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1
Dybek, Aneta. "Production and Characterisation of Fullerenes, Fullerene Derivatives and Fullerene-Based Electronic Devices". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522327.
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Rathna, A. "Theoretical Studies Of Fullerenes And Fullerene Derivatives". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 1994. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/111.
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The detection of Ceo and Cro in 1985 and the subsequent development of a preparative procedure have opened up a new area of research in carbon chemistry. The study of physico-chemical properties of these molecules is currently being pursued with great interest. The goal of the present thesis is to provide simple generalization concerning the structure and bonding which would be of useful interpretive value in understanding the reactivity patterns. The stability of a large number of derivatives have been examined at uniform levels of semiempirical MO theories. The results are shown to be consistent with simple localized bonding model of molecular and electronic structure of Ceo and Cro. Additional factors influencing the relative stabilities of fullerene derivatives are also analysed.
3
Rathna, A. "Theoretical Studies Of Fullerenes And Fullerene Derivatives". Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/111.
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The detection of Ceo and Cro in 1985 and the subsequent development of a preparative procedure have opened up a new area of research in carbon chemistry. The study of physico-chemical properties of these molecules is currently being pursued with great interest. The goal of the present thesis is to provide simple generalization concerning the structure and bonding which would be of useful interpretive value in understanding the reactivity patterns. The stability of a large number of derivatives have been examined at uniform levels of semiempirical MO theories. The results are shown to be consistent with simple localized bonding model of molecular and electronic structure of Ceo and Cro. Additional factors influencing the relative stabilities of fullerene derivatives are also analysed.
4
Wessendorf, Florian. "Supramolecular fullerene-porphyrin architectures = Supramolekulare Fulleren-Porphyrin-Architekturen". kostenfrei, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1000613593/34.
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Mo^n, Dyfrig. "Fullerene crystallisation in Fullerene/Polymer bilayers". Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678620.
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Peel, Jason Alexander. "The synthesis and characterisation of some new organometallic derivatives of [60]fullerene". Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389639.
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Rahmer, Jürgen. "Electronic spin states in fullerides and endohedral fullerenes". [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10934928.
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Samoylova, Nataliya. "Cluster-based redox activity in Endohedral Metallofullerenes:". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-230132.
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Endohedral fullerenes are closed carbon shells encapsulating molecular or ionic species in their inner space. Obtained for the first time in 1985, endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) remain in focus of research for many years with a broad variety of metal atoms, endohedral cluster and cage sizes being reported.
Electrochemical studies of endohedral metallofullerenes are of particular interest because of the more complex redox behavior in comparison to empty fullerenes. The EMF molecules can be considered as a combinations of positively charged cluster and negatively charged carbon shell “ligand”, and both constituents can be redox active. A cage-based electrochemical activity is more common, in particular, the most abundant nitride clusterfullerenes generally have redox-active cages. Cluster-based electrochemical activity is less common and can be revealed via unexpected redox behavior (e.g., shifted potential when compared to analogous molecules, potential metal dependence) and with the use of spectroscopic methods.
Here we report electrochemical and EPR studies of three EMF families: (i) M2@C82-C3v and M2@C82-Cs dimetallofullerenes with a covalent bonding between two metal atoms, (ii) M2@C80(CH2Ph) dimetallofullerene derivatives with single-occupied metal-bonding orbital, and (iii) M2TiC@C80 EMFs with endohedral Ti(IV) (M is either Sc or Y or a lanthanide). For the first two families, the metal-metal bonding orbital has been found to be redox active: in M2@C82, the double-occupied M-M bonding orbital is involved in the first oxidation process, while in M2@C80(CH2Ph) the unoccupied component of single-occupied metal-bonding orbital acts as the LUMO, accepting one electron during the first reduction step. Thus, single electron transfer reactions in both cases lead to the changes in the magnetic properties of EMFs, which is especially well revealed by EPR spectroscopy. For the series of M2TiC@C80 EMFs, the first reduction predominantly occurs on internal Ti atom and can be described as TiIV/TiIII redox process. Due to the variation of the size of the Ti ion in different oxidation states, reduction changes the inner strain of the cluster, leading to a large variability of the TiIV/TiIII reduction potential in dependence on the size of the formally inert lanthanide metal in M2TiC@C80.
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Duggan, Andrew Charles. "Fullerene intercalation chemistry". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298749.
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Henry, Paul Francis. "Fullerene intercalation chemistry". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363757.
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Kurz, Arnd. "Protein-fullerene complexes". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299798.
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Wood, Robert A. "C₆₀ fullerene polymers". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397268.
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Terrones-Maldonado, Mauricio. "Production and characterisation of novel fullerene-related materials : nanotubes, nanofibres and giant fullerenes". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361404.
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Mancel, Dorothée. "Complexes of [60]fullerene". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546290.
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O'Donovan, Bryan Finbarr. "Organofunctional [60]fullerene chemistry". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297559.
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Ramanitra, Hasina Harimino. "Incorporation du fullerène dans des polymères pour applications dans le photovoltaïque". Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3048/document.
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La technologie photovoltaïque (PV) est considérée une solution très prometteuse à la crise de l'énergie. Bien que le marché du PV soit actuellement dominé par des dispositifs à base de minéraux, ces systèmes présentent des coûts de production élevés et de nombreux problèmes environnementaux. Ces aspects limitent leur application. Les cellules solaires organiques à base de polymères (OPV) sont de prometteuses sources d'énergie renouvelable en raison de leur faible coût de production et grâce à leur nature déformable. En raison de ses propriétés électroniques et de la haute mobilité d'électrons, de petites molécules dérivées du fullerène C60 sont largement utilisées dans la production OPV à grande échelle. Toutefois, les propriétés morphologiques des dérivés du C60 diminuent la stabilité des dispositifs. En effet, le C60 subit facilement le phénomène d’auto-agrégation lors de l'utilisation de la cellule. L'aptitude au traitement du C60 peut être améliorée en l’incorporant dans un polymère. Ces systèmes sont déjà décrits dans la littérature, mais reposent en général sur une synthèse en plusieurs étapes qui pourraient affecter les propriétés électroniques du C60 ainsi que donner des produits insolubles en raison de la réaction de réticulation. L'objectif de ce travail est de préparer des polymères innovants basés sur le fullerène (C60) pour les dispositifs photovoltaïques et électroniques, à l'aide d’une chimie du C60 bien connue et en se basant sur des procédés fiables. À l'Université de Pau (au sein de l’équipe EPCP), après les synthèses de petites molécules qui ont étés utilisées en tant que co-monomères, deux différentes voies de synthèse ont été exploitées afin d'obtenir oligo- et polyfullerènes contenant le C60 dans leur chaîne principale. La première voie exploitée, est basée sur la réaction « Atom Transfer Radical Addition Polymerisation » (ATRAP), qui a déjà été utilisée pour la préparation de main-chain polyfullerenes. Avec cette méthode, des composés très solubles ayant des poids moléculaires variables ont été préparés. La deuxième voie a été découverte dans ce travail de thèse et exploite une chimie du C60 bien connue pour obtenir des « main-chain » polyfullerènes qui présentent un haut poids moléculaire et qui sont bien solubles dans les solvants courants. Des études préliminaires ont été effectuées dans le but de comprendre les effets des paramètres de réaction et la cinétique de la polymérisation. Les matériaux ont été caractérisés par chromatographie d’exclusion stérique, SEC, spectroscopie RMN, et à travers spectroscopie UV-vis et IR. Des analyses thermiques (TGA et DSC) complètent les caractérisations. Le C60, ainsi que son dérivé, [6,6] -phényl-C61-butyrique ester méthylique d'acide (PCBM), ont été exploités en tant que monomères dans les réactions de polymérisation. Un séjour de neuf mois (cotutelle) à l'université de Tübingen, en Allemagne, a permis d'étudier les matériaux synthétisés par spectroscopies XPS et UPS. Le but de ces études était d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension des niveaux énergétiques des oligo- et polyfullerènes. Des couches minces de composés ont été déposées sur différents substrats par des procédés en solution (doctor blade ou spin coating) pour obtenir des échantillons ex-situ pour les analyses. Des échantillons de couches actives contenant des polyfullerène ont également été préparés lors d'un court séjour (une semaine) à BELECTRIC OPV GmbH, Nuremberg (Allemagne). Les échantillons ont été analysés par microscopie optique et microscopie AFM dans le cadre d’une étude sur la stabilité thermique de la couche active à l'Université de Tübingen. Ces études ont été réalisées aussi grâce à la collaboration avec des chercheurs de BELECTRIC OPV GmbH, qui ont intégré les composés dans des dispositifs et réalisé des expériences complémentaires et comparables. Comme tendances générales, les composés améliorent la stabilité des dispositifs quand les derniers sont soumis à un stress thermiquePhotovoltaic technology (PV) makes it possible to directly convert sunlight into electricity and it is seen as a very promising solution to the current energy crisis. Although the PV market is dominated by inorganic-based devices, those systems present high production costs and deployment issues that limit their application. Polymer-based organic solar cells (OPVs) are promising sources of renewable energy due to their facile, low cost production, and formable nature. Due to its electronic properties and high electron mobility, small molecule fullerene (C60 ) derivatives are widely used in large scale OPVs. However the morphological properties of C60 derivatives decrease device stability as C60 easily undergoes self-aggregation during OPV use. The processibility of C60 can be improved by incorporating it into a polymer. These systems are already described in literature but have in general a multistage synthesis that could affect the electronic properties of C60 as well as give insoluble products due to reticulative reactions. The objective of the work here presented was to prepare innovative polymers based on C60 for photovoltaic and electronic devices using reliable, well-known C60 chemistry. At the University of Pau (EPCP Lab), after the syntheses of small molecules to be used as co-monomers, two synthetic routes were used in order to obtain main- chain oligo- and polyfullerenes. The first route is based on the atom transfer radical addition polymerization (ATRAP), which has already been used for the preparation of main-chain polyfullerenes. With this method, soluble compounds with various molecular weights were prepared. The second route was discovered in this work and exploits a well-known fullerene chemistry to prepare soluble polyfullerenes with reasonably high molecular weights. Preliminary studies to understand the effect of the reaction parameters (reagents, reagents concentration, temperature, time and solvent) and the kinetics of the polymerisation were performed. Material characterisations were carried out via GPC chromatography, NMR spectroscopy, and UV-visible and IR spectroscopies. Thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) were also run to complete the characterisations. Both C60 and its derivative, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), have been exploited as monomers in the reactions. A nine-month (cotutelle) stay at Tübingen University, Germany, permitted a study of the synthesized materials by means of XPS and UPS spectroscopies. The aim of these studies was to obtain a better understanding of the energy levels pictures of the oligo- and polyfullerenes. Thin films of the compounds were deposited on different substrates via solution processes (doctor blade or spin coating) to obtain ex-situ samples for characterisation. Samples of polyfullerene-containing active layers were prepared during a short stay (1 week) at BELECTRIC OPV GmbH, Nuremberg (Germany), and analysed by optical microscopy and AFM microscopy during thermal-degradation studies at Tübingen University. These studies were completed thanks to collaborations with researchers at BELECTRIC OPV GmbH, who have incorporated the compounds into devices and performed complementary and comparable experiments. As general trends, the compounds are found to improve the stability of the devices upon thermal stresses
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Wang, Yonggang. "Transport and retention of fullerene-based nanoparticles in water-saturated porous media". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29782.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Pennell, Kurt; Committee Member: Hughes, Joseph; Committee Member: Kim, Jaehong; Committee Member: Snyder, Robert; Committee Member: Yiacoumi, Sotira. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Morinaka, Yuta. "Studies on Properties of Endohedral Fullerenes and Development of Fullerene Derivatives for Organic Photovoltaic Devices". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174889.
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Yang, Yi-Fan [Verfasser] y Lorenz S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Cederbaum. "Electronic States of Fullerene Anions and Endohedral Fullerenes / Yi-Fan Yang ; Betreuer: Lorenz S. Cederbaum". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212935608/34.
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Gevorgyan, Suren. "Growth of fullerene (C70) thin films and photovoltaic characterization of fullerene-based solar cells /". [Sede Boker] : Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 2006. http://aranne5.lib.ad.bgu.ac.il/others/GevorgyanSuren.pdf.
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Scarel, Francesco [Verfasser] y Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Breit. "Fullerene-stoppered rotaxane: a multifunctional supramolecular material = Fullerene Topfen Rotaxan: ein supramolekulares Multifunktions-Material". Freiburg : Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1115813579/34.
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Luzan, S. M., Y. O. Tsybin y A. V. Talzyin. "In situ monitoring of C60 hydrogenation". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20618.
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Kinetics and pathways of C60 reaction with hydrogen gas were studied in a broad temperature interval and over extended periods of time. Specifically, hydrogenation was monitored in situ at high temperature and high hydrogen pressure conditions using gravimetric method. The shape of gravimetric curve was found to depend on hydrogena tion temperature: at 350-400ºC saturation of the sample weight was achieved, whereas at
420-440ºC the sample weight reached the maximum and decreased upon prolonged hydrogenation. The weight decrease is due to fullerene cage fragmentation with formation of light ydrocarbons evaporating from the sample. Hydrogenation products
were studied by X-ray diffraction, APPI FT-ICR mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Hydrogenation pathways (from C60H18 up to C60H56) and possible mechanisms of hydrogenation-induced fragmentation of fulleranes are discussed.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20618
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Davis, Jason John. "Fullerene biochemistry and surface investigations". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244592.
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Shi, Wenda. "Fullerene isomers for organic photovoltaics". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25945.
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The as-produced isomer mixture of the organic photovoltaic device acceptor material bisPC62BM has been purified into its constituents by peak-recycling HPLC, and those individual isomers were characterised by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. A total of 18 isomers were purified from the mixture to a standard exceeding 99.5% with respect to other isomers. The HOMOs, LUMOs, and HOMO-LUMO gaps of the purified isomers vary from (-5.673 to -5.402 eV), (-3.901 to -3.729 eV), and (1.664 to 1.883 eV), respectively. We also find a correlation between HPLC retention time and the relative positions of the addends; in that generally the closer the addends are to each other the longer the retention time of the isomer, and vice versa. The OPV acceptor molecule PC71BM was also purified into its constituent isomers to a standard of at least 99%. The total three purified isomers were each characterized by 13C NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. These characterizations were supported by HF/DFT ab-initio calculations. All three isomers are methano-fullerenes. The most abundant isomer (85% of the mixture) exists as a racemate involving the 8-25 bond of C70. The other two isomers both involved the 9-10 bond of C70, but are distinguished by opposing orientations of the addend with r and s pseudo-asymmetry about carbon atom 71. The r and s isomers comprised 9% and 6% of the as-produced of the mixture, respectively. In order of decreasing abundance, the LUMO levels of the isomers were -3.9316, -3.9194 and -3.9197 eV and the HOMO-LUMO gaps were 1,772, 1.754 and 1.748 eV.
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Toth, Kalman. "(Endo)fullerene functionalization : from material science to biomedical applications". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAE021/document.
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Nous avons synthétisé différentes dyades donneurs-accepteurs (D-A) π-conjuguées à base de fullerène pour des applications photovoltaïques dans lesquelles les unités D étaient soit des oligophenylenevinylenes (OPV) soit des oligophenyleneethynylene (OPE) et les unités A étaient le C60 ou un endofullerène du type Y3N@C80. Il y avait une exigence supplémentaire pour nos matériaux, à savoir qu’ils devaient s’auto-organiser en phases liquides-cristallines. Pour ce faire, toutes les unités D contenaient un promoteur mésogène afin d'induire le mésomorphisme de la dyade D- et donc de contrôler la morphologie des couches minces nécessaires à l’élaboraiton des cellules photovoltaïques grâce à une organisation supramoléculaire. En dehors de cela, nous avons étudié l’influence de la nature chimique du donneur (par exemple lyophile ou amphiphile), de la longueur des oligomères et de la multiaddition sur les propriétés photophysiques et sur l'auto-assemblage. Nous avons synthétisé une dyade OPE-Y3N@C80 qui est le premier dérive mésomorphe et photosensible de ce type de métallofullerène endohédralWe have synthesized different π-conjugated system-fullerene dyads for photovoltaic applications, where the donor units were either oligophenylenevinylene (OPV) or oligophenyleneethynylene (OPE) derivatives and for the acceptor, C60 or Y3N@C80 was used. There was an additional requirement for our materials: liquid crystallinity. All the donor units contained a mesogenic promoter in order to induce mesomorphism in the D-A dyad and to control the morphology of the prepared film through supramolecular organization. Apart from that, we investigated the effect of the chemical nature of the donor moiety (ie. lyophilic or amphiphilic), the oligomeric length and multiaddition on the photophysical properties and on the self-assembly. We have synthesized an OPE-Y3N@C80 dyad which is the first trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerene derivative with mesomorphic and photoactive properties
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Keykhosravi, Sanaz. "[60]Fullerène et dérivés : critères de pureté et impact fonctionnel in vivo sur les mitochondries, in vitro et ex vivo sur les cellules de l’allergie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS047/document.
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En 1985 Kroto décrit le troisième allotrope du carbone, le fullerène, une sphère de 60 carbones d’1nm de diamètre aux caractéristiques physico-chimiques particulières. La réactivité chimique du C₆₀ est dominée par les réactions d’addition et sa grande affinité pour les radicaux libres grâce à ses 30 double-liaisons. Cette propriété a été explorée dans le stress oxydant, tant in vitro qu’in vivo, où l’équilibre redox est impliqué, comme dans les situations pathophysiologiques impliquant l’inflammation et la dégénérescence cellulaire. En particulier, un traitement au C₆₀ solubilisé dans de l’huile a permis de prolonger l’espérance de vie chez le rat. Le produit, commercialisé à travers le monde, n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’essai clinique. D’autre part certaines préparations peuvent contenir des impuretés. Il est donc important d’établir des critères de pureté et d’intégrité des préparations de C₆₀. Ce travail de thèse comporte deux parties. La première, physicochimique, nous a permis d’évaluer la pureté de préparations commerciales de C₆₀ de différentes origines faisant appel à différentes techniques d’analyse: microscopie électronique à balayage, diffraction aux rayons X, calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC), analyse thermogravimétrique, chromatographie liquide (CLHP) ou en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CG-SM), ainsi que la spectroscopie ultraviolet-visible ou infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR). La DSC est la technique de choix pour établir le critère de pureté et la FTIR la plus rapide. La CG-SM est nécessaire à l’identification des impuretés volatiles, tandis que la CLHP permet de détecter les fullerènes lourds et les dérivés du C₆₀. La deuxième partie a porté sur des aspects fonctionnels des fullerènes et nous avons, pour cela, utilisé des préparations pures selon les critères définis précédemment. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherché à préciser le sous-compartiment cellulaire ciblé par le C₆₀ injecté in vivo chez la souris. Après administration d’une solution huileuse, les molécules de C₆₀ sont retrouvées dans le foie et la rate, à l’intérieur des cellules, parfois au niveau des mitochondries et du réticulum endoplasmique. La présence des molécules de C₆₀, au niveau des mitochondries a été corroborée par la mise en évidence de modifications spécifiques d’activité des enzymes de la mitochondrie (malate déshydrogénase et complexe I de la chaîne respiratoire). Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons abordé l’effet des fullerènes sur des cellules intervenant dans une dysrégulation immunologique où l’inflammation joue un rôle important : l’allergie. L’évènement cellulaire à l’origine des symptômes allergiques est la libération de médiateurs de l’inflammation et de la réponse immunitaire lors de l’activation dépendante des IgE des basophiles et des mastocytes. L’effet régulateur de C₆₀ et de quatre dérivés hydrosolubles, le fullérol, la β-cyclodextrine C₆₀, le dendro C₆₀ et le C₆₀ serinol-malonate, a été testé. L’innocuité des dérivés à des concentrations nanomolaires et leur pouvoir inhibiteur sur la dégranulation IgE et non IgE dépendante des lignées mastocytaires de rat a été vérifié in vitro. Dans un test d’activation cellulaire mesurant l’expression des marqueurs CD63 et CD203c par cytométrie de flux, nous montrons que les différents dérivés sont capables d’interférer ex vivo avec l’activation de basophiles de patients allergiques dans des conditions naturelles de sang total. Les taux d’inhibition dépendent des dérivés et des patients avec un maximum observé à 35% en présence de C₆₀ serinol-malonate. Ces inhibitions ont été reproduites sur des basophiles humains purifiés en étudiant des marqueurs d’activation supplémentaires CD107a et CD69. Les perspectives de ce travail portent sur la spécificité et les mécanismes d’inhibitions observés au niveau intracellulaire. Elles incluent, par exemple, l’étude des flux de calcium ou des protéines de fusion, ou des facteurs de transcriptionIn 1985 Kroto discovered the third allotrope of carbon, fullerene, spherical molecule consists of 60 carbons with 1 nm in diameter with a specific physico-chemical characteristic. The chemical reactivity of C₆₀ is governed by addition reactions and its high affinity for scavenging free radicals thanks to its 30 double bonds. This property has been widely explored in the field of oxidative stress, in vitro and in vivo, where redox balance is involved, as physio-pathological situations involving inflammation and cellular degeneration. In particular, treatment with C₆₀ solubilized in olive oil extended life span in a rat experimental model. The product, marketed worldwide, has not yet been clinically tested. On the other hand, some preparations may contain impurities. It is therefore important to establish criteria for the purity and integrity of C₆₀ preparations. This thesis work consists of two parts. In the first physico-chemical part, a criterion of C₆₀ purity was established for evaluating the purity of several commercial preparations of C₆₀ with different origins using the following techniques: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), as well as ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results show that FTIR is the easiest way to control the quality of C₆₀ and GC-MS is necessary for identifying volatile impurities, while HPLC remains essential for detecting other fullerenes and C₆₀ derivatives. The second part of the thesis deals with functional aspect of fullerenes and for this purpose we used the pure preparation of C₆₀ evaluated according to the previously defined criteria. In a first chapter, to precise the sub-cellular compartment targeted, the C₆₀ dissolved in olive oil were in vivo injected in mice. After administration, C₆₀ molecules were visualized in the liver and in the spleen, inside the cells and sometimes in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The targeting of [60]fullerene to the mitochondria was confirmed by a specific modification of the activities of mitochondrial enzymes (malate dehydrogenase and complex I of respiratory chain). In a second chapter we studied the effect of fullerenes on cells involved in an immune dysregulation where inflammation plays a role: allergy. The cellular mechanism at the basis of allergic symptoms is the release in circulation and tissues of mediators of inflammation and immune response from IgE-dependent activation of basophiles and mast cells. The regulatory effects of [60]fullerene and 4 hydrosoluble derivatives, fullerol, β-cyclodextrin [60]fullerene, dendro [60]fullerene and [60]fullerene serinol-malonate, were tested. In vitro experiments showed an absence of toxicity at nanomolar concentrations and inhibitory abilities on the IgE-dependent and -independent activation of the rat mast cell line (RBL). In a cellular activation test monitoring the expression of the degranulation and activation markers CD63 and CD203c on basophiles, by flow cytometry, we show that the various fullerenes are able also to inhibit the ex vivo activation of basophiles from peanut allergic patients in a natural physiological environment: in whole blood. Inhibition rates depend on patients and derivatives with a maximum inhibition observed at 35% in presence of [60]fullerene serinol-malonate. These inhibitions were reproduced on purified human basophiles by studying further activation markers CD107a and CD69. Working perspectives will be on the specificity and the mechanisms of inhibition by studying intracellularly calcium influx or the expression of fusion proteins and transcription factors
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Brumm, Holger. "Synthese, Kristallstruktur und Bindungseigenschaften von Fulleriden und Fullerensolvaten". [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10447206.
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Gritsina, V. O., Наталія Ігорівна Муліна, Наталия Игоревна Мулина y Nataliia Ihorivna Mulina. "Fullerenes". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31130.
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A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid or tube. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite.
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Gödde, Burkart. "Synthese und Spektroskopie angereicherter stickstoffendohedraler Fullerene". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://elib.tu-darmstadt.de/diss/000170/bgoedde.pdf.
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Kravec, Nela S. "Herstellung und Charakterisierung endohedraler Li-Fullerene". [S.l. : s.n.], 1998. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/1998/21/index.html.
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Shopova, Denitsa. "Crystal chemistry of fullerene co-crystals". [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB12103660.
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Astefanei, Alina. "Analysis and characterisation of fullerene nanoparticles". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/346062.
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Fullerenes or Buckyballs are a group of carbon nanoparticles, classified as engineered nanoparticles. The advent of fullerene nanoparticles in commercial, industrial and biomedical applications raises concern about their potential ecological and human health risks. Fullerenes have not been regulated, although the European Commission (European Commission, 2002), the European Parliament (European Parliament, 2008) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2015) have prioritised legislation on nanomaterials handling and disposal. Given the current lack of studies regarding their presence, fate and behaviour in consumer products and environmental matrices and their associated human and environmental risks it is becoming increasingly important to be able to characterise and quantitate fullerene nanoparticles, especially derivatives, in a wide range of matrix types.
To fill these knowledge gaps, one of the objectives of this thesis was the development of analytical methodologies for the determination of pristine and surface modified fullerenes by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to MS (UHPLC-MS) and by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) with UV-Vis detection in different environmental matrices (water and sediment samples) and cosmetic products, respectively. In addition, in this thesis the size and shape characterisation of surface modified fullerenes in aqueous solutions of different pH and ionic strength values was studied by combining several techniques (CE, AF4-MALS and TEM).
Regarding the analysis of fullerenes, the use of a sub-2 µm C18 column, toluene-methanol as a mobile phase and of APPI ionisation source allowed to develop a UHPLC method coupled to MS/(MS) for the analysis of five pristine (C60-C84) and three surface modified fullerenes (PCBM, PCBB and C60-pyrr) in less than 4.5 min showing high sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, the employment of H-SIM mode for pristine fullerenes (mass resolving power >12,500 FWHM), and SRM mode for fullerene derivatives, allowed achieving MLODs lower than most of those previously reported in the literature. For the extraction of the water samples, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with toluene and the addition of salt is proposed obtaining recoveries higher than 83 %. For sediments we propose the use of pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) performed at a high extraction temperature (150 °C) using one extraction cycle of 10 min achieving good recoveries (70-92 %). The developed methodology allowed us to report for the first time the presence of C60-pyrr, PCBM and PCBB in sediments (2.0 - 8.5 ng Kg-1 levels) and of PCBM and PCBB in pond water samples (0.1- 5.1 pg L-1 levels).
Two CE methods, a non-aqueous (NACE) and a micellar (MECC) method have been developed. LOQs at mg L-1 levels were obtained with both methods making possible their application for the analysis of cosmetic products. Both methods (NACE and MECC) were applied for the quantitation of C60 in cosmetic products and the results are comparable to those obtained by LC-MS (in an anti-aging serum).
With respect to the characterisation of fullerene aggregates, the use of AF4-MALS demonstrated that fullerene aqueous solutions contain particles of different aggregation degree in agreement with TEM micrographs. The size determination of the studied compounds by AF4 at different salt concentrations demonstrated that the enhanced aggregation of fullerenes with the increase in the ionic strength could explain the broad, multiple and distorted peaks obtained in MECC which were more obvious at high buffer concentration. The hydrodynamic radii of polyhydroxy-fullerenes increased more than 5 times and those of the carboxy-fullerene derivatives up to 180 nm (3rd peak) (for C60-pyrr tris acid) for 0.1M NaCl. The propensity of fullerenes to aggregate in both aqueous solutions and organic solvent mixtures justify the electrophoretic peak profiles observed in MECC (i.e., broad peaks at high electrolyte concentration) and their higher retention in C18 columns using toluene-acetonitrile compared to toluene-methanol mobile phases (due to the formation of bigger aggregates), respectively.Los fulerenos son cada vez más utilizados en medicina (administración de fármacos), en procesos ambientales (remediación) y en la industria (células solares) debido a sus propiedades estructurales y electrónicas únicas. En este contexto, es importante aumentar el conocimiento actual con respecto a las características, el comportamiento, el destino y la toxicidad de los fulerenos, una nueva clase de contaminantes emergentes orgánicos. Por lo tanto, es cada vez es más importante ser capaz de caracterizar y cuantificar las nanopartículas de fulerenos en una amplia gama de tipos de matriz y para este fin, se necesita el desarrollo de métodos analíticos para su análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. Además de la determinación de las concentraciones de fulerenos en matrices complejas, se requiere su caracterización en términos de grado de agregación, distribución del tamaño y morfología de la superficie en soluciones acuosas de diferentes características (fuerza iónica y pH) con el fin de proporcionar herramientas para establecer su riesgo. En esta tesis se han establecido metodologías para el análisis de ocho fulerenos en muestras ambientales (agua y sedimentos) por cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas y se ha detectado por la primera vez la presencia de tres derivados de fulerenos. Además, se ha desarollado metodología para el análisis de fulerenos hidrofobicos y solubles en agua mediante la electroforesis capilar en medio no-acuoso (NACE) y la cromatografía capilar electrocinética micelar (MECC) y los metodos se han aplicado para la determinación de C60 en productos cosmeticos. Por último, se ha estudiado el comportamiento de agregación de los fulerenos en soluciones acuosas de diferentes características (pHs, fuerzas iónicas) mediante diferentes técnicas (electroforesis capilar (CE), asymetrical flow-field flow fractionation (AF4), microscopia electrónica de transmisión (TEM)). En este contexto se han determinado los tamaños de los agregados formados en las condiciones evaluadas, y la morfología de las partículas.
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Zhang, Jinying. "Fullerene Compounds for Quantum Computing Architectures". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531661.
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Moujaes, Elie A. "Intermolecular vibronic interactions in fullerene anions". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438359.
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Diery, Wajood A. "Jahn-Teller effects in fullerene molecules". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422747.
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Cotier, Bradley Neville. "Fullerene nanostructures, monolayers and thin films". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342471.
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Arce, GarciÌa Isabel. "Mechanical properties of fullerene-like CN_x". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421175.
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Fleischer, Siegfried B. "Ultrafast dynamics of Fullerene thin films". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10750.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-143).
by Siegfried B. Fleischer.
Ph.D.
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Deb, Nabankur. "Morphological studies in polymer-fullerene blends". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54381.
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Polymer-fullerene blend systems have found relevance and application in a number of fields including organic photovoltaic devices. While synthesizing new materials with desirable electronic properties is essential to designing better photovoltaic devices, it is equally important to understand the complex phase morphology of these blends and its effect on device performance. Consequently, this knowledge could be used to further design new materials and device architecture for more efficient systems. In particular, this dissertation focuses primarily on the morphology in a series of amorphous as well as semi-crystalline polymer-fullerene blend systems both in bulk and thin films and its relation to device performance. Scattering based techniques have been used to determine in-plane and out-of-plane phase morphology. Morphological parameters derived from these studies have shown possible correlation between fullerene segregation and device performance values. The results of these studies have been used to synthesize a thermo-cross-linkable fullerene acceptor having slower diffusion through the polymer, allowing better control of the polymer-fullerene blend morphology. Consequent effects have been studied on device lifetime and thermal stability and have shown significant improvements
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Popov, M. Yu, A. P. Volkov, S. G. Buga, V. S. Bormashov, K. V. Kondrashov, R. L. Lomakin, N. V. Lyparev, V. V. Medvedev, S. A. Tarelkin y S. A. Perfilov. "Nanostructured metal-fullerene field emission cathode". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20585.
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One of the important properties of carbon nanostructures is their cold electron
emission ability. Carbon nanotubes and other nanostructures are capable of
emitting high currents at relatively low electrical fields. They are already
used in functional devices such as field emitters. The conventional method of
carbon nanostructured cathodes manufacturing is thin film nanocarbon deposition
using CVD process on electrically conducting substrate like metal or doped
silicon plates. The alternative way of manufacturing of carbon field emission
cathodes is based on a special processing of carbon microfibers or composite materials in metal holders. We used the similar approach to produce composite
metal-nanocarbon material which may be easily processed and shaped to
produce an effective field emission cathode which can be easily fixed an any
environment.
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Li, Tinghui. "Fullerene Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91439.
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Trimetallic nitride endohedral fullerenes (TNT-EMF) have been recognized for their multifunctional capabilities in biomedical applications. Functionalized gadolinium-loaded fullerenes attracted much attention as a potential new nanoplatform for next-generation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, given their inherent higher 1H relaxivity than most commercial contrast agents. The fullerene cage is an extraordinarily stable species which makes it extremely unlikely to break and release the toxic Gd metal ions into the bioenvironment. In addition, radiolabeled metals could be encapsulated in this robust carbon cage to deliver therapeutic irradiation. In this dissertation, we aim to develop a series of functionalized TNT-EMFs for MRI detection of various pathological conditions, such as brain cancer, chronic osteomyelitis, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
As a general introduction, Chapter 1 briefly introduces recent progress in developing metallofullerenes for next-generation biomedical applications. Of special interest are MRI contrast agents. Other potential biomedical applications, toxicity, stability and biodistribution of metallofullerenes are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future outlook of using fullerene in biomedical and diagnosis applications are summarized at the end of this chapter.
The large carbon surface area is ideally suited for multiple exo-functionalization approaches to modify the hydrophobic fullerene cage for a more hydrophilic bio-environment. Additionally, peptides and other agents are readily covalently attached to this nanoprobe for targeting applications. Chapter 2 presents the functionalized metallofullerenes conjugated with interleukin-13 peptide exhibits enhanced targeting of U-251 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines and can be effectively delivered intravenously in an orthotopic GBM mouse model. Chapter 3 shows, with the specific targeting moiety, the functionalized metallofullerenes can be applied as a non-invasive imaging approach to detect and differentiate chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis from aseptic inflammation.
Fullerene is a powerful antioxidant due to delocalization of the π-electrons over the carbon cage, which can readily react with free radicals and subsequently delivers a cascade of downstream possessions in numerous biomedical applications. Chapter 4 investigates the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of functionalized Gd3N@C80. This nanoplatform would hold great promise as a novel class of theranostic agent in combating oxidative stress and resolving inflammation, given their inherent MRI applications.
In chapter 5, Gd3N@C80 is modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for working as MRI contrast agents for GI tract. The high molecular weight can prevent any appreciable absorption through the skin or mucosal tissue, and offer considerable advantages for localized agents in the GI tract. Besides the excellent contrast capability, the PEGylated-Gd3N@C80 exhibits outstanding radical scavenging ability, which can potentially eliminate the reactive oxygen species in GI tract. The biodistribution result suggests this nanoplatform can be worked as the potential contrast agent for GI tract at least for 6 hours.
A novel amphiphilic Gd3N@C80 derivative is discussed in Chapter 6. It has been noticed for a long time the functionalization Gd3N@C80 contrast agents have higher relaxivity at lower concentrations. The explanation for the concentration dependency is not fully understood. In this work, the amphiphilic Gd3N@C80 derivative is used as the model to investigate the relationship between the relaxivity and concentration of the Gd-based fullerenes.
Click chemistry has been extensively used in functionalization due to the high efficiency and technical simplicity of the reaction. Appendix A describes a new type of Sc3N@C80 derivative conducted by employing the click reaction. The structure of Sc3N@C80-alkynyl and Sc3N@C80- alkynyl-benzyl azide are characterized by NMR, MALDI-TOF, UV-Vis, and HPLC. The high yield of the click reaction can provide access to various derivatives which have great potential for application in medical and materials science.
The functionalization and characterizations of Ho3N@C80 derivatives are reported in Appendix B. The contrast ability of Ho3N@C80 is directly compared with Gd3N@C80. The Ho-based fullerenes can be performed as the radiotherapeutic agents; the leaching study is performed to test the stability of carbon cage after irradiation.
Appendix C briefly shows a new method to develop Gd3N@C80 based targeting platform, which can be used as the probe for chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis.PHD
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Reich, Andreas. "Synthese und Strukturaufklärung neuer endohedraler Fullerene". [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11051835.
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Deutsch, Denny. "Nanostrukturierte Fullerenschichten für organische Bauelemente /". Berlin : Mbv, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990627632/04.
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Waiblinger, Markus. "Untersuchungen der endohedralen Fullerene mit eingeschlossenen Stickstoff- und Phosphor-Atomen". [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961229772.
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Landenberger, Peter. "Polyfunktionalisierte und hoch ungesättigte Dodecahedrane - das C20-Fulleren". [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961761911.
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Meyer, Carola. "Endohedral fullerenes for quantum computing". [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2003/296/index.html.
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Decker, Silvio. "Fullerene im Strahlungsgleichgewicht - Untersuchungen in einem Quadrupolspeicher". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200901988.
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Das wissenschaftliche Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von optischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von kohlenstoffhaltigen Teilchen im besonderen Fullerene bei hohen Temperaturen. Die Arbeit behandelt im Detail den Aufbau und die Charakterisierung einer Messapparatur zur Untersuchung von Fulleren-Kationen. Nach einer kurzen Einführung zum Thema und einer Beschreibung des Aufbaus der Arbeit beginnt diese mit der Charakterisierung der Apparatur als Ganzes und ihrer Elemente. Dazu gehört die weiterentwickelte Sublimationsionenquelle, der Quadrupolspeicher und der Ionendetektor. Es werden eingehende Messungen zur Speicherung und zum Nachweis der absoluten Zahl von gespeicherten Ionen vorgestellt. Weiterhin wird das optische Nachweissystem bezüglich der Sammelleistung und des Empfindlichkeit eingehend untersucht. Nach der Einführung in die Apparatur wird die Verteilung der Ionen im Speicher näher beleuchtet und gezeigt, dass ein optischer Nachweis der Zahl gespeicherter Ionen möglich ist. Außerdem wird gezeigt, dass es gelingt die kinetische Temperatur der Ionen im Speicher, durch die geometrische Vermessung der Ionenverteilung zu bestimmen. Im weiteren wird auf die thermische Emission heißer C60+ näher eingegangen. Dazu wird ein klassisches dielektrisches Modell zur thermischen Emission vorgestellt. Es werden Messprinzipien zur Temperaturbestimmung der lasergeheizten Ionen erörtert und Messungen zur Temperatur des Ionenensembles präsentiert. Weiterhin werden Messungen zum C2-Verlust von C60+ als Funktion der Temperatur vorgestellt. Die experimentell ermittelte Aktivierungsenergie der C2-Verlustreaktion mit Ea = 2,3...5,4eV zeigt deutliche Abweichungen zu bekannten Literaturwerten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Messung werden mit einer nummerischen Simulation zur Energieverteilung im Ionenensemble diskutiert. Die Arbeit endet mit einer Zusammenfassung und einem Ausblick auf weitere experimentelle Möglichkeiten der MessmethodeThe scientific goal of this work is the study of optical and chemical properties of carbon containing particles especially fullerenes at high temperatures. This work covered the construction and characterization of the measuring apparatus for the investigation of fullerene cations. It follows a characterization of the apparatus and its elements after a short introduction and a description of the structure of this work. This involved the further developed sublimation ion source, the quadrupole trap and the ion detections system. Extensive measurements of the ion trapping and the proof of the absolute number of trapped ions are presented. Further on the optical detections system is characterized in depth regarding the collection efficiency and sensitivity. After the introduction in the apparatus the distribution of the ions inside the trap is closer examined. The possibility of the optical detections of the number of trapped ions is shown. Additionally it is pointed out that the kinetic temperature of the ions can be extracted by geometrical measurement of the ion distribution. Further on it is enlarged on the thermal emission of hot C60. For this a classical dielectric model for the thermal emission is presented. Measuring principals of the temperature determination of laser heated ions are discussed and temperature measurements of the ion ensemble are presented. Measurements of the C2-loss as function of the temperature are presented. The results of the extracted activation energy of Ea = 2.3...5.4eV for the C2-loss reaction of C60+ shows a discrepancy to literature results. The results of this measurements are discussed with help of an numerical simulation of the internal energy distribution of the ion ensemble. This work closes with a summery and an outlook of further experimental potentialities of the measuring method
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Lee-Dadswell, Geoffrey R. "Dynamics of helium trapped in fullerene cages". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ40426.pdf.
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Zettergren, Henning. "Electron transfer and fragmentation in fullerene collisions". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-630.
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Neidhardt, Jörg. "Fullerene-like carbon nitride thin solid films /". Linköping : Univ, 2004. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2004/tek877s.pdf.
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