Tesis: "Gender models"

1

CAVALLINI, Flavia. "Essays in applied microeconometrics : fertility, nutrition, and gender representation". Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74600.

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Defence date: 10 June 2022
Examining Board: Prof. Thomas Crossley (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Alessandro Tarozzi (EUI, Co-Supervisor); Prof. Nadia Campaniello (University of Torino and Collegio Carlo Alberto); Prof. Emilia Del Bono (ISER, University of Essex)
This thesis is composed of three independent essays in applied microeconomics. The first contributes to the field of labor and health economics and analyzes the effect of local unemployment rates on fertility rates, abortion rates, and the abortions to pregnancies ratio. The second chapter speaks to health and development economics literature, evaluating the impact of agricultural price spikes on farmers’ nutrition, considering the case study of quinoa in Peru. The topic of the final chapter lies within the fields of gender and political economics and discusses the effect of gender representation within local governments on expenditure in social services. Even though the three chapters seem separate, all of them share my interest in gender and health economics, as well as causal estimation. In Chapter 1, I analyze the effect of local unemployment rates on fertility rates, abortion rates, and the abortions to pregnancies ratio, combining population statistics and administrative data on induced abortions performed in Italy between 2004 and 2016. This is the first paper to causally investigate the effect of local economic conditions on abortion choice. Using a shift-share instrument measuring labor demand, I exploit demand-driven shocks to unemployment. A one standard deviation (sd) increase in unemployment induces a 0.9 sd decrease in the fertility rate, a 0.27 sd increase in the abortion rate, and a 0.35 sd increase in the abortion ratio. In percentage terms, these changes mean that a 1 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate brings about a 1.7% decrease in the general fertility rate, a 1.4% increase in the abortion rate, and a 1.8% increase in the abortion ratio. These effects are driven by women above 25 years old, and are particularly large in the 35-49 age group. In Chapter 2, I consider the impact of food price changes on farmers’ particular nutrition, as part of a discussion of the effect of preference shifts in the global North on welfare in the global South. Previous research has yielded contrasting results, while this question is increasingly relevant. The case of quinoa provides an ideal event study, where quinoa prices steeply increased from 2008 onwards, led by increasing international demand. I study the effect of this price shock on the nutrition of Peruvian households in a difference in differences framework. Results point to a limited effect on nutritional outcomes: in the short- term, neither caloric intake nor diet quality significantly increases in quinoa-farming households and districts. Chapter 3 investigates the effect of executive female representation on the provision of different social services, in the context of Italy. While Italy is a high-income country, many families still rely on women to take care of children, the elderly, and family members in need of assistance. We exploit a 2014 reform that mandated 40% gender quotas in the executive committees of municipalities with more than 3000 inhabitants. To account for confounding policies introduced at the same cutoff, we employ a difference-in-discontinuities empirical strategy. We find that while the policy was effective in increasing female representation, it did not have an impact on any category of social services expenditures.
1 Not the right time for children: unemployment, fertility, and abortion 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Institutional framework 1.3 Data and descriptive statistics 1.3.1 Data and construction of the sample 1.3.2 Dependent variables 1.3.3 Descriptive statistics 1.4 Empirical strategy 1.5 Results 1.5.1 Age heterogeneity 1.6 Robustness checks 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Appendix 1.A Additional results 1.A.1 Age heterogeneity - response to the aggregate unemployment rate 1.A.2 Geographic heterogeneity 1.A.3 Robustness checks -- Appendix 1.B Bartik instrument 1.B.1 Industry sectors 1.B.2 First stage relationship 1.B.3 Alternative Bartik instruments -- Appendix 1.C Descriptive analysis of the recessio 1.C.1 The recession in Italy . 1.C.2 North and South -- Appendix 1.D Data appendix 2 Do food price shocks affect farmers’ nutrition? A study on rising quinoa prices in Peru 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Quinoa: history, characteristics, production 2.3 Data and sample selection 2.4 Empirical strategy and sample selection 2.4.1 Pre-treatment characteristics 2.4.2 Parallel trends 2.5 Results 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Appendix 2.A Descriptives 2.A.1 Summary statistics 2.A.2 Sample selection - balance of characteristics 2.A.3 Quinoa - production and consumption -- Appendix 2.B Parallel trends -- Appendix 2.C Other results -- Appendix 2.D Nutrition estimation 2.D.1 Estimation of food and nutrient consumption 2.D.2 Estimation of diet quality 2.D.3 Diet index and caloric intake -- Appendix 2.E Institutional initiatives 3 Executive Gender Quotas and Social Services: Evidence from Italy 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Institutions and Data 3.2.1 Institutional Framework 3.2.2 Data Sources and Sample Selection 3.2.3 Descriptive Statistics 3.3 Conceptual Framework 3.4 Empirical Strategy 3.4.1 Confounding Policies and Treatments’ Definition 3.4.2 Potential Outcomes, Assumptions, and Estimator 3.4.3 Estimation 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Share and Number of Women in Municipal Executive 3.5.2 Effect on Social Spending 3.5.3 Internal Validity 3.6 Robustness 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Appendix 3.A Empirical Strategy: Diff-in-disc in Our Setting 3.A.1 Local Parallel Trends, Expenditure Subgroups 3.A.2 Results on Total Accrued Expenses Appendix 3.B Pre-existing policies and potential confounders 3.B.1 Changes in Council and Executive Size 3.B.2 Joint Provision of Childcare

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2

Pessin, Léa. "Changing gendered expectations and diverging divorce trends : three papers on gender norms and partnership Dynamics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392631.

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The dissertation addresses how changes in gender norms influence demographic behaviors. It is composed of three articles. The first focuses on the macro-micro association between regional gender norms and couples' divorce risk in the United States. Using event-history analysis, I find a reverse U-shaped relationship between gender norms and marital instability. The second article turns to the relationship between female education and marital instability over the past five decades in the United States. The results show that, in recent years, college-educated women have a higher risk of entry into marriage along with a lower propensity to divorce than their less-educated counterparts. The third article uses the migration experience as a natural experiment to study the effects of gender norms on gender role attitudes. Applying cross-classified multilevel models to a sample of first- and second-generation immigrants, results show that origin-country gender norms are significantly associated with immigrants' gender attitudes.
Aquesta tesi investiga com els canvis en les normes de gènere influeixen en comportaments demogràfics d’escala general. Està dividida en tres articles. El primer estudia l’associació macro-micro entre les normes de gènere a nivell regional als Estats Units i el risc de divorci. Emprant un model d’anàlisi d’esdeveniments, es troba una relació en forma de U inversa entre les dues variables. El segon article s’enfoca en la relació entre l’educació de les dones i l’estabilitat del matrimoni en els darrers últims anys als Estats Units. Els resultats demostren que les dones amb grau universitari tenen una probabilitat més alta d’entrar en una relació matrimonial i, a la vegada, una menor propensió al divorci comparat amb dones amb nivells d’educació inferiors. El tercer article utilitza l’experiència migratòria com un experiment natural per estudiar els efectes de les normes de gènere sobre les actituds envers els rols de gènere en les parelles. Aplicant models estadístics multinivell de classificació creuada (“cross-classified”) a una mostra d’immigrants de primera i segona generació s’obtenen resultats que demostren una relació significativa entre les normes de gènere en el país d’origen i les actituds de gènere dels immigrants.

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3

Suh, Eun Jung 1968. "Gender-by-situation interaction models of agency, communion, and affect". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36840.

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The present research included gender in Person-by-Situation interaction models in the study of interpersonal behavior and affect. An event-contingent recording methodology was used to measure behavior and affect across situations and over time in natural settings for a 20-day period with adult community samples. Three dyadic situations of personal relationships that varied in gender composition and emotional closeness were examined: same-sex friendships, opposite-sex friendships, and romantic relationships.
Traditional investigations of gender, disregarding situational factors, have determined that women are generally less agentic, more communal, and more emotional than men. The present research demonstrated that the interpersonal behavior of agency and communion were influenced by both situation and gender. In same-sex friendships, women and men behaved consistently with their gender-stereotypes: pairs of women were more communal than pairs of men and pairs of men were more agentic than pairs of women. In mixed-sex dyads, individuals did not behave consistently with gender-stereotypes. Women and men behaved similarly on agency and communion with opposite-sex friends. In interactions with a romantic partner, women behaved less communally than men. Personal relationship situations were found to moderate agentic and communal behaviors, demonstrating the plasticity and variability of gender role behaviors.
Pleasant and unpleasant affect intensity was influenced by situation but not gender. The present research demonstrated that women and men reported experiencing similar levels of affect across the relationship situations. As predicted, individuals experienced both greater pleasant and unpleasant affect in romantic relationships than friendships.
The current research confirmed that there is a need to move beyond the conception that the stereotypic characteristics of men and women reside within individuals. Gender should be included in Person-by-Situation interaction models, taking into consideration psychological and social factors that shape the expression of sex-differentiated behaviors and the experience of emotions.

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4

Hickey, Anna Germaine. "Genderqueer fashion models and their representations of gender in visual culture". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/128297/1/Anna_Hickey_Thesis.pdf.

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Amidst global cultural shifts towards gender diversity, genderqueer fashion models have emerged as an atypical case in a largely heteronormative fashion industry. This project examines the work of four gender diverse models as cultural intermediaries of gender in visual culture. Using methods of interpretive analysis this project provides insights into the genderqueer fashion model's capacity to make social and political agendas visible. Also, the project documents how they facilitate social, cultural and political discussion and influences on the evolving notions of gender, fashion and beauty through their bodily practice.

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5

Basu, Deepankar. "Essays on Dynamic Nonlinear Time Series Models and on Gender Inequality". The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1211331801.

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6

Ward, Steven Donald. "A Study of Gender and Personality Factors in Work-Family Conflict Models". PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4757.

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There were three underlying purposes to this study: 1) To test the main effect of gender on work -> family and family -> work conflict; 2) To re-examine the predictors of inter-role conflict used by Frone, Russell, and Cooper (1992) (i.e., job involvement, job stress, family involvement, and family stress); and 3) To investigate the importance of using personality characteristics as predictors of how individuals deal with inter-role conflict. A questionnaire was assembled, consisting of: a work -> family conflict spillover scale, a family -> work conflict spillover scale, a job involvement scale, a family involvement scale, a job stressors scale, a family stressors scale, and two sub-scales from the California Psychological Inventory (i.e., the Managerial Potential scale and the Work Orientation scale) . Questionnaires were completed by 134 employees of a civil service agency. Results indicated that gender was not a significant predictor of either work -> family or family ->work conflict. Job stress was found to be a significant predictor of both work -> family, and family ->work conflict. Where as family stress was found to be a significant predictor of family -> work conflict only. Job involvement was found to be a significant predictor of work -> family conflict for managers only. When all predictors were assessed simultaneously, Work Orientation was the only variable found to be a significant predictor of work -> family conflict. The results from this study clarify and add to Frone, Russell, and Cooper's (1992) study of the work-family interface.

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7

Wills, Sarah Forester. "More Than a Feeling: The Impact of Affect and Gender as Contextual Constraints on Perceptions of Emerging Leaders". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23162.

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Although research in leadership perception tends to show males have an advantage over females as a result of gender stereotypes, researchers have theorized recently some of this gender-related cognitive bias may be offset by perceiver affect (Medvedeff & Lord, 2007). In this experiment, a between-participants factorial design was used to examine the impact of gender stereotypes (male or female) and perceiver affect (positive or negative) on participants\' leader networks and dynamic perceptions of leadership. Participants were randomly assigned to a affect and leader gender condition with roughly 33 undergraduate students in each group. Leadership perceptions were assessed by examining connections between concepts in cognitive networks and repeated measurements of dynamic ratings. Data were analyzed using the Pathfinder and GEMCAT II (General Multivariate Methodology for Estimating Catastrophe Models) programs. Results suggested gender stereotypes and perceiver affect yield differential effects on leader networks. There was more stability in leader networks for a male leader than for a female, whereas there was more accuracy for perceivers in a neutral mood when compared to those in a negative mood condition. Furthermore, dynamic ratings showed the perceptual process in leadership emergence recognition was non-linear for both the male and female leader. Additionally, those in the negative mood condition were less resistant to changing their leadership perceptions when compared to those in the neutral mood condition. Potential interpretations for these findings are discussed and recommendations for future work in this area are provided.
Ph. D.

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8

Caswell, Rex A. "Gender and work reactions in a sales occupation a test of three models /". Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1228284582.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.
Advisors: Paula Dubeck Ph.D. (Committee Chair), David Maume Ph.D. (Committee Member), Francis Cullen Ph.D. (Committee Member), Jennifer Malat Ph.D. (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed May 30, 2010). Keywords: Gender; Work-Family Conflict; Work Satisfaction; Work Commitment; Life Stress; Work Stress. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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9

Roulette, Casey Jordan. "Cultural models and gender differences in tobacco use among Congo Basin hunter-gatherers". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/C_Roulette_041710.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 8, 2010). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-77).

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10

Caswell, Rex A. "Gender and Work Reactions in a Sales Occupation: A Test of Three Models". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1228284582.

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11

Perez, Alycia L. Usher. "Gendered Expectations of Leaders and the Androgyny of Leadership". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1354217637.

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12

Jones, Marie F. "Academic Libraries as Feminine and Feminist Models of Organization". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1920.

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Because academic libraries are primarily staffed by women and are relatively autonomous entities in colleges and universities, they offer a unique model of workplace gendering and feminism. This qualitative, ethnographic study examined 3 small college libraries in 3 regions of the United States and explored issues of bureaucracy and gendering in these libraries. Feminist challenges to bureaucracy emerged in the areas of hierarchy, division of labor, competition and collaboration, decision-making, and communication. Feminine practice in the libraries reflected private sphere attitudes toward work (values of community, emotionality, and caring) and an affirmation of feminine roles in the workplace. The organizational cultures of these libraries affirmed flexible scheduling, emotions and friendship at work, and parenting talk and behaviors. The library workers also engaged in an ethic of care for library users and colleagues. Individuals in the organizations expressed motivations for work not based in monetary or status gain and endorsed women's power in leadership roles. The gendering of libraries also placed strong masculinity outside of the norm, creating expectations for men to engage in androgynous or feminine behavior. Overall, the study gives voice to feminine and feminist practice in the workplace.

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13

Martins, Silvia Maria Panattoni. "Cultura e genero : um estudo na perspectiva dos modelos organizadores do pensamento". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/251447.

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Orientador: Ulisses Ferreira de Araujo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:16:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_SilviaMariaPanattoni_D.pdf: 4260834 bytes, checksum: 746841766984b0dd57078063150a0a05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O presente trabalho busca investigar o papel da cultura na organização do pensamento, através da análise dos julgamentos e explicações emitidas pelos sujeitos de nossa pesquisa a respeito de conteúdos de natureza cultural, que incluem questões de gênero e violência. Pretendemos analisar o quanto tais questões estão presentes em nossa cultura, sendo legitimadas e naturalizadas, exercendo forte influência na organização do pensamento. A teoria dos Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento além de fundamentar nossa discussão teórica, norteou o encaminhamento metodológico de análise dos dados, envolvendo 240 sujeitos, sendo 120 do sexo feminino e 120 do sexo masculino. Esta escolha buscou favorecer a análise sob a perspectiva de gênero, por tratar-se de uma construção essencialmente cultural. Para viabilizar um outro nível de análise comparativa, nossa amostra também se dividiu em 120 estudantes universitários (60 mulheres e 60 homens) e 120 adultos que cursaram até o Ensino Fundamental (60 mulheres e 60 homens), considerando o fator escolaridade, já que a escola constitui-se em espaço de práticas culturais. Assim, a teoria dos Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento nos possibilitou estudar os processos mentais envolvidos na apropriação da cultura e na elaboração de explicações sobre fenômenos de tal natureza, evidenciando como a cultura e a educação se articulam na construção do conceito de gênero e exercem relevante influência na constituição psíquica e cultural dos indivíduos.
Abstract: The present research purports to investigate the role of culture on our thought organization, through the analysis of judgements and explanations expressed by the subjects of our research, concerning contents of cultural nature, wich includes questions of gender and violence. We intend to analyse how those questions are so present in our culture, being legitimized and naturalized, exerting strong influence through our thought organization. The Organizing Models of Thought theory not only based our theoric discussion but also guided us in the methodologic direction of data analysis, involving 240 subjects, being 120 females and 120 males. That choice purported to advance analysis through the gender perspective, by dealing with an essentially cultural construction. To make another level of comparative analysis viable, our work was also divided into 120 Academic setudents (60 women and 60 men) and 120 adults who have studied until Elementary school (60 women and 60 men) considering the scholarity factor, whereas the school is buit on a place of cultural skills. Therefore the Organizing Models of Thought gave us the opportunity to study the mental process involved in culture appropriation and elaboration of explanations about phenomena of that nature, proving how culture and education work together for the construction of a gender concept and exerts relevant influence on any psychic and cultural individual formation.
Doutorado
Psicologia Educacional
Doutor em Educação

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14

Thiem, Kelsey. "Gender stereotypes and academic performance : the influence of salient role models on stereotype validation". Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2283.

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People commonly seek out role models when they want to achieve their goals because role models help people believe that success is possible and demonstrate how to achieve it. Because seeking out role models is a common occurrence, a great deal of research has been devoted to understanding the effects that they can have on those who look up to them. One effect that has not been previously examined is the extent to which role models can affect people’s certainty in their previous performance perceptions. Evaluative certainty is often increased for people when their performance perceptions are confirmed by the presence of a congruent stereotype: a phenomenon known as stereotype validation. Stereotype validation has been shown to effect women within stereotypically male domains. Importantly, higher evaluative certainty predicts negative downstream outcomes for these women, including lower beliefs in their math ability and reduced expectations for a future math performance. The goal of the current research was to investigate whether the salience of female role models reduces or enhances women’s evaluative certainty following stereotype validation. Four studies reveal partial support for the certainty reduction hypothesis. Stereotype-validated women are less certain of their poor performance perceptions when they are exposed to female role models.

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15

Ohse, Dawn. "Applying the SCM and BIAS Map Models to Theories of Sexual Harassment". OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/920.

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Current theories of sexual harassment do not account for all instances of sexual harassment (e.g., not man enough harassment) or third party reactions to sexual harassment such as manager or coworker perceptions of sexual harassment or interactions with the target of sexual harassment. Perhaps taking a step back from specific sexual harassment theories and looking at more general theories of discriminatory behavior can provide some guidance toward a more overarching theory of sexual harassment. The current study applied the Stereotype Content Model (SCM; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002) and Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) Map model (Cuddy, Fiske & Glick, 2007) to women who are sexually harassed and the resulting third party behavioral reactions, including perception of sexual harassment. This study attempted to establish the initial relationships between the evaluation of the female target with regard to her competition and status to the other variables in the model: stereotyping (i.e., how observers think about the target - warmth and competence), prejudice (i.e., how observers feel about the target - pity, admiration, envy, contempt) and behavioral reactions (how observers act toward the target - active facilitation, passive facilitation, active harm, passive harm). Higher status targets were perceived as more competent than lower status targets. Competition did not have an effect on perceptions of the target's warmth. Competition and status did not predict emotions and behavioral reactions as hypothesized; however many other relationships predicted by the model between stereotypes, emotions, behavioral reactions and perceptions of sexual harassment were found here, although not hypothesized in the current study. Targets who were perceived as warm and competent elicited more facilitation and less harm than those who were perceived as less warm and less competent. Targets that were admired and pitied elicited more facilitation whereas targets that were contempted or envied elicited more harm. Additionally, warmth, competence, admiration, and pity were positively related to perceptions of sexual harassment, whereas envy and contempt were negatively related to perceptions of sexual harassment. Targets who were perceived as having been sexually harassed elicited more facilitation and less harm. Thus, the model is still useful in understanding how stereotypes (warmth and competence) and emotions (envy, admiration, pity, and contempt) relate to third party behavioral reactions to sexual harassment and perceptions of sexual harassment. Given that competition and status did not predict stereotypes, emotions, behavioral reactions and perceptions of sexual harassment as expected, it may be that these effects are more a function of individual factors such as gender and hostile sexism, rather than out-group evaluation (competition and status). In the current study men and those higher in hostile sexism were less likely than women and those lower in hostile sexism to perceive that the target had been sexually harassed, to perceive the target as warm and competent, to feel admiration or pity for the target, or to engage in facilitation behaviors. Additionally, men and those higher in hostile sexism were more likely than women and those lower in hostile sexism to feel contempt or envy toward the target and to engage in harm behaviors. Future research should examine other methods of manipulating perceptions of targets' competitiveness and status other than occupational characteristics to examine the impact of these out-group characteristics on stereotypes, emotions and behavioral reactions in the context of sexual harassment.

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16

Passinhas, Joana Luzia Monteiro. "Estimating gender differences in the probability of unemployment : evidence from Portugal". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14715.

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Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e Previsão
Através de um modelo dinâmico probit de efeitos aleatórios, estimou-se a probabilidade de desemprego em Portugal de forma a avaliar se existem diferenças entre géneros nos efeitos parciais médios e na persistência do desemprego. Os dados utilizados provêm do Inquérito ao Rendimento e Condições de Vida (ICOR) para o período entre 2010 e 2013. A estimação é feita ao mesmo tempo que se controla pela heterogeneidade individual não observada e pelo problema das condições iniciais, que ocorre pelo fato de não se conhecer o processo estocástico que originou o estado de desemprego observado. Encontrámos forte evidência empírica de persistência do desemprego, e alguma evidência de que esta persistência é mais pronunciada para os homens. Através da inclusão de um efeito fixo especifico para as mulheres, que pretende captar o efeito da discriminação de género num período de instabilidade no mercado de trabalho, concluímos que existe evidência estatística de maior probabilidade de desemprego para as mulheres. Este trabalho tem como principais contributos o estudo dos determinantes da probabilidade de desemprego, que representa uma carência da literatura em economia do trabalho, no fato de o estudar num período de grande desemprego em Portugal, e no especial enfoque que dá à persistência do desemprego e à discriminação de género.
Using a dynamic random effects probit model we estimate the probability of unemployment in Portugal in order to assess gender differences in average partial effects and in unemployment persistence, with data from four waves of the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (ICOR), for the period between 2010 and 2013. The estimation occurs while controlling for unobserved individual heterogeneity and for the "initial conditions" problem, which arises from not knowing the stochastic process which originated the observed state of unemployment. We find strong evidence of persistence in unemployment, with some, although weak, evidence that men suffer more from the negative implications of previous unemployment. Simultaneously, we found evidence of higher probabilities of unemployment for women through a fixed effect that aimed to capture gender discrimination in an unstable labor market. The main contributions of the present work lie in the study of the determinants of the probability of unemployment, which represents a shortage in the current literature in labor economics, during a period of high unemployment in Portugal, and by having a special focus on unemployment persistence and gender discrimination.
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17

Becker, Jane P. "The British women's health movement : an analysis of the establishment, work and achievements of women's health centres since 1970". Thesis, University of Essex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310060.

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18

Tristán, Bianca. "Models of body and femininity in a local gym". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/78693.

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Este trabajo explora los ideales de cuerpo y comportamiento femenino presentes en mujeres adultas de nuestra «nueva clase media», que asisten a un gimnasio local o de barrio. Propone que los ideales de cuerpo desarrollados por las alumnas están íntimamente relacionados con tradicionales nociones de roles de género de nuestra sociedad; pero, a su vez, enfatiza el hecho de que ellas, además de buscar alcanzar un cuerpo acorde a las expectativas sociales, también buscan interactuar y/o hacer amistad entre ellas, así como experimentar goce u otras emociones extraordinarias en la realización de la actividad aeróbica en sí, etcétera. De esta forma, el texto explora finalmente cómo el significado que estas mujeres otorgan a su vivencia en el gimnasio no solo no las acerca necesariamente al cuerpo ideal que calza con el estándar social de feminidad, sino que incluso su experiencia se convierte en una oportunidad para discutir y reelaborar los modelos de feminidad en sí mismos y afirmar sus propias narrativas de identidad.
The purpose of this work is to explore the ideals of body and behavior among adult women of our new Peruvian middle class attending a gym. It suggests that the ideals of bodies developed in this place are in closely related to traditional notions of gender roles of our society. But, at the same time, emphasizes the fact that they, not only try to have a body in accordance to social expectation, but also to interact or make friends, and to experience a variety of emotions in performing aerobic activity itself. Finally, the paper explores the meaning that these women give to their experience at the gym. Not only does this experience get them closer to the ideal body, fixed by the social standards of femininity, but the experience turns into an opportunity to discuss and remake those models of femininity, and assert their own discourses of identity.

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19

Biehle, Susanne N. "Preparing for Parenthood:Individual and Couple Models of Anxiety and Marital Satisfaction". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1247760029.

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20

Mansanet, Sandín Jorge. "Contributions to Deep Learning Models". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/61296.

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[EN] Deep Learning is a new area of Machine Learning research which aims to create computational models that learn several representations of the data using deep architectures. These methods have become very popular over the last few years due to the remarkable results obtained in speech recognition, visual object recognition, object detection, natural language processing, etc. The goal of this thesis is to present some contributions to the Deep Learning framework, particularly focused on computer vision problems dealing with images. These contributions can be summarized in two novel methods proposed: a new regularization technique for Restricted Boltzmann Machines called Mask Selective Regularization (MSR), and a powerful discriminative network called Local Deep Neural Network (Local-DNN). On the one hand, the MSR method is based on taking advantage of the benefits of the L2 and the L1 regularizations techniques. Both regularizations are applied dynamically on the parameters of the RBM according to the state of the model during training and the topology of the input space. On the other hand, the Local-DNN model is based on two key concepts: local features and deep architectures. Similar to the convolutional networks, the Local-DNN model learns from local regions in the input image using a deep neural network. The network aims to classify each local feature according to the label of the sample to which it belongs, and all of these local contributions are taken into account during testing using a simple voting scheme. The methods proposed throughout the thesis have been evaluated in several experiments using various image datasets. The results obtained show the great performance of these approaches, particularly on gender recognition using face images, where the Local-DNN improves other state-of-the-art results.
[ES] El Aprendizaje Profundo (Deep Learning en inglés) es una nueva área dentro del campo del Aprendizaje Automático que pretende crear modelos computacionales que aprendan varias representaciones de los datos utilizando arquitecturas profundas. Este tipo de métodos ha ganado mucha popularidad durante los últimos años debido a los impresionantes resultados obtenidos en diferentes tareas como el reconocimiento automático del habla, el reconocimiento y la detección automática de objetos, el procesamiento de lenguajes naturales, etc. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es aportar una serie de contribuciones realizadas dentro del marco del Aprendizaje Profundo, particularmente enfocadas a problemas relacionados con la visión por computador. Estas contribuciones se resumen en dos novedosos métodos: una nueva técnica de regularización para Restricted Boltzmann Machines llamada Mask Selective Regularization (MSR), y una potente red neuronal discriminativa llamada Local Deep Neural Network (Local-DNN). Por una lado, el método MSR se basa en aprovechar las ventajas de las técnicas de regularización clásicas basadas en las normas L2 y L1. Ambas regularizaciones se aplican sobre los parámetros de la RBM teniendo en cuenta el estado del modelo durante el entrenamiento y la topología de los datos de entrada. Por otro lado, El modelo Local-DNN se basa en dos conceptos fundamentales: características locales y arquitecturas profundas. De forma similar a las redes convolucionales, Local-DNN restringe el aprendizaje a regiones locales de la imagen de entrada. La red neuronal pretende clasificar cada característica local con la etiqueta de la imagen a la que pertenece, y, finalmente, todas estas contribuciones se tienen en cuenta utilizando un sencillo sistema de votación durante la predicción. Los métodos propuestos a lo largo de la tesis han sido ampliamente evaluados en varios experimentos utilizando distintas bases de datos, principalmente en problemas de visión por computador. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el buen funcionamiento de dichos métodos, y sirven para validar las estrategias planteadas. Entre ellos, destacan los resultados obtenidos aplicando el modelo Local-DNN al problema del reconocimiento de género utilizando imágenes faciales, donde se han mejorado los resultados publicados del estado del arte.
[CAT] L'Aprenentatge Profund (Deep Learning en anglès) és una nova àrea dins el camp de l'Aprenentatge Automàtic que pretén crear models computacionals que aprenguen diverses representacions de les dades utilitzant arquitectures profundes. Aquest tipus de mètodes ha guanyat molta popularitat durant els últims anys a causa dels impressionants resultats obtinguts en diverses tasques com el reconeixement automàtic de la parla, el reconeixement i la detecció automàtica d'objectes, el processament de llenguatges naturals, etc. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és aportar una sèrie de contribucions realitzades dins del marc de l'Aprenentatge Profund, particularment enfocades a problemes relacionats amb la visió per computador. Aquestes contribucions es resumeixen en dos nous mètodes: una nova tècnica de regularització per Restricted Boltzmann Machines anomenada Mask Selective Regularization (MSR), i una potent xarxa neuronal discriminativa anomenada Local Deep Neural Network ( Local-DNN). D'una banda, el mètode MSR es basa en aprofitar els avantatges de les tècniques de regularització clàssiques basades en les normes L2 i L1. Les dues regularitzacions s'apliquen sobre els paràmetres de la RBM tenint en compte l'estat del model durant l'entrenament i la topologia de les dades d'entrada. D'altra banda, el model Local-DNN es basa en dos conceptes fonamentals: característiques locals i arquitectures profundes. De forma similar a les xarxes convolucionals, Local-DNN restringeix l'aprenentatge a regions locals de la imatge d'entrada. La xarxa neuronal pretén classificar cada característica local amb l'etiqueta de la imatge a la qual pertany, i, finalment, totes aquestes contribucions es fusionen durant la predicció utilitzant un senzill sistema de votació. Els mètodes proposats al llarg de la tesi han estat àmpliament avaluats en diversos experiments utilitzant diferents bases de dades, principalment en problemes de visió per computador. Els resultats obtinguts mostren el bon funcionament d'aquests mètodes, i serveixen per validar les estratègies plantejades. Entre d'ells, destaquen els resultats obtinguts aplicant el model Local-DNN al problema del reconeixement de gènere utilitzant imatges facials, on s'han millorat els resultats publicats de l'estat de l'art.
Mansanet Sandín, J. (2016). Contributions to Deep Learning Models [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61296
TESIS

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Souza, Leonardo Lemos de. "Modelos organizadores, genero e moral na resolução de conflitos entre jovens na escola". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/251825.

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Orientador: Ulisses Ferreira de Araujo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T22:25:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_LeonardoLemosde_D.pdf: 1173899 bytes, checksum: 95087ee21126f4944e3376fa10ff2a3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar os modelos organizadores elaborados por jovens, desde uma perspectiva de gênero, numa situação de conflito interpessoal na escola. Parte-se dos referenciais da Teoria dos Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento, do Paradigma da Complexidade e de perspectivas críticas sobre os estudos de gênero como contribuintes de aspectos conceituais e metodológicos na análise do funcionamento psíquico. Foram levantadas informações com 400 jovens (15 a 21 anos), de escolas públicas e particulares, em dois estados do Brasil (Mato Grosso e São Paulo). Solicitou-se que respondessem por escrito a quatro questões sobre os sentimentos, pensamentos e o dever das personagens (meninos ou meninas) diante de uma situação (sofrida ou presenciada) de discriminação de gênero e sexual (homofobia) na escola. Analisamos a perspectiva de gênero na resolução do conflito a partir do sexo das personagens, considerando as variáveis sexo dos participantes e estado brasileiro de origem. Os resultados mostram que as representações de gênero têm papel relevante no modo como os jovens e as jovens resolvem conflitos interpessoais, marcando a produção de estereótipos nas relações sociais entre homens e entre mulheres na escola
Abstract: This research aimed at investigating the organizer models about gender representations in interactive conflicts resolution in educational context. It is based on the Organizer Models Theory, the Complexity Paradigm, and the critical perspectives about gender studies as conceptual and methodological tools in psychic processes analysis. We conducted the information collection with 400 young people, aged from 15 to 21 years-old, from public and private schools, in two Brazilian states (Mato Grosso and São Paulo). We asked them to answer, by writing, four questions about a situation feelings, thoughts at the duty of the characters (boys and girls) in relation to the situation (suffered or viewed) of gender and sexual discrimination (homophobia) in school. We analyzed the gender perspective on the conflict resolution based on the characters sex, considering the participants sex and the Brazilian states. The results showed that the gender representations have a relevant role in the way the young people solve interactive conflicts by marking the stereotype production in social relationship between men and women in school
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Ensino, Avaliação e Formação de Professores
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DE, GIOANNIS ELENA. "THE STUBBORNNESS OF GENDER STEREOTYPES IN EDUCATION: A QUANTITATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BELIEFS, ATTITUDES AND ROLE MODELS AMONG HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ITALY". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/929143.

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This thesis aims to contribute to the literature studying gender stereotypes, the mechanism through which they affect choices and behaviour and the efficacy of role models’ interventions in minimizing the effect of stereotypes. It was designed as a collection of papers, each focusing on one aspect of the general theme and heterogeneous in the type of contribution, still related to the common thread of gender stereotypes in the STEM and humanities sectors. The first chapter provides a review of the instruments used to measure gender-science/reading stereotypes, including a comparison and discussion about their limitations. The second chapter is a network study on a sample of high school students that tests the hypothesis that whenever gender is salient, expectations on abilities might reflect gender constructs even when information on individual performance is available. The third chapter examines the association between implicit gender stereotypes and major choice in STEM and humanities, for both male and female high school students. The fourth chapter provides a scoping review of empirical research on role models’ and mentors’ interventions that address the issue of the underrepresentation of women in STEM. Finally, the fifth chapter contributes to the literature on role models by presenting an online experiment conducted on high-school Italian students, who were exposed to stereotypical and/or counterstereotypical professionals.

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Baird, Bryan E. "The Pipeline Problem| Quantitative Models to Estimate the Effects Of Gender and Education on the Stem Workforce". Thesis, Georgetown University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10267870.

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Although women obtain degrees in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) at lower rates than their male counterparts, this difference does not alone account for the similarly large disparity of men and women working in STEM jobs. Using data from the American Community Survey for 2015, I run a survey of models, including linear and logistic regressions as well as propensity matching, to investigate the extent to which women are underrepresented, even after accounting for education. The results show that for women, the benefit of a STEM degree on STEM job placement rates is significantly lower than it is for their male counterparts; in some estimates, the effect is halved. The models diverge somewhat on the extent to which this is correlated with a lower baseline of women without STEM degrees working STEM jobs (compared to similar men), but all provide grounds to reject the notion that workforce disparity is attributable solely or even primarily to education.

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Affonso, Suselei Aparecida Bedin. "Estados emocionais e os modelos organizadores do pensamento : um estudo sobre violencia de genero". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/251838.

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Orientador: Ulisses Ferreira Araujo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Considerando a influência exercida pelos aspectos afetivos nos processos de aprendizagem e construção de conhecimentos, esse trabalho teve por objetivo discutir as relações entre a afetividade e a cognição na organização do pensamento humano. Para atender esse objetivo, foi realizada uma investigação na qual, buscou-se identificar a influência que os estados emocionais do sujeito podem exercer na forma como seu pensamento se organiza para interpretar e solucionar um conflito hipotético, de natureza ética. O referencial teórico que deu suporte à pesquisa foi a Teoria dos Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento de Moreno, Sastre, Bovet e Leal (1999).A metodologia adotada para desenvolvê-la foi constituída de uma dinâmica realizada com grupos de sujeitos, com o objetivo de possibilitar que os mesmos fossem imersos em estados emocionais específicos, e da resolução posterior de um conflito envolvendo violência de gênero, que possibilitou também a obtenção de indícios das influências exercidas pelos padrões culturais de conduta masculinos e femininos.A análise dos dados obtidos comprovaram que a dimensão afetiva exerce forte influência na organização do pensamento juntamente com as capacidades cognitivas
Abstract: Considering the influence exerted by affective elements on learning processes and knowledge building, this work aimed at the discussion of the relationships between the affectivity and the cognition in the organization of the human thought .To get that objective, an investigation was carried out in order to identify the influence that the subject¿s emotional states have on the way his thinking organizes itself in order to interpret and solve a hypotetical conflict of ethical nature .The theory that supported the research was the Theory of Organizing Models (Moreno, Sastre, Bovet and Leal, 1999). The methodology to do the investigation involved a dynamics with groups of subjects, making them immerge in specific emotional states and the resolution, afterwards, of a conflict related to gender violence; the methodology also generated some hints about the influences exerced by cultural norms of conduct by males and females. The data analysis showed that the affective dimension has great influence in the organization of thinking as well as the cognitive capabilities
Doutorado
Ensino, Avaliação e Formação de Professores
Doutor em Educação

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25

Buxton, Amy N. "Spiders or Butterflies? Despite Student Preference, Gender-Biased Lesson Models Do Not Impact Interest, Attitude, and Learning in Biology". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5645.

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Educational research often emphasizes the prevalent gender gap between males and females in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. While many studies have found a gender bias when it comes to specific areas of science, little has been done to analyze the effects of how we teach within each of these subjects. In our study, we took a new angle on gender research by specifically considering whether there is a gender gap in how the models (the specific lesson examples/content used to teach a broader biology topic) used to teach biology affect student interest, attitude, and learning. We first created and distributed a survey to kindergarten through sixth grade students to see whether a gender bias concerning lesson models exists, when that gap is most prevalent, and which models exhibit the bias. Based on the findings of that survey, we then created four sets of parallel lesson plans teaching broad topics using juxtaposing lesson models, one of male interest and one of female interest. We designed instruments to measure whether lesson model or presenter gender impacted student interest, attitude, and learning. Our findings show that students do indeed indicate a preference to learn using certain lesson models, but that the lesson model and presenter gender do not impact student interest, attitude, or learning during an active learning biology presentation.

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Dronzek, Anna. "Manners, models, and morals : gender, status, and codes of conduct among the middle classes of late medieval England /". Diss., ON-CAMPUS Access For University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Click on "Connect to Digital Dissertations", 2001. http://www.lib.umn.edu/articles/proquest.phtml.

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Harding, Priscilla Eileen. "Models of social welfare and gender equality, United States of America, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Sweden". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0005/NQ35174.pdf.

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Shah, Yashna Jitendra. "The Impact of Role Model Similarity on Women's Leadership Outcomes". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78144.

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Role models can serve as a means to counteract the prevalent 'Think Leader, Think Male' stereotype. This study was designed to assess the impact of role model similarity on women's leadership self-efficacy, task performance and future leadership behavior, using two conceptualizations of similarity – match with leadership self-concept and attainability of the role model. Additionally, the process by which one's self-perceptions of leadership impact judgments of one's own behavior was also investigated. Participants were presented with a role model vignette in a laboratory setting, following which they complete a leadership task. Results indicated that there were no significant effects of the interaction of the two role model manipulations of various leadership outcomes. However, match of role model with one's self-concept did impact one's leadership self-efficacy. Results also indicated that agentic leader prototypes partially mediated the relation between individuals' self-concept and self-judgments, such that participants whose self-concept matched the role model activated the agentic leader prototype. Overall findings suggest that match with one's self concept plays an important role in role models being perceived as similar to the self, which can have important implications for women's leadership development.
Master of Science

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29

Bartlett, Loron. "The Women Behind the Moves: A Phenomenological Study of Video Models". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/wsi_theses/25.

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This research studied three women who have performed in hip hop music videos. Previous literature concerning these women, including memoirs, men’s magazine interviews, and Black feminist scholarship, has situated them as video vixens, terminology that all three participants disputed applied to them. The research was completed in two parts—a face-to-face phenomenological interview and a semi-structured telephone interview. In the phenomenological interview, the initial question—what are your experiences as a woman who dances/models in music videos?—was posed. The answers ranged from musings about professionalism and the lack thereof in the industry to the politics of skin color and nationality. The semi-structured interview allowed the participants to clarify or expound on experiences they discussed during the first interview.

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Grant, Denise Elizabeth. "The impact of mentoring and gender-specific role models on women college band directors at four different career stages /". Diss., ON-CAMPUS Access For University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Click on "Connect to Digital Dissertations", 2000. http://www.lib.umn.edu/articles/proquest.phtml.

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Cupp, Robert Gordon. "Statistical models for predicting selected personality dimensions using components of the male sex-role". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/543.

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Hare, Aimee Elizabeth. "Boys will always be boys? The impacts of gender-based Affirmative Action and Role Models on competitiveness in the lab". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29505.

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Gender differences in labour market outcomes are pervasive in current society. Competitiveness is viewed as a possible factor contributing to the favourable labour market outcomes for men, with the stylised fact being that men are more competitive than women on average. In this study, we experimentally investigate whether institutional structures (gender-based Affirmative Action and Role Models) mitigate the gender differences in competitiveness. Although Affirmative Action has been explored in the literature, the longer-term implications of the preferential treatment creating role model representation have not been examined. Consistent with the literature, we find men have a higher preference for a competitive environment compared with women in our sample. However, there are no significant impacts of the gender based institutional structures on the choice to compete in our experiment. When analysing the responsiveness of performance to a competitive environment and the associated beliefs, we see the female role model treatment encourages a competitive spirit in everyone, whereas the Affirmative Action treatment has a negative effect on the competitive performance of African men. In this experiment, gender-based institutions therefore either have unexpected effects of encouraging competitiveness in all participants, or inadvertently reinforce competitiveness gaps across other dimensions of identity, such as population-group. One therefore needs to be considerate of other dimensions of identity in addition to gender when devising preferential treatment policies, and the resulting role model representation, in practice. Changes in beliefs can only partially be exercised as an explanatory channel for these effects.

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Motiejūnaitė, Akvilė. "Female employment, gender roles, and attitudes : The Baltic countries in a broader context". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7340.

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This thesis consists of four constituent studies exploring several common themes: female participation in employment, normative assumptions regarding the proper roles of males and females, and social change. The underlying focus is gendered division of work, which is explored through the concept of family models. These models are conceptualized with reference to the interrelationships between female employment, availability of care services outside the family, and sharing of care work within the family. The empirical analysis is mostly based on the Baltic countries, but also includes Germany, Sweden, and Russia. By examining the variation between the countries, the research aims to highlight some common issues regarding the gendered division of work, issues that bridge the East/West divide. The data come from three sources: 1) available national descriptive statistics, 2) surveys, namely, the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ‘Family and Changing Gender Roles’ modules and the European Values Survey (EVS), and 3) nineteen problem-centred interviews with women who experienced hardships in the Lithuanian labour market. The analyzed time period starts with the collapse of socialism. The studies call into question the assumption that strong support for the traditional ‘male breadwinner/female carer’ family model in post-socialist societies contributed to the exclusion of women from the labour market. Comparing male and female employment indicators revealed no general pattern of female exclusion from the labour market. Moreover, gender-role attitudes are neither uniform nor traditional in the studied societies. The most valid generalization would be that there is a trend towards less traditional attitudes over time, more precisely, towards greater acceptance of women’s working roles. Summarizing the current situation regarding the gendered division of work, with reference to policies, practices, and attitudes, reveals the presence of ‘adult worker’ family models in Eastern Europe.

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Goyal, Subir. "Joint Modeling of Longitudinal Measurements of Depressive Symptoms and Time to Suicide Ideation in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Gender Perspective". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1564764787259137.

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Bayram, Sibel. "The Effect Of Instruction With Concrete Models On Eighth Grade Students". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605556/index.pdf.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of concrete models on eighth grade students&rsquo
geometry achievement and attitudes toward geometry. The study was conducted on 106 eighth grade students in one of the private school in Ankara. The subjects of the study received instruction with concrete models, and by the traditional method. Cooperative learning method and discovery learning method were also used to provide better classroom environment and to create exciting classroom atmosphere for the use of concrete models. The following measuring instruments were used to collect data: The Geometry Attitude Scale (GAS), Geometry Achievement Test (GAT) and open ended questions. The present study was a matching-only pre-test- post-test control group design. The data of the present study were analyzed by Analysis of Co-Variance and by two-way Analysis of Variance. The results of the study indicated that: (1) There was a statistically significant mean difference between students received instruction with concrete models and those received instruction with traditional method in terms of the GAch
(2) there was no statistically significant mean difference between girls and boys in terms of GAch
(3) there was no statistically significant interaction between treatment and gender on GAch
(4) there was no statistically significant mean difference between students received instruction with concrete models and those received instruction with traditional method in terms of ATG
(5) there was no statistically significant mean difference between girls and boys in terms of ATG
and (6) there was no statistically significant interaction between treatment and gender on ATG.

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Walker, Eric C. "The importance of using SEM when studying multiple dimensions of marital satisfaction : measurement invariance across relationship length and gender /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3008.pdf.

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Ng-Sueng, Luis Fernando, Matos Iván Vargas, Percy Mayta-Tristan, Elías Reneé Pereyra, Idrogo Juan José Montenegro, Berrospi Fiorella Inga, Felix Ancalli et al. "Gender Associated with the Intention to Choose a Medical Specialty in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in 11 Countries in Latin America". Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/620667.

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The selection of a medical specialty has been associated with multiple factors, such as personal preferences, academic exposure, motivational factors and sociodemographic factors, such as gender. The number of women in the medical field has increased in recent years. In Latin America, we have not found any studies that explore this relationship.Secondary analysis of the Collaborative Working Group for the Research of Human Resources for Health (Red-LIRHUS) data; a multi-country project of students in their first year and fifth year of study, from 63 medical schools in 11 Latin American countries. All students who referred intention to choose a certain medical specialty were considered as participants.There is an association between the female gender and the intention to choose Obstetrics/ Gynecology, Pediatrics, Pediatric Surgery, Dermatology, and Oncology. We recommend conducting studies that consider other factors that can influence the choice of a medical specialty.

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CALIGARIS, SILVIA. "A Causal Graphs - based approach for assessing gender disparities: an application to child health & nutrition in China". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/83241.

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Most of gender statistical measures proposed in the last decades are in fact composite indicators, i.e. weighted linear combinations of basic statistics such as ratios, percentages etc. Composite indicators then involves several arbitrary choices -for instance the weighting/aggregating system, variables selection, standardization affecting both indexes transparency and interpretation. Furthermore gender inequality is a complex latent phenomenon, a collection of disparate and inter-linked issues that can be hardly caught in a single indicator. The development of statistical tools and ad hoc models is then required. The aim of this work is to explore the potential of graphical models as a language able to clearly represent the complex relationships among variables involved in the statistical measuring the gender disparities. In particular we will focus on causal graphs allowing to deep and interpret the causal mechanism that may originate gender gaps as well as to explore the effects of gender tailored policies. Causal models indeed provide transparent mathematical tools to formulate the assumptions underlying all causal inference, to translate them in term of joint distribution and to read off the conditional independences using the d-separation criterion (Pearl 2000). It is thus possible deriving causal effects in non-experimental studies, representing policies’ effects and interventions through the do operator, controlling confounders and interpreting counterfactuals. We show the potential of such models through an application to real data from China Health and Nutrition Survey 2011 ; in particular we explore the eventual existence of gender discrimination in children’ nutrition and health as possible indicator of preference for sons. The analysis takes in exam socio-demographic, economical as well as biological variables. Resorting to the PC algorithm and the IDA algorithm, we aim to learn the underlying causal structure and to estimate causal effect of siblings on children’ nutrition from observational data.

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Nilsson, Maria. "Differences and similarities in work absence behavior : - empirical evidence from micro data". Doctoral thesis, Växjö universitet, Ekonomihögskolan, EHV, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-626.

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This thesis consists of three self-contained essays about absenteeism. Essay I analyzes if the design of the insurance system affects work absence, i.e. the classic insurance problem of moral hazard. Several reforms of the sickness insurance system were implemented during the period 1991-1996. Using Negative binomial models with fixed effects, the analysis show that both workers and employers changed their behavior due to the reforms. We also find that the extent of moral hazard varies depending on work contract structures. The reforms reducing the compensation levels decreased workers’ absence, both the number of absent days and the number of absence spells. The reform in 1992, introducing sick pay paid by the employers, also decreased absence levels, which probably can be explained by changes in personnel policy such as increased use of monitoring and screening of workers. Essay II examines the background to gender differences in work absence. Women are found, as in many earlier studies, to have higher absence levels than men. Our analysis, using finite mixture models, reveals that there are a group of women, comprised of about 41% of the women in our sample, that have a high average demand of absence. Among men, the high demand group is smaller consisting of about 36% of the male sample. The absence behavior differs as much between groups within gender as it does between men and women. The access to panel data covering the period 1971-1991 enables an analysis of the increased gender gap over time. Our analysis shows that the increased gender gap can be attributed to changes in behavior rather than in observable characteristics. Essay III analyzes the difference in work absence between natives and immigrants. Immigrants are found to have higher absence than natives when measured as the number of absent days. For the number of absence spells, the pattern for immigrants and natives is about the same. The analysis, using panel data and count data models, show that natives and immigrants have different characteristics concerning family situation, work conditions and health. We also find that natives and immigrants respond differently to these characteristics. We find, for example, that the absence of natives and immigrants are differently related to both economic incentives and work environment. Finally, our analysis shows that differences in work conditions and work environment only can explain a minor part of the ethnic differences in absence during the 1980’s.

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40

Hedman, Hanna. "Hindu goddesses as role models for women? : a qualitative study of some middle class women’s views on being a woman in the Hindu society". Thesis, University of Gävle, Ämnesavdelningen för religionsvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3627.

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Denna uppsats baseras på en fältstudie genomförd i Faridabad, Indien våren 2007. Syftet är att undersöka vilken roll hinduiska gudinnor spelar för kvinnor. För att uppfylla det syftet studeras också de intervjuade kvinnornas underliggande uppfattningar om jämställdhet.

För att kunna uppfylla syftet med uppsatsen har en kvalitativ metod använts och 19 intervjuer har genomförts. Informanterna har fått svara på frågor som handlar om att vara kvinna i det hinduiska samhället och deras åsikter om hur kvinnors situation bör ändras. När resultaten från intervjuerna analyserats har jag inspirerats av tidigare forskning om genus och Hinduism.

I den hinduiska mytologin finns både gudar och gudinnor. Att dyrka gudinnor kan ses som en källa till makt och inspiration för kvinnor. Därför har jag studerat om informanterna ser på gudinnorna som förebilder. Resultaten visar att det är svårt att avgöra om så är fallet. Ungefär hälften av informanterna sade att det ser gudinnorna som förebilder. I motsats till tidigare forskning nämnde inte informanterna de gudinnor som representerar de egenskaper som den ideala hustrun ska besitta, istället nämndes stridsgudinnan Durga. Tidigare forskning visar dock att även de självständiga gudinnorna som beskrevs av informanterna som förebilder är en del av den patriarkala strukturen. Under intervjuerna framgick att rollen att vara en bra hustru och mor värdesätts högt av informanterna. Detta kan, enligt mig, kopplas till det mest framträdande resultatet som framkom i synen på vad jämställdhetsuppfattningen baseras på. Det gäller uppfattningen om att män och kvinnor föds med olika egenskaper. I motsats till genusteori förstås inte skillnader mellan män och kvinnor som främst socialt konstruerade.

This report is based on a field study that was carried out in Faridabad, India in the spring of 2007. The aim is to study what role the Hindu goddesses play for Hindu women. To fulfil this purpose I am also studying the interviewed women’s underlying understanding regarding gender equality.

To fulfil the aim a qualitative method was chosen and 19 interviews were completed. The informants answered questions about being a woman in the Hindu society and their opinions on how to change women’s situation. While analysing the results I was inspired by previous research on gender and Hinduism.

In the Hindu mythology there are both gods and goddesses. Worshipping goddesses can be seen as a source of power and inspiration for women. Therefore I wanted to study if the informants look at the goddesses as role models. The results show that it is difficult to determine whether or not that is the case. Approximately half of the informants said that they looked at the goddesses as role models. In contrast to previous research the informants did not mention the goddesses that are represented with qualities that the ideal wife should posses, instead Durga, the fight goddess, was mentioned. However, previous research also shows that the independent goddesses that were described as role models by the informants are a part of a patriarchal structure. During the interviews the role of being a good wife and a mother is described as the most important thing for the informants. This can, according to me, be related to the most significant result on what the understanding of gender equality is based on. This is the opinion that men and women are born with different qualities. In contrast to the gender theory, the differences between men and women are not understood as primarily socially constructed.

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41

Mitchell, Taylor Joy. "Cold War Playboys: Models of Masculinity in the Literature of Playboy". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3249.

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"Cold War Playboys: Models of Masculinity in the Literature of Playboy" emphasizes the literary voices that emerged in response to the Cold War's redefinitions of space and sexuality and, thus, adds to the growing national discourse of Cold War literary and masculinity studies. I argue that the literature Playboy includes has always been a necessary feature to creating its masculinity model; however, that very literature often destabilizes the magazine's grand narrative because it presents readers with alternative models of masculinity. To make that argument, I presume five things: 1) masculinity, like femininity, is a construct; 2) the mid-century masculinity crisis should be attributed to redefinitions of space and sexuality; 3) the crisis generated a variety of masculinity models; 4) Playboy presents its own, unified model of masculinity through its editorial features; and 5) finally, that Playboy should be considered an early Cold War artifact because the space Playboy magazine represents, dually domestic and privatized, is hardly trivial--decade after decade, it has absorbed society's shifts and reflected them back to readers. Citing biographical, historical, critical, and textual evidence, I consider how the literature of Playboy magazine responds to the construction of Cold War discourses regarding sexuality and space. In particular, I examine how Playboy contributions from Jack Kerouac, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Baldwin detail models of masculinity informed by Cold War culture. Playboy's emphasis was obviously Playmates, but fiction always appeared in its pages. As its largest component, fiction became the backbone of Playboy. Therefore, Hefner's educated, sexual male identity included, and still includes, reading a wide array of literature--from Ian Fleming to Ursula le Guin. "Cold War Playboys" asks: How did literature gain primacy in Hefner's ideal male identity? What purposes does reading this literature serve when appealing to a particular masculinity? Answering these questions allows me to explore how one mass-produced magazine and specific literary figures participated in and resisted the construction of Cold War discourses regarding space and sexuality.

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42

Stough-Hunter, Anjel Nicolette. "Examining the Role of Community and Gender on Perceptions of Impaired Water Quality: A Comparative Case Study". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1307997067.

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43

Blumberg, Maxwell Gerald. "Interpersonal Conflict Behaviour as a Mediator between Couples' Personalities and their Relationship Satisfaction: Application of the Actor-Partner Interdependence and Gender-Specific Models". Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436373.

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44

Cruea, Mark Douglas. "The Virtual Hand: Exploring the Societal Effects of Video Game Industry Business Models". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1320430304.

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45

Torres, Arica Marycielo Zarella. "Discriminación de género en el acceso al crédito en PYMES". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652347.

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Hoy en día, las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (PYMES) son consideradas como una fuente de crecimiento, empleo e inclusión social; sin embargo, estas sufren de limitaciones recurrentes respecto al acceso al crédito sobre todo si son lideradas por mujeres. Por ello, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la existencia de discriminación de género en el acceso al crédito en PYMES en el Perú en el año 2017 mediante la Encuesta Nacional de Empresas 2018 (ENE) para lo cual se utilizara un modelo econométrico Probit y se analizaran variables como edad, educación del propietario, sector económico, etc., lo cual demuestra que la probabilidad de que una PYME logre acceder al crédito disminuye cuando este presenta como propietario una mujer y afirmando la hipótesis sobre si en realidad la estructura de la empresa varía dependiendo del sexo del propietario de la PYME teniendo énfasis en la educación del propietario y sector económico al cual la PYME pertenece.
Nowadays, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are considered a source of growth, employment, and social inclusion; however, they suffer from recurrent limitations in access to credit, especially if they are led by women. For that, reason, the aim of this research is to determine the existence of gender discrimination in access to credit in SMEs in Peru in 2017 through the National Survey of Companies 2018 (ENE). To do so, a Probit econometric model will be used and variables such as age, owner's education, economic sector, etc. will be analyzed, which shows that the probability of an SME gaining access to credit decreases when the owner is a woman and affirms the hypothesis that the structure of the business varies depending on the sex of the SME owner, with emphasis on the education of the owner and the economic sector to which the SME belongs.
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46

Ekman, Åsa y Amina Yanya. "Nätverk och förebilder : en studie om betydelsen för entreprenöriella kvinnor". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-66380.

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Background: Of those who start companies, only about 30 % are women. Women's companies also often have both fewer employees and lower turnover. Several efforts are therefore being made to try to influence and encourage more women to start businesses and to get them to expand. Two of these ventures are special network for women and about women entrepreneurs as role models, something that also the theories believe is very important for a more egalitarian business. While entrepreneurship is encouraged for growth in the community, it also has a male character, something that needs to be considered. Purpose: As both the EU and the Swedish government through measures such as Tillväxtverket, is investing large sums to promote networking and role models, we intended to analyze the importance of networking and role models for entrepreneurial women. We also intended to study entrepreneurship in women and as a minor part in the study, also examined the investments which the entrepreneurs themselves would like to see in order to promote female entrepreneurship in Sweden. Research method: We conducted the study based on a qualitative method with a deductive approach. We have chosen to do so since we wanted to be close to the theories and at the same time allow for a deeper analysis. In total, we retrieved information from seven respondents as a primary source through interviews which were transcribed and then worked upon together to try to keep a high level of credibility. Conclusion: The entrepreneurs in the study have loosened up the entrepreneurship definition to include a broader more multi-dimensional image of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneurs also felt that the role models certainly could be useful to counter the invisibility of women entrepreneurs, but they themselves made no use of any particular role models. They were all in consensus with the positive effects of networks but also in that these would ideally be composed of both women and men. The entrepreneurs would not like to see any special initiatives for just women, but rather for all entrepreneurs, and in particular efforts to provide better understanding and greater security for the entrepreneurs.

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47

Buonasera, Tammy Yvonne. "Expanding Archaeological Approaches to Ground Stone: Modeling Manufacturing Costs, Analyzing Absorbed Organic Residues, and Exploring Social Dimensions of Milling Tools". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268534.

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Although ground stone artifacts comprise a substantial portion of the archaeological record, their use as an important source of information about the past has remained underdeveloped. This is especially true for milling tools (mortars, pestles, grinding slabs and handstones) used by hunter-gatherers. Three studies that apply novel techniques and approaches to prehistoric milling technology are presented here. Together they demonstrate that substantial opportunities exist for new avenues of inquiry in the study of these artifacts. The first combines a simple optimization model from behavioral ecology with experimental data to weigh manufacturing costs against gains in grinding efficiency for mobile hunter-gatherers. Results run counter to widespread assumptions that mobile hunter-gatherers should not spend time shaping grinding surfaces on milling tools. Next, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to analyze lipid preservation in modified rock features in dry caves at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, New Mexico. A high concentration of lipids, derived from processing a seed resource, was recovered from a grinding surface in these caves. The lipid content in this surface is comparable to amounts recovered from select pottery sherds that have been used for radiocarbon dating. The third study uses synchronic and diachronic variability in morphology, use-wear, and symbolic content to analyze ground stone milling tools from mortuary contexts in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence supports the inferred association of certain mortars with feasting and ritual activities. Differences in the representation of some of these forms in male and female graves may reflect changes in the roles of women and men in community ritual and politics.

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48

Pathak, Amit. "Forecasting Models to Predict EQ-5D Model Indicators for Population Health Improvement". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1480959312370497.

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49

Roberts, Jocelyn. "Behavioural beliefs concerning gender and high-risk sexual behaviours in the context of HIV/AIDS in PNG : views from within teacher education". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/54675/1/Jocelyn_Roberts_Thesis.pdf.

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Education is often viewed as a key approach to address sexual-health issues; the current concern is the burgeoning HIV/AIDS epidemic. This ethnographic study investigates the gender practices associated with high-risk sexual behaviour in Papua New Guinea as viewed by educators there. A number of practices, including gender inequality and associated sexual behaviours have been highlighted by male and female participants as escalating PNG’s HIV/AIDS epidemic. The study finds that although participants were well-informed concerning HIV/AIDS, they had varying beliefs concerning the prevailing gender/sexual issues involved in escalating highrisk behaviour and how to address the problem. The study further examines the behavioural beliefs and intentions of the educators themselves. Subsequently, within the data a number of underpinning factors, pertaining to gender, education and life experience, were found to be related to the behaviour beliefs and intentions of participants towards embracing change with regard to behaviours associated with gender equality in PNG. These factors appeared to encourage participants to adopt healthier gender and sexual behavioural intentions and, arguably, could provide the basis for ways to help address the gender inequality and high-risk behaviours associated with HIV/AIDS in PNG.

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50

Hines, Beverly Jean. "The effects of exposure to female role models on female career self-efficacy for perceived male-dominated occupations". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/699.

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