Artículos de revistas: "Gauge equivalence"

1

Wulzer, Andrea. "An Equivalent Gauge and the Equivalence Theorem". Nuclear Physics B 885 (agosto de 2014): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2014.05.021.

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2

LYRE, HOLGER. "A GENERALIZED EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE". International Journal of Modern Physics D 09, n.º 06 (diciembre de 2000): 633–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271800000694.

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Gauge field theories may quite generally be defined as describing the coupling of a matter-field to an interaction-field, and they are suitably represented in the mathematical framework of fiber bundles. Their underlying principle is the so-called gauge principle, which is based on the idea of deriving the coupling structure of the fields by satisfying a postulate of local gauge covariance. The gauge principle is generally considered to be sufficient to define the full structure of gauge-field theories. This paper contains a critique of this usual point of view: firstly, by emphazising an intrinsic gauge theoretic conventionalism which crucially restricts the conceptual role of the gauge principle and, secondly, by introducing a new generalized equivalence principle — the identity of inertial and field charge (as generalizations of inertial and gravitational mass) — in order to give a conceptual justification for combining the equations of motion of the matter-fields and the field equations of the interaction-fields.

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3

MACDOWELL, SAMUEL W. y OLA TÖRNKVIST. "ELECTROWEAK VORTICES AND GAUGE EQUIVALENCE". Modern Physics Letters A 10, n.º 13n14 (10 de mayo de 1995): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732395001186.

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Vortex configurations in the electroweak gauge theory are investigated. Two gauge-inequivalent solutions of the field equations, the Z and W vortices, have previously been found. They correspond to embeddings of the Abelian Nielsen-Olesen vortex solution into a U(1) subgroup of SU(2)×U(1). It is shown here that any electroweak vortex solution can be mapped into a solution of the same energy with a vanishing upper component of the Higgs field. The correspondence is a gauge equivalence for all vortex solutions except those for which the winding numbers of the upper and lower Higgs components add to zero. This class of solutions, which includes the W vortex, corresponds to a singular solution in the one-component gauge. The results, combined with numerical investigations, provide an argument against the existence of other vortex solutions in the gauge-Higgs sector of the Standard Model.

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4

Wei-Tou NI. "Equivalence principles and gauge fields". Physics Letters A 120, n.º 4 (febrero de 1987): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(87)90330-6.

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5

Gomes, M. A. M. y R. R. Landim. "Equivalence classes for gauge theories". Europhysics Letters (EPL) 70, n.º 6 (junio de 2005): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2005-10044-0.

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6

Haller, K. y E. Lim-Lombridas. "Quantum gauge equivalence in QED". Foundations of Physics 24, n.º 2 (febrero de 1994): 217–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02313123.

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7

CLARK, T. E., C. H. LEE y S. T. LOVE. "SUPERSYMMETRIC TENSOR GAUGE THEORIES". Modern Physics Letters A 04, n.º 14 (20 de julio de 1989): 1343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389001532.

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The supersymmetric extensions of anti-symmetric tensor gauge theories and their associated tensor gauge symmetry transformations are constructed. The classical equivalence between such supersymmetric tensor gauge theories and supersymmetric non-linear sigma models is established. The global symmetry of the supersymmetric tensor gauge theory is gauged and the locally invariant action is obtained. The supercurrent on the Kähler manifold is found in terms of the supersymmetric tensor gauge field.

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8

Furuuchi, Kazuyuki. "Equivalence of Projections as Gauge Equivalence¶on Noncommutative Space". Communications in Mathematical Physics 217, n.º 3 (marzo de 2001): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00005554.

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9

FATIBENE, LORENZO y MAURO FRANCAVIGLIA. "MATHEMATICAL EQUIVALENCE VERSUS PHYSICAL EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN EXTENDED THEORIES OF GRAVITATIONS". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 11, n.º 01 (16 de diciembre de 2013): 1450008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021988781450008x.

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We shall show that although Palatini [Formula: see text]-theories are equivalent to Brans–Dicke theories, still the first pass the Mercury precession of perihelia test, while the second do not. We argue that the two models are not physically equivalent due to different assumptions about free fall. We shall also go through perihelia test without fixing a conformal gauge (clocks or rulers) in order to highlight what can be measured in a conformal invariant way and what cannot. We shall argue that the conformal gauge is broken by choosing a definition of clock, rulers or, equivalently, of masses.

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10

DEL DUCA, V., L. MAGNEA y P. VAN NIEUWENHUIZEN. "EQUIVALENCE OF THE LAGRANGIAN AND HAMILTONIAN BRST CHARGES FOR THE BOSONIC STRING IN THE HARMONIC AND CONFORMAL GAUGES". International Journal of Modern Physics A 03, n.º 05 (mayo de 1988): 1081–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x88000461.

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We consider the BRST formalism for the bosonic string in arbitrary gauges, both from the Hamiltonian and from the Lagrangian point of view. In the Hamiltonian formulation we construct the BRST charge Q(H) following the Batalin-Fradkin-Fradkina-Vilkovisky (BFFV) formalism in phase space. In the Lagrangian formalism, we use the Noether procedure to construct the BRST charge Q(L) in configuration space. We then discuss how to go from configuration to phase space and demonstrate that the dependence of Q(L) on the gauge fixing disappears and that both charges become equal. We work through two gauges in detail: the conformal gauge and the de Donder (harmonic) gauge. In the conformal gauge one must use equations of motion, and a simple canonical transformation is found which exhibits the equivalence. In the de Donder gauge, nontrivial canonical transformations are needed. Our results overlap with work by Beaulieu, Siegel and Zwiebach on the de Donder gauge, but since we only require BRST invariance and not anti-BRST invariance, we need simpler field redefinitions; moreover, we stay off-shell.

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11

Belot, Gordon. "An elementary notion of gauge equivalence". General Relativity and Gravitation 40, n.º 1 (18 de octubre de 2007): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10714-007-0530-3.

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12

Fujiwara, T., Y. Igarashi, J. Kubo y T. Tabei. "Gauge equivalence in two-dimensional gravity". Physical Review D 48, n.º 4 (15 de agosto de 1993): 1736–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.48.1736.

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13

Khekalo, S. P. "Stepwise Gauge Equivalence of Differential Operators". Mathematical Notes 77, n.º 5-6 (mayo de 2005): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11006-005-0084-1.

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14

DELBOURGO, R. y TRIYANTA. "EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN THE FOCK-SCHWINGER GAUGE AND THE FEYNMAN GAUGE". International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, n.º 23 (20 de septiembre de 1992): 5833–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92002659.

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The principal attraction of the Fock-Schwinger (FS) gauge is that the gauge potentials are completely determined in terms of the electromagnetic fields by an inversion formula once the condition x·A=0 is fixed. We have reformulated the FS gauge propagator, first derived by Kummer and Weiser, in a more useful and manageable form and applied it to perturbation calculations in spinor and scalar QED and QCD. In that way we have been able to verify the on-mass-shell equivalence of these calculations to the covariant Feynman gauge.

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15

MOHAMMEDI, NOUREDDINE. "EQUIVALENCE OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL GRAVITIES". Modern Physics Letters A 05, n.º 16 (10 de julio de 1990): 1251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390001414.

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We find the relationship between the Jackiw-Teitelboim model of two-dimensional gravity and the SL (2, R) induced gravity. These are shown to be related to a two-dimensional gauge theory obtained by dimensionally reducing the Chern-Simons action of the 2+1 dimensional gravity. We present an explicit solution to the equations of motion of the auxiliary field of the Jackiw-Teitelboim model in the light-cone gauge. A renormalization of the cosmological constant is also given.

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16

SZABO, RICHARD J. "DISCRETE NONCOMMUTATIVE GAUGE THEORY". Modern Physics Letters A 16, n.º 04n06 (28 de febrero de 2001): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301003474.

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A review of the relationships between matrix models and noncommutative gauge theory is presented. A lattice version of noncommutative Yang–Mills theory is constructed and used to examine some generic properties of noncommutative quantum field theory, such as uv/ir mixing and the appearance of gauge-invariant open Wilson line operators. Morita equivalence in this class of models is derived and used to establish the generic relation between noncommutative gauge theory and twisted reduced models. Finite-dimensional representations of the quotient conditions for toroidal compactification of matrix models are thereby exhibited. The coupling of noncommutative gauge fields to fundamental matter fields is considered and a large mass expansion is used to study the properties of gauge-invariant observables. Morita equivalence with fundamental matter is also presented and used to prove the equivalence between the planar loop renormalizations in commutative and noncommutative quantum chromodynamics.

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17

Guan, Ai. "Gauge equivalence for complete $L_\infty$-algebras". Homology, Homotopy and Applications 23, n.º 2 (2021): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/hha.2021.v23.n2.a15.

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18

Asakawa, Tsuguhiko y Isao Kishimoto. "Comments on gauge equivalence in noncommutative geometry". Journal of High Energy Physics 1999, n.º 11 (17 de noviembre de 1999): 024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/1999/11/024.

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19

Yang, Kuo-Ho. "Equivalence of path dependence and gauge dependence". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 18, n.º 6 (21 de abril de 1985): 979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/18/6/019.

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20

HAJRA, K. y P. BANDYOPADHYAY. "EQUIVALENCE OF STOCHASTIC, KLAUDER AND GEOMETRIC QUANTIZATION". International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, n.º 06 (10 de marzo de 1992): 1267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92000545.

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The relativistic generalization of stochastic quantization helps us to introduce a stochastic-phase-space formulation when a relativistic quantum particle appears as a stochastically extended one. The nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is obtained in the sharp point limit. This also helps us to introduce a gauge-theoretical extension of a relativistic quantum particle when for a fermion the group structure of the gauge field is SU(2). The sharp point limit is obtained when we have a minimal contribution of the residual gauge field retained in the limiting procedure. This is shown to be equivalent to the geometrical approach to the phase-space quantization introduced by Klauder if it is interpreted in terms of a universal magnetic field acting on a free particle moving in a higher-dimensional configuration space when quantization corresponds to freezing the particle to its first Landau level. The geometric quantization then appears as a natural consequence of these two formalisms, since the Hermitian line bundle introduced there finds a physical meaning in terms of the inherent gauge field in stochastic-phase-space formulation or in the interaction with the magnetic field in Klauder quantization.

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21

AHN, CHANG-JUN, WON-TAE KIM, YOUNG-JAI PARK, KEE YONG KIM y YONGDUK KIM. "EQUIVALENCE OF LIGHT-CONE AND CONFORMAL GAUGES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM GRAVITY". Modern Physics Letters A 07, n.º 25 (20 de agosto de 1992): 2263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392002020.

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We show that the light-cone and conformal gauges are equivalent in the sense that the well known SL (2, ℝ) current structure in the light-cone gauge is obtained from the results in the conformal one under a proper coordinate transformation. This result is due to the residual symmetry of the scalar field Φ.

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22

HARADA, KOJI. "EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN THE WESS-ZUMINO-WITTEN MODEL AND TWO CHIRAL BOSONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, n.º 19 (10 de agosto de 1991): 3399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x91001659.

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We establish the formal equivalence of a bosonized Dirac fermion (the Wess-Zumino-Witten model) to two bosonized Weyl fermions (Sonnenschein’s chiral bosons) in the path integral framework. These two systems can be regarded as gauge-fixed systems of the same gauge-invariant theory. Factorization of the fermion determinant of QCD2 is naturally realized in terms of chiral bosonization, up to a contact term which is necessary for maintaining gauge invariance. Canonical quantization of the gauge-invariantly extended system is performed.

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23

Fang, Xiao-Li. "Gauge transformations for quasitriangular quasi-Turaev group coalgebras". Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 17, n.º 05 (26 de abril de 2018): 1850080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498818500809.

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The purpose of this paper is to introduce an equivalence relation on quasitriangular quasi-Turaev group coalgebras such that the categories of representations of two quasitriangular quasi-Turaev group coalgebras are tensor [Formula: see text]-equivalent. As an application, we construct a new Turaev braided group category by a gauge transformation and give a new solution of Yang–Baxter type equation.

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24

Scarfone, Antonio M. "Gauge Equivalence among Quantum Nonlinear Many Body Systems". Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 102, n.º 2-3 (1 de febrero de 2008): 179–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10440-008-9213-7.

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25

Donoghue, John F. y Jusak Tandean. "Global anomalies and the gauge-boson equivalence theorem". Physics Letters B 361, n.º 1-4 (noviembre de 1995): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)01154-i.

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26

Bursztyn, Henrique y Olga Radko. "Gauge equivalence of Dirac structures and symplectic groupoids". Annales de l’institut Fourier 53, n.º 1 (2003): 309–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/aif.1945.

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27

Holz, A. "Gauge Theory of Defect Systems and Equivalence Principle". physica status solidi (b) 144, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 1987): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221440106.

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28

Lipovskii, V. D. y A. V. Shirokov. "Example of gauge equivalence of multidimensional integrable equations". Functional Analysis and Its Applications 23, n.º 3 (1990): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01079532.

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29

Radha, R. y V. Ramesh Kumar. "Gauge equivalence of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation and the equivalent Heisenberg spin chain". Physica Scripta 76, n.º 5 (21 de septiembre de 2007): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/76/5/004.

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30

HARIKUMAR, E. y M. SIVAKUMAR. "ON THE EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN TOPOLOGICALLY AND NON-TOPOLOGICALLY MASSIVE ABELIAN GAUGE THEORIES". Modern Physics Letters A 15, n.º 02 (20 de enero de 2000): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300000128.

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We analyze the equivalence between topologically massive gauge theory (TMGT) and different formulations of non-topologically massive gauge theories (NTMGTs) in the canonical approach. The different NTMGTs studied are Stückelberg formulation of (a) a first-order formulation involving one- and two-form fields, (b) Proca theory, and (c) massive Kalb–Ramond theory. We first quantize these reducible gauge systems by using the phase space extension procedure and using it, identify the phase space variables of NTMGTs which are equivalent to the canonical variables of TMGT and show that under this the Hamiltonian also get mapped. Interestingly it is found that the different NTMGTs are equivalent to different formulations of TMGTs which differ only by a total divergence term. We also provide covariant mappings between the fields in TMGT to NTMGTs at the level of correlation function.

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31

ARATYN, H., L. A. FERREIRA, J. F. GOMES, R. T. MEDEIROS y A. H. ZIMERMAN. "GENERALIZED MIURA TRANSFORMATIONS, TWO-BOSON KP HIERARCHIES AND THEIR REDUCTION TO KdV HIERARCHIES". Modern Physics Letters A 08, n.º 32 (20 de octubre de 1993): 3079–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393002038.

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Bracket preserving gauge equivalence is established between several two-boson generated KP type of hierarchies. These KP hierarchies reduce under symplectic reduction (via Dirac constraints) to KdV, mKdV and Schwarzian KdV hierarchies. Under this reduction the gauge equivalence takes the form of the conventional Miura maps between the above KdV type of hierarchies.

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32

Filipkovska, M. S., V. P. Kotlyarov, E. A. Melamedova y E. A. Moskovchenko. "Maxwell-Bloch Equations without Spectral Broadening: Gauge Equivalence, Transformation Operators and Matrix Riemann-Hilbert Problems". Zurnal matematiceskoj fiziki, analiza, geometrii 13, n.º 2 (25 de junio de 2017): 119–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mag13.02.119.

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33

COSTA, K. M. "THE NAMBU-JONA-LASINIO MODEL AND GAUGE THEORIES IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, n.º 04 (10 de febrero de 1991): 667–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x91000381.

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The weakly coupled globally invariant Nambu-Jona-Lasino (NJL) model in 2+1 dimensions is shown to be equivalent to a strongly coupled gauge theory. This equivalence is demonstrated for the renormalized theories in the 1/N expansion utilizing an unconventional, cutoff-dependent bare coupling constant to take the limit of weak or strong bare couplings. The weakly coupled Abelian NJL model is renormalized to order 1/N and compared to a renormalized strongly coupled QED3. Next, the U(2) globally invariant NJL model is studied in the broken phase and renormalized to leading order. The resulting U(1)×U(1) gauge-invariant theory is shown to be equivalent to a spontaneously broken U(2) gauge theory analyzed in the 1/N expansion.

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34

Stumpf, H. y W. Pfister. "Resolution of constraints and gauge equivalence in algebraic Schrödinger representation of quantum electrodynamics". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 51, n.º 10-11 (1 de noviembre de 1996): 1045–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1996-10-1101.

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Abstract The algebraic formalism of QED is expounded in order to demonstrate both the resolution of constraints and to verify gauge equivalence between temporal gauge and Coulomb gauge on the quantum level. In the algebraic approach energy eigenstates of QED in temporal gauge are represented in an algebraic GNS basis. The corresponding Hilbert space is mapped into a functional space of generating functional states. The image of the QED-Heisenberg dynamics becomes a functional energy equation for these states. In the same manner the Gauß constraint is mapped into functional space. By suitable transformations the functional image of the Coulomb forces is recovered in temporal gauge. The equivalence of this result with the functional version of QED in Coulomb gauge is demonstrated. The meaning of the various transformations and their relations are illustrated for the case of harmonic oscillators. If applied to QCD this method allows an exact derivation of effective color "Coulomb" forces, in addition it implies a clear conception for the incorporation of various algebraic representations into the formal Heisenberg dynamics and establishes the algebraic "Schrödinger" equation for quantum fields in functional space.

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35

SEVOSTYANOV, ALEXEY. "AN EQUIVALENCE OF TWO MASS GENERATION MECHANISMS FOR GAUGE FIELDS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, n.º 13 (20 de mayo de 2008): 1973–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08039803.

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Two mass generation mechanisms for gauge theories are studied. It is proved that in the Abelian case the topological mass generation mechanism introduced in Refs. 4, 12 and 15 is equivalent to the mass generation mechanism defined in Refs. 5 and 20 with the help of "localization" of a nonlocal gauge invariant action. In the non-Abelian case the former mechanism is known to generate a unitary renormalizable quantum field theory, describing a massive vector field.

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36

Eskin, Gregory, Hiroshi Isozaki y Stephen O'dell. "Gauge Equivalence and Inverse Scattering for Aharonov–Bohm Effect". Communications in Partial Differential Equations 35, n.º 12 (4 de noviembre de 2010): 2164–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03605301003758344.

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37

Tsutaya, Mitsunobu. "Finiteness of A n -equivalence types of gauge groups". Journal of the London Mathematical Society 85, n.º 1 (24 de noviembre de 2011): 142–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/jlms/jdr040.

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38

Gérard, J.-M. "The strong equivalence principle from a gravitational gauge structure". Classical and Quantum Gravity 24, n.º 7 (20 de marzo de 2007): 1867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/24/7/012.

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39

Terashima, Seiji. "On the equivalence between noncommutative and ordinary gauge theories". Journal of High Energy Physics 2000, n.º 02 (18 de febrero de 2000): 029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2000/02/029.

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40

Abe, Y., N. Haba, K. Hayakawa, Y. Matsumoto, M. Matsunaga y K. Miyachi. "4D Equivalence Theorem and Gauge Symmetry on an Orbifold". Progress of Theoretical Physics 113, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2005): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.113.199.

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41

Casalbuoni, Roberto. "High-energy equivalence theorems in spontaneously broken gauge theories". Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 16 (agosto de 1990): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(90)90600-y.

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42

Vaklev, Y. "Soliton solutions and gauge equivalence for the quadratic bundle". Journal of Mathematical Physics 35, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1994): 4799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.530815.

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43

Winterberg, F. "Equivalence and gauge in the Planck-scale aether model". International Journal of Theoretical Physics 34, n.º 2 (febrero de 1995): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00672806.

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44

DUTTA, B. y S. NANDI. "TEST OF GOLDSTONE BOSON EQUIVALENCE THEOREM". Modern Physics Letters A 09, n.º 11 (10 de abril de 1994): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773239400085x.

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We study the convergence (with energy) of the exact longitudinal gauge boson scattering amplitude to that given by the equivalence theorem. For low Higgs boson masses, this convergence is rather slow, and can have significant effect at the SSC energies. We find that in addition to [Formula: see text] terms, the two amplitudes differ by terms of [Formula: see text]. We incorporate the presence of such terms in the general proof of the equivalence theorem.

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45

SAKAMOTO, MAKOTO. "TORUS-ORBIFOLD EQUIVALENCE IN COMPACTIFIED STRING THEORIES". Modern Physics Letters A 05, n.º 14 (10 de junio de 1990): 1131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773239000127x.

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It is shown that any compactified closed string theory on an abelian orbifold is equivalent to that on a torus if the rank of the gauge symmetry of strings on the orbifold is equal to the dimension of the orbifold. Our proof clarifies the correspondence operators as well as states between the two theories.

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46

CARIÑENA, JOSÉ F. y MANUEL F. RAÑADA. "NON-LINEAR GENERALIZATION OF THE GAUGE AMBIGUITIES OF THE LAGRANGIAN FORMALISM". International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, n.º 05 (20 de febrero de 1991): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x91000411.

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A generalization of the gauge equivalence of Lagrangians is developed. In this approach the different Lagrangians determine not only the same set of solutions but also the same energies. Some general properties are studied and then the case of velocity-free forces is considered. In particular we show the non-existence for n=2 (two degrees of freedom) of such equivalent Lagrangians and that when n=3 the only forces admitting such equivalent Lagrangians correspond to those deriving from central potentials.

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47

ANDERSON, J. T. "HADRON DEGENERATE MULTIPLET MASS SPECTRUM FROM QUARK-MONOPOLE EQUIVALENCE". Modern Physics Letters A 03, n.º 08 (julio de 1988): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732388000970.

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Non-observation of quarks or monopoles suggests their equivalence, as has been proposed within string and bag and other models and implied for QCD by the monopole solutions. The possible magnetic nature of quarks is investigated within a non-Abelian field theory with magnetic sources and fermions and color. The sources are shown to eliminate the non-analytic singularities of the field Aμ by a scale-setting mechanism which introduces a degenerate mass. The scale-setting mechanism follows from the requirement of gauge covariance by removal of the non-gauge covariant term which includes essential singulari-ties of [Formula: see text]. The low-lying hadron degenerate mass spectrum is obtained in terms of the degenerate mass and the colored symmetry.

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48

Bakhshandeh-Chamazkoti, Rohollah. "The geometry of fourth-order differential operator". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 12, n.º 05 (mayo de 2015): 1550055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887815500553.

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In the present paper, the equivalence problem for fourth-order differential operators with one variable under general fiber-preserving transformation using the Cartan method of equivalence is applied. Two versions of equivalence problems are considered. First, the direct equivalence problem and second equivalence problem is to determine the sufficient and necessary conditions on two fourth-order differential operators such that there exists a fiber-preserving transformation mapping one to the other according to gauge equivalence.

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49

Mitra, Arpan Krishna, Rabin Banerjee y Subir Ghosh. "On the equivalence among stress tensors in a gauge-fluid system". International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, n.º 36 (30 de diciembre de 2017): 1750210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17502104.

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In this paper, we bring out the subtleties involved in the study of a first-order relativistic field theory with auxiliary field variables playing an essential role. In particular, we discuss the nonisentropic Eulerian (or Hamiltonian) fluid model. Interactions are introduced by coupling the fluid to a dynamical Maxwell (U(1)) gauge field. This dynamical nature of the gauge field is crucial in showing the equivalence, on the physical subspace, of the stress tensor derived from two definitions, i.e. the canonical (Noether) one and the symmetric one. In the conventional equal-time formalism, we have shown that the generators of the space–time transformations obtained from these two definitions agree modulo the Gauss constraint. This equivalence in the physical sector has been achieved only because of the dynamical nature of the gauge fields. Subsequently, we have explicitly demonstrated the validity of the Schwinger condition. A detailed analysis of the model in lightcone formalism has also been done where several interesting features are revealed.

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50

SHAJI, N., R. SHANKAR y M. SIVAKUMAR. "ON BOSE-FERMI EQUIVALENCE IN A U(1) GAUGE THEORY WITH CHERN-SIMONS ACTION". Modern Physics Letters A 05, n.º 08 (30 de marzo de 1990): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390000664.

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We show, using path integral methods, that a complex scalar field in 2+1 dimensions coupled to an abelian gauge field with Chern-Simons action is equivalent to a free Dirac fermion. We show the equivalence of the vacuum functional and construct the fermion fields explicitly. Our proof is independent of the long wavelength approximation.

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