Bibliografías temáticas / Gene silencing

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Gene silencing"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 28 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Gene silencing"

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Borkar, Dipali B. y Vishal L. Bagde. "Role of Gene Silencing In Agriculture". International Journal of Scientific Research 2, n.º 10 (1 de junio de 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/16.

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Khan, Farah Deeba, Ghazala Irshad y Samra Hafiz. "GENE SILENCING". Professional Medical Journal 25, n.º 12 (8 de diciembre de 2018): 1954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4328.

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Objectives: Cancer, the most complex group of genetic disorders results due to over expression or mutation of oncogenes/molecules involved in cell signaling pathways. KRAS is an oncogene that encodes a small GTPase protein with two isoforms KRasA & KRasB and is involved in the regulation of cell division. KRas is frequently found mutated in lung, pancreas, colorectal and many other cancers. Various studies have found that KRasB promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis whereas KRasA has negligible role in cell proliferation or rather is involved in apoptosis at times. Several experiments have shown tumor growth inhibition by silencing KRas in various tumor models having a differential allelic expression.The goal of our study was to determine the possible differential role of KRas A and B on MAPK Pathway. To examine the disparity in role of various isoforms of KRas on apoptosis, we evaluated the expression of these isoforms through different modalities in HeLa cells before and after silencing KRas through RNA interference. Study Design: In vitro study for isolation of protein molecules (Proteomics) and to study various genes (Genomics) through Polymerase chain reaction. Study Duration: December, 2011-September, 2014. Setting: Center for Research in Molecular Medicine, University of Lahore. Material & Methods: In present study, we studied the expression level and behavior of many sets of molecules such as KRasA, KrasB, Bad, Bcl2, BclxL and Mcl-1 through gene quantitation by Real Time PCR. We also analyzed the protein expression through Western blot immune-precipitation. All the tests were done before and after 48-hours of silencing of HeLa cells with shRNA designed for KRas. Results: We successfully downregulated KRasB (80%) but found upregulation of KRasA with continued cell proliferation. We also found overexpression of antiapoptotic genes, BclxL and Mcl1 and downregulation of proapoptotic molecule-Bad. Differences were considered significant at p< 0.01. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM from six separate experiments. Conclusion: We were able to show that in the absence of one proliferative gene, another sister gene upregulates and takes over the role of uncontrolled cell proliferation. This usually leads to failure of most cancer controltherapies.
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Selker, Eric U. "Gene Silencing". Cell 97, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80725-4.

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Nashimoto, Masayuki. "TRUE Gene Silencing". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 10 (11 de mayo de 2022): 5387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105387.

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TRUE gene silencing is an RNA-mediated gene expression control technology and is termed after tRNase ZL-utilizing efficacious gene silencing. In this review, I overview the potentiality of small guide RNA (sgRNA) for TRUE gene silencing as novel therapeutics. First, I describe the physiology of tRNase ZL and cellular small RNA, and then sgRNA and TRUE gene silencing. An endoribonuclease, tRNase ZL, which can efficiently remove a 3′ trailer from pre-tRNA, is thought to play the role in tRNA maturation in the nucleus and mitochondria. There exist various small RNAs including miRNA and fragments from tRNA and rRNA, which can function as sgRNA, in living cells, and human cells appear to be harnessing cytosolic tRNase ZL for gene regulation together with these small RNAs. By utilizing the property of tRNase ZL to recognize and cleave micro-pre-tRNA, a pre-tRNA-like or micro-pre-tRNA-like complex, as well as pre-tRNA, tRNase ZL can be made to cleave any target RNA at any desired site under the direction of an artificial sgRNA that binds a target RNA and forms the pre-tRNA-like or micro-pre-tRNA-like complex. This general RNA cleavage method underlies TRUE gene silencing. Various examples of the application of TRUE gene silencing are reviewed including the application to several human cancer cells in order to induce apoptosis. Lastly, I discuss the potentiality of sgRNA as novel therapeutics for multiple myeloma.
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Dove, Alan. "Silencing gene silence". Nature Biotechnology 17, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/5352.

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Dudeja, V., S. Skube, R. Chugh, Y. Yokoyama, R. Talukdar, N. Majumdar, D. Borja-Cacho et al. "HSF1 GENE SILENCING". Pancreas 37, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2008): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpa.0000335443.07173.26.

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Richards, Kenneth E. "Plant Gene Silencing". Plant Science 162, n.º 4 (abril de 2002): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(02)00006-7.

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Unver, Turgay y Hikmet Budak. "Virus-Induced Gene Silencing, a Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing Method". International Journal of Plant Genomics 2009 (15 de junio de 2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/198680.

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Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one of the reverse genetics tools for analysis of gene function that uses viral vectors carrying a target gene fragment to produce dsRNA which trigger RNA-mediated gene silencing. There are a number of viruses which have been modified to silence the gene of interest effectively with a sequence-specific manner. Therefore, different types of methodologies have been advanced and modified for VIGS approach. Virus-derived inoculations are performed on host plants using different methods such as agro-infiltration and in vitro transcriptions. VIGS has many advantages compared to other loss-of-gene function approaches. The approach provides the generation of rapid phenotype and no need for plant transformation. The cost of VIGS experiment is relatively low, and large-scale analysis of screening studies can be achieved by the VIGS. However, there are still limitations of VIGS to be overcome. Nowadays, many virus-derived vectors are optimized to silence more than one host plant such as TRV-derived viral vectors which are used for Arabidopsis and Nicothiana benthamiana. By development of viral silencing systems monocot plants can also be targeted as silencing host in addition to dicotyledonous plants. For instance, Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-mediated VIGS allows silencing of barley and wheat genes. Here we summarize current protocols and recent modified viral systems to lead silencing of genes in different host species.
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Soni, Navneet Omprakash. "Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Delivering Drugs and Silencing Multiple Genes or Gene activation in Diabetic Nephropathy". International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research 3, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2017): 1329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.5.11.

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Méndez, Catalina. "Post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcriptional gene silencing and human immunodeficiency virus". World Journal of Virology 4, n.º 3 (2015): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.219.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Gene silencing"

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Lau, Stephen S. K. "Gene silencing in mammalian cells". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28435.pdf.

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Ho, Thien Xuan. "Antiviral gene silencing in plants". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509958.

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Tufarelli, Cristina. "Activation and silencing of α globin expression". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365741.

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Markowetz, Florian. "Probabilistic models for gene silencing data". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2006/247/index.html.

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Brown, Stephen. "Transgene mediated gene silencing in tomato". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339677.

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Mason-Suares, Heather Marie. "Polycomb Silencing of the Thor Gene". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1277323215.

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Payne, Richard. "Gene discovery in Catharanthus roseus using virus induced gene silencing". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/59379/.

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This thesis presents the use of Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for the discovery of enzymes and transporters involved in monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) metabolism in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. C. roseus is the source of a number of MIAs that are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of a variety of cancers, however the complete biosynthetic pathway for these metabolites remains to be elucidated. Additionally, this metabolic pathway is subcellulary compartmented with the key branch point enzyme, strictosidine synthase, localised to the plant vacuole. There is therefore a need for the import of the substrates for strictosidine biosynthesis; secologanin and tryptamine, across the vacuolar membrane, and export of the product, strictosidine, for synthesis of the downstream alkaloids. This thesis presents the identification of two proteins that act as trans-tonoplastic transporters in MIA metabolism. The multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) protein, CrMATE1952, was localised to the vacuolar membrane and silencing its expression in planta resulted in the accumulation of a secologanin derivative. This implicates CrMATE1952 in the transport of secologanin into the vacuole and highlights the importance of the spatial organisation of the pathway in preventing secologanin derivatisation. Secondly silencing the expression of a tonoplast localised nitrate/peptide (NPF) transporter, CrNPF2.9, resulted in the 20-fold accumulation of strictosidine, suggesting this transporter is the exporter of strictosidine from the vacuole. Furthermore, VIGS also allowed the identification of a reticuline oxidase like protein, CrRO, which resulted in the accumulation of two new MIAs in leaf tissue upon silencing. This thesis highlights a reverse genetics strategy for gene identification in metabolic pathways and is the first time the MATE and NPF transporters, and the reticuline oxidase like enzymes, have been shown to be involved in MIA metabolism in C. roseus.
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Walker, C. "Gene silencing and development in Phytophthora infestans". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590982.

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In order to investigate whether epigenetics plays a role in P. infestans, the expression patterns of genes involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing were investigated and several were found to be up-regulated in both pre-infection stages and in planta. A histone deacetylase (Pi-HDA1) was selected for functional characterization using RNA interference (RNAi). Silencing Pi-HDA1 produced large aberrant zoospores indicating that it may be required for development. In addition silencing of Pi-HDA1 resulted in reactivation of INF1 production in inf1-transgenic silenced strains, therefore suggesting that Pi-HDA1 may be directly involved in the silencing of inf1 in inf1-transgenic silenced strains. In addition an RNA helicase, Pi-RNH1 was also found to be specifically up-regulated in zoospores. Pi-RNH1-silenced strains produced large aberrant zoospores that had undergone partial cleavage and often had multiple flagella on their surface. The Pi-RNH1-silenced zoospores were also sensitive to osmotic pressure and they often ruptured upon release from the sporangia. These findings indicate that Pi-RNH1 has a major function in zoospore development. In addition the mechanism of internuclear gene silencing was further investigated. In P. infestans internuclear gene silencing is a process where silencing is transmitted from nucleus to nucleus in heterokaryotic strains. Previously it was demonstrated that internuclear gene silencing is a transcriptional silencing process. In several eukaryotes transcriptional silencing has been shown to involve methylation of cytosines. Methylation sensitive sequencing was performed and it was concluded that DNA methylation is not involved in transcriptional silencing in P. infestans. In solution hybridization assays provided preliminary evidence that small RNAs may be the diffusible factor responsible for the spread of silencing.
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Christopher, Sibley. "Novel gene silencing strategies for Parkinson's disease". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540276.

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Bottley, Andrew. "Patterns of gene silencing in hexaploid wheat". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445520.

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Libros sobre el tema "Gene silencing"

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Mysore, Kirankumar S. y Muthappa Senthil-Kumar, eds. Plant Gene Silencing. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1875-2.

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Mysore, Kirankumar S. y Muthappa Senthil-Kumar, eds. Plant Gene Silencing. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2453-0.

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Matzke, M. A. y A. J. M. Matzke, eds. Plant Gene Silencing. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4183-3.

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A, Matzke M. y Matzke A. J. M, eds. Plant gene silencing. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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Becker, Annette, ed. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-278-0.

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W, Redberry Grace, ed. Gene silencing: New research. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006.

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Sioud, Mouldy, ed. siRNA and miRNA Gene Silencing. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-547-7.

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Donald, Grierson, Lycett G. W, Tucker G. A y Easter School in Agricultural Science (57th : 1995 : University of Nottingham), eds. Mechanisms and applications of gene silencing. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press, 1996.

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Dalmay, T., ed. Plant gene silencing: mechanisms and applications. Wallingford: CABI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780647678.0000.

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Courdavault, Vincent y Sébastien Besseau, eds. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Plants. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0751-0.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Gene silencing"

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Arnemann, J. "Gene silencing". En Springer Reference Medizin, 947. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_3489.

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Kertbundit, Sunee, Miloslav Juříček y Timothy C. Hall. "Gene Silencing". En Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement, 631–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2967-6_27.

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Arnemann, J. "Gene silencing". En Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_3489-1.

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Zhang, Yan. "Gene Silencing". En Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 809–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_327.

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Mandahar, Chuni L. "Gene Silencing". En Molecular Biology of Plant Viruses, 255–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5063-1_13.

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Chandler, Vicki L., William B. Eggleston y Jane E. Dorweiler. "Paramutation in maize". En Plant Gene Silencing, 1–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4183-3_1.

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Meins, Frederick. "RNA degradation and models for post-transcriptional gene silencing". En Plant Gene Silencing, 141–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4183-3_10.

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Morel, Jean-Benoit y Hervé Vaucheret. "Post-transcriptional gene silencing mutants". En Plant Gene Silencing, 155–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4183-3_11.

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Fagard, Mathilde y Hervé Vaucheret. "Systemic silencing signal(s)". En Plant Gene Silencing, 165–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4183-3_12.

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Marathe, Rajendra, Radhamani Anandalakshmi, Trent H. Smith, Gail J. Pruss y Vicki B. Vance. "RNA viruses as inducers, suppressors and targets of post-transcriptional gene silencing". En Plant Gene Silencing, 175–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4183-3_13.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Gene silencing"

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Chen, Wenjie, Wei Deng y Ewa M. Goldys. "Enhanced gene silencing mediated by photoresponsive liposomes". En SPIE BioPhotonics Australasia, editado por Mark R. Hutchinson y Ewa M. Goldys. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2244465.

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Mohamed, Hoda Elhamy, Essam M. Hamed y Mohammad H. Abdel-Rahman. "An Enhanced Gene Silencing Algorithm Using Hash Table". En 2015 25th International Conference on Computer Theory and Applications (ICCTA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccta37466.2015.9513437.

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Mahata, Kalyan y Anasua Sarkar. "Cancer gene silencing network analysis using cellular automata". En 2015 3rd International Conference on Computer, Communication, Control and Information Technology (C3IT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/c3it.2015.7060127.

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"mitomiRs as the common regulators of gene silencing". En Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/Systems Biology (BGRS/SB-2022) :. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/sbb-2022-053.

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Chien Ting Chin, Christopher S. Hall, Alexander Ghanem y Klaus Tiemann. "Ultrasound mediated gene silencing with short-hairpin RNA". En 2009 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2009.5441591.

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Chew, Sing Yian. "Nanofiber Scaffold-based Gene-silencing for Regenerative Medicine". En 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_671.

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Fenwick, Ann, Rebecca L. Larson, Patrick A. Reeves, Christopher M. Richards y Lee Panella. "Virus induced gene silencing of a gene repressing flowering in sugar beet". En American Society of Sugar Beet Technologist. ASSBT, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2007.30.

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Shrub, K. V., A. V. Kolubako y Ye A. Nikolaichik. "The receptor-like kinase RLK4 from Solanaceae family plants contributes to immune response". En 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.226.

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Wintermantel, William M. y Laura L. Hladky. "Resistance to curly top viruses through virus induced gene silencing." En American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2009.35.

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Dong, Jinrui, Wupeng Liao, Hong Yong Peh, Tze Khee Chan, W. S. Daniel Tan, Li Li y W. S. Fred Wong. "Ribosomal protein S3 gene silencing protects against experimental allergic asthma". En ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa562.

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Informes sobre el tema "Gene silencing"

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Turker, Mitchell. Environmentally Induced Gene Silencing in Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julio de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada493645.

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Turker, Mitchell. Environmentally Induced Gene Silencing in Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julio de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada473698.

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Grant, S. R. Characterization of Arabidopsis Genes Involved in Gene Silencing. Final Progress Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febrero de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/825155.

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Mawassi, Munir, Baozhong Meng y Lorne Stobbs. Development of Virus Induced Gene Silencing Tools for Functional Genomics in Grapevine. United States Department of Agriculture, julio de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613887.bard.

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Grapevine is perhaps the most widely grown fruit crop. To understand the genetic make-up so as to improve the yield and quality of grapes and grape products, researchers in Europe have recently sequenced the genomes of Pinot noir and its inbred. As expected, function of many grape genes is unknown. Functional genomics studies have become the major focus of grape researchers and breeders. Current genetic approaches for gene function studies include mutagenesis, crossing and genetic transformation. However, these approaches are difficult to apply to grapes and takes long periods of time to accomplish. It is thus imperative to seek new ways for grape functional genomics studies. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) offers an attractive alternative for this purpose and has proven highly effective in several herbaceous plant species including tomato, tobacco and barley. VIGS offers several advantages over existing functional genomics approaches. First, it does not require transformation to silence a plant gene target. Instead, it induces silencing of a plant gene through infection with a virus that contains the target gene sequence, which can be accomplished within a few weeks. Second, different plant genes can be readily inserted into the viral genome via molecular cloning and functions of a large number of genes can be identified within a short period of time. Our long-term goal of this research is to develop VIGS-based tools for grapevine functional genomics, made of the genomes of Grapevine virus A (GVA) from Israel and Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) from Canada. GVA and GRSPaV are members of the Flexiviridae. Both viruses have single-stranded, positive sense RNA genomes, which makes them easy to manipulate genetically and excellent candidates as VIGS vectors. In our three years research, several major breakthroughs have been made by the research groups involved in this project. We have engineered a cDNA clone of GVA into a binary vector that is infectious upon delivery into plantlets of micropropagated Vitis viniferacv. Prime. We further developed the GVA into an expression vector that successfully capable to silence endogenous genes. We also were able to assemble an infectious full-length cDNA clones of GRSPaV. In the following sections Achievements and Detailed description of the research activities, we are presenting the outcome and results of this research in details.
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Conklin, Douglas S. Functional Geno,ic Analysis of Breast Cancer Cell Tumorigenicity Using a Noval Gene Silencing Resource. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, abril de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada467802.

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Garcia Arias, Francy L., Roxana Yockteng Benalcazar, Mauricio Soto Suárez, Natalia Pabón Mora y Jaime A. Osorio Guarín. Gene expression and silencing studies in Cape gooseberrry (Physalis peruviana L.). Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2016.8.

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La uchuva (Physalis peruviana, L.) es una fruta exótica que pertenece a la familia Solanaceae y es bien conocida por su valor nutricional (alto contenido de vitaminas A, C, complejo B, fósforo, calcio y hierro), además de su salud posee beneficios como actividad antioxidante, antiinflamatoria y antihepatotóxica. Colombia es el mayor productor mundial de esta fruta, seguido por Sudáfrica, y es la segunda fruta en las exportaciones colombianas de esta fruta fresca, siguiendo el banano. Sin embargo, el rendimiento y la calidad de la fruta no satisfacen los estándares requeridos para el mercado debido a la falta de variedades de alto rendimiento y resistentes a la fisuración. Comprender la base genética, aumentar el conocimiento de la arquitectura genética de la calidad de la fruta y los rasgos de rendimiento en el cabo grosella proporcionará ventajas en la evaluación de la diversidad genética, la identidad del cultivar y el desarrollo de tiempo de nuevas variedades mediante el uso de la selección asistida por marcadores.
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Aly, Radi y John I. Yoder. Development of resistant crop plants to parasitic weeds based on trans-specific gene silencing. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598146.bard.

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Broomrapes (Orobanche/Phelipanchespp.) are holo parasitic plants that subsist on the roots of a variety of agricultural crops and cause severe losses to the yield quality and quantity. Effective methods for controlling parasitic weeds are scarce, with only a few known cases of genetic resistance. In the current study, we proposed an improved strategy for the control of parasitic weeds based on trans-specific gene-silencing of three parasite genes at once. We used two strategies to express dsRNA containing selected sequences of three Phelipancheaegyptiacagenes PaACS, PaM6PR and PaPrx1 (pma): transient expression using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV:pma) as a virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) vector and stable expression in transgenic tomato Solanumlycopersicum(Mill.) plants harboring a hairpin construct (pBINPLUS35:pma). siRNA-mediated transgene-silencing (20–24 nt) was detected in the host plants. Our results demonstrate that the quantities of PaACSand PaM6PR transcripts from P. aegyptiacatubercles grown on transgenic tomato or on Tobacco rattle virus-infected Nicotianabenthamianaplants were significantly reduced. However, only partial reductions in the quantity of PaPrx1 transcripts were observed in the parasite tubercles grown on tomato and on N. benthamianaplants. Concomitant with the suppression of the target genes, there were significant decreases in the number and weight of the parasite tubercles that grew on the host plants, in both the transient and the stable experimental systems. The results of the work carried out using both strategies point to the movement of mobile exogenous siRNA from the host to the parasite, leading to the impaired expression of essential parasite target genes. In light of the importance of parasitic weeds to world agriculture and the difficulty of obtaining resistance by conventional methods, we assume that genetic resistance based on the silencing of key metabolic genes in the parasite is now feasible. BARD Report - Project4622 Page 2 of 60
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Geck, Peter. Genetic and Epigenetic Silencing of the AS3 Proliferative rrest Gene in Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, abril de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada443071.

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Meir, Shimon, Michael S. Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers y Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592657.bard.

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Original objectives: To understand the regulation of abscission by exploring the nature of changes of auxin-related gene expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculatumMill) abscission zones (AZs) following organ removal, and by analyzing the function of these genes. Our specific goals were: 1) To complete the microarray analyses in tomato flower and leaf AZs, for identifying genes whose expression changes early in response to auxin depletion; 2) To examine, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the effect of silencing target genes on ethylene sensitivity and abscission competence of the leaf and flower AZs; 3) To isolate and characterize promoters from AZ-specific genes to be used in functional analysis; 4) To generate stable transgenic tomato plants with selected genes silenced with RNAi, under the control of an AZ-specific promoter, for further characterization of their abscission phenotypes. Background: Abscission, the separation of organs from the parent plant, results in postharvest quality loss in many ornamentals and other fresh produce. The process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the AZ, and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the initiation of the abscission process, as the AZ becomes sensitized to ethylene. The present project was focused on elucidating these early molecular regulatory events, in order to gain a better control of the abscission process for agricultural manipulations. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Microarray analyses, using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip®, revealed changes in expression, occurring early in abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. These included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors (TFs), other TFs that are transiently induced just after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. We also identified four different defense-related genes, including: Cysteine-type endopeptidase, α- DOX1, WIN2, and SDF2, that are newly-associated with the late stage of the abscission process. This supports the activation of different defense responses and strategies at the late abscission stages, which may enable efficient protection of the exposed tissue toward different environmental stresses. To facilitate functional studies we implemented an efficient VIGS system in tomato, and isolated two abscission-specific promoters (pTAPG1 and pTAPG4) for gene silencing in stable transformation. Using the VIGS system we could demonstrate the importance of TAPGs in abscission of tomato leaf petioles, and evaluated the importance of more than 45 genes in abscission. Among them we identified few critical genes involved in leaf and flower abscission. These included: PTRP-F1, PRP, TKN4, KNOTTED-like homeobox TF, KD1, and KNOX-like homeodomain protein genes, the silencing of which caused a striking retardation of pedicel abscission, and ERF1, ERF4, Clavata-like3 protein, Sucrose transporter protein, and IAA10 genes, the silencing of which delayed petiole abscission. The importance of PRPand KD1 genes in abscission was confirmed also by antisense–silencing using pTAPG4. Experiments testing the effects of RNAi silencing of few other genes are still in progress, The analysis of the microarray results of flower and leaf AZs allowed us to establish a clear sequence of events occurring during acquisition of tissue sensitivity to ethylene, and to confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes in both AZs. Implication, both scientific and agricultural: Our studies had provided new insights into the regulation of the abscission process, and shaded light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of abscission competence in the AZ. We pointed out some critical genes involved in regulation of abscission, and further expanded our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the abscission process. This permits the development of novel techniques for manipulating abscission, and thereby improving the postharvest performance of ornamentals and other crops.
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Dugan, L. Elucidation of the Mechanism of Gene Silencing using Small Interferin RNA: DNA Hybrid Molecules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febrero de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/900164.

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