Tesis: "French cities"

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Boughton, ZoeÌˆ Collette. "Phonological variation in contemporary standard french : a tale of two cities". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401835.

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Raimond, dit Yvon Margaux. "Defining Local Sustainability: Usage and Potentialities of Sustainable Development Indicators in French Cities". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-204944.

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This study focuses on the sustainable development indicators at a local level. For twenty years indicators have been validated both by the international and the French frameworks as a tool for local sustainability. Identifying and developing a set of indicators demands a reflection on the sustainable development theories and represents a passageway from theory to practice, crystallizing all the unanswered questions left or discrepancies between theories. Analyzing the content of sustainable development indicators (i.e., not how the numerical value is provided but what it measures) seem to be an interesting path to look for what dimensions and interpretations of sustainable development are taken into account by the cities and intercommunalities and how this can give clues on their interpretation of urban sustainability. It is also an opportunity to explore how the indicators are used and if the municipalities are taking advantages of all their potentialities. After a classification and analysis of more than 1800 indicators distributed between 21 French cities and intercommunalities, several observations have been made. First of all, the different facets on sustainability are taken into account and the connections with French policies are made. However, the quality and coherence are very diverse and uneven from one city and another. The municipalities lack transparency about the evolution of indicators and they are not taking advantages of the communication potential of the indicators towards the public. Also, the indicators are rarely if ever kept on the long term so far. To sum up, indicators of sustainability at a local level represent a way to push the debates and views over sustainable development on a new level. But they are also encountering obstacles from a lack of knowledge and because of the difficulty to define and apply sustainable development. If knowledge and pedagogy are slowly spreading, much is left to learn about how to create a shareable vision of the future as well as common values and a common culture within a community.

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3

Kihtir, Ozturk Pelin. "Urban Transformation Of Ottoman Port Cities In The Nineteenth Century: Change From Ottoman Beirut To French Mandatory Beirut". Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607699/index.pdf.

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This thesis attempts to give the increasing importance of Ottoman port cities in the urban hierarchy during the nineteenth century and analyzes the urban transformation of these cities under the forces of changing administrative and socio-economic structure of the empire. The impact of European economic penetration and Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms were indicated as major causes for this changing structure. Beirut, being one of the major port cities of the Ottoman Empire is studied as a case study. The changing administrative and socio-economic structure of the Empire created an urban transformation which changed the city to a cosmopolitan trade capital from a small fortified port city.

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4

Trippe, William Micah. "Where are the urban mechanics? : the case of the French city film 1926-1930". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610501.

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5

Jackson, Claire Marie. "Journeys through romance space : the role of horses, ships, tents and cities in Middle English and Old French romance". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/7779b742-f88d-4776-a2ad-548d554df438.

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This thesis explores four aspects of transportation and setting in Middle English and Old French romance: horses, ships, tents and cities. Despite the fact that they have to varying extents been previously neglected by literary critics, these topics prove interesting, not only in their own right but also for the contributions they make to the structure of a romance tale. Horses and ships are the subjects of the first two chapters, and are seen to function quite differently from each other as modes of transport for romance heroes and heroines. The wide range of story motifs in which they feature (often topoi developed from earlier literary sources) is indicated. In addition, I discuss the horse in its role as far more than a simple means of transport, in the instances when it is elevated to near-human status and may even be considered a protagonist in the story. Tents and pavilions are examined in the third chapter and found to be a remarkable form of portable setting, capable of transforming space in a number of fascinating ways. A survey is made of the many different scenarios in which they commonly appear, ranging from martial contexts and tournaments to backdrops for amorous liaisons. The thesis then concludes with a study of two texts, Le Bel Inconnu and Partonope of Blois, which are unusual because each features a city (or cities) as a prominent location. I ask why urban settings are uncommon in romance and look at how the two authors accommodate such static space in their tales of romance. My first three chapters focus on various aspects of the knight errant's journeying (typically at the centre of any medieval romance), while the final chapter seeks to understand if such a hero can ever be accommodated in an immobile cityscape.

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Matos, Érika Paula de. "A revolução e a (im)possibilidade da reforma em A tale of two cities de Charles Dickens". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-17092015-120220/.

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O objetivo desta tese é analisar como o romance A Tale of Two Cities de Charles Dickens reflete em sua estrutura questões políticas importantes que estavam presentes na sociedade inglesa no século XIX, principalmente a formação na Inglaterra de uma cultura antirrevolucionária que pintava a Revolução, usando o exemplo Francês, como um episódio comandado por uma multidão desvairada e fora de controle. Essa cultura encontra-se presente na forma como Dickens figurou a Revolução Francesa, nas incessantes comparações que faz entre a França e a Inglaterra e na constante oscilação no posicionamento do narrador. Ao mesmo tempo, a análise do romance nos permite ver que essa mesma cultura não excluiu totalmente a percepção de que a situação clamava por mudanças. Nossa hipótese é que subjacente ao enredo do romance e aderido à sua estrutura encontra-se a discussão acerca de duas soluções para a crise pressentida: a Reforma e a Revolução. O romance suscita, por causa da volubilidade do narrador, a defesa das duas posições, ora pendendo para a Revolução, pela crítica à aristocracia, ora para a Reforma, ao promover a demonização das massas. Defenderemos que essa oscilação culmina na construção de uma terceira solução, que, apesar de ser à primeira vista conservadora, torna-se radical ao expor a impossibilidade de outra saída política quando a Revolução é excluída do horizonte de possiblidades.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze how the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens reflects in its structure important political issues which were part of the English society in the 19th Century, mainly the construction of a counter-revolutionary culture which portrayed the Revolution, using the French example, as an episode led by a crazed mob. This culture is present in the way Dickens depicted the Revolution, in the recurrent comparisons between France and England and in the continuous shift in the narrators opinion. At the same time, the analysis of the novel enables us to observe that this very culture did not exclude the perception that the situation claimed for changes. Our hypothesis is that the issue underlying the plot of the novel and interwoven in its structure is the discussion about two solutions to the perceived crisis: Reform and Revolution. The novel raises, because of the volubility of the narrator, arguments in the defense of both positions, sometimes advocating the Revolution in the criticism against the aristocracy, sometimes supporting the Reform, in the demonising of the mob. We argue that the alternation between these two positions culminates in the construction of a third solution, which, althought conservative at first sight, turns out to be radical for exposing the impossilbity of any other political solution when the Revolution is excluded as a possiblility.

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7

Garbaye, R. "A comparison of the strategies of management of ethnic conflict of French and British cities : the cases of Birmingham, Lille, and Roubaix, 1980-2000". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368867.

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8

Wang, Shao-Hua. "Mind the gap : flânerie in Baudelaire and Woolf". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9a28615d-6b38-4940-adc8-0acee67ebcc8.

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This research stems from an interest in the role of the flâneur and his interaction with the city. The flâneur has been theorised as one of the most prominent figures in understanding modernity. This study draws upon two well-known modernist writers, Baudelaire and Woolf, using their literary flânerie to understand modernity from a twenty-first-century vantage point. The purpose of this thesis is to interrogate and reinterpret the notion of modernity: experience of modernity is that of spatiotemporal dislocation, a sense of in-betweenness that can be likened to the gap between a train and the platform. From the gap imagery, this thesis explores the paradoxical nature of modernity demonstrated in the writing of Baudelaire and Woolf. While existing studies have discussed the theme of flânerie extensively, the discourse is dominated by Benjaminian assumptions, which results in a visuo-centric bias. With recourse to Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology, this thesis provides a more holistic understanding of the intertwining relationship between the flâneur, the city, the writer, and the text. Comparing the flâneur to a writerly device, this study explains how the flâneur offers the writer a novel perspective on the city. The aim of the writer's manipulation of the flâneur is to approach what I call line-scape. This notion designates an ideal literary horizon which the writer constantly endeavours to reach, to no avail. Various implications of line-scape are investigated, most notably through landscape painting tradition, to highlight the way in which the writer deploys the flâneur figure as an implied observer of line-scape. Translation theories and phenomenology-inspired studies are also incorporated into the research. Ultimately, flânerie as a clue to line-scape takes part in the current literary landscape, allowing for a revaluation of modernist writing, engendering novel interpretations of the act of walking, and renewing interest in modernity and the city.

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9

Quinlan, Andrea Elizabeth. "A cross channel comparison of the illustration of the capital cities in Augustus Charles Pugin's Paris and its Environs and Gustave Doré's London: A Pilgrimage". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Fine Arts, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1037.

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This thesis presents a close comparison of Augustus Charles Pugin's illustrations for Paris and its Environs and Gustave Doré's illustrations for London: A Pilgrimage. This comparison will reveal what is distinctive about each publication. To achieve this, the thesis begins with a consideration of how these illustrated books fit into the oeuvres of the artists and writers involved, and how the works were subsequently received. The thesis then seeks to discover the ways the books adhere to the picturesque and Realist aesthetic modes. A comparison of the representation of social and political issues within the publications reveals how the city is either celebrated or critiqued in them. This is extended by a comparison with other English views of Paris and French views of London. The thesis concludes with the suggestion that the works under consideration are akin to illustrated guidebooks and novels. The illustrations themselves form the primary evidence for this comparison, supplemented by the accompanying written texts and other sources - including contemporary periodicals and biographical material. Paris and its Environs is a significant work within Pugin's oeuvre and shows how he created a view of Paris which would appeal to the tastes and aspirations of his readers. With London: A Pilgrimage, Doré created a view of London which would entertain his English audience but challenge them at the same time.

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10

El, Dardiry Shadia. "Investigating perspectives about integration amongst native French and second-generation North African French citizens". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92294.

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The thesis investigates and compares native French and second-generation North African French citizens' perspectives on the 'crisis' surrounding France's North African minority through surveys and interviews. Results indicate that the major point of contention between the two groups is in their views on North African French integration: native French being more likely to believe that North African French neither feel French nor share their same fundamental norms. Interviews with North African French indicate that they feel they are still treated as immigrants and rejected by French society, which consequently has an impact on their overall social cohesion, socioeconomic and political equality and sense of belonging. The diversity of opinions amongst respondents also indicates that in most cases North African French are indistinguishable from their native French counterparts and are, paradoxically, good examples of Republican integration.
Ce mémoire a pour but, à travers des sondages et des entretiens, l'examen des perceptions des Français de souche et des Maghrébins de seconde génération sur la 'crise' d'intégration qui semble affliger la population Maghrébine en France. Les résultats indiquent que le point de désaccord entre les deux groupes se trouve surtout dans leur perception de l'intégration des Français Maghrébins. Les Français de souche ont tendance à croire que ces derniers ne se sentent pas Français et ne partagent pas les mêmes valeurs. Les entretiens avec les Français Maghrébins indiquent que ceux-ci se sentent perçus en tant qu'immigrés et rejetés par la société française. Cela a un impact négatif sur la cohésion sociale du pays, sur l'égalité socioéconomique et politique des Maghrébins Français ainsi que sur leur sentiment d'appartenance. Néanmoins, la plupart de leurs opinions ne peuvent être distinguer de ceux des Français de souche, illustrant, paradoxalement, le succès de l'intégration Républicaine.

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11

Ouellet, Annie. "Coprésence et rapports à l’espace dans les petites villes touristiques et patrimoniales. : lecture croisée de Dinan (Côtes d’Armor) et Sarlat-la-Canéda (Dordogne)". Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0038/document.

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Cette thèse vise à appréhender les rapports à l’espace et la coprésence des individus habitant de façon temporaire ou permanente une ville soumise au double processus de patrimonialisation et mise en tourisme. Si de nombreux «hauts-lieux» touristiques dont le développement est fondé sur le patrimoine, tels les centres anciens de Venise ou Bruges ou Tolède, sont caractérisés par le fait qu’ils sont investis par les touristes jour et nuit tout au long de l’année, nous pouvons nous demander comment fonctionnent et évoluent les lieux urbains patrimoniaux qui connaissent une fréquentation touristique moins forte et davantage marquée par la saisonnalité.En ce sens, les petites villes mises en tourisme et en patrimoine constituent un terrain d’enquête fécond, d’autant qu’elles retiennent encore peu l’attention des géographes s’intéressant au tourisme. Considérant l’urbanité telle que définie par Lévy et Lussault comme le croisement de la densité et de la diversité, ces villes connaissent des degrés d’urbanité fluctuant, passant d’une certaine forme «d’entre-soi» hors saison touristique à une forte densité doublée d’une mixité importante en haute saison.Dans l’objectif d’appréhender les rapports à l’espace, nous nous intéressons aux représentations, aux pratiques et aux modalités d’appropriation de l’espace par des individus habitant de façon temporaire ou permanente Dinan (Côtes d’Armor) et Sarlat (Dordogne), deux villes connaissant des niveaux de mises en tourisme et en patrimoine conséquents mais différents. Reprenant la typologie développée par l’Équipe MIT, ce sera alors une lecture croisée d’une ville à fonction touristique et d’une ville touristifiée qui sera menée
This thesis aims at understanding the relation to space and the co-presence of individuals living temporarily or permanently in a city subjected to the double process of heritage and tourism. While many "hauts-lieux" which development is based on heritage, such as the ancient centers of Venice or Bruges or Toledo are characterized by the fact that they are invested by tourists day and night throughout the year, we can ask ourselves how urban heritage places, which have a lower level of tourist activity and are more marked by seasonality, operate and evolve.In this sense, small touristic and historic cities constitute a fertile ground of inquiry, especially since they still receive little attention from geographers interested in tourism. Considering urbanity as defined by Lévy and Lussault combining density and diversity, these cities experience various degrees of urbanity, moving from a form of "entre-soi" outside the touristic season to a high density coupled with a high mix in high season.In order to understand the relation to space, we are interested in the representations, practices and modes of appropriation of space of individuals living temporarily or permanently in Dinan (Côtes d'Armor) and Sarlat (Dordogne), two cities with different levels of touristic development and heritage making, substantial but different. Using the typology developed by the Equipe MIT, it will be a cross-reading of a city with a tourist function and a touristified city that will be carried out

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Baltazar, Julien. "Integrating environmental issues into territorial strategies : a methodological contribution to the design of mobility plans". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST109.

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Le secteur du transport contribue à différents impacts environnementaux. Or, les pouvoirs publics peuvent aider à réduire ces impacts et à s’adapter à leurs conséquences. Dans cette perspective, l’Union Européenne a développé les plans de mobilité urbaine soutenable pour proposer un cadre méthodologique et des orientations pour aller vers une mobilité plus soutenable. De nombreux pays adoptent de telles approches, comme la France, où les plans de mobilité visent explicitement à réduire l’usage des voitures depuis 1997. Néanmoins, malgré la diffusion et l’évolution des plans, il n’y a pas eu de réduction significative du trafic et des impacts environnementaux associés. Ce résultat insatisfaisant peut s’expliquer par l’intégration limitée des enjeux environnementaux dans les décisions et l’écart entre le cadre théorique de la planification et les pratiques réelles.Cette thèse traite alors de l’objectif de recherche suivant : « Comment aider les autorités locales à aller vers une mobilité plus soutenable en développant un cadre méthodologique pour l’intégration des enjeux environnementaux dans la planification de la mobilité ? ». La thèse est organisée en quatre étapes et se concentre sur le cas de la France et de ses autorités organisatrices de la mobilité (AOM).Tout d’abord, nous diagnostiquons le contexte français et identifions les barrières que rencontrent les AOM pour intégrer les enjeux environnementaux dans leurs décisions stratégiques. Ensuite, nous analysons les pratiques de planification pour identifier leurs points forts et leurs limites et proposer un cadre méthodologique pour aider les AOM à concevoir les plans de mobilité. Puis, nous analysons les pratiques d’évaluation environnementale stratégique quantitative (QSEA) et développons une méthodologie de QSEA pour faciliter son implémentation dans toutes les AOM, considérant que les QSEA aident les AOM à réaliser leurs diagnostics et à construire leurs stratégies. Enfin, nous validons nos contributions en appliquant le modèle de QSEA à neuf AOM et en discutant de nos propositions avec des responsables d’AOM.Notre cadre méthodologique contient un lexique pour définir le vocabulaire de planification, une structure pour les plans de mobilité, une méthode pour spécifier les objectifs, une approche pour valider les objectifs (notamment en utilisant le modèle de QSEA) et un processus de suivi. Notre modèle de QSEA caractérise la mobilité des habitants dans toutes les communes et réalise des évaluations de long-terme (jusqu’à 2050) en se basant sur les tendances et les scénarios construits par les AOM. Il évalue 20 indicateurs environnementaux relatifs aux émissions de polluants et aux consommations énergétiques des voitures, en incluant les impacts indirects sur cycle de vie. Les applications du modèle mettent en évidence le fait que le trafic automobile va probablement continuer à augmenter et que l’évolution attendue des émissions de polluants est insatisfaisante. Le modèle donne des ordres de grandeur utiles pour comprendre le besoin d’actions ambitieuses pour la mobilité soutenable afin de réduire l’usage de la voiture et promouvoir des technologies et modes alternatifs.Cette thèse est ancrée dans l’ingénierie de conception et la conception durable, mais elle adopte une vision multidisciplinaire en accord avec l’essence de la planification et de l’analyse de systèmes sociotechniques. Nous avons utilisé des approches qualitatives et quantitatives pour intégrer des sources de données complémentaires, incluant interviews, analyses de lois, analyses de documents de planification et modélisations. Cette thèse soutient que la planification peut aider à intégrer les enjeux environnementaux dans les décisions des autorités si elle est associée à des méthodes, outils et données pertinentes. Davantage de travaux de recherche sont attendus pour aider les autorités à accomplir leurs rôles et à atteindre leurs objectifs pour aller vers une mobilité plus soutenable
The transport sector contributes to diverse environmental impacts caused by human activities. Public authorities can help our societies reduce these impacts and adapt to their consequences. With this perspective, the European Union has spread the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, which set a framework and orientations for shifting towards more sustainable mobility. Numerous countries have developed this approach, notably France, where mobility plans have explicitly aimed to reduce car traffic since 1997. Nevertheless, despite the progressive evolution and generalisation of mobility plans, there has been no significant decrease in traffic and transport-related environmental impacts at the national level. This unsatisfactory outcome can notably be explained by the limited integration of environmental issues into decisions and the gap between the theoretical framework for mobility planning and current practices.The PhD thus investigates the following research goal in a four-step study: “How to help local authorities move towards more sustainable mobility by providing a framework to integrate environmental issues into mobility planning?”. It focuses on France and its AOMs (autorités organisatrices de la mobilité), i.e. the local authorities in charge of transport.First, we diagnose the French context and identify the barriers met by AOMs hindering the integration of environmental issues into their strategic decisions. Next, we analyse planning practices to identify good practices and shortcomings and propose a methodological framework to help local authorities design mobility plans and conduct related environmental assessments. Then, we analyse quantitative strategic environmental assessment (QSEA) practices and develop a QSEA methodology to support its implementation in all AOMs, as QSEA helps AOMs conduct diagnoses and build long-term strategies. Finally, we validate our contribution by applying our QSEA model to nine AOMs and discussing our proposals with AOM representatives.Our framework includes a lexicon to set the planning vocabulary, a structure for mobility plans with different levels of objectives, a method to define meaningful objectives, an approach to validate objectives (notably by using a QSEA model), and a monitoring process. Our QSEA model characterises residents’ mobility in all municipalities and performs long-term evaluations (until 2050) based on trends and AOM scenarios. It assesses 20 environmental indicators relative to cars’ pollutant emissions and energy consumption, including indirect life cycle impacts. The model applications highlight that car traffic will likely keep growing and the expected evolution of pollutant emissions is unsatisfactory. It thus gives interesting orders of magnitude to grasp the need for ambitious sustainable mobility actions to reduce car use and promote alternative modes and technologies.The thesis relies on engineering design and sustainable design, although it embraces a multidisciplinary perspective in accordance with the concepts of planning and sociotechnical system analysis. We used qualitative and quantitative approaches to integrate complementary data sources, including interviews, law analysis, planning document analysis, and modelling. Our work emphasises that planning can help integrate environmental issues into local authorities’ decisions if associated with relevant methods, tools, and data. More research is needed to support public authorities in fulfilling their tasks and objectives to move towards more sustainable mobility

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13

Pairaudeau, Natasha. "Indians as French citizens in colonial Indochina, 1858-1940". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2009. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28764/.

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This study demonstrates how Indians with French citizenship were able through their stay in Indochina to have some say in shaping their position within the French colonial empire, and how in turn they made their mark on Indochina itself. Known as 'renouncers', they gained their citizenship by renouncing their personal laws in order to to be judged by the French civil code. Mainly residing in Cochinchina, they served primarily as functionaries in the French colonial administration, and spent the early decades of their stay battling to secure recognition of their electoral and civil rights in the colony. Their presence in Indochina in turn had an important influence on the ways in which the peoples of Indochina experienced and assessed French colonialism. Indochina was important to French India from the late-nineteenth century, I maintain, because of the way renouncers were able to develop social and political agendas over long distances to secure their rights within the French empire. I further the study of late-colonial migrations from British India by adding a trajectory under French colonial conditions to other better-known itineraries. I advance thinking on migration by showing how movements stimulated the circulation not just of goods and labour but of ideas. I support claims that colonised peoples were not passive agents, and bring to the fore the struggles of colonised people fighting not against, but within a colonial framework. I reinstate the Indian presence in the colonial history of Vietnam, not only to support the restoration to southern Vietnam of its historical social diversity, or to draw attention to long-neglected minority groups. The thesis, I argue, brings new insights to the complexities of colonial encounters. The presence of Indian French citizens in colonial Indochina generated encounters between Indians and Vietnamese which were outside of French control. In so doing it highlighted not the strengths but the inherent weaknesses of colonial rule.

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14

Osman, Julia Smith Jay M. "Citizen warriors French perception of the American military, 1775-1777 /". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,333.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Discipline: History; Department/School: History.

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15

Richardson, Emily Jane. "Unlikely citizens? : the manufacturers of Sèvres porcelain and the French Revolution". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445032/.

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This thesis aims to reintegrates the history of the manufactory of Sevres porcelain with that of the French Revolution, in the hope of better understanding them both. Realistically the two cannot be detached, though accounts of this decade in the manufactory's existence often belie this by omitting the events of the period from their narrative. Yet the revolution did not happen at arms-length from the manufactory but in and around it and, as I will argue, the Sevrian's relationship with events was two-way, involved and dynamic. Thus as well as exploring the impact that the revolution had on the manufactory (precipitating the collapse of the luxury industries and prompting the emigration of their primarily aristocratic clientele), I will examine the strategies deployed by Sevres' administration to cope with and adapt to changed circumstances. I will also argue that, despite their pedigree as employees of a manufacture royale, Sevres' workforce met the challenges of the period pro-actively, embracing the revolution in words and actions that will be analysed here. Sevres' production of (and the market for) revolutionary porcelain will also be discussed at length. Yet all this precludes that the manufactory survived in the first place, which could not have been assumed. Aside from the financial difficulties the revolution caused them, the intensely hostile climate to all things regal, all things luxurious and privileged could presuppose their swift demise. As such, the manufactory's negotiation of the period is remarkable, and their continued existence under a regime that publicly aspired to Spartan values and aesthetics not untouched by paradox. Why revolutionary governments representing values diametrically opposed to those embodied by Sevres nevertheless exempted it from annihilation will be questioned. Similarly, the reasons they subsequently supported the manufactory, whose products maintained many of their trademark characteristics and were of little practical use to them, will be investigated.

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16

Bell, Frances. "Native Citizens and French Refugees: Exploring the Aftermath of the Haitian Revolution". W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639576.

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“Native Citizens!” Citizenship, Family, and Governance During the Haitian Revolution, 1789-1806 Given the upheaval of the Haitian Revolution, and first head-of-state Jean-Jacques Dessalines’s insistence on divesting Haiti from all French influence, it is unsurprising that many historians have depicted Dessalines’s rule as a dramatic rupture; the end of an old state, and the beginning of a new one. However, despite Dessalines’s stated desire to divest from French influence, he continued to use the language of citizenship in legal texts, speeches, and proclamations, despite its strong association with French republicanism. By examining legislative texts and proclamations from 1793 to 1806, I argue that Dessalines used the language of citizenship as a shorthand for duty, obedience, and unity, in order to ensure the security both of the nation, and of his own authority. In doing so, he continued a trend set by pre-independence administrators, who used citizenship rhetoric in their attempts to establish order after the proclamation of emancipation in 1793. “Thrown into this Hospitable Land:” French Refugees in Virginia, 1793-1810 I explore the experiences of French refugees from the Haitian Revolution in Virginia, tracing several members of one refugee household in order to understand how refugees negotiated the opportunities and limitations that they faced upon arrival in the state. French refugees were received in the state with a combination of enthusiasm and suspicion, with the latter being particularly directed towards enslaved refugees, who were feared to carry the “contagion” of slave revolt. By piecing together the archival traces left by two members of the Burot family – planter Alexander Burot, and enslaved domestic Julia Ann Burot – and their immediate relatives, I speculate on the ways in which they addressed the obstacles they faced in Virginia, and argue that their ability to exploit personal and professional relationships, together with sheer good fortune, was instrumental to their achieving some level of socio-economic success in the state.

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17

Saadé, Daniele. "Relations entre profils alimentaires et maladies allergiques de l’enfant : étude des six villes françaises". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0479/document.

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Contexte : La prévalence de l'asthme et des allergies a augmenté au cours de ces dernières décennies,en particulier chez les enfants et dans le monde occidental. Cette augmentation de la prévalence estdevenue un problème très grave de santé publique et pourrait être liée à une combinaison deprédisposition génétique, de facteurs environnementaux et des changements dans le mode de vie, ycompris les habitudes alimentaires. Cependant, les études épidémiologiques concernant les maladiesallergiques chez l’enfant en relation avec l'alimentation sont rares.Objectifs : Ce travail analyse la littérature récente traitant l'alimentation, les habitudes alimentaires et lanutrition en relation avec les maladies allergiques chez les enfants en tenant compte de la méthodologieutilisée pour évaluer les habitudes alimentaires. En outre, il évalue en premier lieu l'association entre leshabitudes alimentaires et l'asthme et les maladies allergiques et en deuxième lieu la relation entrel'asthme et le surpoids/l’obésité dans l’étude des six villes françaises.Méthodes : MEDLINE/PubMed et Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ont été utilisés pour larevue de la littérature concernant l'alimentation et les maladies allergiques. Des études transversales ontété menées à Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Créteil, Marseille, Reims, Strasbourg sur 7 432 enfantsscolaires, choisis au hasard et âgés de 9-11 ans. Des questionnaires adressés aux parents, basés surl'Enquête internationale sur l'asthme et les allergies dans l'enfance (ISAAC), ont été utilisés pourrecueillir des informations sur les maladies allergiques et les facteurs de risque potentiels, y compris unquestionnaire de fréquence alimentaire pour évaluer les habitudes alimentaires des enfants. Des testscutanés aux allergènes communs ont été effectués afin d'identifier l'existence d'une hypersensibilitéallergique et des tests d’effort ont été effectués pour évaluer l'asthme à l’effort.Résultats : Les apports moyens de 12 principaux produits alimentaires consommés par les élèves ontété calculées et trois profils alimentaires ont été extraits par analyse en composantes principales:l’alimentation proche du régime méditerranéen, l’alimentation à base d’oméga-3 et de poissons gras etl’alimentation non équilibrée. Les risques relatifs des maladies allergiques ont été estimés par des odds7ratios (OR) et le contrôle des facteurs de confusion a été réalisé par des régressions logistiques. Lessifflements, l’asthme et la rhinite sont plus fréquents chez les garçons que chez les filles. En analysemultivariée, l’alimentation à base d’oméga-3 avait un effet protecteur contre l'asthme vie et l’asthmesévère chez les enfants (OR ajusté: 0,77 ; IC 95%: [0,62 -0,96] et OR ajusté: 0,55 ; IC 95%: [0,32 -0,94]respectivement). L’adhérence à une alimentation proche du régime méditerranéen et riche enantioxydants semble avoir un effet protecteur contre les maladies allergiques. Le surpoids et l’obésitéont été positivement associés avec l’asthme vie chez les enfants ne présentant pas de sifflements (ORajusté: 1,98 ; IC 95%: [1,06 -3,70]) et ont été de même associé positivement avec la rhinite vie et larhinite 12 mois chez les enfants présentant des sifflements (OR ajusté: 1,63 ; IC 95%: [1,09 -2,45] etOR ajusté: 2,20 ; IC 95%: [1,13 -4,27] respectivement), mais pas avec l’asthme à l’effort.Conclusion: Dans l'ensemble, l'adhésion à un régime alimentaire sain, y compris les antioxydants et lesoméga-3 semble avoir un effet protecteur sur l'asthme et les allergies chez les enfants. Le surpoids etl’obésité a été associé significativement avec l’asthme chez les enfants non atopiques et la rhiniteallergique chez les enfants atopiques. Des études prospectives longitudinales sont donc nécessaires pourpouvoir évaluer les relations de causalité
Background: The prevalence of asthma and allergy has risen in recent decades, especially amongchildren and in the Western world. This increase in prevalence has become a serious public healthproblem and might be related to a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, andlifestyle changes, including dietary habits. However, epidemiological studies concerning childhood dietrelatedallergic diseases are scarce.Objectives: This work reviews published literature dealing with diet, dietary patterns and nutrition inrelation with allergic diseases among children taking into account the methodology used to evaluatedietary patterns. Moreover, it assesses primary the association between food patterns and asthma andallergic diseases and secondary the relation between asthma and overweight/obesity in the French SixCities Study.Methods: MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were used for theliterature review concerning diet and allergic diseases. Cross-sectional studies were conducted inBordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Créteil, Marseille, Reims, and Strasbourg among 7432 randomly selectedschoolchildren aged 9-11 years. Parental questionnaires, based on the International Study on Asthmaand Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), were used to collect information on allergic diseases and potentialrisk factors including a food frequency questionnaire to evaluate dietary habits. Skin prick testing tocommon allergens was performed to identify the existence of an allergic hypersensitivity and exercisetest was performed to assess Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA).Results: The mean intakes of 12 main food items were calculated and three food patterns wereextracted by principal component analysis labeled: the Mediterranean-like diet, the diet rich in omega-3fatty acids and the unhealthy diet. Relative risks of allergic diseases were estimated as odds ratios (OR)and confounders control was performed with multiple logistic regressions. Wheezing, asthma andrhinitis were more prevalent in boys than in girls. In the multivariate analysis, diet rich in omega-3 wasprotective for lifetime and severe asthma in children (adjusted OR: 0.77; 95% CI: [0.62 -0.96] and9adjusted OR: 0.55; 95% CI: [0.32 -0.94] respectively). Adherence to the Mediterranean-like diet rich inantioxidants tended to be protective against allergic diseases. Overweight and obesity were positivelyassociated with lifetime asthma in non-wheezing children (adjusted OR: 1,98 ; 95% CI: [1,06 -3,70])and were also positively associated with lifetime and past year allergic rhinitis in wheezing children(adjusted OR: 1.63; 95% CI: [1.09 -2.45] and adjusted OR: 2.20; 95% CI: [1.13 -4.27] respectively), butwere not associated with EIA.Conclusion: Overall, adherence to a healthy diet including antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids seemsto have a protective effect on asthma and allergy in childhood. Overweight and obesity weresignificantly associated with asthma in non-atopic children and with allergic rhinitis in atopic children.Prospective longitudinal studies should be necessary for evaluation of causal relations

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18

Orosz, Gábor. "Social representation of competition, fraud and academic cheating of French and Hungarian citizens". Reims, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REIML004.

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L'objectif de la thèse était la comparaison entre la représentation sociale de la compétition, de la fraude et celle de la tricherie académique des citoyens hongrois et français. Dans la première étude des hommes d'affaires hongrois ont été soumis à des entretiens sur la compétition : 79% des répondants a mentionné spontanément la malhonnêteté dans ce contexte. Dans l'étude 2, l'objectif était l'exploration de la représentation sociale de la compétition et de la fraude d'étudiants hongrois et français. Les résultats suggèrent une faible superposition entre compétition et fraude dans le cas de deux échantillons éxamines. Concernant le contenu de la représentation sociale de la compétition les hongrois sont plus orientés vers les résultats, alors que les français sont plus orientés vers le dépassement de soi. Dans le cas des hongrois, la tricherie académique est plus fréquemment mentionnée en matière de fraude que chez les français. L'étude 3 utilisant un questionnaire axée sur un analyse concernant la malhonnêteté académique montre que les étudiants hongrois signalent un taux de tricherie plus élevé et trouvent la tricherie plus acceptable que leurs pairs français. Dans la dernière étude, l'objectif était de créer une expérience permettant d'observer les effets des représentations sociales de la compétition et de la fraude au niveau comportemental. Les résultats n'ont pas confirmé que les étudiants hongrois trichaient plus que les étudiants français. Concernant les français, le seul prédicteur était le cercle de connaissances préalables tandis que dans le groupe des hongrois, la compétition ouverte était le prédicteur de la tricherie
The goal of the thesis was a comparison between hungarian and french citizens' social representation Of competition and fraud. In the first study hungarian businessmen were interviewed regarding Competition. The results showed that 79% of them mentioned spontaneously dishonesty during the Interviews. In the next study, the goal was the exploration of hungarian and french students' social Representation of competition and fraud. The results showed weak overlap between the two Representations concerning both examined samples. However, in the case of the content of the Representation of competition hungarians were more result-oriented, whereas french were oriented oward self-improvement. Moreover, hungarians' representations were more diverse and less organized than french' ones. In the case of fraud, hungarians mentioned more frequently academic cheating, than their french peers. Therefore, the following study concentrated more on cultural differences concerning academic cheating. The results suggest that hungarians reported a higher cheating rate, than french students. In the final study, cheating-related behavioral differences were examined in competitive situations. The results did not show that hungarians cheated more than french students. However, cultural differences were revealed: in the case of french students, previous acquaintanceship predicted cheating, whlle among hungarians it was open-competitive situation that predicted cheating behavior. The results were explained by taking into consideration the theory of social representations and previous researches in the field of competition and academic cheating

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19

Remy-Zéphir, Šárka. "Průmyslová a vojenská architektura přístavních měst, komparace rekonverze průmyslového a vojenského dědictví". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233226.

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During World War II, seaports Brest, Lorient and Saint-Nazaire were heavily destroyed because of their strategic location on the Atlantic coastline. Those historical events could be considered as new opportunities for the seaports to realise new thoughts and ambitious architectural projects in order to improve the functionality of the urban organism. In these days, a new occasion has come. Military and industrial areas, which were always thoroughly separated from the town centres, have been now releasing from their original activity. There are huge free building sites in the middle of the cities, waiting for the urban architects.

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20

Hoover, Becky J. "Building Community Through the Mediation of Citizen Complaints: The Mediator of the French Republic". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1207839242.

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21

Ofrath, Avner. "Demarcating the cité française : exclusion and inclusion in colonial Algeria, 1870-1938". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:60b46cc6-763f-4b3b-bf6a-8357a249c2ab.

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This thesis discusses the unmaking of republican citizenship in colonial Algeria and the reverberations of this process in the metropole under the Third Republic, as well as demands and contestations by various populations in the colony concerning participation and rights. The attempt to establish a regime of privileges for settlers and to exclude the Muslim majority led politicians, jurists, and administrators to rely on religion and ethnicity as legal criteria to demarcate the boundaries of French citizenship. In their quest to legitimise the political exclusion of the Muslim population, politicians and legal experts from the late nineteenth century onwards portrayed Islam as an immobile and unmodern religion. Reiterated in mainland France whenever the demand for political reform in Algeria was raised, such theories gave rise to the widely-held view that being Muslim was inherently irreconcilable with being French. At the same time, the thesis examines colonial reform movements and moments of asymmetrical negotiation between populations in Algeria and the state on the demarcation of French citizenry. Both the naturalisation of the Algerian Jews and the backlash against it are re-interpreted here to highlight the pivotal role played by the local and the settler populations. In a similar vein, the thesis discusses debates sparked in the early twentieth century by Algerian Muslim campaigns for political rights, debates which yielded alternative visions of participation in the Republic. The failure of such attempts to accommodate religious difference on the eve of collapse of the Third Republic re-affirmed the colonial order in Algeria and the deep imprint it had left on conceptions of French citizenship.

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22

Miller, Anne-Hélène. "Le poète dans la cité : figures de l'intellectuel vernaculaire au tournant de la fin du Moyen Age /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8305.

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23

Pagani, Giulio. "Citizenship and semiotics : representing the state and the citizen in the English and French linguistic and social systems". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577500.

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This is a cross-over project concerned with both State Theory and Discourse Analysis which approaches both from an unusual angle. These academic disciplines have respectively focussed on the very abstract or the very particular in terms of state forms and outputs, with overarching policy directions and discursive tendencies being the main concern of the former discipline and the detail of spoken and written linguistic texts being the privileged point of access for the latter. This thesis addresses a gap in both focus and in detailed work by paying theoretical and analytical attenti~o a series of outputs of the state that have not previously been systematically and comprehensively examined as discourse - namely material infrastructures. It is argued that such infrastructures are not only discursive, or capable of generating meaning, but also that they may be described and analysed as 'semiotic resources' or 'modes of discourse' in their own right that are utilised in the creation of texts by means of which the state communicates with citizens. Use of a combination of theoretical models from the systemic-functional (SF) approach to semiosis sustains this argument and correspondingly enables the development of an analytical framework capable of being applied to texts in a variety of forms and modes encompassing written and pictorial documents, material items and combinations thereof. The framework is applied to two groups of texts which consist of the documentary and material records of the delivery of public transport infrastructure projects by local government institutions in the UK and France. The analyses trace the representation of the state. as it is passed from text to text, genre to genre and documentary to material form, enabling a conclusion that material infrastructures can indeed come to generate meanings pertinent to such representation and a proposal of the mechanisms by which this occurs.

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24

Dufresne, Laura Jean. "An assembly of ladies : the fifteenth-century pictorial tradition of Christine de Pizan's La cité des dames and Le trésor de la cité des dames /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6238.

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25

Thiam, Boubacar. "Evaluating changes in forest management policies during the last fifteen years in Francophone West Africa". Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1191721.

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Tropical deforestation is singled out as one of the more critical issues facing African countries during the last few decades. In discussing causes of forest depletion, local farmers are often the first to be identified. However, these local farmers have been living in legal, political, social, and economic environments that have had tremendous effects on the system of natural resources management in Africa as well as elsewhere in the tropics.This research project was designed to generate testable hypotheses evaluating the effectiveness of forest policies dating from 1985 in Francophone West Africa including Mali., Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, and Togo. Since 1985, because of factors such as the droughts of the 1970s and the 1980s, the growing pressure of humans on forest resources, the failure of six decades of centralized forest management policies, and the influence of the international community, national authorities have undertaken a series of reforms of their forest policies to adopt a decentralized management of forest resources. This decentralized forest management policy is aimed at involving local people in the development and the management of their forest resources, promoting local governance, increasing revenues, and achieving sustainable forest management. The actual situation is that new policies have been or are being implemented throughout the region, but until now an inability to evaluate their effectiveness for sustainable forest management exists. The purpose of this research was to identify ways to overcome this problem.The research was limited to reviewing written information on forest policies and legislation, conventions and programs that are related to forest management, to interviewing knowledgeable persons based in Washington, DC, who are interested in forest policy in Africa, and to personal and professional observations in the United States and in Africa. From the review and interviews, a conceptual analysis of key components of forest policies was made to highlight their meanings and usefulness in evaluating decentralized forest management policy. This analysis led to the formulation of hypotheses about decentralized forest management and the enumeration of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management to measure the effectiveness of new forest policies dating from 1985 in Francophone West Africa.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

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26

Martins, Iolanda Maria Cariry Lacet de Barros. "Avaliação da ação antifúngica de Citrus Limon Linn. frente a leveduras do Gênero Candida". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6673.

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For a long time, the drugs used in the treatment and prevention of diseases and injuries were from plants becoming, often, the only resource that doctors had to treat their patients. In dentistry, the use of herbal medicines is still small and takes place mainly in the informal market. It is extremely important there be legislation to that end, in addition, research has been done in order to scientifically validate the use of some of these natural products as antimicrobial agents, which would open up space for clinical application in different diseases affecting the oral cavity especially those caused by Candida spp. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oil of Citrus limon Linn. about 22 strains of Candida spp. by determining the CIM and CFM of the time evaluation of microbial death and morphological changes of the strains tested under the action of natural product tested. The CIM was obtained by the microdilution technique and CFM was obtained from the subculture of the concentration corresponding to the inhibitory and the two concentrations more concentrated. The evaluation of the interference of CIM product tested over time of microbial death was performed by counting viable cells. The study of morphological changes due to the action of the natural product was made from the microculture technique, with further observation under optical microscope. It was established the value of CIM of essential oil of C. limon between 0.078 and 0.156 mg/mL and CFM had a variation between 0.078 to 1.250 mg/mL. The kinetics of microbial death, there was fungicidal effect at concentrations of CIMx8 and CIMx4, with initial action after 2-4 hours of exposure of yeast. Microscopic observation of morphogenesis of the yeast under the action of the product tested showed inhibition in the formation of chlamydospores and pseudo-hyphae in most strains tested, this result was comparable to that of synthetic antimicrobial used as a control, the miconazole. We conclude therefore that the essential oil of C. limon has a important fungicide action and can be effective in the inhibition of Candida spp.
Durante muito tempo, os remédios empregados no tratamento e prevenção de doenças e lesões eram originários das plantas, constituindo-se, não raro, no único recurso de que dispunham os médicos para tratar seus doentes. Na Odontologia, a utilização destes medicamentos chamados de fitoterápicos ainda é pequena e dá-se principalmente no mercado informal. Uma regulamentação nesse sentido mostra-se de extrema importância, e pesquisas têm sido feitas com o objetivo de validar cientificamente o uso de alguns destes produtos naturais como agentes antimicrobianos, o que abriria espaço para sua aplicação clínica em diversas afecções que acometem a cavidade bucal, em especial aquelas causadas por leveduras do gênero Candida. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo visou avaliar a atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Citrus limon Linn. sobre 22 cepas de Candida spp., através da determinação da CIM e da CFM, da avaliação do tempo de morte microbiana e das alterações morfológicas das cepas ensaiadas decorrentes da ação do produto natural testado. A CIM foi obtida através da técnica da microdiluição, e a CFM a partir do subcultivo da concentração correspondente à inibitória e as duas concentrações imediatamente mais concentradas. A avaliação da interferência da CIM do produto testado sobre o tempo de morte microbiana foi realizada através da contagem de células viáveis e o estudo das alterações morfológicas devido à ação do produto natural deu-se a partir da técnica do microcultivo, com posterior observação em microscópio óptico. O valor da CIM do óleo essencial de C. limon ficou estabelecida entre 0,078 e 0,156 μg/mL, e a CFM variou de 0,078 a 1,250 μg/mL. Quanto à cinética de morte microbiana, observou-se efeito fungicida nas concentrações de CIMx8 e CIMx4, com ação inicial após 2-4 horas de exposição das leveduras. A observação microscópica da morfogênese das leveduras sob ação do produto testado mostrou inibição na formação de clamidoconídios e pseudo-hifas na maior parte das cepas ensaiadas, resultado comparável ao do antimicrobiano sintético utilizado como controle, o miconazol. Concluiu-se, assim, que o O.E. de C. limon possui destacada ação fungicida, podendo ser eficaz na inibição do crescimento de leveduras do gênero Candida.

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27

Guerra, Felipe Queiroga Sarmento. "Atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de Citrus limon frente cepas multidroga resistentes do gênero Acinetobacter". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6723.

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Acinetobacter species have gained importance in recent years due to their increased involvement in serious infections and antimicrobial resistance. Since multidrug resistant bacteria pose a challenge to the treatment of infections, it is necessary to find new substances with antimicrobial properties in combating these microorganisms. Thus, medicinal plants are studied, since they are used for treatment of various illnesses. Therefore, many studies on biological activity have been performed with essential oils obtained from medicinal plants, such as the essential oil from Citrus limon (EOCL), attempting to help overcome this problem. Thus the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the essential oil of EOCL against multidrug resistant strains of Acinetobacter spp. Its chemical composition was determined by GC/MS and its antibacterial activity was assessed by determining their MIC and MBC by microplate bioassay, its Time kill too was determinated. Also was analyzed the effect of modulating action of conventional antibiotics by microplate bioassay. Among phytochemicals, Neral (29.4%) presented as the major essential component of EOCL. The oil caused growth inhibition in 16 (67%) of 24 strains tested, showing a MIC of 625 μg/ml and MBC of 1250 μg/mL. In a time kill study, the oil displayed a concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. Results of combining antibiotics and EOCL had shown us a synergistic and additive effect with EOCL /antibiotics combinations. The results of this study suggest that essential oil of C. limon may suppress the growth of Acinetobacter species and could be a source of metabolites with modified antibacterial activity.
Espécies do gênero Acinetobacter ganharam importância nos últimos anos devido ao seu envolvimento crescente em infecções graves e resistência antimicrobiana. Uma vez que bactérias resistentes a múltiplas drogas representam um desafio para o tratamento de infecções, é necessário encontrar novas substâncias com propriedades antimicrobianas no combate a estes microrganismos. Para tentar superar este panorama, várias pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas em busca de novos produtos antibacterianos, dentre elas estão os estudos com os metabólitos de plantas, como o óleo essencial de Citrus limon (OECL). Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Citrus limon contra cepas de Acinetobacter multidroga resistentes. Sua composição química foi determinada por CG/EM e sua atividade antibacteriana avaliada pela determinação de sua CIM e CBM pela técnica de microdiluição, sua cinética de morte microbiana também foi analisada. Verificou-se também seu efeito modulador da ação dos antibióticos convencionais por técnicas de microdiluição. Entre os fitoconstituintes, neral (29,4%) apresenta-se como o principal componente de OECL. O referido óleo inibiu o crescimento de 67% das 24 cepas ensaiadas, tendo sua CIM estabelecida em 625 μg/mL e a CBM em 1250 μg/mL Este óleo possui atividade antibacteriana dependente de sua concentração e do tempo de exposição no microrganismo e é um modulador da ação dos antibióticos convencionais. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o referido óleo pode suprimir o crescimento de espécies de Acinetobacter e poderia ser uma fonte de metabólitos com atividade modificadora antibacteriana.

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28

Kellett, Lucy. ""Enough! or too much" : forms of textual excess in Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge and De Quincey". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:641b0fe2-3b07-46cf-94b6-7d27a2878686.

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My thesis explores the potential and the peril of Romantic literature's increasingly complex forms through a close comparative study of the works of William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Thomas De Quincey. These writers exemplify the Romantic predicament of how to make vision manifest – how to communicate one's imaginative and intellectual expansiveness without diminishing it. They sought different strategies for increasing the capacity of literary form, ostensibly in the hope of communicating more: clarifying meaning, increasing accessibility and intensifying original experience. But textual expansion – materially, stylistically and intellectually – often threatens more opportunities for confused and partial meanings to proliferate, overwhelming the reader by dividing texts and undermining attempts at coherent thought. Expansion thus becomes excess, with all its worrying associations of superfluity. To further complicate matters, Burke's influential tenet of the Sublime makes a virtue out of excess and obscurity, raising the problematic spectre of deliberately confused/confusing texts that embody an aesthetic of incomprehension. I explore these paradoxes through four types of 'textual excess' demonstrated by the writers under discussion: firstly, the tension between poetry and prose adjuncts, such as prefaces and notes, in Wordsworth and Coleridge; secondly, De Quincey's indulgent verbosity and struggle to control the freeing shapelessness of prose; thirdly, Wordsworth's and De Quincey's parallel experiences of revision as both uncontrollably diffusive and statically concentrated; and lastly, Blake's more deliberate, systematic attempt to enact a literary Sublime in which the reader is forced out of passivity by the competing demands of verbal and visual media. All are motivated and thwarted in varying degrees by their anxious preoccupation with saying "Enough", and the difficulty of determining when this becomes “Too much”. These authorial dilemmas also incorporate larger concerns with man's (over)ambition at a time of rapid and unprecedented economic, social and intellectual acceleration from the Enlightenment to industrialism. The fear that the concept and process of 'progress', or 'improvement', marks deficiency rather than fulfilment haunts Romantic writers.

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29

Fehr, Lucas. "O projeto frente a questões contemporâneas da cidade e da arquitetura. O Museo de La Memoria de Santiago do Chile". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16138/tde-23112010-091937/.

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A presente tese trata da possibilidade de se entender o projeto arquitetônico como um instrumento de debate de questões ligadas à arquitetura e à cidade contemporânea. Essas questões referem-se, dentro da disciplina do projeto urbano, às relações estabelecidas pelo projeto com os sistemas metropolitanos de redes, com o contexto urbano que o envolve, à inserção do conjunto edificado no território e na paisagem e à caracterização dos espaços urbanos gerados por essa inserção, com suas possibilidades de originarem acontecimentos urbanos. Para tanto, escolheu-se como objeto de estudo o projeto para o Museo de la Memória y los Derechos Humanos, em Santiago do Chile, pelo entendimento de que se tratava de um caso exemplar, que contém em seu processo de projeto o debate dessas questões e que o resultado final da obra as contempla e, em certa medida, as defende como hipóteses à cidade. Como organização, em uma primeira etapa, relata-se todo o processo da obra, que culmina com sua inauguração, tendo passado pela construção e pelas várias fases do projeto. Em uma segunda etapa, buscou-se o apoio de teóricos que têm como objeto de pesquisa a cidade e a arquitetura contemporânea, para que se estabelecesse um processo de reflexão de contraposições entre os conceitos por eles propostos e seus rebatimentos no objeto de estudo. Entendeu-se, por fim, que o projeto e sua consequente obra, que em seu processo de reflexão e consecução contém a preocupação com a colocação dessas questões, pode, de fato, configurar-se como um instrumento de seu debate e uma possibilidade de resposta a elas.
This paper deals with the possibility to understand the architectural design as a mean for discussing issues related to architecture and the contemporary city. These issues concern, within the urban design discipline, the relations established by the project with metropolitan systems of networks, with the urban context that involves it, issues related with other building insertions, in the territory and in the landscape, and with urban space characterization, generated by this integration, with its possibilities to originate urban events. In this way, it was chosen, as study object, the project of the Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos, Santiago, Chile, on the understanding that it was an exemplary case, which contains , in its design process, the debate about these issues, and that the final result of the work contemplates it and, to some extent, defends it as hypotheses for the city. To organize, in a first step, it is described the whole work process, culminating in his inauguration, passing by the construction and the various phases of the project. In a second step, it was sought the theoretical support whose research object is about the city and contemporary architecture, for establishing a reflection process of contrasts between the concepts proposed by them and their impact on the study object. Finally, It was understood that the project and its resulting work, which in its process of reflection and achievement contains the concern to address these questions, can, actually, set themselves up as an instrument of their debate and an opportunity to respond them.

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Lima, Fernanda Blauth de. "Secretômica de Trichoderma atroviride e Trichoderma harzianum frente a Guignardia e citricarpa, agente etiológico da Pinta Preta dos Citros". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1141.

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Os agentes de controle biológico têm recebido grande reconhecimento, e o seu uso tem contribuído como um complemento ou substituição de agroquímicos. No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre o controle biológico da Pinta Preta dos Citros, causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa, o que impede o seu mercado in natura, além de prejudicar a sua exportação pelo uso intensivo de insumos químicos para controlar este patógeno. Os fungos do gênero Trichoderma são agentes de controle utilizados em todo o mundo contra vários fitopatógenos relevantes. Este estudo visou identificar proteínas extracelulares secretadas por T. atroviride T17 e por T.harzianum T1A, eficazes para o controle de G. citricarpa. Por eletroforese bidimensional (2D) foram obtidos perfis de proteínas secretadas por Trichoderma em meio de glicose (controle) e em meio suplementado com micélio desativado de G. citricarpa. As proteínas foram identificadas por LC-MS/MS mostrando que ambas as espécies secretam proteínas diferentes. Foram identificadas 68 proteínas das 178 diferencialmente expressas por T. harzianum, sendo a maioria relacionada aos mecanismos de biocontrole, mesmo no meio controle. Foi verificado que em contato com o patógeno a expressão de proteínas relacionadas com o metabolismo primário diminui. Por outro lado, Trichoderma atroviride mostrou uma maior expressão de proteínas relacionadas com biocontrole na presença de micélio do patógeno. Nesta espécie identificamos 59 proteínas de 116 diferencialmente expressas, principalmente proteínas relacionadas com a degradação da parede celular: α- manosidase, quitinase, mutanase, glicosidase, endoquitinase e, algumas famílias de glicoside hidrolases. Os resultados indicam que estas espécies apresentam um elevado potencial como agentes de controle de G. citricarpa. Os resultados são pioneiros em detalhar a interação de Trichoderrma com G. citricarpa, por meio da análise do secretoma.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
Biological control agents (BCA) have received great recognition, and their use has contributed as a complement or replacement of agrochemicals. However, there are few studies on the biological control of Black spot of citrus, caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa, which prevents the market in natura, besides damaging their export by the intensive use of chemical inputs to control this pathogen. Trichoderma fungi are the most applied worldwide BCA against various relevant plant pathogens. The purpose of this study was to identify extracellular proteins secreted by T. atroviride T17 and of T. harzianum T1A, which are effective for the control of G. citricarpa. Bidimensional electrophoresis (2D) allowed obtaining the secreted protein profiles of Trichoderma grown in glucose medium (control) and in medium containing inactivated mycelium of G. citricicarpa. From the 178 differentially expressed proteins by T. harzianum, 68 were identified, most of them related to biocontrol mechanisms, even in the control medium. In the presence of the pathogen, the expression of proteins related to the metabolism decreases. On the other hand, Trichoderma atroviride showed higher expression of proteins related to biocontrol pathogen when grown in the presence of pathogen mycelium, when compared to the control medium. From the 116 differentially expressed proteins, 59 were identified, mainly proteins related to fungi cell wall degradation such as α-mannosidase, chitinase, mutanase, glycosidase, endochitinase and, some families of glycoside hydrolases. The results indicate that these species have a high potential as biocontrol agents of G. citricicarpa. These results are pioneers in to detail the Trichoderrma interaction with G. citricicarpa through the secretome analysis.

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Fernández, Crespo Emma. "Estudio integral de los mecanismos de resistencia inducida. Inductores frente a estrés biótico y abiótico". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398704.

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En este trabajo se ha demostrado que el NH4+ actúa como inductor de resistencia frente a estrés salino en cítricos, observándose acumulación de ABA, poliaminas (PAs), H2O2 y prolina. También se ha demostrado que plantas de tomate crecidas con NH4+ muestran una reducción de los síntomas de la enfermedad producida por Pst. El estudio del modo de acción de la NH4+-IR reveló que los mecanismos inducidos en las plantas en respuesta a NH4+, tales como la acumulación de ABA, PAs y H2O2 son clave para la inducción de aclimatación sistémica adquirida (SAA) que confiere a las plantas de tomate resistencia frente a Pst. Por último, se ha demostrado que el virus MNSV induce en plantas de melón una compleja red hormonal de respuesta, así como la acumulación de calosa y ROS. El Hx resultó ser efectivo como inductor de resistencia frente a virus evitando el paso del virus al floema.
In this work, we reveal that NH4+ nutrition in citrange Carrizo plants acts as an inducer of resistance against salinity conditions. We investigated its mode of action and provide evidence that NH4+ confers resistance by priming abscisic acid and polyamines, just as enhancing H2O2 and proline basal content. Moreover, we demonstrated the NH4+ nutrition induces-resistance (NH4+-IR) against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) in tomato plants. N-NH4+ plants displayed basal H2O2, abscisic acid (ABA) and putrescine (Put) accumulation. H2O2 accumulation acted as a signal to induce ABA-dependent signalling pathways required to prevent NH4+ toxicity. This acclimatory event provoked an increase of resistance against later pathogen infection. We studied the basal response of melon (Cucumis melo) to Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) and demonstrated the efficacy of the hexanoic acid priming that blocks the virus systemic spread. We analyzed callose deposition and ROS production, as well as the hormonal profile and gene expression at the whole-plant level.

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Oliveira, Marlucy Bezerra. "EXTRAÇÃO, CARACTERIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE LARVICIDA DO ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DO Citrus limon Linneo (LIMÃO) FRENTE AO MOSQUITO Aedes aegypti". Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/962.

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Surveys show that the resistance of the larvae of Aedes aegypti to synthetic pesticides, have boosted demand for alternative chemical compounds of natural origin to combat the dengue vector. In this work, from the extraction and analytical study of the essential oil of the pericarp of the Citrus limon Linneo, the larvicidal effect of the oil against larvas in third phase of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792) was analyzed and based on the analytical result was evaluated the effect of the major compound. The essential oil was extracted quantitatively by hydrodistilation. The essential oil physical-chemical proprieties (density, refraction rate, solubility, color and appearance) was determined. The oil was analytically characterized by infra-red (FTIR) and gas chromatography coupled to spectrometer of mass (CG-EM). The oil s CL50 was calculated from the Reed-Muench (1938) and Pizzi (1950) methods, respectively. The oil yield was 0,52% m/v. 18 components were identified in the oil, and the major presence of l-limoneno was confirmed by the spectroscopic technics. The essential oil got CL₅₀ 14,99 (±2,25) μg mLˉ¹ and l-limonene of 26,73 mg mLˉ¹ (± 2,02) mg mLˉ¹ and the d-limonene 113,24 mg mLˉ¹ (± 2,02) mg mLˉ¹. The results indicate that the essential oil evaluated is compound by substances that propitiate larvicidal effect against Aedes aegypti.
Pesquisas que demonstram a resistência das larvas do Aedes aegypti a pesticidas sintéticos, têm impulsionado a procura por compostos químicos alternativos de origem natural para combater o vetor da dengue. Neste trabalho a partir da extração e do estudo analítico do óleo essencial dos pericarpo do Citrus limon Linneo, foi analisado o efeito larvicida do óleo contra larvas em terceiro estágio do mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792), e com base no resultado analítico foi avaliado o efeito do composto majoritário. Extraiu-se quantitativamente o óleo essencial por hidrodestilação. Determinaram-se as propriedades físico-químicas do óleo essencial (densidade, índice de refração, solubilidade, cor e aparência). Caracterizou-se analiticamente o óleo por infravermelho (FTIR) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM). Calculou-se a CL50 do óleo, a partir dos métodos de Reed-Muench (1938) e Pizzi (1950), respectivamente. O rendimento do óleo foi de 0,96% m/v. Foram identificados 15 componentes no óleo, e a presença majoritária do limoneno foi confirmada pelas técnicas espectroscópica. O óleo essencial obteve CL₅₀ de 14,99 μg mLˉ¹ (±2,45) μg mLˉ¹ e para o l-limoneno de 26,73 μg mLˉ¹ (±2,02) μg mLˉ¹ e para o d-limoneno 113,24 μg mLˉ¹ (±2,02) μg mLˉ¹.Os resultados indicam que o óleo essencial avaliado é composto por substâncias que propiciam efeito larvicida contra Aedes aegypti.

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Flores, Valle Cesar Adolfo. "Efecto protector de la ingesta de cáscara del Citrus aurantifolia (limón) frente al daño hepático inducido por etanol en ratones". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/8249.

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Determina el efecto protector de la ingesta de cáscara del Citrus aurantifolia (limón) frente al daño hepático inducido por etanol en ratones. Estudio analítico, experimental, transversal y prospectivo. Se emplea 40 ratones Mus musculus machos adultos. Se utilizan las cáscaras de Citrus aurantifolia (limón), que se obtienen por pelado manual, y luego es secada en estufa a 40º C por 72 horas, se muele en molino y se suspende en agua con fécula de maíz al 1%. Los ratones son distribuidos de forma aleatoria en cinco grupos (n=7), recibiendo los siguientes tratamientos, por cinco días, vía peroral: grupos I y II suspensión de almidón 1%, grupo III: silimarina 100 mg/kg en suspensión de almidón 1%; grupo IV: cáscara de limón 100 mg/kg y grupo V: cáscara de limón 400 mg/kg. El grupo I recibe en sus bebederos solución de glucosa 5%, mientras que los grupos II-V reciben etanol al 5% con glucosa 5%. Al sexto día son sacrificados. Las principales medidas de resultados: lipoperoxidación y glutatión en el homogenizado de hígado, descripción histológica. En los grupos que reciben las dosis de cáscara de limón presentan mayores niveles de GSH con respecto al grupo II siendo significativos, se observa también un menor daño a nivel histológico comparado con el grupo II; sin embargo, los niveles de lipoperoxidación en el tejido hepático comparado con el grupo II son significativamente mayores. Concluye que la administración del Citrus aurantifolia presenta efecto hepatoprotector expresado en el marcador GSH e histológico.
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Ballester, Lurbe Carlos. "Regulated deficit irrigation in citrus: agronomic response and water stress indicators". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/28582.

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In the Mediterranean area water is a scarce natural resource and periods of drought are frequent. It is then important to increase water use efficiency of irrigated crops. In order to achieve this, one promising option is regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). RDI consists in reducing water application during stages of crop development when yield and fruit quality have low sensitivity to water stress. Full irrigation is provided during the rest of the season to maintain production and fruit quality at adequate levels (Behboudian and Mills, 1997). In citrus, flowering and fruit set are sensitive periods to water restrictions, because water stress during this period increases fruit drop (Ginestar and Castel 1996). The more appropriate phenological period for applying water restrictions seems to be the summer period providing that water applications returned at full dosage sufficiently before harvest in order to allow for compensation in fruit growth (Cohen and Goell 1988). Previous work by González-Altozano and Castel (1999) showed the feasibility of applying RDI in 'Clementina de Nules' and identified threshold values of plant water stress that allowed water savings of about 10-20% without any detrimental effect on yield or fruit size. It would be desirable now to study the extrapolation of these results to commercial orchards of citrus and assess the use of RDI in different citrus cultivars. Two RDI strategies (RDI-1, irrigated at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during summer and; RDI-2, irrigated at 35% ETc during the same period to RDI-1) will be compared with a control treatment irrigated at full requirements. As the level of water stress reached by trees is the important factor when RDI strategies are applied, the study of accurate water stress indicators for citrus is also needed. Thus, during the period of water restrictions the use of sap flow and canopy temperature measurements, obtained by thermal imaging or by means of fixed infrared thermometer sensors, will be assessed and compared to classical methods like stem water potential and stomatal conductance.
Ballester Lurbe, C. (2013). Regulated deficit irrigation in citrus: agronomic response and water stress indicators [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/28582
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Villa, Gonzales Guillermo Fernando. "Composición química del aceite esencial de Citrus paradisi “Toronja”, actividad antioxidante y determinación de la actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans". Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9864.

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Determina la composición química del aceite esencial de Citrus paradisi Macfad. “toronja”, actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana in vitro frente a Streptococcus mutans. El aceite esencial se obtiene tratando aproximadamente 25 kg de cáscara de frutos en un sistema de hidrodestilación por arrastre de vapor de agua a temperatura y presión controlada, obteniéndose un rendimiento de 0,13 mL% v/p, realizándose asimismo el análisis preliminar del aceite esencial y sus propiedades fisicoquímicas: gravedad específica (0,852 g/mL), Indice de Refracción (1,351) y pH (5,9). Del análisis cualitativo de la composición química realizado en Cromatografía de Gases/ Espectrometría de Masas (CG/EM), se destacan los siguientes componentes químicos: dieciséis monoterpenos, cinco sesquiterpenos, dos ácidos orgánicos, cuatro aldehídos, un éster, cinco hidrocarburos, un fenilpropanoide. La evaluación de la actividad antioxidante in vitro del aceite esencial se realiza utilizando el método: Captación del radical 2,2-difenilpicrilhidrazil (DPPH), los resultados indican que el aceite esencial de Citrus paradisi Macfad no posee actividad antioxidante frente al patrón estándar de Trolox ®. La determinación de la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del aceite esencial, se realiza utilizando el método de difusión en agar mostrando actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668 en 100, 50 y 25 por ciento, utilizando el antibacteriano ciprofloxacino como control positivo.
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Fontes, Ana Carolina Ferreira. "Intervir na cidade monumental. Reencontro com o rio". Master's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitectura, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2849.

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Tese de Mestrado Gestão Urbanística
O presente trabalho tem como objecto a análise do conceito de conjunto monumental inserido na cidade na área compreendida entre Belém e Ajuda, a sua ligação ao Rio Tejo e a sua contextualização no âmbito da cidade de Lisboa. Procura-se o desenvolvimento e entendimento do papel do conjunto de valor histórico e patrimonial na evolução espacial e temporal da cidade e o conceito de monumentalidade e outros a este associados, através de leitura bibliográfica e ao recurso de exemplos de cidades com características monumentais. A informação e aspectos relacionados com o conceito de ‘cidades com frentes ribeirinhas’ e relações entre as ‘cidades e a água’ são abordados e apresentados de modo a servir de suporte ao desenho urbano da proposta. Uma proposta baseada no conceito de ‘reencontro com o Rio’, onde se procura o devolver da relação/ proximidade entre cidade/ homem/ edifício/ rio, suportada na afirmação do carácter monumental da área, tendo por base a história e características da mesma. O projecto centra-se no desenvolvimento do novo Museu Nacional dos Coches, tendo dois princípios essenciais, o aspecto museológico e o aspecto urbanístico. Um edifício com o cuidado de preservação, valorização e divulgação de uma colecção de arte notável a nível nacional e mundial, implantado num local com fortes e importantes vínculos históricos e monumentais.
This work aims to the analysis of the concept of monumental area inserted in the city, between Belém and Ajuda, its connection to the Tejo river and its contexture towards the city of Lisbon. We seek for the development and understanding of the role of the whole historic and patrimonial values in the spatial and temporal evolution of the city and the concept of monumentality and other concepts connected to this, using a bibliographic reading and the resource of examples of cities with monumental characteristics. The information and features related to the concept of “cities with riverside front” and relations between the “cities and the water” are approached and presented as a support to the urban design of the proposal. This is a proposal based on the concept of “rediscovery the river”, where we search to restore the relation/proximity between the city/man/building/river, supported in the statement of the monumental character of the area, based on its history and main characteristics. This project centers itself on the development of the new National Carriage Museum, having two main principles, the museum appearance and its urbanity look. A building with a preservation care, valuable and with the propagation of a remarkable collection of art to the national and worldwide level, established in a place with strong and important historical and monumental bonds.

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Assunção, Gilson Vitorino de. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO QUÍMICA E AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE LARVICIDA FRENTE AO Aedes aegypt do ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DA ESPÉCIE Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (LARANJA DOCE)". Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/954.

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Studies are conducted to find substances of vegetable origin, such as alternative chemical control to combat the dengue vector, once there is no validated vaccine for that. In this paper, from the extraction and analytical study of the essential oil of the fresh peel of Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck was possible to analyze the larvicidal effect of the oil against third stage larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). The oil was extracted quantitatively by steam distillation process using Clevenger type apparatus. The physico-chemical properties of essential oil were determined (density, refractive index, solubility, color and appearance). The oil was characterized analytically by infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),thus identifying its major compound. LC50 from the oil was calculated from the Reed-Muench method (1938) and Pizzi (1950), respectively. The yield of oil was 2.47% m/m.Through spectroscopic techniques used,it was possible to identify 15 compounds, justifying presence of d-limonene as a major constituent. The essential oil exhibited LC50 of 99.014 (± 2.098) μg.mL-1 and the standard d-Limonene 126.037 (± 2.092) μg.mL-1. The results indicate that the essential oil Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck comprises substances with larvicidal effect against mosquito Aedes aegypti.
Estudos são desenvolvidos no sentido de encontrar substâncias de origem vegetal, como controle químico alternativo ao combate do vetor da dengue, uma vez em que até o presente momento não há vacina validada para a mesma. No referido trabalho, a partir da extração e do estudo analítico do óleo essencial das cascas frescas de Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck , foi possível analisar o efeito larvicida do óleo contra as larvas em terceiro estágio do mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). Extraiu-se quantitativamente o óleo pelo processo de hidrodestilação, usando aparelho do tipo Clevenger. Determinaram-se as propriedades físico-químicas do óleo essencial (densidade, índice de refração, solubilidade, cor e aparência). Caracterizou-se analiticamente o óleo por infravermelho (FTIR) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM), identificando desta forma o seu composto majoritário. Calculou-se a CL50 do óleo, a partir dos métodos de Reed-Muench (1938) e Pizzi (1950), respectivamente. O rendimento do óleo foi de 2,47% m/m. Através das técnicas espectroscópicas utilizadas, foi possível identificar 15 compostos, justificando a presença do d-Limoneno como constituinte majoritário. O óleo essencial exibiu CL50 de 99,014 (±2,098) μg.mL-1 e o padrão d-Limoneno 126,037 (±2,092) μg. mL-1. Os resultados apresentados indicam que o óleo essencial Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, é constituído por substâncias que possuem efeito larvicida frente ao Aedes aegypti.

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Dávila, Guerra William. "Actividad fotoprotectora in vitro del aceite esencial de Citrus medica L. frente a la radiación UVB y elaboración de una emulsión dermocosmética". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/8133.

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Determina la actividad fotoprotectora in vitro del aceite esencial de Citrus medica L. “toronja” frente a la radiación UVB y elabora una emulsión dermocosmética. La planta es clasificada previamente en el Departamento de Botánica del Museo de Historia Natural de la UNMSM; el aceite esencial se obtiene a través de un sistema de destilación por arrastre con vapor de agua y la elaboración de la emulsión dermocosmética se realiza mediante la mezcla del aceite esencial a diferentes concentraciones con la base emulsiva. Se determina el Factor de Protección Solar (FPS) de la emulsión dermocosmética la cual contiene diferentes concentraciones del aceite de Citrus medica L. al 1%, 3%, 5% y 10%, obteniéndose valores de FPS 5.9, 6.1, 6.15 y 6.21 respectivamente; lo cual demuestra que la emulsión dermocosmética con Citrus medica L. presenta actividad fotoprotectora y puede ser aplicada en diferentes productos dermatológicos para el cuidado y mantenimiento de la piel.
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Marín, Lupe. "Determination of the presence of antibiotics and bacterial pathogens with their susceptibility in fresh milk from the San Nicolas community and the cities of Penipe, Guano, and Chambo in the Chimborazo province". BYU ScholarsArchive, 1997. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5397.

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This study is entitled, “determination of the presence of antibiotics and bacterial pathogens with their susceptibility in fresh milk from the San Nicolas community and the cities of Penipe, Guano, and Chambo in the Chimborazo province”. It was funded by the Benson Institute of Brigham Young University and Nestle. The objectives were: 1) to determine the presence of antibiotics in fresh milk from the San Nicolas community and the cities of Penipe, Guano, and Chambo, 2) to determine the presence of bacterial pathogens in milk from the places previously mentioned, and 3) to detect the susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to the most commonly used antibiotics on the market. With regard to the presence of antibiotics, they were only found once in Chambo (beta-lactams) and once in San Nicolas (tetracycline). Three types of pathogenic bacteria were found: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Only one bacterium was found that has not been studied: Pseudomonas aureoqinosa. This bacterium was found in milk from San Nicolas. With regard to the susceptibility of the bacteria to antibiotics, it was found that Escherichia coli was sensitive to the following antibiotics: nitrofurans, erimethoprina, trimethoprim and sulfonamides, and tetracyclines and spectomicina. Escherichia coli also showed medium sensitivity to chloramphenicol as well as resistance to ampicillin and sulfonamides. Streptococcus agalactiae was sensitive to lincomycin, neomycin, enrofloxacin, and clindamycin. It also showed medium sensitivity to erythromycin and low tetracycline and penicillin as well as resistance to gentamicin. Lastly, Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to neomycin and enrofloxacin. In addition, it showed medium sensitivity to lincomycin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and tetracycline as well as resistance to low erythromycin and penicillin. This study was done over a four month period with at least 12 samples being collected from each area. A total of 60 samples were analyzed. Based on the results obtained, our recommendation is that hygienic measures are taken in obtaining and transporting milk to eliminate the growth of bacterial pathogens. Also, we recommend the use of the effective antibiotics listed above in order to completely eradicate these microorganisms.

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Melo, Junior João Alfredo Costa de Campos. "As novas ações coletivas frente à crise do modelo sindical corporativista : sindicalismo cidadão e fusão de sindicatos". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1401.

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This study intend to tematizar the application of new class actions, having as focus the mining unionism, represented for the Union of the Eletricitários of Minas Gerais (Sindieletro). Here two collective actions intitled unionism had been analyzed citizen and fusing of unions. Faced as accomplishments of unionism CUT, the union citizen and the fusing of unions are enrolled as class actions in search of conquests, under a more optimistical perspective, of spaces of performance and social integration, or attempt of maintenance, for a more pessimistic optics, of the old profits. The creation of other forms of collective action, diverse of the traditional ones, made possible the construction of a unionism that started to search with frequency the participation in institutional spaces until then little usual, the diversification of the in such a way national agenda as internationally. The search for partnerships with other social movements and organizations, allowed the Unions, between them the Sindieletro, the unification of regionais/locais politics through programs of work generation and income, offers of courses of professional qualification and cultural formation, support to other movements you beat and cooperatives. The fusing of unions is based as another modality of class action. In contrast of the practical citizens, the fusing reveals to more radical and modifies proposals of all the administrative structure of the involved entities in the process. The fusing of the Sindieletro with the Sindelt, was perhaps, one of the examples most succeeded of job of this class action in Brazil. However it still continues being ripened day the day. The creation/introduction of new modalities of class action for the cutista unionism, as presented for the Sindieletro, in such a way needs to be tematizado and to be understood by studious syndical and the proper actors, a time that comes if placing with the center of the changes practicaldiscursive of the CUT and its associates.
Este estudo tem como tema a aplicação de novas ações coletivas, tendo como foco o sindicalismo mineiro, representado pelo Sindicato dos Eletricitários de Minas Gerais (Sindieletro). Aqui, foram analisadas duas ações coletivas, intituladas sindicalismo cidadão e fusão de sindicatos. Encaradas como realizações do sindicalismo CUT, o sindicato cidadão e a fusão de sindicatos inscrevem-se como ações coletivas em busca de conquistas, sob uma perspectiva mais otimista, de espaços de atuação e integração social, ou de tentativa de manutenção, por uma ótica mais pessimista, dos antigos ganhos. A criação de outras formas de ação coletiva, diversas das tradicionais, possibilitou a construção de um sindicalismo que passou a buscar, com freqüência, a participação em espaços institucionais até então pouco usuais, a diversificação da agenda tanto nacional como internacionalmente. A busca por parcerias com outros movimentos sociais e organizações permitiu aos Sindicatos, entre eles o Sindieletro, a unificação de políticas regionais/locais, através de programas de geração de trabalho e renda, oferta de cursos de qualificação profissional e formação cultural, apoio a outros movimentos socais e ao cooperativismo. A fusão de sindicatos assenta-se como outra modalidade de ação coletiva. Ao contrário das práticas cidadãs, as fusões mostram-se propostas mais radicais e modificadoras de toda a estrutura administrativa das entidades envolvidas no processo. A fusão do Sindieletro com o Sindelt foi, talvez, um dos exemplos mais bem sucedidos de emprego dessa ação coletiva no Brasil. Contudo ela ainda continua sendo amadurecida dia a dia. A criação/implantação de novas modalidades de ação coletiva pelo sindicalismo cutista, como apresentado pelo Sindieletro, precisa ser tematizada e compreendida por estudiosos sindicais e pelos próprios atores, uma vez que vem se colocando com o centro das mudanças prático-discursivas da CUT e de seus associados.

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Lawson, Benjamin A. "Garbage mountains: the use, redevelopment, and artistic representation of New York City's Fresh Kills, Greater Toronto's Keele Valley, and Tel Aviv's Hiriya landfills". Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1983.

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Garbage landfills are at the heart of debates over sustainable urban development. Landfills are the cheapest waste-disposal method, but have specific environmental problems and are a common target for citizen activism such as environmental justice and Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) protests. As a means of covering up the scars at recently closed landfills, it has been common for cities to redevelop landfills into parks. The ongoing redevelopment projects at New York City's Fresh Kills, Greater Toronto's Keele Valley, and Greater Tel Aviv's Hiriya landfills are uniquely ambitious and large-scale projects, because these three landfills were among the largest in the world at the time each of them closed around the turn of the twenty-first century. These three landfill-park redevelopments are positive projects, but there are more complexities involved than one would find discussed in booster rhetoric such as government press releases, local newspaper descriptions, and even museum exhibitions. The construction of Freshkills Park, North Maple Regional Park, and Ariel Sharon Park does little to address the ongoing waste-disposal policy concerns of New York, Toronto, and Tel Aviv; therefore, the redevelopments have more significance as “symbols” of a poor past policy being replaced by a “progressive” policy for a better future than as actual waste-disposal policies. Artists and landscape architects have created works based on the theme of parkland as a fresh start for these landfills, in gallery and museum exhibitions such as Hiriya in the Museum at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art in 2000 and artwork created by acclaimed environmental artist Mierle Laderman Ukeles for Fresh Kills.

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Junior, Mauro Ferreira Bonfim. "Avaliação da capacidade reprodutiva de populações de Pratylenchus spp. frente a diferentes espécies vegetais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-25022010-081502/.

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Os nematoides que atualmente tem sido classificados como P. coffeae, demonstram ampla variabilidade morfológica, molecular e quanto à reação à diferentes hospedeiros. Por conseguinte, é essencial que se identifique corretamente as espécies e que se conheça a capacidade de parasitismo em alguns hospedeiros, para que se possa estabelecer medidas de controle e estimar eventuais riscos da entrada de um patógeno em uma área com hospedeiro suscetível. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa propõe, numa primeira parte, uma medida de controle de P. jaehni (K5), que é muito agressivo à cafeeiro arábico, baseada no uso de plantas má hospedeiras. Na segunda parte deste trabalho é realizada uma caracterização da reação de diferentes espécies vegetais à quatro populações de Pratylenchus spp. Em virtude do exposto, este estudo objetivou avaliar a reação de diferentes cultivares de feijoeiro comum frente à P. jaehni (K5), visando seu possível uso no manejo de áreas cafeeiras infestadas e caracterizar a reação de diferentes espécies vegetais de importância econômica (café, porta-enxertos cítricos, banana e sorgo) frente à quatro populações de Pratylenchus spp. As populações inciais utilizadas nos experimentos variaram entre 180 e 200 nematóides. Em todos os experimentos, os nematóides foram extraídos das raízes pelo método de Coolen e D´Herde (1972) e, eventualmente, do substrato pelo método de Jenkins (1964). Foram realizados três ensaios: i) o primeiro com feijoeiro comum, onde todas as cultivares utilizadas foram resistentes à P. jaehni (K5), inclusive na réplica; ii) o segundo com porta-enxertos cítricos, no qual somente o limão-cravo foi hospedeiro de P. jaehni (K5); iii) o terceiro, no qual foi utilizado café, limão-cravo, banana e sorgo para o conhecimento das respectivas reações frente à 4 populações de Pratylenchus spp. Neste último experimento ocorreu uma reação hospedeira diferenciada para cada população. De acordo com os resultados, concluise que as cultivares de feijoeiro comum utilizadas apresentam potencial de uso em áreas cafeeiras infestadas por P. jaehni (K5), em consórcio ou em áreas de renovação de cafezal, e que as populações de Pratylenchus spp. são capazes de se reproduzir de forma diferenciada frente às espécies vegetais testadas.
Nematode populations that have been classified as P. coffeae show wide morphological, molecular and host range variability. Therefore, is essential the correct identification of the species and the knowledge about its parasitism capacity on some hosts, to ensure appropriate control measures and to estimate the entry risks of a pathogen in an area with susceptible host. In this sense, the present research report, firstly, propose a control measure of P. jaehni (K5), which is very aggressive to the arabic coffee, based on the use of poor host plants. In the second part, was carried out a host status evaluation of different plant species to four populations of Pratylenchus spp. In this context, were evaluated the reaction of different common bean cultivars to P. jaehni (K5), for its possible use in management of coffee areas infested with this nematode, and characterized the response of different economic important plant species (coffee, citrus rootstocks, banana and sorghum) to four populations of Pratylenchus spp (IB01P, IB02P, K5 e C1). The initial population used in experiments ranged between 180 and 200 nematodes. In all experiments, nematodes were extracted from roots by Coolen e D\'Herde´s method (1972) and eventually from the substrate by Jenkins´ method (1964). Three assays were conducted and results was as following: i) in the first one, with common bean, all tested cultivars were resistant to P. jaehni (K5), including the replica; ii) in the second one, with rootstocks, only rangpur lime was a good host of P. jaehni (K5); iii) in the third one, in which was used coffee, rangpur lime, banana and grain sorghum, was observed a differential host reaction for each nematode population evaluated. According to the present results, we suggest that common bean cultivars tested have great potential for use, or in intercropping or in crop rotation, in coffee areas infested by P. jaehni (K5) and populations of Pratylenchus spp. have different reproductive fitness in the plants species tested.

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Leite, Quézia de Alcântara Guimarães. "A comunicação pública cidadã: análise textual fundamentada sobre o grupo "frente de luta Goiás contra o aumento da passagem de ônibus" em Goiânia". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4906.

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Today the new communication environment, the internet, heavily affects social mobilization. At this environment, considered the New Virtual Public Sphere, individuals interact and generate collective actions never seen before. Some authors refer to this process as Horizontal Communication, while others simply name it as an exercise of citizenship. Because of the intersection of the three terms: Horizontal Communication, Public Sphere and Social Mobilization, there is the new concept of Public Citizen Communication. This concept is the process of dialogue between social actors functioning in the public area of contemporary society. In order to verify if the process really occurs, a textual analysis based on Grounded Theory was applied on the communicative actions of the group “Frente de Luta Goiás Contra o Aumento da Passagem de Ônibus”. The group was part of the demonstrations and street protests on the “Outono Brasileiro” in 2013 against the readjustment of public transportation fare in the main cities of the country. Social Networks had substantial part on these demonstrations. This lead to significant analysis by many intellectuals, academics and society in general, regarding the potential of communication involved in social networks. The verification was that in the communicative actions of the activist group “Frente de Luta Goiás”, social networks were in fact used instrumentally. What happened was a scathing mobilization that proved the existence of opinion leadership and social mediation that could be responsible for the collective action of nearly 70,000 people in Goiânia, similarly to the national level demonstrations with more than 1,400,000 people at 200 Brazilian cities on 20th of July of 2013.
As mobilizações sociais, na atualidade, estão sendo impactadas pela nova ambiência da comunicação, a internet. Nesta ambiência, considerada como a nova Esfera Pública Virtual, ocorre interações entre sujeitos que geram participação em ações coletivas nunca antes vistas. Alguns autores denominam tal processo de Comunicação Horizontal e outros como exercício da cidadania. Da interseção dos três binômios: Comunicação Horizontal, Esfera Pública e Mobilização Social nasce a Comunicação Pública Cidadã – processo de diálogo entre atores sociais que atuam na arena pública da sociedade contemporânea. Para verificar se ocorre de fato tal fenômeno foi realizada Análise Textual embasada na Teoria Fundamentada (TF) das ações comunicativas do grupo Frente de Luta Goiás Contra o Aumento da Passagem de Ônibus. Este foi um dos grupos que participou das manifestações durante o Outono Brasileiro no ano de 2013, visando barrar o reajuste da tarifa do transporte público nas principais cidades do país. Em tais mobilizações sociais as redes sociais on-line tiveram destacada participação, o que levou intelectuais, acadêmicos e a sociedade em geral a questionar qual seria o potencial comunicativo que tais plataformas de redes sociais possuíam. Nas ações comunicativas do grupo ativista Frente de Luta Goiás verificou-se que as plataformas de redes sociais da internet foram utilizadas de forma instrumental. Houve igualmente e de forma contundente um processo de mobilização que destacou a existência dos líderes de opinião ou mediadores sociais que podem ter sido os responsáveis pela mobilização de um sujeito composto por cerca de 70 mil manifestantes em Goiânia, à semelhança do que ocorreu no país com a presença de mais de 1 milhão 400 mil pessoas nas ruas de mais de 200 cidades do Brasil, no dia 20 de junho de 2013.

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Machado, Nivaldo Leitao. "Quebrando as regras: o poder discricionário na linha de frente do programa esportivo-social RIO 2016 um estudo sobre a situação do integrador de núcleo, um verdadeiro 'sociological citizen'". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10907.

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This study analyzes the individual working at the front of RIO 2016, a Rio de Janeiro Government social welfare program that operates 800 service centers in Rio de Janeiro state. T he State Department of Sport and Recreation of Rio de Janeiro is responsible for the implementation and management of this program . Th e focus of this research is the individual that plays the role of the Sport Center Integrator . The Integrator is responsible for the management of these Sports Center units. Each center serves an average of 50 students in a underprivileged community in Rio de Janeiro state . This research analyzes the Integrator under a n original perspective, understanding him as an agent that acts beyond the scope of his assigned tasks . T his study considered theories of organizational bureaucracy, making use of Michel Crozi er literature 'The Bureaucratic Phenomenon' (1964), which analyzes th e relationships between people, g roups and power to understand the influence of bureaucratic organization in the individual. The term 'sociological citizen' developed by Silbey (Silbey et al. 2009) was also considered to classify the individual who proves more enthusiastic than others in attending the organizational and legal mandate. Silbey also applies the term 'relational regulation' to describe this particular form of practice of 'soci ological cit izenship', through which the agents govern the gap between expectations and required performance. ' Integrators interviewed , or at least part of them, serve the population with a critical eye at the organizational rules, fact that draws attenti on to the issues of Flexible Bureaucracies, discussed by Michael Lipsky in the late 60s (Lipsky 1980) to designate hierarchical organizations wh ere agents of the front line, at the bottom of the hierarchy, have substantial discretion. Admittedly , Lipsky fo cused more on the functions that naturally have this discretion granted by organizational hierarchy, such as sheriffs , police man and social workers. In our case, we are faced with someone working at the lowest level of the hierarchy, without formal delegat ion of power but with responsibility to manage an operational unit of the public service - the Sports Center. Therefore this study analyzes the bureaucratic actor behavior - Integrator - in their duties of managing the operation of sports activities conduc ted by physical education teachers to the students when he is subjected to the rules and procedures established by the program managers - members of the Department of Sport and Recreation State of Rio de Janeiro Government. The Sports Center s are located i n underserved communities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, including those who received the Pacifying Police Units - UPP in the state capital, and present socio economic and cultural factors that vary from one community to another. The reality peculiarities in each community require that the actions and decisions taken by the Integrator do not always follow the rules , but usually the decisions and actions are effective in their final results considering the environmental conditions when decision was taken . I n addition to public and received document analysis, this study included interviews with key players on both sides of the program, the state government managers and integrators of Sports Center. The result showed that despite the rules placed by the progra m being frequently pushed aside by the agents, the final results of the program are considered positive and promising by managers. Thus, this study contributes to the formulators of public policies who establish rules for agents t hat operate at 'Street Lev el' (Lipsky 1980) . Results presented here give formulators an incentive to focus their efforts on setting goals to be achieved by agents rather than establishing rigid and inflexible procedures for individuals faced with dynamic situations involving direct contact with people. The literary contribution of this work lies in the observation of applying these concepts in a social - sports program that is considered by m anagers as the state government greatest capillarity social program, enforced by the singular moment of major sporting events including the FIFA W orld Cup 2014 and Olympics 2016 programmed to Rio de Janeiro.
Este estudo analisa o indivíduo que atua na linha de frente do RIO 2016, um programa social do Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro que opera 800 unidades de atendimento no Estado, com gestão da Secretaria de Estado de Esporte e Lazer. O indivíduo analisado nesta pesquisa é denominado Integrador de Núcleo Esportivo e é o responsável pela gestão de uma dessas unidades — Núcleo Esportivo — que atende em média 50 alunos de uma comunidade carente no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Essa pesquisa analisa o Integrador de Núcleo Esportivo sob uma perspectiva inédita, entendendo-o como um agente que atua além do seu escopo burocrático de trabalho. Para esse estudo foram consideradas teorias sobre burocracia organizacional, lançando mão da literatura de Michel Crozier ―The Bureaucratic Phenomenon‖ (1964), que analisa as relações entre pessoas, grupos e poder para entender a influência da organização burocrática no indivíduo. O termo ―sociological citizen‖,desenvolvido por Silbey (2009), também foi considerado para classificar esse indivíduo que se mostra mais aplicado que outros nos serviço de seu mandato organizacional e legal. Silbey aplica também o termo ―relational regulation‖ para denominar esta forma particular de prática da ―cidadania sociológica‖ (tradução do autor), por meio da qual os agentes ―governam a lacuna existente entre as expectativas regulatórias e o desempenho requerido‖.

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Collins, Megan Marie. "The Portrait of Citizen Jean-Baptiste Belley, Ex-Representative of the Colonies by Anne-Louis Girodet Trioson: Hybridity, History Painting, and the Grand Tour". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1237.pdf.

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Mello, Tha?s Zanetti de. "(Des)velando os efeitos jur?dico-penais da lei de drogas frente ao encarceramento feminino na penitenci?ria madre pelletier em Porto Alegre : em busca de alternativas vi?veis". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4839.

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O presente trabalho objetiva (des)velar os efeitos jur?dico-penais da Lei de Drogas, frente ao encarceramento feminino na Penitenci?ria Feminina Madre Pelletier, atrav?s de pesquisa envolvendo a legisla??o e jurisprud?ncia aplic?veis, an?lise de processos de execu??o criminal, prontu?rios e entrevistas, de modo a propor alternativas vi?veis. Busca-se, ainda, tornar poss?vel compreender que o fen?meno do proibicionismo criminalizador, percept?vel atrav?s da hipercriminaliza??o e dos enrijecidos recrudescimentos penais, destinados indistintamente ?s mulheres encarceradas pela comercializa??o das drogas ilegais, n?o s? tem se demonstrado in?cuo como ainda mais prejudicial. Somam-se a tais fatores as facetas exploradas pela Lei 11.343/06, a qual destina tratamento preventivo aos consumidores de drogas e excessivamente repressor aos varejistas, o que pode ser percept?vel desde a generalizada (im)possibilidade de benesses legais aos traficantes at? o incremento da pena m?nima abstratamente cominada a eles.

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Oliveira, Larissa de. "Efeito inibitório dos óleos essenciais de alfavacão (Ocimum gratissimum l.) e cravo-da-índia (Syzygium aromaticum l.) e do suco de limão (Citrus latifolia tanaka) frente às bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli isoladas de carcaças de ovinos". Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/NCAP-8N6NDS.

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Syzygium aromaticum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oils were tested for their effectiveness in reduction the counts of inoculatedStaphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in sheepmeat. The inhibitoryeffect was analysed by disk diffusion and broth macrodilution method with four strains and seven concentrations. Disinfectant activity of the oils was assessed using the suspension test with two strains and two concentrations. The inhibition was observed at concentrations 400, 200 and 100 L/mL. Syzygium aromaticum L. oil was better than Ocimum gratissimum L. against bacteria isolated from sheep carcasses. The minimum bactericidal concentration of the essential oils aginst inocula ranged from 50 to 200 L/mL. The suspension test showed that after 5 minutes of contact, Syzygium aromaticum L. disinfectant at 400 L/mL deactivated the inoculants completely. The results demonstrated that essential oils exerted a significant bactericidal and bacteriostatic action against pathogens
Objetivou-se verificar e quantificar a presença de coliformes termotolerantes, e isolar, identificar e avaliar, in vitro, o perfil de sensibilidade aos antibióticos convencionais das amostras de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus sp. provenientes de carcaças de ovinos comercializadas em Montes Claros MG. Realizou-se também a verificação do efeito antimicrobiano in vitro dos óleos essenciais de alfavacão e cravo-da-ínida e do suco de limão frente a esses microrganismos. Foram coletadas 36 amostras, por meio da técnica do esfregaço de superfície, entre os meses de março e junho de 2010. Foi detectada a presença de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus sp. coagulase positiva em 16 (44,4%), 7 (19,44%) e 2 (5,55%) amostras, respectivamente. Todas apresentaram contagem de coliformes termotolerantes (<3,0 x 100 a >1,1 x 103 NMP/cm2) dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Na avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade os antibióticos mais eficazes contra Escherichia coli foram Ciprofloxacina (100%) e Cloranfenicol (100%), seguidos da Gentamicina (94%). O antimicrobiano mais eficaz contra Staphylococcus sp. foi a Gentamicina (100%), seguido pela Ciprofloxacina (88,8%). A multiresistência foi verificada em 100% e 67%, respectivamente, das amostras de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus sp.. No teste com as substâncias naturais, verificou-se primeiramente a efetividade dos óleos essenciais de cravo e alfavacão em reduzir a contagem de Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli inoculadas em carne de ovino. Foram utilizadas 4 cepas e 7 concentrações dos óleos nas técnicas de disco-difusão e macrodiluição em caldo empregadas na análise do efeito inibitório. No teste de suspensão, trabalhou-se com 2 cepas e 2 concentrações na determinação da atividade desinfetante. A inibição foi observada nas concentrações de 400, 200 e 100 µL/mL. O óleo de cravo foi melhor em relação ao alfavacão na inativação das bactérias isoladas das carcaças de ovinos. A concentração bactericida mínima dos óleos contra os inóculos variou de 50 a 200 µL/mL. O teste de suspensão mostrou que após 5 minutos de contato com o desinfetante de cravo na concentração de 400 µL/mL, os inóculos foram completamente inativados. Em seguida, analisou-se a efetividade do suco de limão em reduzir a contagem de Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli inoculadas em carne de ovino. Foram utilizadas 4 cepas e 3 concentrações do suco nas técnicas de disco-difusão e macrodiluição em caldo empregadas na análise do efeito inibitório. No teste de suspensão, trabalhou-se com 2 cepas e 1 concentração na determinação da atividade desinfetante. A primeira concentração foi mais efetiva na inativação de 3 das 4 cepas testadas. Não foi definida a concentração bactericida mínima. O teste de suspensão mostrou que após 5 minutos de contato com o desinfetante todas as bactérias foram inativadas. Concluiu-se que as carcaças de ovinos comercializadas em Montes Claros MG apresentam elevada carga microbiana e as bactérias patogênicas identificadas são multiresistentes aos antibióticos, representando risco potencial para a saúde pública. Os resultados dos testes com os óleos e o suco de limão revelaram significativa atividade anti-séptica dessas substâncias frente aos patógenos, representando nova alternativa no combate aos contaminantes biológicos de alimentos.

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48

Patane, Valérie. "Wahrnehmung der deutschen und französischen Großwohnsiedlungen durch ihre Einwohner : ein soziologischer und kultureller Vergleich". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAC027.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à la problématique suivante : « Quelles représentations les habitants des banlieues françaises et allemandes ont-ils de leur quartier ? Existe-t-il des différences significatives entre la France et l’Allemagne ? ». Ce travail de recherche s´attelle à comparer ces territoires sous un angle culturel et sociologique. Le terrain d´application est le Val d´Argent (Argenteuil) et Gropiusstadt (Berlin). Le corpus a vu le jour suite à une enquête de terrain de quatre mois et à la tenue d´une cinquantaine d´entretiens semi-directifs. Il ressort que la méta-lecture qui est faite des grands ensembles est différente d´un pays à l´autre, avec une intensité du stigmate plus forte en France et un « retournement du stigmate » en Allemagne. Des facteurs macrologiques historiques (ex. Infrastructures urbaines, traditions politiques) viennent en partie expliquer les différences constatées
The central subject of this thesis is the perception of French and German council estates (ie. “Großwohnsiedlungen” in German, “grands ensembles“ in French) among the residents. This study is the result of a four month participant observation and 50 semi-structured interviews have been conducted in Le Val d’Argent near Paris and Gropiusstadt in Berlin. During the interviews the inhabitants have been asked about the self-perception and the representation they have of the prevalent media depiction. For a better comprehension of the territorial representations we compared the statements of the inhabitants from both countries. After analysing these data we came to the conclusion that the image of French banlieues is more problematic than the German one because of macro-societal differences between France and Germany in the perceptions of citizenship, nation and multi-culturalism
Die Studie hat die französischen und deutschen Großwohnsiedlungen als Schwerpunkt. Hier wird folgende Forschungshypothese aufgestellt: Sowohl deutsche als auch französische Großwohnsiedlungen sind stigmatisierte Gebiete. Der innovative Aspekt der intellektuellen Matrix der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit ist eine Translation von einer individuellen Stigmatisierung im Sinne von Erving GOFFMAN hin zu einer territorialen Stigmatisierung. Die Selbstwahrnehmung der Einwohner wird in einer komparativen Perspektive bzw. in einem deutsch-französischen Vergleich erforscht. Es wurden insgesamt 44 Einwohner bzw. jeweils 21 Personen (ie. 27 Leitfadeninterviews) und 23 Personen (ie. 13 Leitfadeninterviews) in Gropiusstadt und Le Val d´Argent befragt. Je nach dem Land unterscheidet sich der alltägliche Umgang mit der vielfältigen Stigmatisierung deutlich voneinander. Die Stigmatisierung wird zwar in beiden Ländern festgestellt, aber das Interesse am Thema (ie. grands ensembles bzw. Großwohnsiedlungen als stigmatisierte Territorien) ist in Frankreich viel intensiver als in Deutschland.Während in Frankreich die Stigmatisierung des Viertels zweifellos ein schmerzhafter und demütigender Meilenstein in der eigenen Biographie für die Betroffenen darstellt, wird das Stigma von den Einwohnern in Gropiusstadt hingegen problemlos übernommen und als nicht besonders abwertend wahrgenommen. Es gelingt den Einwohnern der deutschen Großwohnsiedlung sogar, ihre wirtschaftlichen bzw. kulturellen Schwächen in persönliche Stärken umzuwandeln und es führt zu einem retournement des stigmates bzw. zu einer positiv bewerteten Selbstkarikatur.Die Unterschiede in der Selbstwahrnehmung sind auf makrologische Erklärungsfaktoren (z.B. Geschichte) zurückzuführen

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49

Bouaziz, Margaux. "Significations et interprétations de l'article 16 de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 : contribution à l'histoire de la notion de constitution". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D072.

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L’article 16 de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen de 1789 dispose que « Toute société dans laquelle la garantie des droits n’est pas assurée, ni la séparation des pouvoirs déterminée, n’a point de constitution. » La thèse a pour objet de reconstruire la signification historique de cet article, afin de la comparer avec les interprétations contemporaines qu’en donnent la doctrine constitutionnaliste et le Conseil constitutionnel. Premièrement, en s’appuyant sur les méthodes de l’histoire linguistique, elle montre que cette disposition a pour origine les mutations des conceptions du pouvoir politique et l’invention de la notion de constitution aux XVlle et XVIlIe siècles. Cette notion, et celle de constitution de la société en particulier, sont des créations des philosophes jusnaturalistes et contractualistes. Elles sont par la suite reprises et adaptées au contexte français afin de les utiliser comme une arme politique, ce qui conduit à l’émergence de trois constitutionnalismes : parlementaire, patriote et royaliste. Deuxièmement, l’étude se concentre sur l’adoption de l‘article 16, qui représente la consécration de la conception patriote de la constitution. Cette disposition est le symbole de la victoire des patriotes sur les conservateurs et royalistes en 1789. Elle est également la consécration juridique de leur conception de la constitution. Troisièmement, la recherche permet de révéler le caractère essentiellement mythique des significations attribuées à l’article 16 aux XXe et XIXe siècles et elle analyse ce processus de mythification de l’article 16, à la fois comme élément de théorie politique et comme norme constitutionnelle
Article 16 of the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 provides that "Every society in which warranty of rights is not assured, nor separation of powers determined, has no constitution.” This research aims to recover the historical meaning of this text, in order to compare it with its contemporary interprétations given by constitutional scholars and by the Constitutional Council. Firstly, relying on linguistic history’s methods, it demonstrates that this statute originates from the mutations of the conceptions of political powerand the invention of the notion of constitution in the 17th and 18th centuries. This notion, and particularly that of constitution of the society, are créations of natural law theorists and contractualist philosophers. Afterwards,they are taken up and adapted to the French context for the purpose of using them as a political weapon,which leads to the emergence of three constitutionalisms: parliamentary, patriot and royalist. Secondly, the study focusses on the adoption of article 16, which represents the recognition of the patriot conception of the constitution.This provision is the symbol of the patriots’ victory over the conservatives and the royalists in 1789. lt is also the legal recognition of their vision of the constitution. Thirdly, the research shows the mythical aspect of the meanings attributed to article 16 in the 20th and 21st centuries and it analyses the process of mythification of article 16, as an element of political theory as well as a constitutional norm

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50

Mahamat, Saleh Yahya. "Etude des associations entre facteurs nutritionnels et risque de cancers cutanés dans les cohortes E3N et EPIC Citrus Intake and Risk of Skin Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cohort Patterns of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Dietary Intake and Melanoma Thickness at Diagnosis Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level, Vitamin D Intake, and Risk of Skin Cancers: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Skin Cancer Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study in French Women. Am JClin Nutr Antioxidant Supplement Use and Risk of Keratinocytes Cancers: A Prospective Cohort Study Baseline and Lifetime Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Skin Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition cohort (EPIC)". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASR008.

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Titre : Etude des associations entre facteurs nutritionnels et risque de cancers cutanés dans les cohortes E3N et EPICLes cancers cutanés sont les néoplasmes les plus fréquents chez les populations de type Caucasien et leur incidence est en constante augmentation. L'exposition aux rayonnements ultraviolets (UV) est le seul facteur environnemental reconnu comme cause avérée de cancer de la peau et actuellement le seul pour lequel une prévention est possible. Cependant, il apparait de plus en plus probable que certains facteurs nutritionnels, notamment les antioxydants, pourraient empêcher les effets néfastes de l'exposition aux UV et ainsi potentiellement représenter des agents de chimio-prévention des cancers cutanés. Il a également été suggéré que certains groupes d'aliments, tels que les agrumes, les compléments alimentaires, les acides gras, la vitamine D et l'alcool pouvaient être associés à un risque accru de cancers cutanés. Cependant, les études menées jusqu'à présent n'ont pas permis d'émettre de conclusion claire : peu d'études prospectives avec un échantillon suffisamment important et disposant de données sur l'exposition solaire sont disponibles. Il est donc nécessaire de faire progresser nos connaissances dans ce domaine afin de mieux cibler les campagnes de prévention des cancers cutanés.L’objectif principal de cette thèse était d’explorer les relations entre les facteurs nutritionnels et le risque de cancers cutanés. Les données utilisées dans ce projet incluent les données de la cohorte E3N, incluant près de 100 000 femmes françaises suivies depuis 1990, les données de la cohorte EPIC, incluant près de 520 000 participants issus de 10 pays européens, et les données du PMP, une étude prospective incluant 700 patients australiens atteints de mélanome suivis depuis 2014. De plus, les données de la littérature sur les liens entre vitamine D et mélanome ont été résumées et poolées dans une revue systématique et une méta-analyse.Nos résultats suggèrent que l’adhérence au régime méditerranéen est associée à risque plus faible de cancers cutanés, plus particulièrement de mélanome et de carcinome baso-cellulaire ; en revanche la prise de compléments alimentaires en bêta-carotène, vitamine A ou E était associée à un risque accru de carcinomes cutanés. De plus, nous avons observé que les consommations d’agrumes ou d’alcool étaient associées à un risque plus élevé de cancers cutanés. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent qu’une forte consommation d’un régime « riche en viande, poisson et graisses » est associée à l’épaisseur du mélanome. Enfin, les résultats de notre méta-analyse suggèrent que les taux circulants élevés de vitamine D sont associés à un risque accru de mélanome et de carcinomes cutanés.Les travaux de cette thèse ont mis en lumière des relations complexes entre les facteurs nutritionnels et le risque de cancers cutanés. Par ailleurs, ils soulèvent plusieurs questions qu’il serait envisageable d’approfondir dans d’autres études. Si ces résultats sont répliqués, ils pourraient, à terme, avoir un impact sur les stratégies de prévention des cancers cutanés.Mots-clés : cancers cutanés ; régime méditerranéen ; compléments en antioxydants ; agrumes ; alcool ; profils alimentaires ; vitamine D ; cohorte prospective ; méta-analyse
Title: Associations between nutritional factors and skin cancer risk in the E3N and EPIC cohortsSkin cancers are the most frequent neoplasms in Caucasian populations and their incidence has been constantly rising. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure is the only environmental risk factor recognized as a cause of skin cancer and the only factor for which prevention is possible. However, it appears increasingly likely that several nutritional factors, particularly antioxidants, could counteract the negative effects of UV exposure and thus potentially represent chemo-preventive agents for skin cancer. It has also been suggested that several food groups, such as citrus, dietary supplements, vitamin D, fatty acids, and alcohol, could be associated with skin cancer risk. However, investigations to date did not allow to draw clear conclusions; few prospective data are indeed available within a sufficiently large sample and available sun exposure data. It is thus crucial to advance our knowledge in this field in order to target skin cancer prevention campaigns more precisely.The objective of this doctoral project was to study the relationships between nutritional factors and skin cancer risk. To achieve our objective, we used data from E3N, a prospective cohort of ~ 100,000 French women followed since 1990, data from EPIC cohort, a prospective cohort involving ~520,000 participants who have been followed-up in 23 centers from 10 European countries, and data from PMP, a prospective study of ~700 melanoma patients diagnosed in Queensland between 2010 and 2014. Additionally, data from the literature were summarized and pooled in a systematic review and meta-analysis.Our results suggest that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower skin cancer risk in women, particularly melanoma and basal-cell carcinoma. Intake of supplements in beta-carotene, vitamin A or E was associated with an increased keratinocyte cancer risk in women. In addition, we found positive linear relationships between citrus intake and skin cancer risk, which were mostly driven by associations with keratinocyte cancers, and between alcohol consumption and overall skin cancer risk. However, our results also suggest that people with high meat, fish, and fat intakes, who thus consumed relatively high levels of omega-3 and high omega-6 fatty acid intakes, are more likely to be diagnosed with thick than thin melanomas. In the meta-analysis, we found positive associations between serum 25(OH)D levels and melanoma and keratinocyte cancer risk.This project highlighted complex relationships between nutritional factors and the risk of skin cancers. It also raised several questions that could be considered for further study. If replicated and confirmed in future research, these findings may ultimately have important implications in skin cancer prevention.Keyword: skin cancer ; Mediterranean diet ; antioxidant supplements ; citrus ; alcohol ; dietary pattern; vitamin D; prospective cohort; meta-analysis

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