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1
Muthu, Raju D. "Large scale pullout testing of geosynthetics". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30027.
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An evaluation of soil-geosynthetic interface friction is important to the design of any anchorage detail of a reinforced soil structure or membrane-lined waste containment
facility. A large pullout apparatus has been designed and commissioned to evaluate the mobilization of pullout resistance in geosynthetic test specimens. Sand samples were prepared by pluviation into a rectangular box, 1.30m x 0.64m x 0.60m. A stress controlled top boundary was used to apply vertical stresses in the range 5 to 90 kPa. A rate of pullout displacement of 0.5 mm/min was used in the program of testing. A technique of strain gauging the geosynthetic test specimen has been developed.
Variables examined in the program of testing were type of geosynthetic and confining
stress. Measurement of pullout force, pullout displacement, horizontal pressure on front face of the test box, strain in geosynthetic material, water pressure in the surcharge bag, and volume change were taken during testing. Pullout resistance increases
with confining stress and is described by a bond factor or a bond coefficient. Some test specimens failed in pullout, and some were tending toward tensile yield. A development of progressive strain was observed.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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McKay, Donald J. S. "Analysis of river-erosion control geosynthetics". Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251233.
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Lee, Jae-Myung. "Long-term hydraulic performance of geosynthetic clay liners subjected to inorganic salt solutions". Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 15.20 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131681.
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Little, Peter H. "The design of unsurfaced roads using geosynthetics". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13141/.
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Current available methods for the design of unpaved roads, with and without geosynthetics, were used for sixteen full-scale test sections which were constructed at the Bothkennar Soft Clay Site, Airth, Scotland. The full-scale trials consisted of twelve pavements including geosynthetics and four control pavements incorporating two types of aggregate and two design life expectancies. The test pavements were instrumented to monitor the transient stress and strain distribution, permanent strain distribution, geosynthetic temperature and ground water level during the trafficking operation. Traffic loading was provided in two stages by a standard road-going vehicle. The vehicle used for Phase One applied an 80kN axle load and in Phase Two a 126kN axle load. Failure of the pavements was defined as a rut depth of 150mm. The passage of 2115 axles resulted in failure of three sections and significant deformations in many others. Back-calculation to compare predicted and measured performance was performed and hence the existing design methods were critically assessed. Where possible the measurements obtained from field trials were used to examine the assumptions made within the design methods. The existing design methods were found to be essentially static in approach and did not model transient stresses and strains or permanent strain development adequately. Pointers towards a new approach ensuring strain compatibility between the elements of the system are suggested. This should enhance the ability of the engineer to assess the value of differing products used in this application.
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Holley, Timothy Michael. "Development of a test protocol for cyclic pullout of geosynthetics in roadway base reinforcement". Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/holley/HolleyT0509.pdf.
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Geosynthetics, or manmade materials used in soils engineering, have successfully been used as base reinforcement of pavements for over 40 years. Use of geosynthetics can result in cost savings by allowing the aggregate base layer to be reduced in thickness and/or the service life of the pavement to be extended. Design methods for this type of reinforcement have typically been developed by individual manufacturers for specific products. These methods are not widely used by state transportation agencies because 1) they are proprietary, 2) they are empirically based, and 3) they lack compatibility with the current national trend towards mechanistic-empirical pavement design procedures. This project was initiated to develop testing methods to determine one of the critical material properties needed for mechanistic-empirical base-reinforced pavement design, namely, the resilient interface shear stiffness. This property describes the interaction, in particular the shear stiffness, between the geosynthetic and the surrounding aggregate. This new test protocol closely mimics vehicular load patterns, resulting in design parameters pertinent to the use of the geosynthetics to reinforce the base course. A study was conducted to evaluate the repeatability of these tests and to develop a standardized test method. Specific parameters under investigation include load pulse and rest period duration, embedment length of the geosynthetic, and differences in results using different soils and types of geosynthetics. Some parameters seemed to have little effect on values of resilient interface shear stiffness, while others vastly impacted the results. Load pulse and rest period durations did not affect output results significantly. Maintaining a constant confinement or shear stress during the test duration produced higher repeatability and correlated well to the adapted resilient modulus equation. Three-aperture length tests on polyester geogrid also correlated well with this equation, however repeatability was moderately low. Polypropylene geogrid and a woven geotextile confined in Ottawa sand displayed low correlation to this equation. During testing, very small displacements occur, and therefore, every effort should be made to ensure that these measurements are accurate and not skewed by electrical noise and interference.
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Jones, David Russell Vaughan. "The stability of geosynthetics in landfill lining systems". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297735.
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Ingram, Ronald J. "Geosynthetic-soil interface properties for cohesionless and cohesive media". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4813.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 150 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-140).
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Henry, Karen S. "The use of geosynthetics to mitigate frost heave in soils /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10145.
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Niemiec, Jonathan. "Investigation of soil-geosynthetic interface properties". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3929.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 222 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 218-222).
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Zhao, Lin Shuang. "Modelling column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankment on soft soil foundation". Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3951591.
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Tognon, Andrew R. "Laboratory testing of geosynthetics used in landfill barrier systems". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0007/MQ42106.pdf.
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PERALTA, FREDDY NELSON GUEVARA. "COMPARISON OF DESIGN METHODS FOR GEOSYNTHETICS REINFORCED SOIL WALL". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11331@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Atualmente, muitos projetistas utilizam diferentes métodos para o projeto de muros de solo reforçado com geossintéticos. Uma avaliação desses diversos métodos pode ser realizada pela comparação com os resultados obtidos do monitoramento de casos reais e suas respectivas retro- análises, sendo este o objetivo desse trabalho. Na presente pesquisa, três casos reais bem documentados de muros de solo reforçado (MSR) com geossintéticos, construídos no Brasil, foram selecionados para análise. O monitoramento destas estruturas registra a força de tração em cada camada de reforço, ao final da construção. A magnitude de força máxima de tração, medida nos reforços foi comparada com os resultados previstos pelos diferentes métodos de projeto. Além disso, foram realizadas simulações numéricas para avaliar o desenvolvimento de forças de tração nos reforços e comparar os resultados medidos com os previstos pelas simulações. Estas comparações indicam que, em dois dos três casos avaliados, os métodos baseados em equilíbrio limite subestimaram os valores de força de tração, principalmente nas camadas superiores. Isto vale para MSR compactados com equipamentos de alta energia. O método analítico sob condições de trabalho, proposto por Ehrlich e Mitchell (1994), prevê resultados superiores aos registrados em campo, ou seja, a favor de segurança, para os três casos avaliados. A simulação numérica consegue obter ordens de grandeza das forças de tração máxima próxima aos resultados de campo. A formulação de Ehrlich e Mitchell (1994) para o cálculo da tensão vertical induzida durante a compactação, em conjunto com a modelagem por MEF, aponta resultados coerentes para os três muros.
Currently, several different methods for designing geosynthetic reinforced soil walls are available in the literature. An evaluation of these methods can be carried on by a direct comparison with the observed response of instrumented walls in the field. This comparison is the main objective of this research work. Three case histories of geosynthetic reinforced soil wall, constructed in Brazil, were selected for this research. The monitored response of these structures registered the tension in each reinforcement layer during construction. The maximum values of reinforcement tension have been compared with the computed values from different design methods. Moreover, predicted tension values from numerical simulations were also compared to the measured values in each reinforcement layer in the instrumented field walls. These comparisons indicate that, in two of the three evaluated cases, the design methods based on limit equilibrium underestimated the maximum tension. This was noted to be particularly significant in the upper layers of reinforced walls compacted under high energy levels. The analytical method based on work conditions proposed by Ehrlich and Mitchell (1994) resulted in tension values higher than those registered in the field instrumentation, for the three selected cases. Numerical simulations predicted maximum tension in reinforcements with similar values than those from the field instrumentation. The Ehrlich and Mitchell (1994) formulation for predicting the vertical tension induced by compaction resulted coherent with computed values from numerical finite element method for the three walls evaluated herein.
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Raja, Jamil. "Reducing the environmental impact of construction through use of geosynthetics". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21327.
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The changing climate and damaging effects of CO2 on the environment has led to awareness throughout the construction industry of the need to deliver more sustainable solutions. The use of geosynthetics as a sustainable construction solution was demonstrated by the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) in a report entitled Sustainable Geosystems in Civil Engineering Applications (WRAP, 2010). The WRAP report presented a series of case studies in which geosynthetic solutions provided both cost and CO2 savings in comparison to non-geosynthetic solutions. However, in what is a huge field the report concentrated on specific areas relative to the calculation methods or on the potential construction applications. This EngD research built on this work by WRAP and aimed to establish a rigorous framework for the comparison of CO2 emissions between geosynthetic and non-geosynthetic solutions. This EngD research reviewed CO2 calculation methodologies and techniques to produce a rigorous framework that could be adopted in comparative CO2 studies between geosynthetic and non-geosynthetic solutions. It was demonstrated on three case studies looking at geosynthetics in the function of containment, drainage, and reinforcement, highlighting the possible CO2 benefits of employing geosynthetics. The development of the case studies and framework highlighted the need for accurate embodied carbon data. There was an absence of geosynthetic specific embodied carbon values in the commonly employed databases. The EngD research sought to address this and through some experimental work in collaboration with geosynthetic manufacturers calculated embodied carbon values for four types of geosynthetics.
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Chulski, Katherine D. "Life Cycle Assessment and Costing of Geosynthetics Versus Earthen Materials". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1430346779.
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Zhu, Fan. "Geosynthetic reinforced earth structures effects of facing units and force distribution functions /". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 116 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654493691&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Andrejack, Theresa Louise Wartman Joseph. "A multi-axial tension test for geotextiles /". Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3212.
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Li, Mengjia Hsuan Grace. "Evaluation of oxidative behavior of polyolefin geosynthetics utilizing accelerated aging tests based on temperature and pressure /". Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/467.
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Yeo, Sang-Sik Hsuan Grace. "Evaluation of creep behavior of geosynthetics using accelerated and conventional methods /". Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/1780.
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Pike, Joshua Dennis. "Numerical modeling of soil-geosynthetic interaction". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5290.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 94 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-94).
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Valentine, Richard. "Laboratory Performance of Geosynthetic-Stabilized Pavement Sections". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78040.
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Experimental and analytical investigations were performed to evaluate the comparative performance of pavements with and without geosynthetic stabilization. This was accomplished by the testing of a total of 18 pavement sections which could be classified into four different types: one which was constructed without geosynthetics and which served as a control, and three which were stabilized with one of two geotextiles or a geogrid. The pavement sections were constructed to model a typical secondary road in Virginia which is constructed over a silty sand subgrade material. Loading of the pavement sections was accomplished through the use of a computer-controlled pneumatic system which delivered 80 lb/in2 (552 kPa) through a rigid plate at a frequency of approximately one-half Hertz. The resulting displacement of the pavement surface was monitored by an array of linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs). The performance of each pavement section was evaluated using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) flexible pavement design method. Models based on empirical and mechanistic relationships were considered. A theoretical pavement section was also analyzed to assess the influence of the stiffness of a wearing course layer. An economic study was performed to assess the potential cost benefit of geosynthetic stabilization and recommendations have been made for additional research.Master of Science
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Martínez, Bacas Ana Belén. "Comportamiento resistente al deslizamiento de geosintéticos (Shear strength behaviour of geosynthetics)". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10608.
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El estudio de los parámetros resistentes de los geosintéticos utilizados en los sistemas de impermeabilización de vertederos es un tema muy importante. Estos sistemas contienen diferentes interfaces (geosintético/geosintético y/o suelo/geosintético), muchas de las cuales tienen baja resistencia al deslizamiento. Esto potencia la existencia de superficies de rotura a lo largo de los taludes de los vertederos. El conocimiento de los parámetros resistentes al corte de los contactos entre geosintéticos (geotextiles, geomallas, geomembranas, etc.) y suelo ha sido investigado en la Universidad de Cantabria. Para ello se ha desarrollado una metodología del ensayo de corte directo 300x300 mm entre dos geosintéticos, entre suelo y geosintético, obteniendo los parámetros resistentes de estas interfaces. Seguidamente, en el Instituto de Geotecnia de la Universidad de Freiberg, se ha desarrollado el modelo de comportamiento resistente al corte de la interfaz geomembrana/geotextil. Este modelo se ha implementado en el programa de diferencias finitas FLAC3D para el desarrollo del modelo numérico. Comprobando que existe una excelente concordancia entre resultados de laboratorio, modelo analítico y modelo numérico.The study of friction of the geosynthetics used for landfills both for basal-liner and capping systems is a very important issue. These lining systems typically contain a large number of material interfaces (geosynthetics/geosynthetics or geosynthetics/soil), many of which have low shear strengths. This introduces potential failure surfaces along the side slopes and base of the fill mass.A research project about this subject has been undertaken at University of Cantabria. In this investigation, a methodology for direct shear tests between two geosynthetics and a soil and a geosynthetic has been developed, achieving the friction parameters and analysing interaction mechanisms of different contacts. Later on at Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg was developed a shear strength model of the geomembrane/geotextile interface. On the one hand a shear model has been developed, on the other this model was introduced in numerical modelling code for advanced geotechnical analysis, FLAC3D. There is an excellent agreement between laboratory results, shear model and numerical model.
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Kalumba, Denis. "Remediation of heavy metal contaminated fine grained soils using electrokinetic geosynthetics". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/741.
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Among the most promising novel methods for treating heavy metal contamination in fine soils is electrokinetic soil remediation - passing a low-voltage current through the soil that causes the target contaminants to migrate to the electrodes where they can be captured, broken down or immobilized. However, the widespread in-situ application of this process as a creative solution for the problem of metal contamination has been prevented because of a variety of problems, some of which are linked to the available electrodes. The limitations related to the available electrodes include: corrosion of the anodes difficulties in removing contaminated water and gases from the electrodes poor electrical contact of electrodes with the soil, cost of producing functioning electrodes, and limitations related to the physical form of the electrodes. Many of these historical limitations have been eliminated by the introduction of Electrokinetic Geosynthetics (EKGs) which combine electrokinetics with geosynthetics technology to create geosynthetice lectrodes. In this investigation, the use of an EKG system to capture and dispose of zinc ions from kaolin soil is evaluated by conducting extensive labor4tOry tests using specially designed bench scale tanks. A comprehensive test programme was established to include two electrokinetic remediation removal approaches: One Process Approach and Two Process Approach. The former was achieved by electro, migration of metal contaminants towards the cathode electrode without any external enhancement agent while the latter combined soil flushing with the electrokinetic process. The testing technique enabled the study of effects of. water flushing, soil depth, intermittent currents and replenishing draining chambers along the soil profile with deionised water, on the efficiency of cation removal. The respective responses were primarily presented in terms of electrical current/test duration, water content/test duration, zinc concentration/normalised distance from the anode, zinc concentration/ test duration and pW normalised distance from the anode. Results indicated that the EKG system has a lot of potential for cleaning up soil at sites contaminated by heavy metals and other harmful compounds. The in-depth analysis also showed clearly that combining the technique with soil flushing improved the effectiveness of the treatment operation. The study considerably extended the understandinogf the performance of electrokinetic technology particularly in fine grained soil and are as where further research would improve this understanding were highlighted.
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Avesani, Francisco Paulo Basile. "Fluência confinada e acelerada em geossintéticos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-22052013-100824/.
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O comportamento em fluência é uma propriedade fundamental dos geossintéticos utilizados em estruturas de solo reforçado. Este parâmetro geralmente é caracterizado por meio de ensaios padronizados, que utilizam corpos de prova em condição não confinada, com temperatura e umidade controlada. Embora este ensaio seja utilizado na prática atual, o mesmo apresenta dois pontos negativos: grande tempo demandado para obtenção de uma resposta significativa quanto a esse comportamento (até 10.000 horas de ensaio) e o fato de não considerar o efeito do confinamento em solo. Para contornar essas deficiências, os ensaios padronizados podem ser realizados em temperaturas elevadas e sob condição de confinamento em solo. Estas abordagens têm sido apresentadas na literatura técnica, a fim de considerar cada um desses aspectos, mas apenas de forma independente. Recentemente, foi desenvolvido um equipamento capaz de conduzir ensaios de fluência confinado e acelerado em geossintéticos, considerando simultaneamente ambas as preocupações abordadas. Deste modo, este trabalho apresenta um conjunto de ensaios de fluência realizados sob diferentes condições com este equipamento. Um geotêxtil não-tecido e uma geogrelha biaxial foram utilizados para os ensaios, que compreenderam a deformação por fluência sem confinamento e em confinamento para ambos os geossintéticos e na ruptura por fluência, em condição confinada, para o geotêxtil não-tecido. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização de temperaturas elevadas permitiu acelerar a determinação do comportamento em fluência e que o efeito do confinamento se traduz por uma diminuição das taxas de deformação por fluência. Além disso, os resultados dos ensaios de ruptura por fluência na condição confinada indicam que os fatores de redução devido à fluência sugeridos na literatura técnica apresentam-se conservadores.The creep behavior is one of the most important properties of geosynthetics used in reinforced soil structures. This parameter is usually characterized by standard tests, using in-isolation specimens, with controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Although their widespread use, these tests present two main concerns: they are time-consuming and may not consider the possibly significant effect of soil confinement. Together, these aspects may lead to expensive tests and conservative results. In order to address them, standard tests could be performed at elevated temperatures and under the confinement of soil. Several approaches have been presented in the technical literature in order to consider each of these aspects, but only independently. Recently, a new apparatus was developed in order to conduct confined and accelerated creep tests using geosynthetics. Thus, both concerns involving standard creep tests (i.e. elevation of the test temperature and specimen under soil confinement) are addressed simultaneously. This work presents a set of creep tests performed under different conditions with this equipment. A non-woven geotextile and a biaxial geogrid were used in these tests, which comprised the creep deformation behavior both in in-isolation and in-soil conditions and geosynthetic creep rupture in condition confined to the non-woven geotextile. Results highlight the importance of both using elevated temperatures to expedite the determination of geosynthetics creep behavior and the effect of soil confinement in lower rates of creep deformations. In addition, it was found that the reduction factors due to creep were considerably lower than those suggested by the literature.
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Bhutta, Salman Ahmed. "Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Procedure For Geosynthetically Stabilized Flexible Pavements". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30446.
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In June 1994, a 150-m-long secondary road pavement section was built as part of the realignment of route 616 and 757 in Bedford County, Virginia to evaluate the performance of geosynthetically stabilized flexible pavements. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the subgrade after construction was approximately 8%. The pavement section is was divided into nine individual sections, each approximately 15 m long. Sections one through three have a 100-mm-thick limestone base course (VDOT 21-B), sections four through six have a 150-mm-thick base course, and sections seven through nine have a 200-mm-thick base course. Three sections were stabilized with geotextiles and three with geogrids at the base course-subgrade interface. The remaining three sections were kept as control sections. One of each stabilization category was included in each base course thickness group. The hot-mix asphalt (HMA), SM-2A, wearing surface thickness was 78-90 mm. The outside wheel path of the inner lane was instrumented with strain gages, pressure cells, piezoelectric sensors, thermocouples, and moisture sensors. Section performances based on the instrumentation response to control and normal vehicular loading indicated that geosynthetic stabilization provided significant improvement in pavement performance. Generally, the measured pressure at the base course-subgrade interface for the geotextile-stabilized sections was lower than the geogrid-stabilized and control sections, within a specific base course thickness group. This finding agreed with other measurements, such as rut depth, ground penetration radar survey, and falling weight deflectometer survey. The control section (100-mm-thick base course) exhibited rutting that was more severe than the geosynthetically stabilized sections. Falling weight deflectometer back-calculation revealed consistently weaker subgrade strength for the geogrid-stabilized and control sections than for the geotextile-stabilized sections over the three year evaluation period. To quantitatively assess the extent of contamination, excavation of the first three sections in October 1997 revealed that fines present in the base course were significantly greater in the control and geogrid-stabilized section than in the geotextile-stabilized section. These findings led to the conclusion that the subgrade fine movement into the base layer when a separator is absent jeopardizes its strength. Further analysis of the field data showed that geotextile-stabilization may increase the service life of flexible secondary road pavements by 1.5 to 2 times.
Finally, a new mechanistic-empirical flexible pavement design method for pavements with and without geosynthetics has been developed. Elasto-viscoelastic material characterization is used to characterize the HMA layer. The field results from Bedford County, Virginia project have been used to calibrate and validate the final developed design procedure. The concept of transition layer formed at the interface of base course and subgrade is also incorporated into the design approach. Powerful axisymmetric linear elastic analysis is used to solve the system of equations for mechanical and thermal loading on the pavement structure. Elasto-viscoelastic correspondence principle (EVCP) and Boltzman superposition integral (BSI) are used to convert the elastic solution to its viscoelastic counterpart and also to introduce the dynamic nature of vehicular loading. Pseudo-elastoplasticity is introduced into the problem by determining the extent of plastic strain using laboratory experimentation results and estimating the failure mechanisms, based on accumulated strains as opposed to the total strain (recoverable and non-recoverable). The pavement design approach presented in this dissertation is a hybrid of already existing techniques, as well as new techniques developed to address the visco-plastic nature of HMA.Ph. D.
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Boyle, Stanley R. "Deformation prediction of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10201.
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Lee, Wei F. "Internal stability analyses of geosynthetic reinforced retaining walls /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10159.
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Ross, Jason D. "Static and Dynamic Shear Strength of a Geomembrane/Geosynthetic Clay Liner Interface". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243545173.
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Kelly, David. "The effect of anchorage of geosynthetics upon the performance of unpaved roads". Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260996.
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Gusbar, Vincent F. "Prefabricated geosynthetic drains characterization and implementation in MSE structures /". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.44 Mb., p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435833.
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Zou, Yong, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College y School of Engineering and Industrial Design. "Behavior of the expanded polystyrene(EPS)geofoam on soft soil". THESIS_CSTE_EID_Zou_Y.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/792.
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Excessive settlement and foundation instability are some of the main problems commonly encountered in fills and embankment structures built on a soft soil of low bearing capacity.The Expanded Polystyrene(EPS)replacement method, by partially or fully replacing the conventional fill material with extremely lightweight EPS geofoam, may solve these problems. In this thesis, experimental and theoretical work have been carried out to investigate the behaviour of EPS under various loading conditions in geotechnical applications and the effectiveness of EPS replacement technique has been studied using numerical models.Several tests were performed for this study and the results of these tests are givenDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Parrish, Brandon R. "Geotextile wrap-face wall using marginal backfill". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4575.
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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Pereira, Paulo André Moraes. "Estudo do uso do geocomposto em via permanente ferroviária". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-04052018-135218/.
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O uso de geossintéticos em vias permanentes tem tido grande aplicação em diversos países nas últimas décadas, principalmente em regiões onde o subleito não possui capacidade de suporte suficiente e/ou contamina a camada de lastro, acelerando a degradação da via. A Baixada Santista, região de grande importância nacional no que se refere ao escoamento de produtos de importação e exportação, é caracterizada por subleitos com grandes espessuras de solos orgânicos, saturados e com pouca resistência que elevam o número de intervenções na via e resultam em paralisações, reduções de velocidade e perda de produtividade. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar o comportamento estrutural e geométrico em vias permanentes contendo geocomposto, estando este posicionado em diferentes interfaces da estrutura (lastro-sublastro, lastro-plataforma e sublastro-plataforma). Para tanto, foram acompanhados dois trechos experimentais executados com e sem tal tecnologia, desde a construção, na linha 1 do Terminal Integrador Portuário Luiz Antonio Mesquita (TIPLAM), localizado em Santos (SP), e na linha 2 da via Piaçaguera - Raiz da Serra, também na Baixada Santista. Em ambos os trechos, foram realizadas avaliações geométricas, pelo monitoramento de recalques e variações quanto ao alinhamento. No segundo trecho, foi efetuada avaliação do comportamento estrutural por meio de ensaios in situ para levantamento de dados como deflexões (para cálculo do módulo de via). De maneira geral, as condições de plataforma e executivas dos trechos experimentais com geocomposto, além do curto período de monitoramento após a construção, foram desfavoráveis para verificar seu potencial de aplicação para reforço da via permanente. Em Piaçaguera, a utilização do geocomposto não indicou melhorias estruturais nem geométricas no período avaliado. Desta forma, para vias com baixo acúmulo de MTBTs, o geocomposto pode se constituir uma solução para longo prazo (ainda a se avaliar mais precisamente). Em relação ao TIPLAM, concluiu-se que a aplicação da geogrelha poderá não ocasionar redução no recalque total, independentemente da posição de instalação. Em contrapartida, utilizar o geocomposto na interface lastro/sublastro pode gerar melhorias geométricas no parâmetro de superelevação. Posicionando-se este em camadas mais profundas (sublastro/plataforma), podem ser gerados menores recalques diferenciais, entretanto essa conclusão ficou dificultada pelo comportamento da plataforma. De forma geral, essa pesquisa contribuiu para o conhecimento do uso de geocomposto em via permanente em diferentes condições de velocidade de operação, cargas transportadas e características geotécnicas. O estudo também abordou avaliações geométricas além das estruturais, que são alvo de poucos estudos de campo em nível nacional (sabendo-se da importância da geometria no intervalo entre manutenções e nível de segurança da via).The use of geosynthetics in permanent ways has been widely applied in several countries in the last decades, mainly in regions where it can be witnessed the loss of subgrade bearing capacity during and after construction and/or the pumping of fines effect, which accelerates the degradation of the track. The soft soil foundation of Santos, a region of great national importance in terms of economics, is characterized by large deposits of saturated and low resistance soil layers that, once settled, increase the number of interventions on the railway and result in stoppages, speed control and loss of productivity. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the structural and geometric behavior in permanent ways containing geocomposite, at different interfaces of the structure (ballast-sublast, ballast-platform and sub-platform). In order to do so, two experimental sections were carried out with and without such technology: line 1 of the Terminal Integrador Portuário Luiz Antonio Mesquita (TIPLAM), located in Santos (SP), and line 2 of the Piaçaguera - Raiz da Serra railway, also in the region of Santos. In both sections, geometric evaluations were carried out by monitoring settlements and variations in alignment. In the latter section, the structural behavior was evaluated through in situ tests to collect data such as deflections (for the calculation of the track modulus). In general, due to executive issues and platform characteristics of the experimental sections with geocomposite, alongside the short period of monitoring, it became adverse to verify the potential of such technology in means of reinforcing the track. In Piaçaguera, the use of the geocomposite did not indicate structural or geometric improvements during the evaluated period. Thus, for permanent ways with low MTBTs accumulation, the geocomposite can be a long-term solution (still to be evaluated more precisely). In relation to TIPLAM, it was concluded that the application of the geogrid may not cause reduction in total settlement, regardless of the installed position. In contrast, using the geocomposite at the ballast/sub-ballast interface can generate geometric improvements in the superelevation parameter. By positioning this in deeper layers (sub-ballast/platform), smaller differential settlements can be generated, however this conclusion was made difficult by the behavior of the platform. In general, this research contributed to the knowledge of the use of geocomposite in different railway conditions such as operation speed, transported loads and geotechnical characteristics. The study also addressed structural and geometric evaluations, which has not been addressed commonly oftenly in national studies, even though it is known the importance of geometry to dictate maintenance intervals and safety levels of railways.
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Saleh, Atef A. "Evaluation of geosynthetic reinforcement for long-term stability of embankment slopes /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Chrysovergis, Taki Stavros. "Laboratory Investigation of the Effects of Temperature and Moisture on Interface Shear Strength of Textured Geomembrane and Geosynthetic Clay Liner". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/899.
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A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine the effects of temperature and moisture on the shear strength of textured geomembrane (T-GM) and geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) interface. Several landfill slope failures involving geosynthetics have occurred within the past three decades. Interface shear strength of T-GM/GCL is well documented for testing conducted at laboratory temperatures and at moisture contents associated with GCLs in submerged conditions. However, in-service conditions for landfill liner systems include a wide range of temperatures (extending from below 0 °C to above 40 °C) and a wide range of moisture conditions. Large-scale interface direct shear tests were performed at normal stresses of cover liners (10, 20, and 30 kPa) and bottom liners (100, 200, and 300 kPa). Cover liner specimens were subjected to temperatures of 2, 20 and 40 °C; and bottom liner specimens were subjected to temperatures of 20 and 40 °C. Both cover and bottom liner specimens were prepared at moisture contents of as-received (approx. 18-19%), 50%, and 100%.
Cover liner specimens exhibited decreased peak interface shear strength (tp) with increasing temperature. Specimens sheared at 2 °C exhibited greater tp than those sheared at 20 °C by as much as 27%. Specimens sheared at 20 °C exhibited greater tp than those sheared at 40 °C by as much as 16%. Large-displacement interface shear strength (tld) generally exhibited a bell-shaped relationship with increasing temperature with the greatest tld at 20 °C. A bell-shaped relationship was exhibited between temperature and peak and large-displacement interface friction angle (dp and dld). dp ranged from 17.4 to 26.3°, 23.8 to 29°, and 20.4 to 22.2° for 2, 20, and 40 °C, respectively. dld ranged from 12.7 to 18.2°, 18.2 to 20.6°, and 15.9 to 16.7° for 2, 20, and 40 °C, respectively. Decreased d at 2 and 40 °C were largely attributed to increased geosynthetic damage. Bottom liner specimens exhibited decreased tp and tld with increasing temperature by up to 12% and 16%, respectively. Bottom liner specimens exhibited decreased tp and tld with increasing moisture content by up to 14% and 36%, respectively. For bottom liner specimens, a trend of decreased dp with increased temperatures was exhibited. dp ranged from 20 to 24.7° and 19.5 to 22.2° for 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively. dld ranged from 10.4 to 15.6° and 8.9 to 13.9° for 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively. Decreased d at 40 °C was largely attributed to increased geosynthetic damage and increased bentonite extrusion. Increased moisture content resulted in decreased dp and dld by up to 4.7 and 5.1°, respectively. Results of this testing program indicated that T-GM/GCL interface shear strengths are influenced by temperature and moisture content within ranges representative of field conditions. Interpolation factors and reduction factors were developed for use to avoid overestimation of d when determined at standard laboratory temperatures. For cover liners, reduction factors of 0.8 and 0.85 are recommended for dp and dld, respectively. For bottom liners, reduction factors of 0.9 and 0.85 are recommended for dp and dld, respectively.
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Carbone, Laura. "Interface behaviour of geosynthetics in landfill cover systems under static and seismic loading conditions". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU006/document.
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Les Installations de Stockage de Déchets actuelles sont munies de barrieres de confinement composites géosynthétiques et minerales. En couverture, les interfaces entre composants de ces systèmes installés sur forte pente peuvent constituer des surfaces de glissement préférentiel. L'étude de ces interfaces est donc cruciale pour l'évaluation de la stabilité des barrières de ces installations. Le comportement de ces interfaces, en particuliers des interfaces géosynthétique - géosynthétique se révèle complexe: il va dépendre de la nature des polymères, de l'endommagement , de la vitesse de glissement relatif, de la température. Les conditions de chargement sont aussi primordiales, statiques ou dynamiques (cas de seisme). L'originalité du travail effectué dans le cadre de la présente étude tient d'abord aux dispositifs expérimentaux utilisés en parallèle, un Plan incliné et une Table Vibrante, les deux permettant de simuler les conditions réelles sur site, sous faible contrainte normale, en conditions d'une part statiques, d'autre part dynamiques. Des procédures d'essai nouvelles ont permis une interprétation fine des résultats d'essais. En particulier la variation du frottement en fonction de la cinétique d'essai est clairement démontrée, et le couplage des résultats obtenus dans les deux configurations d'essai permet de montrer que leur interprétation est complexe et ne peut se limiter à celle proposée par la norme européenne. En particulier, le niveau du déplacement relatif et la vitesse de déplacement influent significativement sur les résultats. Une étude spécifique de l'endommagement est aussi présentéeModern landfills are equipped with multi-layered liners, including geosynthetic-geosynthetic and soil-geosynthetic interfaces. The interfaces represent weakness surfaces where the shear strength is a crucial aspect for the landfill stability. The behaviour of each interface can be different depending on the interactions of the materials in contact under the different load conditions (i.e. static and seismic loading). Nevertheless, the assessment of the geosynthetic interface shear strength can be difficult depending on different factors such as mechanical damage, time-dependent processes (ageing), stress dependent processes (such as repeated loading), coupled effects of both time and stress-strain dependent processes (creep or relaxation). In the present work, the static and the dynamic behaviour of typical geosynthetic - geosynthetic interfaces is investigated by means of the Inclined Plane and the Shaking Table tests since both devices permit to simulate experimental conditions close to them expected in landfill cover systems (low normal stress, small and large deformations). Two new test procedures are proposed and applied in order to assess the interface friction at both devices during all the phases of the tests. Taking advantage of the complementarity of both facilities, an innovative interpretation of test results considering the evolution of the shear strength parameters, passing from the static to the dynamic loading conditions, from small to large displacements is carried out. Furthermore, the dependence of the interface friction on different parameters such as the kinematic conditions, the normal stress and the mechanical damage is also investigated. In light of test results, it has been demonstrated that the variation of the interface friction could be significant, depending on the loading conditions (static or dynamic), on the actual kinematic conditions and on the level of deformation at which the interface is subjected
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Khoueiry, Nicole. "Study of granular platforms behaviour over soft subgrade reinforced by geosynthetics : Experimental and numerical approaches". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI027.
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Les géosynthétiques sont utilisés depuis les années 70 dans le renforcement des plateformes granulaires reposant sur des sols de faible portance pour des applications de routes non revêtues. La complexité des mécanismes développés et la diversité des produits de renforcement nécessitent encore d’étudier ces plateformes renforcées. Un essai au laboratoire permettant de tester des plateformes à échelle réelle a été développé. Une plateforme granulaire non revêtue reposant sur un sol de faible portance a été reproduite. Un protocole de mise en place de ce sol a été élaboré pour assurer son homogénéité et la répétabilité des essais. Une instrumentation spécifique a été développée pour collecter le maximum de mesures utiles pour l’interprétation du transfert de charge et du comportement des géogrilles utilisées. Trois types de géogrille ont été testées : une géogrille extrudée et deux géogrilles tricotées de rigidité différente. Après de nombreux essais de faisabilité, dix essais ont été effectués sous un chargement cyclique sur plaque circulaire, la plateforme testée a été placée dans un banc d’essai de 1,8 m de large, 1,9 m de long et 1,1 m de haut. Sur la base du même protocole de mise en œuvre, des essais de circulation avec un Simulateur Accélérateur de Traffic (SAT) ont été effectués. Ce simulateur a été spécifiquement conçu et construit pour cette application. Pour ces essais, la plateforme testée a été placée dans le banc d’essai allongé à 5 m. La plateforme a été soumise à deux types de sollicitations : un chargement cyclique sur plaque et un chargement de circulation. Des essais de répétabilité ont permis de vérifier le protocole mis en place. A partir des essais, plusieurs observations ont pu être faites sur le comportement des plateformes granulaires, le sol peu porteur, et sur l’efficacité du renforcement. De plus, ces essais ont permis de montrer que le chargement de circulation est beaucoup plus endommageant que le chargement sur plaque. Parallèlement à ces essais, un modèle numérique a été développé en se basant sur la méthode des différences finies avec le logiciel FLAC 3D. Cette modélisation a permis de prédire le comportement de la plateforme sous le premier chargement de plaqueGeosynthetics were used since 1970 in the base course reinforcement supported by soft subgrade in unpaved road application. The various factors and parameters influencing the dominant mechanism and its relative contribution on the platform improvement explain the need of more investigations in this topic. In this research work, large-scale laboratory test was developed to study the reinforcement contribution in the unpaved road improvement. Therefore, an unpaved platform was built of 600 mm of artificial subgrade supporting a base course layer. A detailed experimental Protocol was established regarding the soil preparation, the installation and the soils compaction procedure to reproduce the site conditions and insure the platform repeatability for each test. Three geosynthetics were tested first under a cyclic plate load test. Cyclic load was performed on the prepared platform, with a maximum load of 40 kN resulting in a maximum applied pressure of 560 kPa. The platform was subjected to 10,000 cycles with a frequency of 0.77 Hz. An advanced and complete soil instrumentation was provided in order to collect the maximum data needed for thorough analysis. Quality control tests were performed before each test to verify the soil layers homogeneity and properties. Two base course thicknesses were tested under this test condition, 350 and 220 mm. Once the developed protocol was confirmed under the circular plate load tests, further tests using the Simulator Accelerator of Traffic (SAT) were performed. Indeed, the laboratory prepared platform was placed in a larger box of 1.8 m in large, 5 m in length and 1.1 m in height. The prepared platform was subjected to two solicitations: a particular plate and traffic load. The Simulator Accelerator of Traffic was developed specially for this application. A machine that simulates the traffic load under an effective length of 2 m and a velocity of 4 km/h. The two areas were instrumented: the area under the circulation load, and the area under the plat load, located aside. In addition, a numerical model based on the differential element method using FLAC 3D was developed. The model simulated the circular plate load test with the same platform configuration under monotonic load. The results were compared to the first monotonic load applied on the rigid plate experimentally
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Miranda, Marianna de. "Avaliação do processo difusivo de geomembranas de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) /". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154586.
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Outra
As geomembranas de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) têm grande aplicação em obras que necessitam de estanqueidade, nas quais predominam processos difusivos de fluxo de líquidos ou gases. Face a essa importância e considerando o pouco estudo destinado a esse processo na literatura, este trabalho objetivou a avaliar o processo difusivo em geomembranas de PEAD, utilizando um equipamento previamente projetado, conforme estudos anteriores sobre o assunto. Dessa forma, foi possível avaliar o processo difusivo a que se submetem geomembranas de PEAD de 1mm de espessura quando em contato com chorume, gasolina e óleo diesel, simulando o processo em obras reais. Na avaliação do processo difusivo, buscou-se a determinação da concentração de íons cloreto, sulfato, nitrito, concentração de DBO (demanda bioquímica de oxigênio) na contaminação pelo chorume, além da determinação da concentração dos compostos BTX (benzeno, tolueno e xileno) na contaminação por combustíveis. Para tanto, foram utilizados o método de Mohr, ensaios de espectrofotometria e espectrometria de emissão atômica por plasma acoplado indutivamente, o método respirométrico para avaliação da DBO e a cromatografia gasosa para determinação de BTX nas amostras de água destilada/deionizada (livres de qualquer substância) retiradas do ensaio. Os equipamentos utilizados no ensaio de difusão, bem como as técnicas de medição, foram capazes de avaliar o processo de difusão pela geomembrana de PEAD. Os principais resultados mostram que não houve contaminação por íons cloreto, sulfato e nitrito, uma vez que as respectivas concentrações encontradas estavam abaixo da taxa máxima permitida por lei (Resolução N°357 do Conama). Porém os resultados para concentração de DBO e compostos BTX demonstraram que a água das amostras, anteriormente livre de qualquer composto, apresentou taxas de DBO e BTX superiores às permitidas pelas Resoluções 357 e 396 do CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente), ou seja, estava contaminada e imprópria para consumo humano.
High density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes have great application in works that require waterproofing, in which diffusive processes of liquid and/or gas flow predominate. Considering this importance and considering the little study destined to this process in the literature, this work aimed at evaluating the diffusive process in HDPE geomembranes by using equipment previously designed in previous studies on the subject. This way, it has been possible to evaluate the diffusive process to which 1mm-HDPE geomembranes are exposed when in contact with slurry, gasoline, and diesel oil, simulating the process in real works. In the evaluation of the diffusive process, the concentration of chloride, sulphate, nitrite, BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) concentration in the slurry, and the concentration of BTX compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) in fuel contamination have been determined. For this purpose, the Mohr method, spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, the Respirometric method for BOD evaluation, and Gas Chromatography have been used to determine BTX in the samples of distilled/deionized water (free of any substance) removed from the test. The equipment used in the diffusion test, as well as the measurement techniques, have been able to evaluate the process of diffusion by the HDPE geomembrane. The main results show that there has been no contamination by chloride, sulphate, and nitrite ions, since the respective concentrations found were below the maximum allowed by law (Conama Resolution No. 357). However, the results for BOD concentration and BTX compounds have shown that the water of the samples, previously free of any compound, presented BOD and BTX rates higher than those allowed by Resolutions 375 and 396 of CONAMA (National Council for the Environment), had been contaminated and was unfit for human consumption.
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Saidin, Fadzilah. "Behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls with poor quality backfills on yielding foundations /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10124.
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Zou, Yong. "Behavior of the expanded polystyrene(EPS)geofoam on soft soil". Thesis, View thesis View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/792.
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Excessive settlement and foundation instability are some of the main problems commonly encountered in fills and embankment structures built on a soft soil of low bearing capacity.The Expanded Polystyrene(EPS)replacement method, by partially or fully replacing the conventional fill material with extremely lightweight EPS geofoam, may solve these problems. In this thesis, experimental and theoretical work have been carried out to investigate the behaviour of EPS under various loading conditions in geotechnical applications and the effectiveness of EPS replacement technique has been studied using numerical models.Several tests were performed for this study and the results of these tests are given
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Scotland, Ian. "Analysis of horizontal deformations to allow the optimisation of geogrid reinforced structures". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23323.
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Geogrid reinforced structures have been successfully used for over 25 years. However their design procedures have remained largely focused on ultimate failure mechanisms, originally developed for steel reinforcements. These are widely considered over conservative in determining realistic reinforcement and lateral earth stresses. The poor understanding of deformation performance led many design codes to restrict acceptable soils to selected sand and gravel fills, where deformation is not as concerning. Within UK construction there is a drive to reduce wastage, improve efficiency and reduce associated greenhouse gas emissions. For geogrid reinforced structures this could mean increasing reinforcement spacing and reusing weaker locally sourced soils. Both of these strategies increase deformation, raising concern about the lack of understanding and reliable guidance. As a result they fail to fulfil their efficiency potential. This Engineering Doctorate improved the understanding of horizontal deformation by analysing performance using laboratory testing, laser scanning industry structures and numerical modelling. Full-scale models were used to demonstrate a reduction in deformation by decreasing reinforcement spacing. Their results were combined with primary and secondary case studies to create a diverse database. This was used to validate a finite element model, differentiating between two often used construction methods. Its systematic analysis was extended to consider the deformation consequences of using low shear strength granular fills. The observations offered intend to reduce uncertainty and mitigate excessive deformations, which facilitates the further optimisation of designs.
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França, Fagner Alexandre Nunes de. "Novo equipamento para realização de ensaios confinados e acelerados de fluência em geossintéticos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-15052012-110645/.
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A fluência dos geossintéticos encontra-se entre as propriedades mais relevantes no projeto de estruturas de solo reforçado com esses materiais. A caracterização desse fenômeno emprega ensaios normalizados e de baixa complexidade, que apresentam dois aspectos negativos principais: a duração e o fato de não considerarem o efeito da interação dos geossintéticos com o solo circundante. Ensaios conduzidos em temperatura elevada e em câmaras que simulam o confinamento do solo apresentam-se como alternativas para solucionar cada um desses empecilhos, mas apenas separadamente. Diante disso, esta pesquisa visou desenvolver um novo equipamento para realização de ensaios de fluência em geossintéticos que incorpora, simultaneamente, ambas as medidas utilizadas para mitigar esses dois aspectos. Cinco tipos de geossintéticos (duas geogrelhas, dois geotêxteis não tecidos e um geotêxtil tecido) foram submetidos a ensaios de fluência em diferentes condições de confinamento e temperatura, de maneira combinada ou não. Ensaios de ruptura por fluência em condição confinada e a determinação da resistência à tração residual de corpos de prova submetidos à diferentes períodos de fluência também foram incluídos no programa experimental. O novo equipamento mostrou-se bastante versátil, permitindo a realização de quatro tipos de ensaios: convencionais, confinados, acelerados e confinado-acelerados. As deformações por fluência mostraram-se dependentes do confinamento nas geogrelhas e nos geotêxteis não tecidos e independentes no geotêxtil tecido. Assim, destaca-se que as geogrelhas tiveram um comportamento em fluência diferente daquele previsto na literatura técnica, uma vez que as deformações por fluência desses materiais são comumente referidas como independentes do confinamento. A elevação da temperatura de ensaio mostrou-se eficaz para a aceleração das deformações por fluência em todos os geossintéticos testados. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que a resistência residual dos geossintéticos é pouco afetada pela ocorrência de deformação por fluência. O novo equipamento para realização de ensaios de fluência em geossintéticos permite considerar um dos aspectos mais controversos no projeto de estruturas de reforço de solo com geossintéticos sob uma nova perspectiva.Creep behavior plays an important role in geosynthetics reinforced soil structures. Its characterization is commonly performed by means of standard tests in which in-isolation specimens are subjected to a constant load while their elongation is measured over time. Despite their widespread use, standard creep tests present two main negative aspects. Firstly, they may last up to 10.000 hours. In addition, they do not consider the possibly significant effect of soil-geosynthetic interaction. Therefore, tests conducted under standard procedures may increase the costs of full creep behavior characterization and result in conservative parameters. Tests conducted at elevated temperature and with special chambers in which the specimens are subjected to confining stresses may be used provide an insight on the soil-geosynthetic interaction in accelerated tests. Both measures have been broadly published in the technical literature, but only independently. In this regard, this dissertation presents a new piece of equipment developed to conduct confined-accelerated creep tests on geosynthetics. Five different geosynthetics were subjected to creep tests with the new equipment (two geogrids, two nonwoven geotextiles and one woven geotextile). In addition, creep rupture tests were performed with both geogrids and the residual tensile strength of specimens were determined by tensile tests performed after creep tests in different conditions. The new creep test equipment was found to be able to performed four different types of test: conventional, confined, accelerated and confined-accelerated ones. The creep behavior of the geogrids was found to be confinement-dependent. This is not mentioned in technical literature. On the other hand, both types geotextiles behaved as expected regarding their confined creep behavior. The woven geotextile creep behavior was independent of confining stresses in sand whereas the nonwoven geotextile creep deformations were strongly reduced by confinement in sand. In addition, the creep deformations of every tested geosynthetic increased with temperature. The tensile tests performed after creep tests showed that the residual strength of the geosynthetics was approximately equal to the values found with virgin specimens. The new creep testing equipment performance was adequate, since it was able to simultaneously address both main concerns of standardized creep tests on geosynthetics.
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Iacorossi, Matteo. "Centrifuge modeling of earth-reinforced retaining walls". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3369/.
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Object of this thesis has been centrifuge modelling of earth reinforced retaining walls with modular blocks facing in order to investigate on the influence of design parameters, such as length and vertical spacing of reinforcement, on the behaviour of the structure.
In order to demonstrate, 11 models were tested, each one with different length of reinforcement or spacing. Each model was constructed and then placed in the centrifuge in order to artificially raise gravitational acceleration up to 35 g, reproducing the soil behaviour of a 5 metre high wall. Vertical and horizontal displacements were recorded by means of a special device which enabled tracking of deformations in the structure along its longitudinal cross section, essentially drawing its deformed shape.
As expected, results confirmed reinforcement parameters to be the governing factor in the behaviour of earth reinforced structures since increase in length and spacing improved structural stability. However, the influence of the length was found out to be the leading parameter, reducing facial deformations up to five times, and the spacing playing an important role especially in unstable configurations.
When failure occurred, failure surface was characterised by the same shape (circular) and depth, regardless of the reinforcement configuration.
Furthermore, results confirmed the over-conservatism of codes, since models with reinforcement layers 0.4H long showed almost negligible deformations.
Although the experiments performed were consistent and yielded replicable results, further numerical modelling may allow investigation on other issues, such as the influence of the reinforcement stiffness, facing stiffness and varying backfills.
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Orebowale, Patience B. "Investigating the stability of geosynthetic landfill capping systems". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7786.
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The use of geosynthetics in landfill construction introduces potential planes of weakness. As a result, there is a requirement to assess the stability along the soil/geosynthetic and geosynthetic/geosynthetic interfaces. Stability is governed by the shear strength along the weakest interface in the system. Repeatability interface shear strength testing of a geomembrane/geotextile interface at low normal stresses suitable for capping systems showed considerable variability of measured geosynthetic interface shear strengths, suggesting that minor factors can have a significant influence on the measured shear strength. This study demonstrates that more than one test per normal stress is necessary if a more accurate and reliable interface shear strength value is to be obtained. Carefully controlled inter-laboratory geosynthetic interface shear strength comparison tests undertaken on large direct shear devices that differ in the kinematic degrees of freedom of the top box, showed the fixed top box design to consistently over estimate the available interface shear strength compared to the vertically movable top box design. Results obtained from measurement of the normal stress on the interface during shear with use of load cells in the lower box of the fixed top box design, raise key questions on the accuracy, reliability and proper interpretation of the interface shear strength data used in landfill design calculations. Tests on the geocomposite/sand interface have shown the interface friction angle to vary with the orientation of the geocomposite's main core, in relation to the direction of shearing. Close attention needs to be paid to the onsite geocomposite placement in confined spaces and capping slope corners, as grid orientation on the slope becomes particularly important when sliding is initiated. Attempts to measure the pore water pressure during staged consolidation and shear along a clay/geomembrane interface in the large direct shear device suggest that this interface is a partial drainage path.
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Teixeira, Sidnei Helder Cardoso. "Estudo da interação solo-geogrelha em testes de arrancamento e a sua aplicação na análise e dimensionamento de maciços reforçados". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-07042006-114840/.
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O conhecimento dos mecanismos de interação entre o solo e os geossintéticos é fundamental para o dimensionamento de obras em solo reforçado. Entretanto, em função das diferentes formas geométricas das superfícies das inclusões, a interação pode ocorrer de maneiras distintas. Para as geogrelhas, o arrancamento representa o mecanismo de interação que, em alguns casos, melhor retrata as situações que ocorrem no campo. Esta tese apresenta uma análise dos principais fatores que influenciam na interação entre o solo e as geogrelhas quando solicitadas ao arrancamento, utilizando equipamentos de teste de portes grande e pequeno, bem como um equipamento que testa isoladamente os elementos longitudinais e transversais das geogrelhas. Apresenta-se ainda dois modelos numéricos que permitem avaliar o comportamento de geogrelhas de comprimento qualquer a partir de resultados de ensaios de arrancamento de pequeno porte ou dos ensaios nos elementos isolados da geogrelha. Os resultados dos ensaios realizados são comparados entre si, sugerindo a viabilidade de se utilizar equipamentos de pequenas dimensões para executar ensaios de arrancamento em geogrelhas em meio a solos finos, em detrimento dos testes de grande porte que demandam uma grande quantidade de solo e de mão-de-obra para serem executados. Por fim, apresenta-se um método que, utilizando os resultados obtidos dos testes de pequeno porte, pode ser usado para determinar os esforços de tração nas inclusões de estruturas em solo reforçado, considerando aspectos como a interação soloreforço e a rigidez à tração das inclusõesThe knowledge of interaction mechanisms between soil and geosynthetics is fundamental for designing reinforced-soil structures. However, due the variety of surface geometry found in commercially available geosynthetics, the interaction between soil and inclusions can occur on different ways. For the geodrids, the pullout interaction mechanisms is the one that, in some cases, best represents the field situations. This thesis presents an analysis of the main factors influencing the soil-geogrid interaction during pullout phenomena, using large and small-scale test boxes, as well as an device that tests longitudinal and transversal geodrid elements isolated. Two numerical models for evaluating the pullout behavior of large geogrid samples using small-scale and on element tests are also presented. The results of different tests are compared, showing the viability of using small-scale tests for testing geogrids embedded in fine soils instead of large-scale tests, that demand large quantities of soil and labor to be done. On the penultimate chapter, a method for evaluating the maximum tensile effort of reinforced slopes and walls is presented. This method uses the results obtained from small-scale pullout tests and considers some important aspects as soil-geogrid interaction and reinforcement rigidity
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Appea, Alexander Kwasi. "In-Situ Behavior of Geosynthetically Stabilized Flexible Pavement". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9570.
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The purpose of a geotextile separator beneath a granular base, or subbase in a flexible pavement system is to prevent the road aggregate and the underlying subgrade from intermixing. It has been hypothesized that in the absence of a geotextile, intermixing between base course aggregate and soft subgrade occurs. Nine heavily instrumented flexible pavement test sections were built in Bedford County Virginia to investigate the benefits of geosynthetic stabilization in flexible pavements. Three groups of different base course thicknesses (100, 150 and 200mm) test sections were constructed with either geotextile or geogrid stabilization or no stabilization. Woven geotextile was used in sections 2, 5 and 8. Geogrids were used in sections 3, 6 and 9, and sections 1, 4 and 7 were controls. Six Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were performed on all the nine sections over 30 months. The nine sections were subjected to at least 5 load drops with wide loading range each time. The measured deflections were analyzed using the MODULUS back-calculation program to determine layer moduli. The measured deflections were used together with elastic, viscoelastic and the MODULUS program to determine the extent of intermixing at base-subgrade interface. The study concluded that a transition layer would develop when a separator is absent, especially in the weak sections (designed to fail in three years). Other measurements such as in-situ stresses, rut depth, and subsurface profiling (using ground penetrating radar) support the conclusion of the development of a transition layer.Master of Science
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Neto, José Orlando Avesani. "Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de cálculo e simulações numéricas aplicadas na melhoria da capacidade de carga de solos reforçados com geocélula". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-13082013-091655/.
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A geocélula foi desenvolvida, inicialmente, com o intuito de melhorar a capacidade de carga do solo. Contudo, este geossintético também é empregado para compor muro de arrimo de gravidade, como sistema de faceamento de estruturas reforçadas, como proteção de taludes contra erosão e como revestimento de canais. Na melhora da capacidade de carga de solos, a geocélula pode ser usada no reforço de fundações, de vias rodoviárias e ferroviárias, e em aterros sobre solos moles. Na literatura existem poucos modelos de previsão da capacidade de carga de solos reforçados com geocélulas, contudo, com limitações em sua aplicabilidade. Neste aspecto, o presente trabalho apresenta um novo método de previsão considerando os mecanismos de desenvolvimento da resistência tanto do solo de fundação como da geocélula, sendo estes os efeitos laje e do confinamento. Este novo método de cálculo é verificado com resultados de ensaios de placa de laboratório conduzidos por diversos autores e por simulações numéricas computacionais, sendo, também, comparado qualitativamente e quantitativamente com os demais métodos de cálculo. Os resultados indicaram que os valores calculados pelo presente modelo foram mais próximos daqueles obtidos pelos ensaios e pelas simulações, em comparação com os demais métodos. O presente modelo se adequou de forma satisfatória para diferentes características da geocélula (geometria e material de constituição), do solo de fundação e de preenchimento (diferentes tipos de areia e argila) e da geometria do carregamento (placas circular, retangular e corrida). Por fim, o método foi aplicado em reforço de fundações e de solos moles e verificado de forma satisfatória com o uso de modelos numéricos.The geocell was initially designed to improve the soil bearing capacity. However, this geosynthetic also can be used as a retaining wall, facing for reinforced soil structures, slope protection against erosion and channel lining. In the soil bearing capacity improvement the geocell can be applied as reinforcement of foundation, soft soil embankments and roads and railroads. In the literature there are few methods for predicting bearing capacity of geocell-reinforced soil, however with disabilities that limit their applicability. In this regard, a new method for predicting the bearing capacity of geocell-reinforced soils is presented herein, taking into account the soil foundation resistance and the geocell reinforcement mechanisms, namely, stress dispersion effect and confinement effect. The present method is verified with the results of laboratory plate load experiments by several authors and numerical simulations, and compared with other calculation methods. The results indicated that the calculated results obtained from this method were very close to experimental and numerical results, better than other methods. This method also proved to be a good approach for different geocell characteristics (geometry and constitution material), for foundation soil and geocell infill (different types of sand and clay) and for loading shape (circular, rectangular and strip). In the last Chapter, the method has been applied in foundation and soft soil improvement and satisfactory verified by numerical simulations.
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Zou, Yong. "Behavior of the expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam on soft soil /". View thesis View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030428.112945/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 2001.A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Civic Engineering and Environment, University of Western Sydney, Nepean, January, 2001. Bibliography : p. 215-225.
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Toufigh, Vahab. "Experimental and Analytical Studies of Geo-Composite Applications in Soil Reinforcement". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/255167.
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The main weakness of soil is its inability to resist tensile stresses. Civil engineers have been trying to address this problem for decades. To increase the tensile and shear strengths of soil, different methods of reinforcing such as using geosynthetics have been used in different types of earth structures such as retaining walls, earth dams, slopes, etc. Due to the excellent corrosion resistance of polymers, the use of geosynthetics has increased dramatically in recent years. However, there are some significant problems associated with geosynthetics, such as creep and low modulus of elasticity. In this research, a new Geo-Composite which is made of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is used to overcome some of the short comings of the existing geosynthetics. The new Geo-Composite has all the benefits of the geotextiles plus higher strength, higher modulus and no creep. In first part of the investigation, over eighty experiments were carried out using direct shear test. The interface properties of the Geo-Composite (CFRP) and fine sand were investigated. Tests showed that the interface shear behavior between Geo-Composite and fine sand depended on the normal forces during the curing of epoxy and curing age of epoxy. The two methods used to prepare the specimen are pre-casting and casting in place, and the results of these two methods are compared. In the second part of the investigation, the pull-out test device was designed and assembled using a triaxial loading device and a direct shear device. In the pull-out test, the normal force applied by the triaxial loading and pull out force is applied by a direct shear device. CFRP samples were prepared in the lab, and pre-cast and cast-in-place samples were tested using fine sand. The pull-out force and corresponding displacements of each of the materials were recorded and compared. In the third part of the investigation, the behavior of the interface between coarse sand and modified CFRP has been studied in larger scale using a device known as Cyclic Multi Degree of Freedom (CYMDOF) device. A constitutive Model, Hierachical Single Surface (HISS) model, is used to characterize the behavior of the interfaces. The constitutive model is verified by predicting the laboratory behavior of interface. In the forth part of the investigation, using the laboratory test data results, a finite element procedure with the hardening model is used to simulate field behavior of a CFRP reinforced earth retaining wall, and compare the results with a geotextile reinforced earth retaining wall. This section shows the advantages and disadvantages of using CFRP in MSE walls.
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Chávez, Arbayza Diego Marco Antonio Bryan y Yabar Gabriela Odar. "Propuesta de estabilización con cal para subrasantes con presencia de suelos arcillosos en bofedales y su influencia en el pavimento rígido bajo la metodología de diseño AASHTO 93 aplicado al tramo 1 de la carretera Oyón-Ambo". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625903.
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El Tramo I del proyecto “Mejoramiento de la carretera Oyón – Ambo” comprende 48, 9 km de longitud y beneficia a 93,878 usuarios entre los departamentos de Lima y Huánuco. El proyecto consiste en una vía con tramos de pavimento flexible y pavimento rígido. A lo largo del diseño se han identificado zonas críticas por las que debe atravesar la vía de las cuales los bofedales son los más complejos. Como medida de solución en el expediente técnico se ha propuesto el uso de geomallas biaxiales y geotextiles además de haber diseñado el pavimento rígido bajo la metodología AASHTO 93. La presente investigación está orientada en tres etapas. En la primera, se estabilizará con cal el tipo de suelo más representativo en las zonas críticas de bofedales. En la segunda, se diseñará el paquete estructural de la vía bajo la metodología de diseño de pavimento rígido AASHTO 93 y MPEDG. Finalmente, en la tercera etapa se analizará la influencia de la estabilización planteada en el diseño de pavimento rígido. Los resultados finales de esta investigación son dos. Por un lado, el porcentaje óptimo de dosificación de cal es de 10% y el CBR del suelo natural se ha incrementado en 7 veces el valor inicial. Por otro lado, se presentan dos diseños de pavimentos rígidos con reducciones de 2 cm. y 7 cm. de losa de pavimento en comparación del diseño presentado en el expediente técnico.Section I of the project "Improvement of the Oyón - Ambo highway" comprises 48, 9 km in length and benefits to 93,878 users between the departments of Lima and Huánuco. The project consists of a road with flexible pavements and rigid pavements. Throughout the design, areas, things, things, other complexes have been identified. As a solution in the technical file has been used the use of biaxial geogrids and geotextiles, in addition to having been designed the rigid pavement under the methodology AASHTO 93. The present investigation is oriented in three stages. In the first, it will stabilize with the most representative type of soil in the critical areas of bofedales. In the second, the structural package of the road will be designed under the rigid pavement AASHTO 93 and MPEDG design methodology. Finally, in the third stage the influence of the stabilization proposed in the design of rigid pavement will be analyzed. The final results of this investigation are two. On the one hand, the optimum percentage of dosage of times is 10% and the CBR of natural soil has increased 7 times the initial value. On the other hand, there are two designs of rigid pavements with reductions of 2 cm. and 7 cm. of pavement slab in the comparison of the design presented in the technical file.
Tesis
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Costa, Carina Maia Lins. "Deformações dependentes do tempo em muros de solo reforçado com geotêxteis". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-16102006-082922/.
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Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre deformações de geotêxteis ao longo do tempo, considerando interações entre reforço e solo confinante em muros de solo reforçado. O programa experimental desenvolvido para esse fim envolveu duas etapas básicas. Na primeira etapa, um novo equipamento foi desenvolvido na Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos/USP, para a realização de ensaios de fluência com um elemento de solo reforçado. O equipamento desenvolvido permite simular o mecanismo típico de transferência de carga em estruturas de solo reforçado, isto é, o solo solicita o geotêxtil. Esse equipamento também possibilita que solo e geotêxtil apresentem deformações ao longo do tempo de forma interativa. Nessa etapa, o programa de ensaios foi conduzido utilizando-se uma areia pura e um geotêxtil de polipropileno. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho, modelos de muros de solo reforçado foram ensaiados em centrífuga na Universidade do Colorado em Boulder, EUA. Os referidos modelos foram construídos utilizando-se uma areia e mantas de poliéster e de polipropileno. Alguns modelos foram carregados até a ruptura com acréscimo de aceleração, enquanto outros foram observados, no decorrer do tempo, sob aceleração constante. Nos ensaios para investigação de fluência, deformações significativas foram observadas, ocorrendo, inclusive, a manifestação de ruptura em determinados modelos, após algumas horas de ensaio. Os ensaios realizados nas duas etapas do trabalho revelaram aspectos importantes relativos à interação solo-reforço. Com base na interpretação dos resultados experimentais, apresenta-se uma discussão sobre mecanismos de deformação, em função do tempo, em muros de solo reforçado.This thesis presents a study on the time- ependent deformations of geotextiles in reinforced soil walls considering the long-term interactive behavior between the reinforcement and the confining soil. The experimental program comprised two distinct phases. In the first phase, a new equipment was designed and constructed at the School of Engineering at Sao Carlos/USP, Brazil, in an attempt to perform creep tests with an element of reinforced soil. This equipment simulates the typical load transfer mechanism in reinforced soil structures, that is, the load is transferred from the soil to the reinforcement. This equipment also allows long-term interactive deformations between the soil and the geotextile. The testing program of this phase was conducted using a pure dry sand and a polypropylene geotextile. In the second phase of this research, models of reinforced soil walls were tested in a centrifuge facility at the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA. The models were built using a pure dry sand and a polyester or polypropylene geotextile. The models were either loaded until failure increasing the centrifugal acceleration or tested under constant acceleration. Considerable strains were observed in the creep tests, and some of the models failed after a few hours. The testing programs carried out in this study revealed important aspects of the soil-reinforcement interaction. Based on the analyses of the experimental results a broad discussion on long-term deformation mechanisms in reinforced soil walls is made herein.