their works. Only at the end of the fifties, upon the final withdrawal of McCarthyism and the relative weakening of the Cold War, there started have to appear films with new images about the position and nature of the Germans and the representations of Nazism in the new history. The films of the Cold War presented the communists as enemies or saboteurs. Together with this view about the Soviets, developed the rehabilitation of the German image. Each part of the German society was rehabilitated and become a victim instead of an assistant of the Nazis. The critic Dwight MacDonald was impressed by the way in which the German population” has changed from a fearful assistant of one totalitarian regime to the hero opponent of another totalitarian regime”. (Note 7) This approach has to be examined, and how it influenced the development of the German representation, since many films I have investigated demonstrate a different approach of the German representation.

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Heil, Jörg, Sarah Hug, Heike Martiny, Michael Golatta, Manuel Feisst, Helmut Madjar, Werner Bader y Markus Hahn. "Standards of hygiene for ultrasound-guided core cut biopsies of the breast". Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound 39, n.º 06 (25 de septiembre de 2018): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0667-7898.

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Abstract Purpose The aim was to obtain an overview of the hygiene measures undertaken during ultrasound guided core cut biopsies of the breast by experts certified by the German Society for Ultrasound in Medicine in order to derive recommendations for clinical routine, taking into account the available literature and the lack of evidence based guidelines. Materials and Methods A survey was conducted with all members of the levels I to III of the breast ultrasound working group of the German Society for Ultrasound in Medicine. The estimation of the risk of infection after a core cut biopsy of the breast was asked for as well as the hygiene measures undertaken in practice to avoid infection. Results The risk of infection after a core cut biopsy of the breast was estimated to be one per thousand (median value). The most commonly performed hygiene measures were a spray, wipe, spray desinfection (98.1 %) and the use of sterile gloves (54.7 %). Conclusion Due to the very low risk of infection we recommend the routine use of gloves and an adequate skin disinfection. Contact of the transducer or of an unsterile contact medium with the biopsy needle is considered highly unlikely und should be avoided.

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Cirkel-Bartelt, Vanessa. "Beautiful destruction". Approaching Religion 7, n.º 2 (29 de noviembre de 2017): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.67712.

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Though the term ‘science fiction’ was coined somewhat later, the early twentieth century saw an enormous rise in an interest in technological tales set in the near future, mirroring a general awareness of the growing importance of science. Hans Dominik was one of the most prolific – and successful – German authors of this kind of popular literature. According to estimates millions of copies of his books have been sold, making Dominik’s work an interesting case study illustrating the sorts of ideas about science that German-speaking audiences entertained. Being a trained engineer and a public relations officer by profession, Dominik drew heavily on scientific topics that were headline news at the time and yet he also managed to create something new on the basis of these. One of the methods he employed was the use of religious motifs and topoi. Dominik magnified the relevance of scientific enterprises and depicted the consequences of science – or scientific misconduct, rather – as the beginning of a catastrophe, or even an apocalypse. By the same token, Dominik often introduced the figure of the scientist as a protagonist who would save the world. Thus Dominik was able to draw the attention of a large audience to concepts of the use of atomic energy or nuclear weapons – to name only two – and their creative or destructive potential, decades before such devices were technically feasible.

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19

Oettinger, Vera, Philip Hehn, Christoph Bode, Manfred Zehender, Constantin von zur Mühlen, Dirk Westermann, Peter Stachon y Klaus Kaier. "Center Volumes Correlate with Likelihood of Stent Implantation in German Coronary Angiography". Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2023 (9 de noviembre de 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3723657.

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Aims. Literature on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) stated an inverse relationship between hospital volume and mortality, but the effects on other characteristics are unclear. Methods. Using German national records, all coronary angiographies with coronary artery disease in 2017 were identified. We applied risk-adjustment to account for differences in population characteristics. Results. Of overall 528,188 patients, 55.22% received at least one stent, with on average 1.01 stents implanted in all patients. Based on those patients who received at least one stent, this corresponds to an average number of 1.82 stents. In-hospital mortality across all patients was 2.93%, length of hospital stay was 6.46 days, and mean reimbursement was €5,531. There were comparatively more emergency admissions in low volume centers and more complex cases (3-vessel disease, left main stenosis, and in-stent stenosis) in high volume centers. In multivariable regression analysis, volume and likelihood of stent implantation ( p = 0.003 ) as well as number of stents ( p = 0.020 ) were positively correlated. No relationship was seen for in-hospital mortality ( p = 0.105 ), length of stay ( p = 0.201 ), and reimbursement ( p = 0.108 ). Nonlinear influence of volume suggests a ceiling effect: In hospitals with ≤100 interventions, likelihood and number of implanted stents are lowest (∼34% and 0.6). After that, both rise steadily until a volume of 500 interventions. Finally, both remain stable in the categories of over 500 interventions (∼60% and 1.1). Conclusion. In PCI, lower volume centers contribute to emergency care. Higher volume centers treat more complex cases and show a higher likelihood of stent implantations, with a stable safety.

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20

Harrington, Joel F. "Hausvater and Landesvater: Paternalism and Marriage Reform in Sixteenth-Century Germany". Central European History 25, n.º 1 (marzo de 1992): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019701.

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Long before Melanchthon and Erasmus drew their parallels, paternal and political authority had enjoyed a long and successful association in Greco-Roman thought. The apparent resurgence of this patriarchal metaphor in sixteenth-century European literature and polemic, however, has led some historians to suggest a more socially significant transformation in the actual legal or moral authority of one or both of these father figures. Beginning with the pioneering work of Phillippe Ariès many historians of the family, particularly Lawrence Stone, have identified the sixteenth century as a time of greater paternal authority within the household and the beginning of the modern nuclear family throughout most of Europe. Others, expanding on references by Aries and Stone to a new state paternalism, have focused on the political half of the patriarchal analogy, especially the almost ubiquitous association among sixteenth-century German authors of the Hausvater (head of the household) with the Landesvater (political ruler). For most of these scholars, paternalistic language was a natural and even necessary component of the ambitious absolutist state-building of early modern Europe.

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21

Günther, K., W. Preuße, S. Schmidt y H. C. Mehner. "Application of modern radiochemical techniques to the determination of Sr-89/Sr-90 in environmental samples". Kerntechnik 68, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2003): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2003-0074.

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Abstract A method for the determination of Sr-89/-90 in different types of environmental samples (German IMIS program) was to be adopted to the 2nd Saxon state laboratory for environmental radioactivity. Resulting from literature studies a combination of variable extraction steps for Y and Sr was chosen to be able for determining Sr-90 or Sr-89/-90 in a common as well as a rapid way. Measurements with a liquid-scintillation counter (LSC) and a low-background proportional counter (LBC) were performed after the same chemical separation steps in each case to find out the detector which is the best suitable one for our requirements. Different steps of the analytical procedure are discussed in detail and its characteristic parameters are given.

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22

Schmitt, Viola, Edgar Onea y Friederike Buch. "Restrictions on complement anaphora". Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (23 de octubre de 2017): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4146.

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This paper discusses the semantic status and the restrictions on complement anaphora, i.e. pronouns that are anaphorically related to quantifiers and seem to refer to the `complement set' of the latter -- the set of those individuals that are in the restrictor but not in the nuclear scope of the quantifier. Our main empirical point, motivated by data from German, is that contrary to the claims in the literature, true complement set reference is not exclusively determined by the logical properties of the quantifier but also by its the syntactic context. Based on this observation, we argue that plural quantifiers provide anaphoric antecendents by a particular inference mechanism, which is sensitive to syntactic information: We submit that speakers employ verifying strategies for sentences with plural quantifiers where a `test' discourse referent is inserted in the `syntactic slot' the plural quantifier originally occurs in. If a discourse referent, when inserted in this slot, yields truth-conditions for the resulting sentence that are equivalent to those of the original sentence, it can be used as an antecendent for anaphora.

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23

Hoyer, N., R. Arcodia, S. Bonoli, A. Merloni, N. Neumayer, Y. Zhang y J. Comparat. "Massive black holes in nuclear star clusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics 682 (31 de enero de 2024): A36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347665.

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Context. Massive black holes (MBHs) are typically hosted in the centres of massive galaxies but they appear to become rarer in lower mass galaxies, where nuclear star clusters (NSCs) frequently appear instead. The transition region, where both an MBH and NSC can co-exist, has been poorly studied to date and only a few dozen galaxies are known to host them. One avenue for detecting new galaxies with both an MBH and NSC is to look for accretion signatures of MBHs. Aims. Here, we use new SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey eRASS:4 data to search for X-ray signatures of accreting MBHs in NSCs, while also investigating their combined occupation fraction. Methods. We collected more than 200 galaxies containing an NSC, spanning multiple orders in terms of galaxy stellar mass and morphological type, within the footprint of the German eROSITA Consortium survey. We determined the expected X-ray contamination from binary stellar systems using the galaxy stellar mass and star formation rate as estimated from far-ultraviolet and mid-infrared emission. Results. We find significant detections for 18 galaxies (~8.3%), including one ultra-luminous X-ray source; however, only three galaxies (NGC 2903, 4212, and 4639) have X-ray luminosities that are higher than the expected value from X-ray binaries, indicative of the presence of an MBH. In addition, the X-ray luminosity of six galaxies (NGC 2903, 3384, 4321, 4365, 4639, and 4701) differs from previous studies and could indicate the presence of a variable active galactic nucleus. For NGC 4701 specifically, we find a variation of X-ray flux within the eRASS:4 data set. Stacking X-ray non-detected galaxies in the dwarf regime M*gal ≤ 109 M⊙) results in luminosity upper limits of a few times 1038 erg s−1. The combined occupation fraction of accreting MBHs and NSCs becomes non-zero for galaxy masses above ~ 107.5 M⊙ and this result is slightly elevated as compared to the literature data. Conclusions. Our data extend, for the first time, towards the dwarf elliptical galaxy regime and identify promising MBH candidates for higher resolution follow-up observations. At most galaxy masses (and with the exception of three cases), the X-ray constraints are consistent with the expected emission from binary systems or an Eddington fraction of at most 0.01%, assuming a black holes mass of 106.5 M⊙. This work confirms the known complexities in similar-type of studies, while providing the appealing alternative of using X-ray survey data of in-depth observations of individual targets with higher resolution instruments.

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Xu, H. "Review and outlook of the integral test facility PKL III corresponding studies". Kerntechnik 86, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2021-1011.

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Abstract This paper reviews an important integral test facility (ITF) named PKL (primary loop in German), which is designed based on a 4-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) with the power 1 300 MWe, and especially concentrates on two aspects: (1) the tests at each developmental period of the facility until 2020, which is a typical microcosm of nuclear safety research; (2) the simulation of the PKL facility tests by using system thermal-hydraulic (STH) codes, especially RELAP5, TRACE and ATHLET. The results from the literature showed that all of these codes could reproduce the accident scenarios on the PKL facility to some extent, and simulate the complex phenomena both in the reactor pressurized vessel (RPV) and in the loops well, except some local phenomena (e. g., peak cladding temperature (PCT)). Furthermore, this paper presents some suggestions on PKL further tests. Especially, the sensitivity studies of initial conditions (ICs) and boundary conditions (BCs), test studies related to Extensive damage mitigation guidelines (EDMGs) and FLEX strategies, anticipated transients without scram (ATWS), detailed core section model, combination with other ITF or separate effects test (SET) facilities, and tests on advanced conception reactors are emphasized.

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Henkelmann, Jeanette, Constantin Ehrengut y Timm Denecke. "Restructuring of a Hospital Radiology Department: Subspecialization Between Man, Machine, and Multidisciplinary Board". RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 194, n.º 02 (21 de octubre de 2021): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1545-4713.

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Background Radiology, like almost no other discipline, is faced with a rapid increase in information and technology. This and the growing demands regarding referring medicine, quality requirements, and personnel efficiency increasingly require subspecialization in terms of content. There is already an established move towards radiological subspecialization in the Anglo-American region. In this review article, the content and possibilities of restructuring a hospital radiology department are presented in order to support acceptance in German-speaking countries. Method Based on the current literature, the aspects of subspecialized radiology as well as its necessity, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed and the challenges to hospital management with respect to strategic implementation in the individual phases are presented based on the example of a university radiology department. The viewpoints also take into account the education regulations and integrate a modern learning concept. Results and Conclusion Modern restructuring of hospital radiology departments is faced with increasing demands on a traditionally technically organized radiology department with regard to the complexity of referring medicine, subspecialization pressure (including in certified boards), and staff efficiency. The restructuring of a radiology department must be aligned with the clinical requirements and discussed in the overall concept of radiology including its environment. Key points: Citation Format

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Krasnoselskyi, M. V., N. O. Artamonova y Yu V. Pavlichenko. "Radiation-induced dermatitis: a review of current understanding". Український радіологічний та онкологічний журнал 32, n.º 1 (22 de marzo de 2024): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46879/ukroj.1.2024.105-122.

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Background. Prevention and treatment of radiation-induced dermatitis that occurs after radiation therapy (RT) significantly impairs the quality of life of patients, among which the most severe are pain and discomfort caused by radiation dermatitis (RD). Purpose. Assess the condition and modern ideas of the development of technologies of prevention and treatment of radiation-induced dermatitis. Materials and Methods. A literature review based on massive digital publications found in the world resources of Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection for 2019–2023. With restrictions on the filters «Years», «Medicine» and «Articles». Results. Information on the terminology «radiation-induced dermatitis», risk factors for RD, some views on the mechanisms associated with their occurrence, and current ideas about their prevention and treatment were systematized. The leading countries – USA and China, leading scientific institutions –(Institut Curie, France; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA; German Cancer Research Center and Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany, and University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Canada, and their scientific topics were identified. Conclusion: The bibliometric analysis of current ideas about the prevention and treatment of RD allowed us to assess the current state and contribution of leading countries and scientific organizations to the development of innovative technologies for the prevention and treatment of RID. The most cited publications were identified, which indicates their high importance and the availability of a wide range of modern tools aimed at reducing and alleviating the manifestations of RD. In the future, it is desirable to create high-quality systematic reviews that will substantiate standardized, best practices for the prevention and treatment of RD for clinical use.

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Peisen, Felix, Wolfgang Maximilian Thaiss, Kaspar Ekert, Marius Horger, Bastian Amend, Jens Bedke, Konstantin Nikolaou y Sascha Kaufmann. "Retroperitoneal Fibrosis and its Differential Diagnoses: The Role of Radiological Imaging". RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 192, n.º 10 (22 de julio de 2020): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1181-9205.

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Background Retroperitoneal fibrosis is a rare disease with an incidence of 0–1/100 000 inhabitants per year and is associated with chronic inflammatory fibrosis of the retroperitoneum and the abdominal aorta. This article sheds light on the role of radiological imaging in retroperitoneal fibrosis, names various differential diagnoses and provides an overview of drug and surgical treatment options. Methods A literature search for the keywords “retroperitoneal fibrosis” and “Ormond’s disease” was carried out in the PubMed database between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2019 (n = 1806). Mainly original papers were selected, but also reviews, in English and German language, with a focus on publications in the last 10 years, without excluding older publications that the authors believe are relevant to the topic discussed in the review (n = 40). Results and Conclusion Ormond’s disease is a rare but important differential diagnosis for nonspecific back and flank pain. Imaging diagnostics using CT or MRI show a retroperitoneal mass, which must be differentiated from lymphoma, sarcoma, multiple myeloma and Erdheim-Chester disease. Patients have an excellent prognosis under adequate therapy. FDG-PET/CT or FDG-PET/MRT should be considered as potential modalities, as hybrid imaging can evaluate both the morphological changes and the inflammation. Key Points: Citation Format

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Kersting, Jonas, Lars Kamper, Marco Das y Patrick Haage. "Guideline-Oriented Therapy of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) – Current Data and Perspectives". RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 191, n.º 04 (21 de enero de 2019): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0690-9365.

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Background Because of the demographic change, lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is becoming increasingly relevant with respect to health economics. PAD patients often suffer from multiple diseases. Consequently, therapy is commonly complex and requires an interdisciplinary approach. Because of rapid technical developments, interventional endovascular therapy regimens play an increasingly important role. Method Review and literature search on the basis of the current German S3 guidelines on the therapy of PAD as well as international guidelines. In terms of state-of-the-art therapies, relevant current studies were considered. Results Knowledge of existing guidelines and recommendations as well as new therapeutic approaches is essential for the adequate therapy of PAD patients. A close cooperation between the interventional radiologist and the vascular surgeon is the key to success. In addition to established conservative approaches and invasive bypass surgery, the endovascular approach has been a mainstay in the TASC A and B environment for years. It has recently shown promising results in advanced PAD conditions, such as TASC C and D. An endovascular-first strategy is defined in most guidelines. Conclusion A primarily endovascular-first strategy has become the standard in the majority of even complex lesions of the lower extremity arterial system. Regarding the crural segment, a decrease in mortality compared to bypass surgery has been demonstrated. Further evidence can be expected from ongoing randomized multicenter trials. Key Points: Citation Format

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Skusa, Christopher, Marc-André Weber, Sebastian Böttcher y Kolja M. Thierfelder. "Criteria-Based Imaging and Response Evaluation of Lymphoma 20 Years After Cheson: What is New?" RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 192, n.º 07 (26 de marzo de 2020): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1091-8897.

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Background The rapid progress in oncology research requires numerous new scientific publications. This article aims to provide an overview of criteria-based imaging and response evaluation of lymphoma according to the current status of knowledge. In fact, common criteria for evaluating data, especially imaging response evaluation, are essential for comparability of studies. While criteria-based classifications of solid tumors have been established for some time, there are now increasing classifications of lymphoma diseases. The purpose of this review is to describe the development of criteria-based evaluation of lymphoma diseases with a special focus on imaging up to current guidelines. Methods Literature review based on PubMed including the languages English and German was performed. This review article includes the most important criteria-based response evaluations of lymphoma published between January 1999 and July 2019. Results and Conclusion The two latest classifications of response evaluation of lymphoma are: The Lugano classification, which has been steadily developed over the past 20 years and has been specially adapted to technical progress, as well as the evaluation method RECIL (Response Evaluation Criteria In Lymphoma), which is based on the RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) classification already established for solid tumors. Significant imaging components of both classifications are the anatomical measurement and measurement of the metabolic response of the manifestation of lymphoma using positron emission tomography (PET/CT). Key Points: Citation Format

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Dunaev, A. E. "Concept freiheit in German language chronicles of the XV–XVI centuries (on the material of town chronicles of Bern and Worms)". Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-4-152-159.

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In the history of the German written language, the XVXVI centuries became a turning point: in the sphere of both administrative writing and informative literature, new genres and types of texts are developing, and relations within the genre system are being rebuilt. Chronicle texts, including town chronicles, become one of the most popular textotypes. According to researchers, their primary function is legitimization of the respective town as a political and legal entity. This legitimation was based primarily on the rights and privileges granted to the town by its former or current lord. Accordingly, the semiotic space of chronicle texts is organized around the concept of freiheit meaning privilege, right, freedom. The purpose of the article is to analyze the nominative field of the concept freiheit and to conclude on the semantics and functioning of lexical units in the text that verbalize this concept. Over hundred text examples extracted from the chronicles of Bern (the first third of the XV century) and Worms (the second half of the XVI century) were used as the research material. The core of the concept freiheit, its nominate is built by the homonymic lexeme, whereby the lexeme recht also belongs to the nuclear part of the field. Based on the analysis of text examples, five components of meaning of freiheit were identified, which form the slots of the corresponding concept. The largest number of concept nominations is concentrated in the slot right, privilege: these are the lexemes gerechtigkeit the right to adjudicate, herrlichkeit with a similar meaning, obrigkeit the right of possession, indult temporary privilege, erlaubung permission. On the periphery of the concept freiheit lie the lexemes herkommen and gewohnheit in the meaning of legal customs. The analysis of material allows us to conclude that in the view of chroniclers, urban legal customs were as important for the legitimization of town as its privileges. It is worth saying that the lexeme freiheit is often used as a collective one, without specifying the content of a specific right or privilege. Obviously, for the chroniclers, the very existence of rights in their totality was of paramount importance, since this determined the status and power of their town.

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Schreyer, Andreas, Britta Rosenberg y René Steinhäuser. "Externally Acquired Radiological Image Data and Reporting for the Clinical Routine, Conference and Boards – Legal Aspects of the Second Opinion in Germany". RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 190, n.º 07 (7 de marzo de 2018): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-102306.

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Background Because of an increasing number of boards and conferences, the number of second opinion readings of externally acquired image data is growing dramatically. In this review article we intend to give medical and legal recommendations for the documentation and interpretation of externally acquired radiological data for second opinions and board presentations based on German jurisdiction. Method Using the FAQ format as a dialog between radiologists and medical legal experts, we answer the most crucial questions regarding correct documentation and interpretation for externally acquired radiological image data based on an up-to-date literature search. Results Based on the unity of radiological image data and the corresponding written report according to the radiation protection law, the primary report should be present when composing a second opinion. If the primary external report is not present, this should be mentioned as a limitation. All radiological second opinions should be documented in written form. This is especially important in cases of discrepant findings. Legally, the attending physician is responsible for selecting the radiological opinion. The radiologist should not rely on the written primary report without personal reevaluation. Legally, it would be considered radiological malpractice if the external image data and previous image data are not evaluated personally. Conclusion From a legal point of view, there are explicit recommendations regarding thorough documentation of a second opinion as an independent medical service in all cases. Key Points Citation Format

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Będźmirowski, Jerzy, Miłosz Gac y Jakub Kufel. "Baltic Sea during the Cold War: Polish-Soviet Maritime Cooperation". Historia i Polityka, n.º 48 (55) (6 de junio de 2024): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2024.014.

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The end of hostilities on the European continent brought a hot war to a close but started the Cold War. Differences in the approach to many political and military issues of the future world created a divide among the allies. Each of them wanted to play a dominant role in the new reality. The possession of dreadful new weapons, nuclear weapons, singled out two of the most important “players” in the new world – namely, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. They were quickly identified as “superpowers”. The European continent, battered by World War II, was divided into two almost equal parts (arrangements in Tehran between Great Britain and the USSR, confirmed in Yalta), with the border running through the German territory. The dynamics of political changes in Europe led to the formation of the so-called Treaty of Dunkirk. At that time the Baltic Sea was the lens in which political and military events on the European continent focused. When the temperature in the East-West relations was rising, conceptual work began on the use of NATO and Warsaw Pact naval forces in the Baltic Sea. That work was subsequently verified during exercises that both sides conducted in this water region. The Baltic Straits were the proverbial “apple of one’s eye” – controlled by NATO naval forces but craved for by the naval forces of the United Baltic Fleet, seeking to take them over. And that was the most important problem of the Cold War: what to do and how to move the naval forces of the United Baltic Fleet to the North Sea. NATO, on the other hand, contemplated what to do and how to prevent that undertaking from happening. The Warsaw Pact’s concepts included the conquest of the Baltic Straits, occupation of the Jutland Peninsula, and launch of sea and land operations in the west direction. It was also assumed that NATO naval forces could carry out operations from the sea to the coast of the Polish People’s Republic and to that of the German Democratic Republic. Therefore, those variants were analyzed and exercised within the United Baltic Fleet and under the so-called combined forces (land and air). This article has been prepared based on Polish and foreign literature as well as archival materials from the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Gdańsk, the Archives of New Records in Warsaw, and the Naval Archives in Gdynia.

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Lei, Jixiao, Peng Yu, Baixuan Xu, Ruimin Wang, Zhihui Shen, Zhiwei Jia y Jiahe Tian. "Worldwide research productivity in nuclear medicine literature". Nuklearmedizin 57, n.º 06 (diciembre de 2018): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0995-18-08.

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Summary Aim: This study aimed to assess the quantity and quality of papers published in subspecialty nuclear medicine journals and provide an overview of worldwide research activity carried out in the field of nuclear medicine. Methods: Papers published in subspecialty nuclear medicine journals between 2008 and 2017 were retrieved from the Web of Science. The number of papers and citations were used to evaluate the quantity and quality of the articles. The correlation between the research productivity of different countries and their population size and gross domestic product (GDP) were analyzed. Results: There were 12,861 articles published in these journals between 2008 and 2017. A rapidly increasing trend was observed in the number of articles published per year (p < 0.001). The United States published the largest proportion of papers (23.22 %) followed by Germany (9.94 %), Japan (9.46 %), Italy (6.53 %), and China (6.36 %). The United States had the highest number of total citations. The number of articles from different countries had a significant correlation with their population size and GDP (p < 0.01). Switzerland had the highest mean citations (23.66) followed by the Netherlands (23.54), and Germany (22.77). However, the Netherlands was first (42.43) followed by Denmark (32.89) and Switzerland (31.79) when adjustments for population size were made. When adjustments for GDP were made, the Netherlands was again the leader (82.91) followed by Denmark (69.49) and Greece (61.77). Conclusions: There has been a significant increase in nuclear medicine research over the last decade. The United States is the leader of worldwide research productivity. However, when population and GDP are taken into consideration, certain smaller countries in Europe exhibit performed better.

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Röhlig, Klaus-Jürgen, Marcel Ebeling, Anne Eckhardt, Peter Hocke y Pius Krütli. "Transdisciplinary research on repository safety: challenges and opportunities". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (10 de noviembre de 2021): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-205-2021.

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Abstract. Since 2019, transdisciplinary research on the scientifically challenging and often controversially debated topic of nuclear waste management on a larger scale has been carried out for the first time in Germany within the co-operative project “TRANSENS” (http://www.transens.de, last access: 21 October 2021). While various and sometimes diverging definitions and understandings of the term “transdisciplinarity” can be found in the literature (e.g., Klein, 2013), we understand it as a specific type of “problem-orientated” basic research integrating a variety of knowledge bodies, values and expectations coming not only from academia but also from the dialogue with society. We consider transdisciplinarity a reflexive, integrative, methodology-guided scientific principle directed at the solution of a societal problem and related scientific challenges by involving non-specialists and actors from practise. Obviously, the safety of nuclear waste management and particularly of waste disposal is an important concern of stakeholders. For specialists, the Safety Case is an established and well-developed instrument supporting safety-informed decisions in a stepwise disposal programme (OECD/NEA, 2013). The idea of Sicherheitsuntersuchungen (safety evaluations) informing decisions in the German siting process is based on the Safety Case concept. However, different stakeholders and interested persons have different notions and views about safety and different values behind these notions (Röhlig and Eckhardt, 2017). The idea behind the TRANSENS Working Package SAFE is to elicit such views and, if possible, to derive conclusions on optimisation potential for the Safety Case. Specifics and potential challenges of this research and ways to address them include: While transdisciplinary research in many cases involves directly affected individuals and groups, TRANSENS is an application-orientated basic research project which does not aim at interfering with the site selection procedure in Germany. Therefore, our research partners from civil society include permanent groups of interested individuals – but not of stakeholders – recruited in a well-defined process. Transdisciplinary research often starts by performing “co-design”, i.e. by jointly formulating the research question(s), but project “funding logic” requires problem definitions already in the application phase of a project. We attempt to overcome this by working in “theme corridors”, which define overarching research questions but leave leeway for later adjustment within these corridors. Being a complex concept, the Safety Case as such might not be well amenable to non-specialists. We address the problem by (i) taking a stepwise approach starting with a preparatory focus group format involving individuals with “Safety Case experience”; (ii) aiming at continuous involvement of one of the permanent groups mentioned above, allowing focussed and in-depth discussions; (iii) being flexible concerning additional transdisciplinary formats and partnerships. The SAFE Working Package team has successfully completed the focus group format under pandemic conditions and is currently preparing the next steps. Preliminary findings include those related to the tool “Safety Case”, to the feasibility of the focus group format in a transdisciplinary context, to observations concerning social interactions within the focus group, and to the way forward. The SAFE team sees opportunities particularly in discussing aspiration and philosophy of safety demonstration, in reflecting potential disciplinary biases influencing both production and criticism of the Safety Case, and for developing new concepts for the interplay between civil society and experts on this complex and elaborated analytical tools in various transdisciplinary formats.

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Lankov, A. N. "North Korean Miracle: 30 Уears of Surviving Crisis and Isolation". Journal of International Analytics 12, n.º 2 (19 de agosto de 2021): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2021-12-2-31-48.

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The article examines those factors that allowed the Kim family regime to stay in power in extremely unfavorable environment. In political science literature, it is generally accepted that an authoritarian regime faces three major threats: an elite conspiracy/coup, a mass protest, a foreign invasion. The article demonstrates that in the case of the DPRK, which is a much poorer part of a divided country, the potential threat of mass popular protests might be higher than in many other authoritarian regimes. However, the autocrat and his entourage successfully counter this threat by exercising an unusually thorough policy of informational self-isolation, further reinforced by strict administrative control and police surveillance. On the other hand, the ever present threat of Seoul-led “uniﬁcation-by-absorption” strengthens the elites’ unity and reduces the likelihood of conspiracies. This is important since elite conspiracies and coups have constituted the major danger for post-1945 autocracies. North Korean elites understand that even a successful coup can eventually provoke the outbreak of popular discontent, followed by the collapse of North Korean statehood and German-style uniﬁcation under Seoul’s control. Under this scenario, conspiracy’s winners and losers will perish alike, with all members of the current elite having little chance to retain their power and privileges. Hence, the elite has reasons not to “rock the boat.” Finally, the threat of a foreign invasion (or foreign intervention into a domestic crisis) is successfully neutralized by the existence of a nuclear deterrent. Since the North Korean faces a grave existential threat which is created by the existence of the South, it is ready to sacriﬁce the economic development for the sake of political stability. Hence, the elite is willing to invest large resources into military programs and overlook the diﬃculties the self-isolation and other survival-oriented policies create for the economic development of the country.

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Friedenberg, Larissa, Jeroen Bartol, James Bean, Steffen Beese, Hendrik Bollmann, Hans J. P. de Bresser, Jibril Coulibaly et al. "Compaction of crushed salt for safe containment – a summary of the KOMPASS projects". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 2 (6 de septiembre de 2023): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-109-2023.

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Abstract. For the underground disposal of high-level nuclear waste in rock salt formations, the safety concept includes the backfilling of open cavities with crushed salt. For the prognosis of the sealing function of the backfill for the safe containment of the radioactive waste, it is crucial to have a comprehensive process understanding of the crushed-salt compaction behavior. The crushed-salt compaction process is influenced by internal properties (e.g., grain size, mineralogy, and moisture content) and boundary conditions (e.g., temperature, stress state, and compaction rate) and, therefore, involves several coupled thermal–hydro–mechanical (THM) processes (Hansen et al., 2014; Kröhn et al., 2017). With the paradigm shift from the limited release of radionuclides to safe containment due to the German Repository Site Selection Act passed in 2017, the importance of crushed salt as geotechnical barrier has increased, with a focus on the evolution of its hydraulic properties. Based on the knowledge gaps in the current process understanding, the “Compaction of crushed salt for safe containment” (KOMPASS) projects were initiated to improve the scientific basis behind using crushed salt for the long-term isolation of high-level nuclear waste within rock salt repositories. The efforts to improve the prediction of crushed-salt compaction begun during the first phase of the KOMPASS projects (Czaikowski et al., 2020) and were followed up in a second phase ending in June 2023. The primary achievements of the projects are as follows (Czaikowski et al., 2020; Friedenberg et al., 2022): specification of the KOMPASS reference material, an easily available and reproducible synthetic crushed-salt material, for generic investigations; development of pre-compaction methods and successful production of samples in the short term and under in situ loading conditions; formulation of an extended laboratory program addressing the isolated investigation of known relevant factors influencing the compaction behavior of crushed salt (Düsterloh et al., 2022); execution of long-term compaction tests addressing isotropic and deviatoric load changes, temperature, and compaction state; construction of a backfill body using the KOMPASS reference material in the Sondershausen mine through collaboration with the SAVER (Entwicklung eines salzgrusbasierten Versatzkonzepts unter der Option Rückholbarkeit) project (Schaarschmidt and Friedenberg, 2022); advancement of the tools for microstructure investigation methods (Svensson and Laurich, 2022); generation (first stages) of a microphysical process list combining literature research with our own findings; benchmarking of long-term compaction test for model development and optimization of various existing models as well as the development of new models; application of a virtual demonstrator (2D model representing a backfilled drift in rock salt) for the visualization of developments and the quantification of the models (Rabbel, 2022). In summary, the KOMPASS projects contributed to the reduction of uncertainties and the strengthening of the safety case for using crushed salt within rock salt repositories.

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Саврасов, Микола y Костянтин Кисельов. "PSYCHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF FIGURATIVE CREATIVITY OF THE FUTURE TEACHER OF THE HUMANITIES". Вісник ХНПУ імені Г. С. Сковороди "Психология", n.º 63 (2020): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/23129387.2020.63.06.

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Aim. The purpose of the study is to establish theoretical prerequisites, identify, describe and interpret the basic psychological patterns of the dynamics of figurative creativity of future teachers of the humanities both during his/ her training in the educational environment of modern pedagogical universities and at certain stages of the didactic process. Material and methods. As the methods and tools of empirical research, the author uses the procedure of analysis of the degree of statistical validity of the differences of average values of the selected empirical indicators (t-Student's criterion), the test of figurative creativity by E.P. Torrens (modified by O.E.Tunik), a survey method, an interview method, and an expert evaluation method. The respondents were first, third, and fifth-year students specialized in «Ukrainian language and literature», «English (German) language and literature», «Ukrainian country studying» with a total of 156 people aged 18 to 30 years. The empirical basis of the study was the Faculty of Philology of the State Higher Educational Institution «Donbas State Pedagogical University». Results. It is obvious that throughout the process of growing up and gaining experience in educational and professional activities, the main specific characteristics of the creative figurative act for the representatives of the natural profile of professional training are the speed of emergence and development of creative ideas, the degree of deviation from existing prototypes, the desire to avoid a possible return to them or their modification and efforts to complete and properly design their creative product. At the same time, at the background of the previously mentioned characteristics, the dynamics of the indicator of the abstractness of the name of figurative creativity gradually recedes into the background. It means that in the process of micro-age formation of figurative creativity of the humanitarian profile subject of educational and professional activity the subject’s deep essence, not its nominal side, the outer cover, which consists in the peculiarities of verbalization of this creative process, the peculiarities of self-presentation and the presentation of the final creative product are formed. Conclusions. If we summarize the dynamics of figurative creativity of a humanitarian profile student in general, then we can depict: 1) impressive are the positive changes in this area at the end of the study, on the verge of study and professional activity, which in fact can cause such a rapid and bright dynamics; 2) particular interest is in the dynamics of creativity of humanitarian profile students at the level of such nuclear characteristics of figurative creativity as the dynamics of the creative idea, the degree of its difference from stereotypes and resistance to their emergence and motivated ability to finalize the creative product. In the future, we see promising research on the dynamics of figurative creativity of students of natural, cultural, and artistic profile and a comparative study of the dynamics of figurative creativity on the indicator of the profile of professional training in higher pedagogical education.

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Bärenbold, Rebekka, Muhammad Maladoh Bah, Rebecca Lordan-Perret, Björn Steigerwald, Christian von Hirschhausen, Ben Wealer, Hannes Weigt y Alexander Wimmers. "Cross-country survey on the decommissioning of commercial nuclear reactors: status, insights, and knowledge gaps". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 2 (6 de septiembre de 2023): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-3-2023.

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Abstract. In the past, nuclear decommissioning has often been overlooked in the literature but will gain increasing relevance amongst researchers and industry alike as more and more nuclear power plants reach the end of their respective operational lifetimes (Laraia, 2018; Schneider et al., 2022). Existing research has up until recently focused mostly on technical challenges and liability issues of nuclear decommissioning, while analyses of the organization, regulation, and financing across various countries remain limited. In this cross-country survey paper, we compare the differing approaches for nuclear decommissioning organization in France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States based on detailed country reports (Wimmers et al., 2023). We find that while, in theory, the countries follow the same standards, the implementation of responsibilities for nuclear decommissioning, financial liability, and oversight can differ quite significantly. For example, France is the only country in our survey to have implemented a centralized ownership of its nuclear reactor fleet, while all other countries have multiple operators that necessitate a different regulatory approach. In terms of financing, we observe that most countries follow a single approach, while Germany and the UK have different financing schemes depending on the nuclear reactors to be decommissioned (e.g., the former GDR reactors in East Germany and the UK's non-PWR (pressurized water reactor) legacy fleet). Based on our analysis, we derive several insights that merit further research on the topic of nuclear decommissioning. For example, the interlinkage between ownership and nuclear decommissioning production should be of particular interest, as we determine potential organizational models (following the system approach coined by Beckers et al., 2012) emerging through corporate actors aiming at the monetization of swift decommissioning – a trend that cannot be observed where the state is in full control. We further find that only limited information on decommissioning costs exists. Reducing knowledge gaps in this regard would help further understand and potentially identify potential challenges in nuclear decommissioning in advance before more nuclear reactors are shut down. Further insight into nuclear decommissioning fund adequacy and liability issues might be required to avoid the transfer of financial liabilities from private operators to taxpayers. Other research gaps include an analysis of market-based decommissioning approaches and possible supply chain bottlenecks and the subsequent investigation of efficiency through economies of scale, the limitation of nuclear decommissioning production from limited access to nuclear waste management facilities, and the influence of regulation, e.g., the number of overseeing regulators, on the production. The paper is based on a joint DFG project between TU Berlin and the University of Basel, entitled “Best practices for decommissioning nuclear power plants”.

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Ghods, Sepideh, Elias Khalili Pour, Hamid Riazi-Esfahani, Hooshang Faghihi y Bahman Inanloo. "Closantel Retinal Toxicity: Case Report and Literature Review". Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2021 (21 de mayo de 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4832965.

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A 57-year-old shepherd was referred with a 2-week history of decreased visual acuity in both eyes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) revealed diffuse outer nuclear layer hyperreflectivity and indistinguishable external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone. The patient announced to us that he took two 500 mg of closantel tablets (15.15 mg/kg) three days before the initiation of visual problems for sore throat as an antibiotic. Electroretinography displayed severely attenuated responses in both eyes. We decided to admit the patient with the presumed diagnosis of closantel retinal toxicity and treated him with intravenous methylprednisolone 1 g per day and intravenous erythropoietin 10000 IU twice a day, and reevaluation of the patient proved no change in his visual acuity on the third day of admission. Closantel is a veterinary drug with serious side effects in the human retina and central nervous system even in previously reported doses. Public awareness and appropriate drug labeling about its side effects could prevent accidental toxicity. OCT is a noninvasive and rapid diagnostic modality that should be done in suspected toxic retinopathy.

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40

Smith, Travis D. "In imitation of the Sun". Review of Politics 68, n.º 2 (mayo de 2006): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003467050627013x.

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Accessible and thought-provoking, DeGroot's history of nuclear weaponry from its theoretical origins through its Cold War escalations makes a diverse cast of characters seem familiar and a tale of earthshaking proportions unfold in a relatively sensible fashion. Written for interested nonexperts, the book does not engage scholarly debates directly. It covers the race to beat the Germans to the bomb through to the entrenchment of nuclear deterrence. Disarmament treaties and peace movements concern DeGroot only long enough to discount them. He adds color to the political and technological history of the bomb by supplementing it with considerations of its social repercussions and its representations in literature, film, music, and consumer items.

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41

Zhukova, Ekatherina. "Foreign aid and identity after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster: How Belarus shapes relations with Germany, Europe, Russia, and Japan". Cooperation and Conflict 52, n.º 4 (26 de mayo de 2017): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836717710529.

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This article looks at how Belarus, the most affected state by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, discursively constructs cooperation with foreign countries that provide help in combating the consequences of the tragedy. It shows that different representations of foreign actors handling the prolonged consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster contribute to developing new friendships (with Japan), questioning existing cooperation (with Russia), and softening old (with Germany) and current (with Europe) conflicts in Belarus. The article makes a contribution to three debates in identity literature in constructivist International Relations: (a) identity and foreign policy; (b) the ‘voice’ and agency of the ‘Rest’; and (c) identity and difference. It is argued that when small non-Western states (help receivers) construct an ethical identity of bigger Western and non-Western states (help providers), they challenge the existing temporal and spatial identities of old strangers, enemies, and friends and create a new platform for conflict and cooperation.

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42

Zhang, Zheng, Xiao-Jiao Tan, Hai-Qing Shi, Huan Zhang, Jian-Bo Li y Xue-Lian Liao. "Bibliometric study of sepsis-associated liver injury from 2000 to 2023". World Journal of Gastroenterology 30, n.º 30 (14 de agosto de 2024): 3610–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i30.3610.

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BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated liver injury (SLI) is a severe and prevalent complication of sepsis. AIM To explore the literature on SLI via a bibliometric approach. METHODS Reviews and articles correlated with SLI published from January 1, 2000 to October 28, 2023 were searched from the Web of Science Core Collection. Then, the searched data were analyzed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R language. RESULTS There were 787 publications involved in this paper, comprising 745 articles and 42 reviews. China, the United States, and Germany are the primary publication sources in this area. Studies related to SLI primarily focused on mechanisms of pathogenesis, as evidenced by analyzing keywords, references, and the counting of original research. These studies mainly involved tumor necrosis factor alpha, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor-kappa B. CONCLUSION There is significant growth in the research on SLI. Current investigations primarily involve basic experiments that aimed at uncovering pathogenic mechanisms. According to the analyzed literature, the identified pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets serve as the foundation for translating findings from basic research to clinical applications.

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43

Zhang, Zheng, Xiao-Jiao Tan, Hai-Qing Shi, Huan Zhang, Jian-Bo Li y Xue-Lian Liao. "Bibliometric study of sepsis-associated liver injury from 2000 to 2023". World Journal of Gastroenterology 30, n.º 30 (14 de agosto de 2024): 3609–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i30.3609.

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BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated liver injury (SLI) is a severe and prevalent complication of sepsis. AIM To explore the literature on SLI via a bibliometric approach. METHODS Reviews and articles correlated with SLI published from January 1, 2000 to October 28, 2023 were searched from the Web of Science Core Collection. Then, the searched data were analyzed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R language. RESULTS There were 787 publications involved in this paper, comprising 745 articles and 42 reviews. China, the United States, and Germany are the primary publication sources in this area. Studies related to SLI primarily focused on mechanisms of pathogenesis, as evidenced by analyzing keywords, references, and the counting of original research. These studies mainly involved tumor necrosis factor alpha, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor-kappa B. CONCLUSION There is significant growth in the research on SLI. Current investigations primarily involve basic experiments that aimed at uncovering pathogenic mechanisms. According to the analyzed literature, the identified pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets serve as the foundation for translating findings from basic research to clinical applications.

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44

Hübner, Felix, Patrick Gerhards, Christian Stürck y Rebekka Volk. "Solving the nuclear dismantling project scheduling problem by combining mixed-integer and constraint programming techniques and metaheuristics". Journal of Scheduling 24, n.º 3 (12 de abril de 2021): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10951-021-00682-x.

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AbstractScheduling of megaprojects is very challenging because of typical characteristics, such as expected long project durations, many activities with multiple modes, scarce resources, and investment decisions. Furthermore, each megaproject has additional specific characteristics to be considered. Since the number of nuclear dismantling projects is expected to increase considerably worldwide in the coming decades, we use this type of megaproject as an application case in this paper. Therefore, we consider the specific characteristics of constrained renewable and non-renewable resources, multiple modes, precedence relations with and without no-wait condition, and a cost minimisation objective. To reliably plan at minimum costs considering all relevant characteristics, scheduling methods can be applied. But the extensive literature review conducted did not reveal a scheduling method considering the special characteristics of nuclear dismantling projects. Consequently, we introduce a novel scheduling problem referred to as the nuclear dismantling project scheduling problem. Furthermore, we developed and implemented an effective metaheuristic to obtain feasible schedules for projects with about 300 activities. We tested our approach with real-life data of three different nuclear dismantling projects in Germany. On average, it took less than a second to find an initial feasible solution for our samples. This solution could be further improved using metaheuristic procedures and exact optimisation techniques such as mixed-integer programming and constraint programming. The computational study shows that utilising exact optimisation techniques is beneficial compared to standard metaheuristics. The main result is the development of an initial solution finding procedure and an adaptive large neighbourhood search with iterative destroy and recreate operations that is competitive with state-of-the-art methods of related problems. The described problem and findings can be transferred to other megaprojects.

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45

Slavkovská, Zuzana, Anton Wallner, René Reifarth, Stefan Pavetich, Lukas Bott, Benjamin Brückner, Kathrin Göbel et al. "Investigation of 54Fe(n,γ)55Fe and 35Cl(n, γ)36Cl reaction cross sections at keV energies by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry". EPJ Web of Conferences 232 (2020): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023202005.

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Activations with neutrons in the keV energy range were routinely performed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany in order to simulate stellar conditions for neutron-capture cross sections. A quasi-Maxwell-Boltzmann neutron spectrum of kT = 25 keV, being of interest for the astrophysical s-process, was produced by the 7Li(p,n) reaction utilizing a 1912 keV proton beam at the Karlsruhe Van de Graaff accelerator. Activated samples resulting in long-lived nuclear reaction products with half-lives in the order of yr 100 Myr were analyzed by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). Comparison of the obtained reaction cross sections to literature data from previous Time-of-Flight (ToF) measurements showed that the selected AMS data are systematically lower than the ToF data. To investigate this discrepancy, 54Fe(n,γ)55Fe and 35Cl(n,γ)36Cl reaction cross sections were newly measured at the Frankfurt Neutron Source (FRANZ) in Germany. To complement the existing data, an additional neutron activation of 54Fe and 35Cl at a proton energy of 2 MeV was performed. The results will give implications for the stellar environment at kT = 90 keV, reaching the not yet experimentally explored high-energy s-process range. AMS measurements of the activated samples are scheduled.

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46

Wimmers, Alexander y Christian von Hirschhausen. "Lessons for the organization of nuclear decommissioning from the UK and the US: risks, challenges, and opportunities". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 2 (6 de septiembre de 2023): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-7-2023.

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Abstract. With more and more nuclear power plants (NPPs) reaching the end of their operational lifetimes, nuclear decommissioning is set to become a challenge of increasing significance for the nuclear industry and regulators alike (Laraia, 2018). Until today, only a handful of commercial NPPs have been fully decommissioned, while most decommissioning projects last several years to decades (Schneider et al., 2022). While technical expertise is being steadily increased as more and more projects enter the decommissioning phase, literature on the organization of nuclear decommissioning is limited. Previous research highlights the necessity of further insight into the various organizational models that have been implemented in different countries such as Germany, the UK, and the US, amongst others (Wimmers et al., 2023). In the present paper, we highlight the discrepancies between two market-based organizational models in the UK and the US. First, we investigate the implementation and failure of the UK's “parent body organization” model and the subsequent return to state-run decommissioning of the legacy fleet. By further analyzing the market-based approach in the US, especially focusing on emerging decommissioning specialists, we derive risks, challenges, and opportunities of market-based and state-run decommissioning approaches. Most notably, we find that market-based approaches carry the risk of information asymmetry and high transaction costs, although this strongly depends on the implementation (Williamson, 1975; Beckers et al., 2012). One major challenge is to secure financial liability from nuclear operators (Lordan-Perret et al., 2021). This issue is also complex regarding state-run decommissioning, but in that case the financial burden will ultimately lie with taxpayers. But market-based approaches, when compared to state-run organization, might bring advantages through economies of scale and learning effects that could lead to safer, faster, and more cost-efficient decommissioning of NPPs, unless supply chain bottle necks occur, although no evidence of this could be identified. Given the rising significance of nuclear decommissioning in the future, policy makers must focus their attention on implementing regulation that allows for efficient decommissioning, which, as our paper shows, depends on country-specific organization of industry, regulation, and governance.

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Caba-Maria, Flavius y Radu-Cristian Muşetescu. "The impact of international economic sanctions on national economies. The Islamic Republic of Iran - a case in point". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2020): 1014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0096.

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AbstractThis paper explores the impact of economic sanctions on national economies, with specific focus on Iran. It starts by conceptualizing sanctions in the set of economic policies and include them in the framework of economic statecraft, according to literature available. Several hypotheses that attempt to anticipate the form of sanctions are advanced, according to the intensity of geopolitical competition among the states. The analysis uses the case study of the regime of United States’ sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran and P5+1 powers (the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and Germany) agreed on a deal regulating the nuclear program of Iran - Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, meaning that Iran would reduce its nuclear activities drastically in exchange of lifting economic sanctions. In spite of the initial enthusiasm, United States announced in May 2018 the unilateral withdrawal from the deal and reinstating the sanctions regime, spiking new tensions in the relation with Iran. As a result, the paper discusses the context in which Iran tries to pursue economic goals in order to ensure resilience, while the US imposes more pressure. In addition, the study also approaches the dilemma whether sanctions can ultimately generate political answers and at what costs. In this context, it is identifying several alternatives in the Iranian case, together with noting the limits of conceptual refinements in terms of sanctions’ theory.

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Dollerup, Cay. "Translation for Reading Aloud". Meta 48, n.º 1-2 (24 de septiembre de 2003): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006959ar.

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Abstract The article takes a look at the translation of children’s literature intended for reading aloud. The pragmatic (or theoretical) point of departure is a ‘narrative contract’ between the child (audience) and the reader as in the oral tradition of yesteryear. It is therefore argued that, at least initially, children’s literature for reading aloud was a continuation of the narrative tradition in the extended family adapted to the conditions and mores of the nuclear family. The nuclear family was a 19th century innovation promoted by the new middle classes, and they best carried on the narrative tradition by means of stories such as those of the brothers Grimm in Germany and Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark. Referring to an informal questionnaire among Translation Studies scholars covering eleven countries, it is concluded that the tradition of reading aloud for children is alive and well. This leads to a model for the translational situation for read-aloud literature that calls for guiding principles in the exploration of differences between ‘originals’ and ‘translations.’ Having introduced such layers, viz. the structural, the linguistic, the content and intentional ones, a paratextual and chronological layer are also called for, because of the ubiquity of modern co-prints and the need to introduce diachronic perspectives. The article discusses decision-makers in the process of translation, such as publishers and the like, and also briefly views questions of translational traditions before it discusses translations of the Grimm Tales into English and Danish, to conclude that there are two different schools of ‘respectable translators,’ one targeting stories for reading aloud and another for silent reading, even though the translators may not be aware of this. The final part takes up questions concerning the translation of names, rhymes, and a highly complex text which is discussed in depth. The conclusion is that translation for reading aloud is an art requiring great competence of translators. It also ought to attract more attention from Translation Studies scholars because it questions fundamentals in translation work that are also found in other types of translation. Readers should read aloud the passages cited in order to appreciate the commentary!

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Plath, Ulrike, Elle-Mari Talivee, Kadri Tüür y Aet Annist. "Loodusmõttest aktivismini: saateks keskkondluse erinumbrile / From Nature Contemplation to Activism: A Special Issue on Environmentalism". Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 24, n.º 30 (13 de diciembre de 2022): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v24i30.22100.

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The introduction to the special issue of Methis on Estonian environmentalism provides an overview of the phenomenon of environmentalism and its spread across political periods, economic formations, and regions. The essay starts by contextualising the central concepts of the issue, ‘environmentalism’ and its possible translation into Estonian as ‘keskkondlus’, and its relationship with the concept of ‘nature’. At the end of the 1980s, amidst a deepening awareness of environmental crisis, some authors announced ‘nature’ to have met its end. While this end has become widely accepted within environmental discourse, the approach clashes with the traditional thinking about the beauty of nature and its strong bonds with national identities. To foster discussion and to bridge the discursive and ideological gap between the two perceptions, the authors of the articles use the concept as an umbrella term for both paradigms. The second part of the introductory article discusses East European environmentalism, drawing attention to the research into erroneous assumptions regarding the lack of environmental activism within the Soviet Union. Before its brief heyday in the 1980s, East European environmentalism was hidden within economy, policy, society and culture. However, its roots went deeper, reaching back to 18th- and 19th-century thought, to Baltic German – and later Estonian – early voluntary associations and the value seen in the homeland and its natural objects. The founding of animal and nature protection societies in the late 19th century was an early practical outcome, and similar thought became pronounced in print culture. In early 20th century, several nature protection areas were established, and people became avid consumers of popular science journals – an interest that would continue throughout the Soviet period. The 1970s saw an environmental movement to protect the wetlands of Estonia which were in danger of being drained. Throughout the 20th century, also fiction reflected the prevailing views of nature and emerging concerns about the environment. The issue’s opening article by Ulrike Plath and Kaarel Vanamölder takes us back to the 17th century to demonstrate the possibility of climate movements more than three centuries ago. This is followed by Karl Hein’s case study that depicts in detail the emergence of animal protection in Estonia a hundred years ago in the context of local and regional history. The next four articles focus on different aspects of environmental movements in the Soviet period. Elle-Mari Talivee retells the story of the peculiar character of Atom-Boy created by the childrens’ author Vladimir Beekman who depicts in this form the various developments in the Soviet nuclear industry. This example from children’s literature is paralleled by similar environmental concerns expressed in visual arts, as outlined in Linda Kaljundi’s article. In a more theoretical take on liberal and autocratic environmental protection, Viktor Pál discusses the Soviet propagandistic use of environmental issues. Olev Liivik contextualises the protests against phosphorite mining in the 1970–80s within the wider trends in the Soviet Union, including the practice of sending letters of complaint to the media, and the various waves of environmental dissent. The discussion of a more compact case of the so-called Green Cycling Tours by Tambet Muide demonstrates the same increasingly oppositional stance that took hold in the 1980s. Regarding the post-Soviet era, Tõnno Jonuks, Lona Päll, Atko Remmel and Ulla Kadakas analyse the various conflicts that have emerged around natural and cultural objects protected by law since the 1990s. In the freestanding article of the issue, Raili Lass writes on interlinguistic and intersemiotic procedures of translation in the theatre but, as our introductory essay suggests, points of convergence may be found here with the discussion of staging of conflicts in environmental protection. In the “Theory in Translation” section Timothy Morton’s classic discussion of environmentalism is published in Ene-Reet Soovik’s translation, accompanied by introductory remarks from the translator and Kadri Tüür. The final part of the issue’s introduction offers a comparative and interdisciplinary take on the themes discussed. The revelatory nature of historical events of any era, especially natural disasters or the conditions of their unfolding, uncovers the socio-environmental relations that push people to respond. Whether or not such responses become environmental movements depends on the context that either recognises or ignores human embeddedness in the environment. Searching for such parallels connects 21st century climate activism and 17th century upheavals, animal protection in the 1920s and a hundred years later. The Soviet period allows a simultaneous scrutiny of both the limited and ideological take on the apparent lack of Soviet environmentalism as well as the methodological challenges of finding the footprints of hidden awareness and activism. Unearthing this from literature, art and the restrained presence of expert voices also provides an explanation to the sudden explosion of activism in the 1980s. The silence of the next decades further proves that there is nothing obvious in the ways in which environmentalism can take hold of society, which demands precise and detailed inquiry such as provided by the authors of this special issue.

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50

Acksel, Baumann, Hu y Leinweber. "A Look into the Past: Tracing Ancient Sustainable Manuring Practices by Thorough P Speciation of Northern European". Soil Systems 3, n.º 4 (29 de octubre de 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3040072.

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Regionally restricted, hums-rich topsoils in Southwest Norway and the Baltic Sea region of Germany and Denmark were formed by inputs of various amendments (combustion residues and marine biomass) and, therefore, were classified as Anthrosols. For a deeper insight into the ancient management practices, we investigated the elemental and P-composition in the upper and underlying horizons from 12 soil profiles in the Jæren region, at the islands of Karmøy and Feøy (Norway), at the island of Fehmarn and the peninsula of Wagrien (Germany), and at the islands of Poel (Germany) and Sjaelland (Denmark). We used aqua regia digestion and the complementary methods of sequential P fractionation, phosphorus K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (P-XANES) spectroscopy, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy. Results were compared with the composition of differently amended and/or un-amended soils from other studies. In addition, archaeological literature was used to confirm possible inputs of specific P-containing amendments in ancient agriculture. The P composition from SF of the Anthrosols in Norway (44% NaOH-Pi >1 8% NaOH-Po > 14% NaHCO3-Pi, 12% H2SO4-P > 7% NaHCO3-Po > 3% residual-P = 3% resin-P) and complementary archaeological literature provided strong indication for the use of peat, sheep manure, compost, and human excreta. The Anthrosols in the Jæren region have been formed from peat, which had been used as alternative bedding material and had been mixed with sheep and/or cattle manure. The P-composition in the Anthrosols at the island of Fehmarn and at the peninsula of Wagrien (42% H2SO4-P > 25% residual-P > 10% NaOH-Po, 8% NaOH-Pi: > 6% NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po, 4% resin-P) resulted from the application of domestic cattle manure. This was strongly supported by archaeological findings of cattle bones in this region, as well as high proportions of Ca-P, as confirmed by P-XANES. The predominance of Po in the Anthrosols at the island of Poel and Sjaelland (31% NaOH-Po > 23% NaHCO3-Po, 21% H2SO4-P > 11% NaOH-Pi > 8% NaHCO3-Pi > 4% residual-P, 3% resin-P, in agreement with results from 31P-NMR) indicated low ancient inputs of various excrement or manure. This was supported by low livestock history at the island of Poel. In conclusion, these agricultural techniques can be considered as sustainable P recycling and soil amendment since they improved soil fertility for many generations.

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