Tesis sobre el tema "Génomique des plantes"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Génomique des plantes".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Conte, Matthieu. "Développement d'une plateforme de génomique comparative dédiée aux plantes". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20221.
Texto completoAyadi, Mira. "Génomique fonctionnelle de facteurs de transcription de la famille GT chez Arabidopsis thaliana : caractérisation du facteur GT-3a". Amiens, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AMIE0308.
Texto completoBeaulieu, Chloé. "Première exploration du paysage génomique intraspécifique de l'adaptation chez les plantes non vasculaires : le cas de l'hépatique Marchantia polymorpha". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES004.
Texto completoPlant adaptation to a terrestrial life 500 million years ago played a major role in the evolution of life on Earth. Plants still play a crucial role at present time, as bases of most ecosystems, and consequently base of all human civilizations. Understanding their adaptation to past and present modification of their living conditions is a key to understand the past and be able to respond to future agricultural challenges. Plants sciences made great advances in understanding plant response to their environment, but most studies focused on the angiosperm lineage which contains crops. Nevertheless, to get a broader picture of land plant (Embryophytes) adaptation to various conditions, in the framework of 500 million years of evolution on land, it is essential to study other land plant lineages. In line with this logic, this work will focus on the non-vascular plant model Marchantia polymorpha, whose lineage diverged from vascular plants around 480 million years ago. We developed an intraspecific diversity dataset that allowed us to uncover some mechanisms of adaptation in M. polymorpha. Analyses of selection signatures on genes enabled us to distinguish conserved functions under strong purifying selection from variable ones undergoing balancing selection or selective sweeps. Using this intraspecific diversity dataset, genome-wide associations studies (GWAS) could be performed on the response of M. polymorpha to climatic conditions but also to the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum nymphaeae (biotic stress). Finally, a gene-based pangenome was built and allowed identifying genes with a presence-absence variation between accessions, that are often associated with stress response and local adaptation. Crossing these three approaches, we found gene families that seem involved in M. polymorpha response to stresses. Among them can be cited the terpene synthases, the peroxidases, the NBS-LRR (NLR), the lectins, the lipoxygenases or the polyphenol oxidases. Most of these functions are shared with other land plants, showing that most general mechanism of adaptation are quite conserved in Embryophytes. Nevertheless, most of these gene families displayed lineage-specific characteristics, such as specific genes, family expansions or horizontal gene transfer, that differentiated gene family organization in Marchantia from the one known in angiosperms. Taken together, these results show that land plants share most of their mechanisms of adaptation, inherited from their last common ancestor, and that these general functions underwent lineage-specific modifications, that can hint at the different constraints that shaped the different lineages of land plants
Langlois-Meurinne, Mathilde. "Rôle de glycosyltransférases du métabolisme secondaire au cours des interactions plantes-agents pathogènes chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112094.
Texto completoSecondary metabolites play important roles in plant defense against pathogens. Conjugaison to sugar moiety is one of the most widespread modifications that contribute to the great diversity and reactivity of these natural products. Glycosylation ensured by glycosyltransferases (UGTs) is involved in metabolic pathways, endogenous signal regulation and metabolite transport. In Arabidopsis thaliana, secondary metabolism UGTs are encoded by 120 genes, organised into 14 groups (A-N). Group D UGTs are differentially expressed during the hypersensitive response (HR) of A. Thaliana to an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato and after treatements with defense related signaling molecules. Within this group, we identified two genes, UGT73B3 and UGT73B5, which were highly induced during HR and after salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide treatements. Ugt73b3 and ugt73b5 T-DNA insertion lines, exhibit a loss of resistance to P. Syringae avirulent strain. A metabolic profiling approach was carried out to identify UGT73B3 and UGT73B5 substrates in planta. Although the nature of the substrates has not been identified, the results indicate that ugt73b3 and ugt73b5 differ from wild type plants in cell wall-bound compounds. UGT73B3 and UGT73B5 are closely related to a tobacco UGT involved in the control of oxidative burst during HR, suggesting that these two UGTs may also be involved in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis
Bélanger, Sébastien. "Caractérisation génomique et transcriptomique de la microspore embryogénique chez l'orge". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33304.
Texto completoAndrogenesis is a plant biotechnology used to fix the genetic background of plants in a single generation. This is based on the ability of an immature pollen grain, the microspore, to restore its totipotency, to dedifferentiate and then to engage in the path of embryogenesis. However, it is observed that the ability of the microspore to engage in embryogenesis is genetically variable. Despite the many desirable attributes of androgenesis, an undesirable side - effect is the segregation distortion (SD) encountered in populations resulting from this biotechnology. My thesis focuses on (i) the study of the transcriptome of microspores undergoing a developmental transition from the pollen - grain pathway towards embryogenesis and (ii) to identify when SD arises in the process and in which genomic regions it occurs. I used barley as a model species for my studies. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on microspores isolated from anthers at three stages corresponding to the microspore before (day 0) and immediately after (days 2 and 5) the application of a stress treatment aimed at inducing embryogenesis. I was interested in two categories of genes: those expressed exclusively at a specific stage of microspore development and those that were differentially expressed during the initiation of androgenesis. I was able to identify genes expressed exclusively in the microspore on day 0 (11), 2 (34) or 5 (367). On day 5, I found the induction of many genes encoding transcription factors (T Fs) in addition to genes involved in the synthesis or signal transduction of many growth regulators. The analysis of differentially expressed genes allowed me to identify certain metabolic processes that were activated/repressed during microspore development from day 0 to 2 and from day 2 to 5. Genes expressed exclusively at a specific stage of development could serve as molecular markers indicative of the performance in androgenesis to optimize isolated microspore culture protocols. Then, SD was studied using a whole - genome genotyping approach. I first developed an innovative, reproducible and accurate genotypic analysis methodology to determine allelic frequency on pooled samples. This method was then used to estimate allelic frequencies in samples of microspores (before and after the application of stress), embryos and regenerated plants. I showed that SD arises during both the development of embryos and the regeneration of plants. No SD was observed in samples of microspores. My results show that the selective forces promoting SD act during in vitro culture. Still using the same genotyping method performed on pooled samples, I identified and compared the frequency and extent of SD in 12 populations of doubled haploid lines (DH). A greater number of DH (12) populations were characterized in my study alone than the sum of all previous studies in barley. I showed that segregation distortion regions greatly differ in their position, extent, and magnitude in different DH populations. Knowledge of these alleles would be useful to predict the androgenic potential of a genotype in a breeding program. My dissertation has allowed research into barley microspores, or more widely androgenesis, to enter into the “omics” era. On an unprecedented scale, my transcriptomic study explores and describes the gene expression changes that occur during the developmental transition that the microspore undergoes in the course of androgenesis. My genomic study identifies when the selection (producing SD) arises in this system and describes which chromosomal regions are affected by this distortion. In light of my findings, in the final chapter I propose some lines of research to further study the molecular mechanisms driving the developmental transition from microspores to embryos and to develop genotyping tools to use SD as a genetic improvement tool.
Darracq, Aude. "Évolution des génomes mitochondriaux de plantes : approche de génomique comparative chez Zea mays et Beta vulgaris". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833144.
Texto completoGachon, Claire. "Analyse fonctionnelle de gènes de glucosyltransférases chez Arabidopsis thaliana induits au cours des interactions plantes-pathogènes". Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112091.
Texto completoPlants produce a high number of secondary metabolites that contribute to defence reactions against their pathogens. Conjugation to sugar moiety is one of the most widespread modifications of these natural products, and its physiological importance is recognized in numerous processes like the biosynthesis, the storage or the transport of these compounds. These glycosylation reactions are ensured by glycosyltransferases (GTs), a family of enzymes encoded by 120 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mining of publicly available microarray data was used to identify stress-inducible GTs and to evidence a large-scale co-ordination of gene expression in secondary metabolism pathways. This property was further exploited for the functional prediction of previously uncharacterized GTs and to address questions like metabolic pathway evolutionary mechanisms. A dozen of genes were induced in various stress conditions, the expression profile of which was confirmed by real-time PCR experiments. To investigate the function of pathogen-responsive GTs in plant defence, a reverse genetics approach was undertaken and T-DNA-tagged insertion mutants were isolated. In parallel, a sensitive method was developed to assess their resistance towards the two fungal pathogens Alternaria brasssicicola and Botrytis cinerea. Resistance assays on the mutant lines towards a range of pathogens are still under way, but they have already revealed that two of them exhibit an almost complete loss of resistance against an avirulent strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. In the near future, the metabolic changes caused by the mutations will be investigated using metabolic profiling
Fodor, Agota. "La sélection génomique appliquée a l'espece Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera, évaluation et utilisation". Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01001690.
Texto completoAbrouk, Michael. "Génomique comparée et évolutive chez les graminées : Cas particulier des micro-ARN". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22327.
Texto completoPoaceae also called Grasses are an important botanical family consisting in nearly 12,000 species in over 700 genres including cereals. This family is of major economic interest because it comprises cereals that are among the most important crops for human and animal nutrition. This family has been extensively studied in comparative genomics since the 1990s and showed a high degree of gene conservation among species since they diverged from a common ancestor. With the sequencing of Brachypodium distachyon in 2009, we performed an analysis of its genome by the identification of twelve synteny blocks with the sequenced genomes of rice, sorghum and maize and seven duplications blocks shared with these last grass species. These data allowed us to suggest the five chromosomes of Brachypodium are from the common ancestor composed of twelve chromosomes and having undergone seven fusions during the evolution. This work allowed us to confirm a possible grass ancestor with five chromosomes carrying almost 10,000 genes with a size of 35Mb. Then, based on these comparative genomics results, we studied more particularly the evolution of different families of microRNAs (miRNAs). The comparison of non-coding RNA from rice, sorghum, maize and Brachypodium showed conservation into this family for the grass species with 50% of orthologs and 20% of paralogs. Based on the paleogenomics results, we proposed an evolutionary scenario of miRNA genes, which supports the hypothesis of an ancient origin of this gene silencing mechanism in plants. Beyond the fundamental knowledge generated on the evolution of grass genomes during this PhD, these results have potential applications in breeding, for example with the possibility to identify COS (Conserved Orthologous Set) molecular markers. Such COS markers have been used for the study of agronomic traits in species not completely sequenced as wheat
Ben, Amor Besma. "Analyse génétique et génomique de la perception et de la transduction du signal Nod chez Medicago truncatula". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30059.
Texto completoRhizobial Nod factors (NFs) act as symbiotic signals in the Rhizobium-legume symbiotic interaction. The characterisation of a Medicago truncatula mutant defective for root hair deformation, the induction of a rapid calcium flux, calcium spiking, nodulin gene expression and cortical cell division in response to NFs, led to the identification of a new gene. The gene, called NFP for Nod Factor Perception, is predicted to encode a transmembrane serine/threonine receptor-like kinase containing extracellular LysM domains. The structure of the NFP protein therefore supports the hypothesis that NFP corresponds to a NF receptor. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on wild type plants and the nfp mutant, in response to inoculation by Sinorhizobium meliloti. This led to the identification of a certain number of. The expression of these genes is dependent on the NFP gene, confirming the importance of the NFP-controlled NF signal transduction pathway in the nodulation process
Bobik, Christine. "Génomique de la fixation de l’azote chez Sinorhizobium meliloti : analyse du régulon FixLJ". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30149.
Texto completoTransition of Sinorhizobium meliloti from free-living to symbiotic life is associated with an irreversible differentiation into nitrogen fixing bacteroïds. An original transcriptomic approach allowed us to identify new gene candidates to study successive stages of differentiation. Thus, we found about a hundred genes preferentially expressed during late symbiotic stages, among them nif and fix genes essential to nitrogen fixation and regulated by the FixLJ two-component system. We identified and characterised the FixJ regulon and showed that FixJ is a main regulator of both symbiotic and free-living microoxic conditions. FixJ is involved in various biological functions. Among new FixJ targets we found one which is essential to symbiosis
Murat, Florent. "Etude de la plasticité évolutive et structurale des génomes de plantes". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22721.
Texto completoAngiosperms (or flowering plants) consist in approximatively 350 000 species that have diverged 150 to 200 million years ago in two main families, monocots (orchids, palm trees, banana, bulrushes, grasses...) and dicots (Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, legumes...) representing respectively 20% and 75% of flowering plants. Angiosperms are the subject of intense researches, in particular in genomics since 2000 with the sequence release of the first plant genome (Arabidopsis thaliana) preceding a large number of genomes of plant models and/or species of agronomical interest (around 100 today). Increasing access to plant genome sequences has allowed the identification of their structural diversity, in terms of genome size, number of chromosomes and genes as well as transposable element content. The evolutionary forces that have shaped such structural genomic divergence are at the center of this thesis. Our paleogenomics approach will investigate, through ancestral genome reconstructions, how modern species have diverged from common ancestors and which mechanisms have contributed to such present-day genome plasticity. In this thesis, we have developed methods based on comparative genomics to study plant genome evolution and reconstruct ancestral genomes, extinct progenitors of the modern angiosperm species. An ancestral angiosperm genome has been reconstructed made of 5 chromosomes and 6707 ordered genes allowing the integration in the same model of monocots and eudicots and finally elucidating evolutionary trajectories for species of major agricultural interest such as cereals, rosids and Brassicaceae. The reconstructed paleohistory of modern flowering plants enabled the identification as well as the investigation of the impact of polyploidy events (WGD, whole genome duplications), ubiquitous in plants, as a major driver of the observed structural plasticity of angiosperms. We established that genomes tend to return to a diploid status following a polyploidy event. This structural diploidization is performed at the karyotypic level through chromosomal rearrangements (involving ancestral centromeres and telomeres losses) as well as the gene level (through ancestral duplicates loss). It has been shown that this diploidization is preferentially done on one of the post-polyploidy subgenome, leading to the "sub-genome dominance" phenomenon. This structural plasticity bias (also referenced as plasticity partitioning) is acting differentially between species, chromosomes, chromosomal compartments, gene types, resulting in the structural diversity observed between the present-day plant genomes. This thesis is clearly within the scope of fundamental researches but also has a strong applied objective through translational research in creating bridges between species of major relevance for agriculture. The comparison of one species to another through the reconstructed ancestral genomes allows transferring knowledge gained on genes or any region of interest from model species to crops. Paleogenomics, in reconstructing ancestral genome and unveiling the forces driving modern plant genome plasticity, is therefore of fundamental (toward understanding species evolution) but also applied (toward improving orphan species from knowledge gained in models) objectives
Fodor, Agota. "La sélection génomique appliquée à l'espèce Vitis vinifera L. subsp vinifera, évaluation et utilisation". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0037/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this PhD project was to provide a new impulse for grapevine breeding, applying the latest knowledge and research tools on this species. Indeed, French viticulture, as well as various other agricultural sectors, faces today three major challenges: how to reduce phytosanitary inputs (Ecophyto 2018), impact of climatic changes and new competitors on the market, especially New World countries. Plant breeding in grapevine has not been much exploited until today, but could be a solution to these challenges.Several innovative tools and concepts have seen the light in animal breeding in the last decade. Using high density genome-wide marker information and advanced statistical models, phenotypes can be predicted for individuals that were merely genotyped. The method termed genomic selection (GS) is implementing this type of approach.To achieve our aim, we evaluated and compared the efficiency of GS and “classical” marker-assisted selection (MAS), based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) for grapevine. The theoretical potential of the two methods was evaluated in a simulation study but also on real data.We show that GS is more relevant than “classical” MAS to predict phenotypes of complex and / or structured traits. However, the combination of GS with results from GWAS seems to be of particular interest if the number of molecular markers available is adequate. Finally, we discuss GS implementation in terms of economic aspects and efficiency over time; we propose three scenarios differing by the initial investment required and the breeding objectives to be reached
Agapit, Corinne. "Emission d’auxine et de nitrates par les bactéries des turricules de vers de terre : effet sur la croissance et le développement des plantes". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1001/document.
Texto completoPlants take up resources in their environment. They are also exposed to many signals, including molecules that profoundly alter their behavior or morphology. The prediction of the flow of nutrients from the soil to the plant requires an integration of flux regulation by signals which determine the kinetics of plant adaptations. During this thesis, different experimental and analytical approaches (split-root, isotopic labeling, root analysis) allowed us to study the coupling between signals and flows in the interactions between plants, microorganisms and earthworms. We first demonstrated that earthworms have a systemic effect on the growth and development of plants (Hordeum Vulgare L. and Oryza sativa L.) and that this effect is dependent on the abundance of earthworms. A methodological study aiming at optimizing the split-root device (the sharing of roots of a single plant into two compartments) helped us to improve plant (Brachypodium distachyon L.) survival and their emission of roots. This experimental set up was used to determine the importance of the presence of casts and their spatial localization on the N uptake by the plant. The lack of effect observed during this experiment lead us to address the mechanisms that may occur in the presence of worms according to their temporal dynamics. We then demonstrated that an important proportion of casts was responsible for root system adaptation only when the plant was exposed to casts for a sufficient period of time. These results are the first demonstration that the kinetics of the different mechanisms occurring in casts is crucial to explain the positive effect of casts on plants growth
Muller, Cédric. "Développement d'une méthodologie d'analyse de la conservation de synténie chez les plantes : du génome d'Arabidopsis à celui du Tournesol". Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000202/.
Texto completoGoubet, Pauline. "Apports des approches de génomique ciblée dans l'étude des patrons d'évolution moléculaire du locus d'auto-incompatibilité dans le genre Arabidopsis". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10117/document.
Texto completoSelf-incompatibility is a common genetic system limiting inbreeding depression by preventing selfing and mating between relatives in hermaphroditic plants. This system is considered in evolutionary biology as one of the models of frequency-dependant selection, a particular type of natural selection. In the Brassicaceae family, the self-incompatibility system is controlled by a genomic region called the S-locus and comprising two tightly linked genes. The first gene encodes a ligand deposited on the pollen surface and the second its transmembrane receptor. Molecular recognition between these two proteins leads to a cascade of reactions resulting in the reject of self-pollen. If the self-incompatibility genes are becoming well understood, the diversity and dynamics of their genomic region remains poorly described. In this context, twelve genomic sequences of the region comprising the S-locus were obtained in the genus Arabidopsis through sequencing of BAC clones. These sequences highlight the relevance of genomic data in the analysis of regions under such selective constraints. First, the annotation of twelve functional sequences in A. lyrata and A. halleri allows to study the patterns of evolution of the S-locus and its flanking regions. Second, the loss of the system was investigated in A. thaliana, in particular through the occurrence of rearrangements or recombination events in non-functional sequences. Finally, a preliminary analysis of coevolution between pollen and pistil proteins was achieved
Duplessis, Sébastien. "Caractérisation par ingénierie génomique des profils d'expression génique de Pisolithus tinctorius et d'Eucalyptus globulus au cours du développement de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne". Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0019_DUPLESSIS.pdf.
Texto completoEctomycorrhiza formation and function alter both fungal and plant gene expression. The identification of a large rumber of novel genes expressed exclusively or predominantly in the symbiosis will contribute greatly to the understanding of the function of the ectomycorrhizal association. We have constructed a cDNA library of 4-day-old Eucalyphls globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza by random cloning and through suppression subtractive hybridization. We screened 715 arrayed cDNAs to identify symbiosis-regulated genes by using differential hybridization. Gene expression profiles obtained from free-living Pisolithus tinctorius, non-inoculated roots and ectomycorrhizas at various developmental stages, from the earliest contacts (4 days) to the functionning symbiotic organ (28 days) were analyzed. Comparisons of free-living partners and symbiotic tissues revealed significant changes in the expression levels (differential expression ratio> 2. 0) for 11 to 23% of the genes analyzed at the different stages of mycorrhiza formation. No ectomycorrhiza-specific gene was detected. We derived groups of coordinately expressed genes (i. E. Regulons) using hierarchical clustering and Self Organizing Maps. At least a dozen of distinct temporal patterns of induction/repression were observed. The main fungal regulons contained genes coding for cell-wall and membrane proteins, communication genes, and metallothionein-related poteins. In the host root, a major down-regulated regulon comprised genes involved in water transport and stress suggesting that mycorrhiza development improves water uptake. We have furthermore characterized cDNA clones corresponding to Pisolithus signalling genes (ras, raf and calcineurine) and to a new hydrophobin gene (HydPt-3)
Roux, Camille. "Effets de la sélection naturelle et de l'histoire démographique sur les patrons de polymorphisme nucléaire : comparaisons interspécifiques chez Arabidopsis halleri et A. lyrata entre le fond génomique et deux régions cibles de la sélection". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10157/document.
Texto completoThe dichotomous view of life has long been availed to represent the diversity observed in nature. The recent expansion of sequence data have identified large discrepancies between the phylogenies of genes and species, forming the so-called "mosaic structure" of genomes. This complex pattern is the result of different neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes shaping the diversity of life. These processes explain the shared polymorphism observed between two different species. The trans-specific polymorphism (TSP) is generated by neutral retention of ancestral polymorphism, introgression and genetic homoplasy. Functional TSP is the result of the same processes and of the effects of natural selection. Whether local adaptation of a species contributes to the reduction of TSP, natural selection may increase the TSP in the case of balancing selection.Using the pair of closely related plant species Arabidopsis halleri and A. lyrata, we compared the patterns of polymorphism observed in genomic backgrounds to those observed in the neighborhood of the target regions of balancing selection, in order to measure the relative importance of selection and demography.Demographic analysis by ABC from genomic backgrounds leads to the rejection of the hypothesis of recent migration between these two species, and support the importance of the evolution of tolerance to heavy metals in the process of speciation of A. halleri.Finally, by measuring the patterns of polymorphism around the S-locus, we showed that balancing selection affects very localy the neutral linked polymorphism
Madoui, Mohammed-Amine. "Identification d'effecteurs du pouvoir pathogène et de voies métaboliques chez l'oomycète Aphanomyces euteiches par une approche génomique". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/632/.
Texto completoOomycetes are a group of eukaryotic microorganisms causing devastating diseases on crops. Pea root rot disease caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches is the causal agent of important damages on legumes. To identify effectors of pathogenicity and metabolic pathways a transcriptomic approach was developped. In silico analysis of 20, 000 cDNAs obtained from the ATCC201684 strain led to the development of a database, AphanoDB, which is an online genomic ressource containing processed A. Euteiches ESTs. Data mining on AphanoDB allowed identifying new putatives effectors, and metabolic pathways, such as a sterol biosynthesis pathway. While most of oomycetes such as Phytophthora are unable to produce their own sterols, all the genes required for sterol synthesis were found in A. Euteiches. Biochemical analysis showed that fucosterol is the major A. Euteiches sterol. Inhibition of sterol synthesis with triazoles, such as tebuconazole and epoxiconazole, led to an inhibition of mycelial growth. This study is the first overview of A. Euteiches genomic, transcriptomic and metabolism that paves the way to the identification of new molecular targets to design anti-Aphanomyces chemicals
Hereil, Alexandre. "Génétique d'association et prédiction génomique de la tolérance au stress abiotique chez la tomate". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0374.
Texto completoAbiotic stresses, such as excessive salinity or nutrient deficiency, which often result in substantial yield losses, constitute significant challenges to global agriculture. These stresses are particularly detrimental in regions facing poverty, food insecurity and water scarcity. Improving the resilience of crops of high economic and nutritional value such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to abiotic stresses could offer significant benefits, both economically and in terms of public health. The aim of this thesis is to identify the genetic components of abiotic stress tolerance in tomato and to explore the potential of genomic prediction to improve these traits. In the first chapter, we looked at the genetic architecture of nitrogen deficiency tolerance. We used a comprehensive methodology that integrates QTL mapping with multiparental population, genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a diversity panel, and RNA-seq to identify candidate genes related to nitrogen metabolism. The next two chapters are devoted to the study of salt stress tolerance. We first studied several traits associated with sodium accumulation in various plant organs and developmental stages in a GWAS panel, which enabled us to identify QTLs and a key candidate gene involved in sodium transport within the plant. In addition, we have also studied the impact of salt stress on the root metabolome, characterising metabolites differentially regulated by salt stress and identifying biomarkers of salinity tolerance. QTLs and candidate genes linked to these target metabolites have been identified. In the following two chapters, we engaged GWAS and genomic prediction in multi-environmental analyses using a diversity panel grown under a range of environmental conditions. We have identified interaction QTLs - whose allelic effects vary according to environmental conditions - and compared different GWAS methodologies. Then we have evaluated the effectiveness of various genomic prediction models for improving tolerance to abiotic stress. Our results revealed several candidate genes that require further experimental validation to elucidate their functional roles and potential applicability in breeding programmes. Preliminary results from genomic prediction models highlight the interest of using these approaches to predict tolerance to abiotic stresses, although further validation in breeding populations is required
Calenge, Fanny. "Organisation génomique globale des facteurs de résistance à la tavelure (Venturia inaequalis), à l'oi͏̈dium (Podosphaera leucotricha) et au feu bactérien (Erwinia amylovora) chez le pommier (Malus x domestica)". Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0002.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis was to determine the genomic organization of resistance factors in apple. We first constructed a genetic linkage map of an apple progeny. Then we studied the genetic determinism underlying partial resistance to scab, powdery mildew and fire blight in three progenies through a QTL analysis. At last, candidate genes presumably involved in resistance or defense against pathogens were mapped. The disease resistance factors identified during this study, and additional resistance factors (QTL and major genes) identified during previous studies were located on the same synthetic genetic linkage map. Most resistance factors were organized in clusters. Several co-localizations between QTL, candidate genes, and major genes occured, which led us to formulate some hypotheses about the putative functions of the genes and QTL mapped. From these results, strategies to create apple varieties carrying multiple resistances may be defined
Wipf, Daniel. "Polymorphismes protéique et génomique au sein des Morchellaceae : mise au point d'un outil moléculaire adapté à l'étude de l'écologie du genre Morchella en milieu forestier". Nancy 1, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1997_0244_WIPF.pdf.
Texto completoVentelon-Debout, Marjolaine. "Génomique de l'interaction entre le riz (Oryza sativa L. ) et le virus de la panachure jaune (Rice yellow mottle virus) : étude comparative de la réponse chez un cultivar sensible et un cultivar partiellement résistant". Perpignan, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PERP0525.
Texto completoRice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) is one of the most damaging pathogens of rice (Oryza sativa) in Africa. O. Sativa comprises two groups of subspecies: O. S. Indica , very susceptible to RYMV infection and O. S. Japonica, partially resistant. Our project concerns the study of the transcriptome and the proteome of two varieties, a RYMV susceptible one (IR64, O. S. Indica) and a partially resistant one (Azucena, O. S. Japonica). Our main objectives are to identify and characterize the specific responses to RYMV of the two cultivars at the early stages of infection. Transcriptionnal expression is largely disturbed. Photosynthetic genes, metabolic genes and defense related genes are deregulated during RYMV infection specifically in each cultivar
Chantreau, Maxime. "Vers une compréhension moléculaire de la biosynthèse pariétale chez le lin". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10215.
Texto completoCertain plants such as jute, ramie and flax contain elongated fiber cells (bast fibers) characterized by the presence of a thick cellulose-rich secondary cell wall containing low amounts of lignin. Little is known about cell wall biosynthesis in bast fibers and especially about the mechanisms controlling lignification. To improve our understanding of cell wall formation in the fiber model plant flax, we developed two functional genomics approaches. The first approach is based on the VIGS (Virus-induced gene silencing) procedure. We firstly optimized the infection protocol for flax using the PDS (Phytoene desaturase) control gene. We then used our protocol to functionally characterize cellulose synthase A genes. The second approach concerned the characterization of a flax EMS mutant population and the development of a TILLinG (Targeted Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) strategy. Li-Cor based screening of two genes (C3H and CAD) involved in monolignol biosynthesis allowed us to identify respectively, 79 and 76 mutant families for each gene. Calculation indicated that our population has a mutation rate of 1/41 Kb. Subsequently we used a high throughput cytological screening of our mutant to identify a sub-population showing lignified bast fibers (lbf population). In-depth characterization of the flax lbf1 mutant indicate that bast fiber lignin content increased by 350% and was associated with important modifications in the oligolignol pool. Whole genome transcriptomics suggested that increased lignification was related to an important up-regulation in lignin-associated peroxidase gene expression
Nsibi, Mariem. "Contribution des stratégies de sélection génomique et phénomique aux programmes d'amélioration génétique de l'abricotier (Prunus armeniaca L.) pour quelques traits d'intérêt". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSAM0021.
Texto completoHarnessing technological breakthroughs in data acquisition to genetic improvement of animal and crop species has allowed the advent of novel selection strategies grounded on high-throughput data. The genetic progress issued from unravelling the genetic architecture of agronomically relevant traits resulted in a paradigm shift from extensive characterization of selection candidates to a prediction strategy of their response to environmental variation.Thus, genomic selection (GS) based on the contribution of several tens of thousands of markers covering the entire genome has revolutionized breeding programs. It has overcome the problem of missing heritability encountered in marker-assisted selection (MAS), which relies on minimal fractions of genetic variance accounted for by a few quantitative trait loci (QTL), identified by linkage analysis or genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The constraints of GS, notably linked to the missing heritability unaccounted for by MAS, have recently paved the way for a novel selection strategy denoted as phenomic selection (PS), which is based on infrared spectroscopy and seems to offer a potentially valuable alternative to SG.In this perspective, this PhD project aims at evaluating the potential of the recourse to high throughput data in favor of the genetic improvement of apricot tree, Prunus armeniaca, for which conventional breeding is hindered by various biological limitations and long selection cycles and thus tends to impede the genetic progress. Therefore, the drive behind the use of large-scale data is to hasten the genetic gain per unit time and create genetically superior varieties with improved genetic constitution in order to meet the expectations and needs of apricot sector stakeholders.Within this context, we evaluated the performance of GS and PS models in terms of prediction accuracy for different agronomic traits within a biparental pseudo-testcross population (Goldrich × Moniqui) and a collection of genetic resources encompassing a wide range of diversity.To this end, a cross-validation strategy was performed to predict a panel of traits of agronomic interest such as fruit quality, phenology (flowering and maturity dates) and disease susceptibility. Our findings highlighted the efficiency of GS and PS approaches for several traits with contrasting quantitative genetic architectures. Furthermore, we proposed scenarios for optimizing the prediction accuracy through weighting GS and PS models using the information brought by genetic architecture of these traits. In addition, we assessed a multivariate modelling approach where the emphasis was placed on proxy traits in order to predict costly and difficult-to-measure target traits such as ethylene production. The potential place of both strategies within apricot breeding programs is discussed and their respective contributions to selection decisions is evaluated
Gonin, Mathieu. "Etude fonctionnelle de gènes régulés par le facteur de transcription CROWN ROOT LESS1 impliqués dans l’initiation et le développement des racines coronaires chez le riz". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG039.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to specify the molecular mechanisms acting downstream of the CROWN ROOT LESS 1 transcription factor (CRL1) that regulates coronary root (CR) formation. We were able to identify at first a new CRL1 recognized DNA sequence named CRL1-box different from the LBD-box which was the only cis-regulatory motif previously described for the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcription factor (TF) family. We then identified a group of genes regulated by CRL1, and showed the involvement of two of them, OsROP and OsbHLH044, in the development of CR. OsbHLH044 is a repressive transcription factor and appears to be also involved in cell senescence as well as stress response. Finally, we demonstrated a regulatory cascade linking CRL1 with QUIESCENT-CENTER-SPECIFICHOMEOBOX (QHB), a gene involved in the differentiation and maintenance of the quiescent center, via the OsHOX14 transcription factor. In addition we have demonstrated a negative feedback loop of QHB on its activators CRL1 and OsHOX14, which could be involved in structuring the coronary root primordia
Hénocq, Laura. "Histoire évolutive d’un groupe mésopolyploïde chez les Brassicaceae : approches transcriptomiques et phylogénomiques pour évaluer les conséquences de la polyploïdie sur l’évolution du système d’auto-incompatibilité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR019.
Texto completoWhole genome duplication events are common in flowering plants and especially within the Brassicaceae family. For example, the common ancestor of the Brassiceae tribe has experienced two successive WGD events, generating a whole genome triplication (WGT). WGD events are generally followed by a diploidization process involving genetic, epigenetic and structural changes leading to a diploid genome. Furthermore, after such an event, the dynamic of transposable elements is disturbed, which can lead to an increase in translocation events. In one lineage of the Brassiceae tribe, a decrease of molecular divergence among alleles and a genomic translocation have been observed at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). We suspect that these patterns are associated with the allopolyploidy events. Using phylogenomic approaches combined with S-locus diversity analyses, we aim at determining whether the bottleneck observed at the S-locus in the Brassiceae tribe is contemporaneous with the inferred whole genome triplication and whether these events are also associated with the translocation of the S-locus. My analyses suggest that all Brassiceae species share the same whole genome triplication event as well as a loss of phylogenetic diversity at the S-locus predating the divergence of Brassiceae lineages. Nevertheless, my data do not allow me to conclude about the association between the genomic translocation of the S locus and the whole genome triplication event, although they indicate that the translocation found in Brassica is shared by several Brassiceae clades
Hénocq, Laura. "Histoire évolutive d’un groupe mésopolyploïde chez les Brassicaceae : approches transcriptomiques et phylogénomiques pour évaluer les conséquences de la polyploïdie sur l’évolution du système d’auto-incompatibilité". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R019/document.
Texto completoWhole genome duplication events are common in flowering plants and especially within the Brassicaceae family. For example, the common ancestor of the Brassiceae tribe has experienced two successive WGD events, generating a whole genome triplication (WGT). WGD events are generally followed by a diploidization process involving genetic, epigenetic and structural changes leading to a diploid genome. Furthermore, after such an event, the dynamic of transposable elements is disturbed, which can lead to an increase in translocation events. In one lineage of the Brassiceae tribe, a decrease of molecular divergence among alleles and a genomic translocation have been observed at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). We suspect that these patterns are associated with the allopolyploidy events. Using phylogenomic approaches combined with S-locus diversity analyses, we aim at determining whether the bottleneck observed at the S-locus in the Brassiceae tribe is contemporaneous with the inferred whole genome triplication and whether these events are also associated with the translocation of the S-locus. My analyses suggest that all Brassiceae species share the same whole genome triplication event as well as a loss of phylogenetic diversity at the S-locus predating the divergence of Brassiceae lineages. Nevertheless, my data do not allow me to conclude about the association between the genomic translocation of the S locus and the whole genome triplication event, although they indicate that the translocation found in Brassica is shared by several Brassiceae clades
Akakpo, Roland. "Etude de la domestication et de l’adaptation de l’igname (Dioscorea spp) en Afrique par des approches génomiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS124.
Texto completoYam (Dioscorea spp) is a major staple for more than 100 million people in Africa. The main objectives of the present PhD project were to study yam genomic diversity, its domestication, and to characterize the genomic determinism of its adaptation to different climatic zones. We investigated the genetic basis of yam domestication in a comparative genomic approach between the cultivated species D. rotundata and two wild close relatives D. praehensilis and D. abyssinica, by exploiting NGS sequencing data. We demonstrated that genes from the starch biosynthesis were selected during yam domestication. Genes related to tuber morphology or phototropism ability, as well as genes of the NADH dehydrogenase complex were also under selection. The same NADH-DH complex was also identified when assessing adaptation to climate variability. We also created the first de novo database of yam transposable elements (TEs). The study we performed on these repeat elements (REs) highlighted a strong correlation between the variability in relative abundances of numerous REs and climatic variability. Finally, we were able to propose an hypothesis on the origin of the cultivated yam D. rotundata. Our hypothesis identifies the origin of yam in the forest areas, with the species D. praehensilis as the putative progenitor. Our results question the generally admitted hypothesis of savannah origins for crops and agriculture in Africa
Cunnac, Sébastien. "Identification à l'échelle génomique des effecteurs dépendant du système de sécrétion de type III de la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30197.
Texto completoRalstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease. Hrp genes encode a type III protein secretion apparatus that allows virulence effectors injection into the host plant cell. The regulatory gene hrpB controls expression of the structural components of the secretion machinery as well as its substrates. Characterization of the mode of action of HrpB allowed the definition of the hrpII box, a conserved cis-operator motif required for activity of the promoters belonging to this regulon. A search for this motif on R. Solanacearum GMI1000 genome sequence produced a list of 114 candidate genes. The next step involved the functional analysis of a group of these candidate genes : 48 of them were shown to belong to the hrpB regulon. Nine brg (hrpB-regulated genes) are homologous to known type III effectors from other plant pathogenic bacteria. The remaining 31 brg encode unknown or hypothetical proteins harbouring a putative type III-translocation signal. Hrp-dependent translocation into plant cells was confirmed for five candidate proteins. Only a few of the insertion mutants generated displayed an altered virulence when tested onto two host species. Finally, we identified and characterized the avrA gene which is necessary for elicitation of the hypersensitive response on some Nicotiana species. Altogether, these data suggest that R. Solanacearum genome contains a large type III effector repertory (50 to 70). Understanding their relative contribution to R. Solanacearum pathogenicity will await future elucidation of their molecular activity on the plant cell metabolism
Lariviere, Delphine. "Méthodes bioinformatiques d'analyse de l'histoire évolutive des familles de gènes ˸ intégration de données, indices évolutifs, et analyses fonctionnelles appliquées aux familles de gènes impliquées dans la réponse des plantes aux stress environnementaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0041.
Texto completoThe study of gene families and their evolutive history brings precious evidences for the functional annotation of families. The functional transfer depends on one hand on the relationship between genes, and on another hand on the sequence divergence. In order to facilitate the comprehension of gene families, the inference of their evolutive history must be correlated to functional evidences and annotations. This inference is possible through the integration of several heterogeneous data. Evolutive evidences can come from several different data sources and need several tools . It is therefore important to clearly identify both these sources and tools, but also to implement their integration in a common analysis specific to the studied organisms. After studying plant genomes specificities, and their specific mode of evolution, we responded to this problematic through the development of an integrative system containing expertingly chosen data, and implemented tools dedicated to the analysis of gene families. The system also propose a synthetic visualisation analytic tool and an original method to integrate syntenic data for gene family analysis. This system has then been used to study gene family of interest, implied in abiotic stress resistance in plants, that allows us to discuss the intake of the system for gene family analysis
Lalagüe, Hadrien. "Genetic response of tree population to spatial climatic variation : an experimental genomic and simulation approach in Fagus sylvatica populations along altitudinal gradients". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20042/document.
Texto completoA major challenge in population genetics is to understand the local adaptation process in natural population and so to disentangle the various evolution forces contributing to local adaptation. The experimental studies on local adaption generally resort to altitudinal gradients that are characterized by strong environmental changes across short spatial scales. Under such condition, the genetic differentiation of the functional trait (measured by the Qst) as well as the genes coding for trait (measured by Fstq) are expected to be mainly driven by selection and gene flow. Genetic drift and mutation are expected to have minor effect. Theoretic studies showed a decoupling between Qst and Fst under strong gene flow and / or recent selection. In this study, I tested this hypothesis by combining experimental and modelling genomic approach in natural population of Fagus sylvatica separated by ~3 kilometres and under contrasted environments.Sampling was conducted in south-eastern France, a region known to have been recently colonised by F.sylvatica. Four naturally-originated populations were sampled at both high and low elevations along two altitudinal gradients. Populations along the altitudinal gradients are expected to be subjected to contrasting climatic conditions. Fifty eight candidate genes were chosen from a databank of 35,000 ESTs according to their putative functional roles in response to drought, cold stress and leaf phenology and sequenced for 96 individuals from four populations that revealed 581 SNPs. Classical tests of departure of site frequency spectra from expectation and outlier detection tests that accounted for the complex demographic history of the populations were used. In contrast with the mono-locus tests, an approach for detecting selection at the multi-locus scale have been tested.The results from experimental approaches were highly contrasted according the method highlighting the limits of those method for population loosely differentiated and spatially close. The modelling approach confirmed the results from the experimental data but revealed that up to 95% of the SNPs detected as outliers were false positive. The multi-locus approach revealed that the markers coding for the trait are differentially correlated compared to the neutral SNPs. But this approach failed to detect accurately the markers coding for the trait if no a priori knowledge is known about them. The modelling approach revealed that genetic changes may occur across very few generation. But while this genetic adaptation is measurable at the trait level, the available method for detecting genetic adaptation at the molecular level appeared to be greatly inaccurate. However, the multi-locus approach provided much more promise for understanding the genetic basis of local adaptation from standing genetic variation of forest trees in response to climate change
Pêtre, Benjamin. "Contribution à l'analyse post-génomique de l'interaction entre le peuplier et Melampsora larici-populina, le champignon biotrophe responsable de la maladie de la rouille foliaire". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0110/document.
Texto completoMelampsora larici-Populina is a biotrophic fungus that infects poplar and causes the foliar rust disease, leading to severe damages in plantations. A major aim of the Tree- Microbe Interactions department is to characterize molecular determinants of the pathosystem. During this thesis, four research projects were achieved through post-Genomic approaches. First, transcriptome analysis of the early interaction between poplar and M. larici-Populina revealed a fungal-Induced host sulfate transporter (chapter II). Secondly, the phylogenomic analysis of the thaumatin-Like protein (TLP) family uncovered some clades specifically associated with stress responses in poplar (chapterIII). Thirdly, the gene encoding the small secreted protein of unknown function Risp is strongly induced during poplar defense reponses and has no homolog in other plants. The recombinant protein is intrinsically disordered and presents a dual activity as an antifungal protein against M. larici-Populina and as an endogenous elicitor of defense responses in poplar (chapter IV and V). The combination of both properties in a single protein has never been reported in plants. Finally, M. larici-Populina MlpP4.1 and MlpH1.1 genes encode cysteine-Rich small-Secreted proteins of unknown fonction, considered as candidate effectors (chapter VI). MlpP4.1 and MlpH1.1 expression is strongly induced during poplar leaf colonization, and virulence activities were observed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical and structural analyses of recombinant proteins are ongoing and already revealed the strong stability of MlpP4.1, likely due to the presence of several disulfide bridges. Several plant partners of the recombinant proteins were identified and have allowed for setting hypotheses about their role
Robic, Kévin. "Les populations de Dickeya pathogènes de la pomme de terre : lutte intégrée, structure et génomique des populations Pattern and causes of the establishment of the invasive bacterial potato pathogen Dickeya solani and of the maintenance of the resident pathogen D. dianthicola". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB012.
Texto completoIn potato plant, Solanum tuberosum, the phytopathogens Pectobacterium and Dickeya are responsible for blackleg and soft rot diseases causing extensive damage in fields and also during storage of tubers. Apart from prophylaxis methods, no treatment permits to control these diseases. The FN3PT / inov3PT is carrying out various research projects in order to better understand these pathogens and to offer suitable treatments. The objective of this work was to study the genes essential to the bacterium D. solani RNS 08.23.3.1A during the different stages of the infectious cycle, namely the colonization of the rhizosphere, the maceration of the stems and the maceration of the tubers. For this, a Tn-seq approach was used, the robustness of which was evaluated by determining the essential genome of D. solani. The genes essential to the various conditions in vivo were then identified. Secondly, a screening of biostimulating molecules of the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas spp PA14H7 was carried out. This screening made it possible to identify different molecules metabolized by PA14H7. Greenhouse biostimulation tests were performed to validate the biostimulatory effect of these molecules on a population of biocontrol agents artificially introduced into the potato rhizosphere. The incidence on the disease has been observed. Then the antibiosis action of 6 previously identified biocontrol agents was evaluated in vitro against a panel of 41 pathogens of Pectobacterium and Dickeya
Yu, Hong. "Caractérisation des familles de facteurs de transcription ARF et Aux/IAA chez l'eucalyptus, rôles dans la formation du bois". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2446/.
Texto completoAuxin is a key regulator of cambium activity and wood formation. Auxin Response Factors (ARF) and Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) are important regulators of auxin responses in plants. Thanks to the recent Eucalyptus grandis genome sequence, we identified 17 ARF and 24 Aux/IAA, and further characterized their gene structure, protein motif architecture, chromosomal location. By a combination of comparative phylogeny and transcript profiling in a large panel of organs, tissues and environmental conditions, we identified promising candidates and carried out their functional characterization to study their potential roles in wood formation. The stabilized versions of EgrIAA4m, 9Am and 20 were overexpressed in Arabidopsis. The transgenic lines exhibited auxin-related aberrant phenotypes, and obvious modifications in xylem and/or fiber cells differentiation and secondary cell wall composition. Altogether, this study provides a comprehensive characterization of the Eucalyptus ARF and Aux/IAA gene families and highlights the involvement of some members in the regulation of wood development
Poncet, Bénédicte N. "Modèles de distribution d’allèles pour la détection de la variabilité génétique adaptative chez une espèce non modèle, Arabis alpina". Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENV034.
Texto completoUnderstanding the molecular basis of adaptation is a major task in evolutionary biology. Local adaptation is the pattern of genotype distributions driven by the natural selection that tends to differentiate populations living in different environments. Genetically, local adaptation results in allele frequencies varying along selection gradients. Our objective is to infer the contribution of allele distribution models in the study of local adaptation through the case of the alpine plant Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae) in the wild. First, a genome scan of 825 AFLP markers genotyped on 678 plants from 198 sites in French and Swiss Alps has been completed and has required the development of a semi-automatic method to select the markers. The effects of this selection on the estimation of genetic structure and variability have been explored. Second, ecologically relevant loci were identified as potentially submitted to selection. Their allele distributions are significantly correlated with environmental variables and topographical conditions. The confounding effects (admixture and isolation by distance) were assessed and discarded in our study case. Some ecologically relevant loci have been sequenced to identify candidate genes and genomic regions potentially selected using the synteny between the genomes of A. Alpina and the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, the correlative approach to detect selection was compared with more traditional approaches of population genomic. These results suggest that the allele distribution models are a first step before the relevant functional ecology studies to better understand the adaptation to different environmental conditions
Soundiramourtty, Abirami. "Exploring the transpositional landscape and recent transposable element activity in beech trees using long read mobilome and genome sequencing and with new computational tools". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PERP0043.
Texto completoThe adaptation of organisms to environmental changes has become a fundamental research question,particularly in the context of climate change. A key area of this research is to identify underlying genetic elements, such as transposable elements (TEs), contributing to this process. TEs are repetitive DNA sequences found across all eukaryotes, possessing the unique ability to move within the genome, a phenomenon known as active transposition. They can cause mutations by generating transposable element insertion polymorphisms (TIPs) between individuals, and even somatic insertions. Generally, TEs remain inactive by epigenetic mechanisms that limit their uncontrolled proliferation. However, they can be reactivated upon various environmental stimuli, making active transposition relatively rare. TE mobility can be detected using extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) as a marker of transposition. The transpositional landscape of TEs and their recent activity have been documented in model organisms but remain underexplored in perennial species such as trees. This study aims to investigate recent transpositional activity and ongoing mobility of TEs in non-model perennial species, using European beech (Fagus sylvatica) as our model. We sought to study recent TE activity and their continuous mobility byidentifying TE-induced variants within a population and in an individual (at the somatic scale) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and mobilome sequencing (eccDNA). We conducted WGS and mobilome sequencing of trees from the Verzy forest, known for its dwarf and tortuous beeches, also referred as "mutants." These trees exhibit unstable phenotypical traits, with some trees developing new normal branches. We identified two TEs belonging to the Miniature Inverted Repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs) type, named SQUIRREL1 and SQUIRREL2, which are actively mobilizing in these trees, producing large amounts of eccDNA and even causing somatic variations.SQUIRREL1 and SQUIRREL2 are also active in beech trees from the Massane forest. Furthermore, in all these trees, several other TEs,mainly MITEs, produce significant amounts of eccDNA, although their activity levels appear to vary depending on the tissues, suggesting that TE activity could be tissue-specific indicating MITE-dominated transposition in beech. Simultaneously, we investigated TIPs in a population of beech trees from the Massane forest, an ancient forest classified as a UNESCO World Heritage site. By sequencing 150 trees, we aimed to understand how TEs contribute to the genetic diversity of the entire population by detecting TIPs generated by Long Terminal Repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) and MITEs using WGS. We detected approximately 30,000 LTR-RT TIPs in each individual, compared to 70,000 MITE TIPs. While most of these TIPs remain at low frequency, many MITE-TIPs are located near functional genes and more conserved within the population. Using these TIPs, we identified several hotspots of variation and conserved regions along the beech genome, providing insights into genome structure in this species. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of TEs in shaping the genomic landscape of trees, particularly in understanding how these elements contribute to the evolution of long-lived species. Future research could expand this work to other tree species and explore whether the patterns observed in beeches are common in other types of trees
Chambard, Marie. "Analyse génomique de l'ADN extracellulaire du Root Extracellular Trap (RET) et caractérisations omiques des "root Associated Cap-Devrived Cells" (AC-DC) chez le soja Glycine max (L.) Merr.1917". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR020.
Texto completoSoybean, a crop of Normand and world agronomic interest, is threatened by numerous phytopathogens like the oomycete Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. & Gerd., wich generate high levels of economical losses. The RET (root extracellular trap) is located at the root apex and is composed of border cells or AC-DC (root associated cap-derived cells) and their mucilage. This mucilage is made up of glycomolecules, proteins or also extracellular DNA (exDNA). The RET play a role in root protection against biotic stresses. In order to better understand the role of the RET in root protection, a transcriptomic and a proteomic analysis where done on AC-DC and roots in controle condition and in elicited condition with PEP-13 (an elicitor from Phytophthora sp.). The results show a specificity of AC-DC compared to the root, and an answer to PEP-13 wich seems to be different between these two tissues. An other experiment was to sequence RET exDNA in controle and elicited conditions, in order to define the origin of this exDNA. We show that the coverage of mitochondrial and plastidial DNA where much better than the coverage of chromosomic DNA. It could mean that chromosomic DNA isn’t conserved as well as organelles DNA, or exDNA could originate from organelles. Furthermore, results seems to show no differences between the sequences of elicited or control exDNA
Changenet, Valentin. "Towards new roles for cytochrome P450s and strigolactones in Fusarium Head Blight of Brachypodium distachyon". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS354/document.
Texto completoFusarium Head Blight (FHB) is one of the most important diseases of temperate cereals and is mostly caused by the toxin producing-fungus Fusarium graminearum (Fg). This last decade, several studies reported the transcriptional activation of cereal cytochrome P450-encoding genes (P450s) in response to Fg infection. P450s constitute an enzymatic family participating in very diverse metabolic pathways with potential interest for disease resistance. We used the model temperate cereal Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) to functionally characterize the first FHB-induced P450- encoding gene using Bd lines altered in the locus or gene expression of the Bradi1g75310 gene encoding the BdCYP711A29 P450. We showed that in addition to be a plant susceptibility factor towards the disease, the Bradi1g75310 gene is involved in the hormonal biosynthetic pathway of strigolactones (SLs) in Bd. Indeed, in addition to genetically complement the shoot phenotypes of the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant line for the homologous gene MAX1 (AtCYP711A1, max1-1 line), a Bd linewhich overexpresses the Bradi1g75310 gene (OE) exudes more orobanchol, a specific SL, compared to wild-type or mutant lines. Preliminary analysis of the direct impact of orobanchol on Fg growth suggests an activation of early fungal development (germination) likely to induce faster induction of defense-related genes during FHB, observed in Bradi1g75310 OE line. We showed that the four paralogs of Bradi1g75310 encoding BdCYP711A P450s are all able to genetically complement max1-1 line and provide important plant material for studying SLs diversification in the model monocot B. distachyon. Overall, this project constitutes a first step in the characterization of P450s involvement in plant response towards Fg infection in addition to give new evidences about the role of SLs in plant-pathogen interactions. Results obtained during this Ph.D. project will allow the improvement of both developmental and FHB-related traits in cereal crops
Schatz-Daas, Déborah. "OEX1, une exonuclease/flap endonuclease nécessaire à la stabilité du génome mitochondrial d'arabidopsis thaliana". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAJ016.
Texto completoPlant organelles are constantly exposed to various stresses that can alter their genomes, which require specific mechanisms for their maintenance and repair. If we know the mechanisms involved, several factors essential to the maintenance of the mitochondrial genome have not yet been identified, among others nucleases necessary for the replication, repair and stability of the genomes. During my thesis, I characterized the mitochondrial exonuclease OEX1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The mutants of OEX1 were found to be very affected in their development and fertility. I have shown that OEX1 is capable of 5'-3 'exonuclease and flap-endonuclease activities, and of degrading RNAs hybridized to DNA. OEX1 could thus play a role in the repair mechanisms of BER and homologous recombination, but also in the maturation of Okazaki fragments and the elimination of R-loops. I also generated mutants for OEX2, a paralog of OEX1 but addressed to the chloroplast, by CRIPSR-Cas9 technology. However, these mutants are not affected in their development, indicating that the functions of OEX2 are not as essential as those of OEX1
Cormier, Fabien. "Nitrogen use efficiency inwheat in bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) : breeding & gene discovery". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22574/document.
Texto completoIn a context of fertiliser reduction, breeding for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency in bread wheat is necessary. This PhD thesis resulting from private-public collaboration between the French National Institute for Agricultural Research and Biogemma aimed providing necessary tools. Analyses were conducted using a dataset of 225 commercial varieties genotyped with 24K SNP and tested in eight combinations of year, location, and nitrogen regimes. We showed that even if past selection increased nitrogen use efficiency at high and moderate nitrogen regimes, genetic progresses need to be accelerated and better balanced between traits. This could be achieved by mixing phenotypic and marker assisted selections. In this sense, we developed a method to define quantitative trait locus from genome-wide association study: 333 chromosomal regions involved in 28 NUE-related traits have been identified. The NAM-A1 gene was located in one of these regions and its natural variants were characterized. We also showed that genomic selection could be improved by pre-selecting SNP based on their significance in a multi-environmental genome-wide association study. Networks of epistasis interactions were also studied and an interesting sub-network was identified. Results and methods are discussed regarding breeding and gene discovery strategy. Further investigations and improvements are suggested
Picart, Picolo Ariadna. "L'importance du nucléole et des gènes d'ARN ribosomique 45S dans l'organisation 3D et la stabilité du génome chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0025/document.
Texto completoThe nucleolus is the site of ribosome biogenesis, which begins with the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. However, the nucleolus is also involved in other cellular processes, such as the 3D genome organization. Thus, genomic regions called NADs for Nucleolus-Associated chromatin Domains, have been identified in animal and plant cells. These regions are mostly heterochromatic and the associated genes tend to be poorly transcribed. One of the objectives of my thesis was to study the involvement of the nucleolus in the 3D genome organization and the transcriptional regulation of genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase II in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, only a fraction of rRNA gene copies participates in the process of ribosome biogenesis. In a second time, I studied the role of the inactive rRNA gene copies. We show that in their absence, there is no major changes in the nucleolus function. However, these copies contribute to genome stability. Indeed, in their absence, up to several hundred of kilobases long duplication events accumulate, resulting in the duplication and the differential expression of hundreds of genes. Finally, the impact of these structural changes on the plant biology are discussed
Baron, Étienne. "Génomique écologique de la réponse à la compétition chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10206/document.
Texto completoCompetition is considered as a major factor responsible for plant communities structure, diversity and dynamics. However, the genetics underlying this local eco-evolutionary dynamics remains poorly understood. Notably, at the population scale, the natural genetic variation of response to different competition conditions, the identity of phenotypic traits under genotypic selection and of genetic basis implied in the response to competition still need to be addressed. By an ecological genomics approach using the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the main goal of this thesis is to characterize the genetics related to the competitive ability at a local scale, according to an increasing complexity of interactions between the competitor species. First, by focusing on monospecific competition, I showed that both the competitor identity and the lag of competitor germination time promote the maintenance of the genetic and functional diversities within the target population. Based on an approach of Genome Wide Association (GWA) mapping, I detected QTLs of response to competition that were strongly dependent on the conditions of monospecific competition. Second, in the context of multispecific interactions, I demonstrated that the response of a local population to competition was highly specific to the surrounding communities considered. In addition, based on a resurrection approach, I showed that the response of a local population to competition could evolve in less than eight generations, likely in relationship to community shifts. Third, I demonstrated that the adaptive dynamic of A. thaliana was highly influenced by the competition intensity in natural conditions
Limones, Méndez Mariana Cecilia. "Développement d’outils moléculaires et cellulaires pour générer des variétés de Pomelo « Star Ruby » ne produisant pas de Furocoumarines". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0045.
Texto completoFuranocoumarins are phenolic compounds involved in defense against herbivores. These molecules are mainly described in four botanical families. Rutaceae, one of those families, includes Citrus species. Furanocoumarins are phototoxic compounds, which can be problematic for their use in cosmetics or in phytotherapy. Furanocoumarin ingestion via citrus juice consumption, may inhibit human enzymes of detoxification, such as human CYP3A4. This can lead to drug overdoses known as the “Grapefruit Juice Effect”. This work consisted in the development of tools that will allow to generate new varieties of pomelo that no longer produce furanocoumarins by targeted genome edition. We have covered the essential steps for the implementation of a global strategy: i) reproducible methods have been developed for the production of protoplasts and cell cultures of Star Ruby grapefruit; ii) conditions for protoplast transformation by electroporation have also been developed; iii) finally, to specifically inhibit the furanocoumarin biosynthetic pathway, we chose to implement a genome editing approach using a CRISPR / Cas9 methodology. The development of the method was carried out with a gene encoding umbelliferon 6-dimethylallyltransferase. The results obtained indicate that the strategy is feasible. To strengthen the CRISPR / Cas9 strategy, we implemented a method to identify additional target genes. Using a data mining approach of available genomic and transcriptomic databases we identified 18 candidate sequences potentially involved in the furanocoumarin biosynthetic pathway. Heterologous expression of the corresponding proteins and their functional characterization made it possible to show that CYP706J12 is able to metabolize herniarin (a coumarin). This result provides elements to hypothesize about the convergent evolution of coumarin and furanocoumarin synthesis in higher plants
Koné, Doufoungognon. "Réponse évolutive à l'effet combiné de la pollution et du réchauffement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES032.
Texto completoThe combined effect of human-induced environmental stresses leads to the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of our ecosystems. Plasticity and adaptation are key eco-evolutionary processes that can limit biodiversity losses due to environmental change. Many studies evaluate the immediate response of organisms to multistresses, few focus on their evolutionary response. My thesis project aims to provide new answers on the effects of two major environmental stresses, pollution and global warming, on the fitness of organisms by working on two time scales (short and long term). I apply the concepts of ecotoxicology in an evolutionary context, a discipline called evo-toxicology. I am developing experiments exposing several genotypes of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila to several stresses: metals, salts, antibiotics and increased temperature. I evaluate their plastic responses, via the construction of dose-response curves (reaction norms), and adaptive via experimental evolution. I delve deeper into some cellular and molecular mechanisms that could underlie the observed patterns. The experimental systems used are laboratory microcosms for which cell phenotyping (morphology, movement, fitness, physiology) is automated. The integration of intraspecific variability into an ecotoxicological study including the pollutant x thermal stress interaction is still little explored. It is the same for the connection of the immediate plastic response with the longer term response obtained by experimental evolution. My thesis project, at the interface between ecotoxicology, evolutionary biology and cellular biology, therefore brings an innovative character to the study of the response of organisms to multiple stressors
Baron, Étienne. "Génomique écologique de la réponse à la compétition chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10206.
Texto completoCompetition is considered as a major factor responsible for plant communities structure, diversity and dynamics. However, the genetics underlying this local eco-evolutionary dynamics remains poorly understood. Notably, at the population scale, the natural genetic variation of response to different competition conditions, the identity of phenotypic traits under genotypic selection and of genetic basis implied in the response to competition still need to be addressed. By an ecological genomics approach using the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the main goal of this thesis is to characterize the genetics related to the competitive ability at a local scale, according to an increasing complexity of interactions between the competitor species. First, by focusing on monospecific competition, I showed that both the competitor identity and the lag of competitor germination time promote the maintenance of the genetic and functional diversities within the target population. Based on an approach of Genome Wide Association (GWA) mapping, I detected QTLs of response to competition that were strongly dependent on the conditions of monospecific competition. Second, in the context of multispecific interactions, I demonstrated that the response of a local population to competition was highly specific to the surrounding communities considered. In addition, based on a resurrection approach, I showed that the response of a local population to competition could evolve in less than eight generations, likely in relationship to community shifts. Third, I demonstrated that the adaptive dynamic of A. thaliana was highly influenced by the competition intensity in natural conditions
Davalos, Marcela. "Approches génomiques de la régulation azotée chez Sinorhizobium meliloti". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30128.
Texto completoRhizobium-legume nitrogen fixation implies a switch of bacterial nitrogen metabolism from ammonium assimilation to ammonium export. Nitrogen regulation in Rhizobium is controlled by the Nitrogen Regulatory System (Ntr). Using genomic arrays we studied the set of Ntr-responsive genes in Sinorhizobium meliloti. The use of glutamate (known to allow for a strong induction of the Ntr system) instead of ammonium results in activation of nitrogen transport and assimilation genes. Glutamate represses genes including a H+-translocating pyrophosphate synthase and some hypothetical proteins. These responses depended on both Ntr regulators GlnB and NtrC. NtrC was negatively autoregulated in a glnB dependent fashion, independently of nitrogen source. In addition to the nitrogen response, glutamate remodelled expression of carbon metabolism by stimulating gluconeogenetic genes and by inhibiting expression of glucose transport and catabolism. These responses were independent of NtrC
Gendrel, Anne-Valérie. "Etude de la dérégulation épigénétique des éléments transposables et impact sur l'expression du génome chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana". Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112023.
Texto completoIn order to understand the mechanisms underlying epigenetic variations of gene activity or epimutations in Arabidopsis, we have developed a genomic microarray covering a heterochromatic island. Using this tool, we have performed comparative analysis of expression in wild type and ddm1 mutant plants. The DDM1 gene encodes a SWI/SNF2-like chromatin remodeling factor. We have shown that this gene is required to maintain normal DNA methylation, as well as histone H3 lysine 9 methylation patterns, primarily at repeated sequences. Many small RNAs correspond to these sequences and may serve as guides for heterochromatin formation. Moreover, we have shown that the ddm1 mutant leads to a dramatic transcriptional activation of transposable elements and their remnants, and can also affect neighboring gene expression, but only when these elements are inserted within or very close to genes. Such alterations are heritable independently of the ddm1 mutation. These results indicate that transposable elements could represent an important source of epimutations. The goal of the second part of this thesis was to estimate the number of genes whose expression depends on adjacent transposable elements along one chromosome in Arabidopsis, in order to evaluate the importance of transposon-mediated gene regulation. These analyses, between wild type and ddm1 mutant plants, were carried out in two accession lines that differ by a number of insertion polymorphisms, in order to evaluate the epigenetic part of natural variation. Our preliminary results show that approximately 1% of genes in Arabidopsis may be subjected to such controls
Borland, Stéphanie. "Rôle des systèmes à deux composants dans l’adaptation de la bactérie phytostimulatrice Azospirillum à la rhizosphère". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10037.
Texto completoBacterial two-component systems play an important role in the ability of bacteria to adapt to various environments. The aim of this thesis was to identify and characterize two-component systems involved in the adaptation of the phytostimulatory bacteria Azospirillum to its host plant. Analysis of the genomic distribution of genes encoding two-component systems across Azospirillum available genomes revealed the existence of a high number of genes encoding hybrid histidine kinases, and further analyses highlighted a complex multi-domain organization of this family of proteins. In order to understand their role in Azospirillum, as a first step we selected and inactivated four genes encoding complex hybrid histidines kinases. Using a multidisciplinary approach which combines genetics, biochemistry and phylogeny, we brought to light for the first time in Azospirillum, an atypical three-component system named PreSKR which controls a wide variety of processes involved in survival and rhizosphere colonization likely by modulating c-di-GMP levels. As a second step, we focused on a gene encoding a hybrid histidine kinase named RsiK which is induced in contact with its host plant. RsiK is involved in surface sensing and biofilm formation regulation. Transcriptomic analysis of rsiK regulon by RNA-seq showed that 78 genes were under the control of this system. The prevalence of genes encoding hybrid histidine kinase family in Azospirillum, coupled with the functional characterization of two of them, highlight the importance of phosphorelays, still largely unrecognized in rhizospheric bacteria
Limones, Méndez Mariana Cecilia. "Développement d’outils moléculaires et cellulaires pour générer des variétés de Pomelo « Star Ruby » ne produisant pas de Furocoumarines". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0045.
Texto completoFuranocoumarins are phenolic compounds involved in defense against herbivores. These molecules are mainly described in four botanical families. Rutaceae, one of those families, includes Citrus species. Furanocoumarins are phototoxic compounds, which can be problematic for their use in cosmetics or in phytotherapy. Furanocoumarin ingestion via citrus juice consumption, may inhibit human enzymes of detoxification, such as human CYP3A4. This can lead to drug overdoses known as the “Grapefruit Juice Effect”. This work consisted in the development of tools that will allow to generate new varieties of pomelo that no longer produce furanocoumarins by targeted genome edition. We have covered the essential steps for the implementation of a global strategy: i) reproducible methods have been developed for the production of protoplasts and cell cultures of Star Ruby grapefruit; ii) conditions for protoplast transformation by electroporation have also been developed; iii) finally, to specifically inhibit the furanocoumarin biosynthetic pathway, we chose to implement a genome editing approach using a CRISPR / Cas9 methodology. The development of the method was carried out with a gene encoding umbelliferon 6-dimethylallyltransferase. The results obtained indicate that the strategy is feasible. To strengthen the CRISPR / Cas9 strategy, we implemented a method to identify additional target genes. Using a data mining approach of available genomic and transcriptomic databases we identified 18 candidate sequences potentially involved in the furanocoumarin biosynthetic pathway. Heterologous expression of the corresponding proteins and their functional characterization made it possible to show that CYP706J12 is able to metabolize herniarin (a coumarin). This result provides elements to hypothesize about the convergent evolution of coumarin and furanocoumarin synthesis in higher plants